1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 11489 SENATE · The niessage further announced that . . EXE!JUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. .the House had passed the following bills, The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the · in which it requested the concurrence of TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 18, 1951 Senate the following letters, which were the Senate: referred as indicated: (Legislative day of Tuesday, September H. R. 1538. An act to declare that the GRANTING STATUS OF PERMANENT RESIDENCE United States holds certain lands in trust 13, 1951) TO CERTAIN ALIENS for the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe; A letter from the Attorney General, trans The Senate met at 12 o'clock meridian, H. R. 1548. An act to declare that the United States holds certain lands· in trust mitting, pursuant to law, copies of the on the expiration of the recess. ord,ers of the Commissioner of Immigration for the Bad River Band of Lake Superior and Naturalizai(ion granting the application The Chaplain, Rev. Frederick Brown Chippewa Indians of the State of Wiseonsin; Harris, D. D., offered the · following for permanent residence to certain aliens, to H. R. 1549. An act to declare that the gether with a statement of the facts and prayer: United States holds certain· lands in trust }:>ertinent provisions of law as to each alien, for the Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake and the reasons for granting such. applica Our Father, who revealest- Thyself in Superior Chippewa Indians of the State of all that i$ true and pur.e and lovely, we tions (with accompanyjng papers); to the Wisconsin; Oommittee on the Judiciary:. beseech Thee "td ·help us make our minds H. R. 2190. An act to provide for the con the fitting audience chambers for Thy veyance to the town of Dedham, Maine, of a TEMPORARY ADMISSION INTO THE UNrrED presence. 0 Thou in whom' there is no certain strip of land situated in such town STATES QF CERTAIN ALIENS aarkness at all, help us to. open wide the and used as a ;road right-of-way; A letter from the Attorney General, trans · H. R. 3042. Ah act to abolish the Castle mi~ting, pursuant to. law, copies of orders :windows of our lives that we may be granting temporary admission into the filled with Thy light. We pause in the Pinckney National Monument and to trans fer the jurisdiction and control of the lands United States of certain aliens (with accom- midst of duties that press us to acknowl therein contained to the Secretary of the . panying papers); to the Committee' on the edge our human frailty and to lean our Army, and for other purposes; Judiciary. weakness against the pillars of ·Thy H. R. 4205. An act to provide retirement TEMPORARY ADMISSION OF CERTAIN DISPLACED · almightiness. · benefits for the Chief of the· Dental Division PERSONS INTO THE UNITED STATES Grant us the und~rstanding and the ·of the Bureau of Medic.ine and Surgery, and A letter from the Attorney General, trans courage adequately tO meet the d~m,ands. for other purposes; . mitting, pursuant to law ~ a copy of an order of each recurring day. In a world filled H: R. 4798. An act to amend the Hawaiian of the Acting Commissioner of Immigration with hate may we march under the Organic Act relating to qualification of and Naturalization, datec;l November 16, 1950, bright banners of Thy 19ve. May we be jurors; and · · · authorizing the temporary admission into · H. R. 4945. An act to authorize the use of the United States of certain p.isplaced per saved by hope, a hope that tr~nscends · appropriations for refunding moneys errone so_ns (with accompanying papers); to. the all mere optimism, that in the day of. ously received and covered· for the refund of· Committee ~n the Judici~ry . ... Thy victory even the wrath of man shall forfeited bail. SUSPENSION OF DEPORTATION OF ALIENS praise Thee. Strengthen our hearts with WITHDRAWAL OF NAMES COMMITTEE MEETINGS DURING SENATE ' a confidence that cannot be shaken in A '1ette~ from ·the Attorney ._ G~neral, with the sure coming of that dawn when the SESSION drawing the names of Ramon Lara-Sotelo kingdoms of this world shall beceme the On request of Mr. LEHMAN, · and by and Marian · Stepniak from reports relating kingdom of our Lord· and of His Christ. unanimous consent, the Committee 'on to aliens whose deportation had been sus Labor and Public Welfare ·was author pended, transmitted to the Senate on June Amen. 16 .and July 16,· 1951; to the Committee THE JOURNAL ized to meet this· afternoon d:.iring ·the on the Judiciary. session of the Senate. On request of Mr. McFARLAND, and by LAW. ENACTED BY MUNICIPAL COUNCIL OF ST. unanimous consent, the reading of the TRANSACTION OF ROUTINE BUSINESS THOMAS AND ST • . JOHN, V. I. Journal of the proceedings of Monday, Mr. McFARLAND . . Mr. President, I . A .letter from the Assis.tant Secretary ·of September 17, 1951, was dispensed with. ask unanimous consent that Senators be t.he Interior, transmitting, pursuant to ia:'w. a copy of bill No. 19-0rdinance to _amend MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT permitted to make insertio.ns in the REC section 11, chapter 18, title V, of the Code of ORD and transact other routine business, Messages in writing from the Presi Laws of the Municipality of St. ·Thomas and without debate, the time so used not to be St. John, which had been enacted by the dent of the United States were communi charged to either side so as to affect the Municipal Council of St. Thomas and St. cated to the Senate by Mr. Hawks, · one prov1s10ns of the unanimous-consent John, v. I. (with an accompanying paper): of his secretaries. · agreement under which the Senate is to the Committee on Interior and Insular MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE operating. Affairs. A message from the House of Rep~e The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob PETITIONS AND MEMORIALS sentatives; by Mr. Maurer, one of its jection, it is so ordered. Petitions, etc., were laid before the reading cler~s. announced that the REPORT OF NATIONAL ADVISORY COUN Senate and referred as indicated: House had passed, without amendment, CIL ON INTERNATIONAL MONETARY By the VICE PRESIDENT: the following bills of the Senate: AND FINANCIAL PROBLEMS-MESSAGE Three resolutions adopted by the Grand S . 24. An act to amend the act entitled FROM THE PRESIDENT (H. DOC. NO. 239) Lodge of the State of New Jersey, Order of Sons of Italy in America, in convention at "An act to provide better facilities for the The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the enforcement of the customs and immigra Atlantic City, N. J., relating to amendment tion laws," approved June 26, 1930, as Senate a message from the President of of the Italian peace treaty, the partitioning amended; and the United States, . which was read by of Ireland, and the return of Trieste to S. 1074. An act to repeal certain obsolete the Chief Clerk and, with the accem Italy; to the Committee on Foreign Rela laws relating to the Post Office Department. panying report, referred to the Commit tions. tee on Banking and Currency, as follows: Resolutions adopt~d by the 1951 annual The message also announced that the assembly of the National Jewish Youth Con House had passed the following bills of To the Congress of the United States: ference, held at Camp Wel-Met, Narrows the Senate, each with amendments, in burg; N. Y., relating to world peace, and so . I am transmitting herewith,.for the in forth; to the Committee on Foreign Rela which it requested the concurrence of formation of the Congress, a Report of tions. the Senate: the National Advisory Council on Inter A resolution adopted by the Fifty-third S. 1183. An act to amend the act entitled national Monetary and Financial Prob National Encampment of the United Spanish "An act to authorize the construction, pro lems covering its operations from Octo War Veterans held in Grand Rapids, Mich., tection, operation, and maintenance of public ber 1, 1950, to. March 31, 1951, and de relating to communism; to the Committee airports in the Territory of Alaska," as scribing in accordance with section 4 (b) on the Judiciary. amended; and (5) of the Bretton Woods Agreements REPORTS OF COMMITTEES S.1864. An act to authorize payments by the Administrator of Veterans' Affairs· on the Act, the participation of the United The following reports of committees purchase of automol;>iles or other convey States in the International Monetary wer~ submitted: ances by certain disabled veterans who Fund and the International Bank for By Mr. GEORGE, from the Committee on served during World War II, and persons Reconstruction and Development for the Finance: who served in the military, naval, or air above period. H. R. 4473. A ,bill to provide .revenue, and service of the United States on or after June HARRY S. TRUMAN. for other purposes; with amendments (Rept. 27, 1950, and for other purposes. THE WHITE HOUSE, September 18, 1951. No. 781). 11490 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE SEPTEMBER 18 By Mr. McCLELLAN, from the Committee Organized Crime in Interstate... Com the content:> 0f those records and documents an Expenditures in the Executive Depart- merce, I report favorably an original which he had been directed by subpena to ments: resolution, and I submit a report (No. prcduce and to answer ·a series of questions S. 466. A bill to authorize and direct the before the said special committee, together Administrator of General services to trans- 778) thereon. I request that the reso- with all the facts in connection therewith, fer to the Department of the Army certain lution be placed on the calendar. under the seal of the United States Senate property in st. Louis, Mo.; without amend- The VICE PRESIDENT. The report to the United States attorney for the Dis ment (Rept. No. 782): and will b-e received, and the resolution will trict of Columbia, to the end that the said H. R. 3585. A bill to authorize and direct be placed on the calendar. Joseph C. Baldassari may be proceeded the Administrator of General Services to The resolution (S. Res. 212) was placed against in the manner and form provided transfer to the Department of th~ Navy cer- on the calendar, as follows: by law. tain property located at Decatur, Ill.; without amendment (Rept. No. 783). Resolved, That the President of the Senate CITATION OF JOSEPH SCALLEAT FOR certify the report of the Special Committee CON'F:MPT AMENDMENT OF FEDERAL PROPERTY To Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate AND ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES ACT Commerce of the United States Senate as to Mr. O'CONOR. Mr. President, from OF 1949, RELATING TO LEASE-PURCHASE the refusal of Patrick Joseph Size to disclose the Special Committee To Investigate AGREEMENTS-REPORT OF A COM- to the said special committee the contents of Organized Crime in Interstate Com MITTEE those records and documents which he had merce, I report favorably an original been directed by subpena to produce and to resolution, and I submit a report (See the remarks of Mr. LEHMAN when he HOUSE BILLS REFERRED By Mr. LEHMAN: introduced the_ above bill, which appear The following biils were severally read Article entitled "Lest 'The Dreadful Scales under a separate heading.) · Begin To Dip,' " written by Barbara Ward, twice by their titles and referred as and published in the New York Times of JOSEFINA V. GUERRERO indicated: September 16, 1951. Mr. LEHMAN. Mr. President, I in H. R. 1538. An act to declare that the By Mr. SCHOEPPEL: troduce for appropriate reference a bill United States holds certain lands in trust Editorial entitled "Money Goes Overseas," for the relief of Josefina V. Guerrero, and for the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe; published in the Topeka (Kans.) Daily I ask unanimous consent that I may be H. R. 1548. An act to declare that the Capital of September 14, 1951, relating to permitted to make a brief statement in United states holds certain lands in trust appropriations for expenditure in foreign for the Bad River Band of Lake Superior countries. connection with the bill. Chippewa Indians of the state of Wisconsin; Editorial entitled "Another First For Kan- The VICE PRESIDENT. The bill will H. R. 1549. An act to declare that the sas," published in the El Dorado (Kans.) be received and appropriately referred, United States holds certain lands in trust Times of August 18, 1951, relating to the and, without objection, the Senator from for the Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake daily· newsp.aper coverage in Kansas being New York may proceed. Superior Chippewa Indians of the State of greater than in any other State. The bill (S. 2139) for the relief of Wisconsin ; By Mr. DWORSHAK: H. R. 2190. An act to provide for the con- Article entitled "Fair Dealers Only See Mud Josefina V. Guerrero, introduced by Mr. veyance to the town of Dedham, Maine, of Coming Their Way," written by Gould Lin- LEHMAN, . was read twice by its title and a certain strip of lan'-1 situated in such town coln, and published in the Washington Star referred to the Committee on the Judi and used as a road right-of-way; of September 18, 1951, with reference to the ciary. H. R. 3042". An act to abolish the Castle conduct of political campaigns. Mr. LEHMAN. Mr. President, the bill Pinckney National Monument and to trans-· By Mr. AIKEN (on behalf of Mr. BUT- LER of Nebraska): I have introduced would authorize the fer the jurisdiction and control of the lands Article entitled "Meat Rations cut," pub- granting of citizenship to Miss Josefina therein contained · tb the Secretary of the V. Guerrero, a lady of Philippine nation Army, and for other purposes; and lished in the Washington Daily News of H. R. 4798. An act to amend the Hawaiian September 18· 1951. ality, who is now a patient at the Carville By Mr. MORSE: Leprosarium, at Carville, La. Organic Act relating to qualification of Article entitled "Two Recalled Chinese We do not frequently consider private jurors; to the CQmmittee on Interior and Officers Have Seen Nothing of Charges," t.nd bills to grant citizenship outright to Insular Affairs. article entitled "Chinese Clerk Here Discloses H. R. 4205. An act to provide retirement Attempted Bribe to Hush Mow," written by aliens. Few such bills are even intro benefits for the Chief of the Dental Divi- Alfred Friendly and published in the Wash duced. sion of the Bureau of Medicine and Sur- ington Post of Septembev. 14, 1951, and Sep I can think of no case in which an gery, and for other purposes; to the Com- tember 16, 1951, respectively. exception would be more nobly merited mittee on Armed Services. 1 than in the case of Miss Josefina V. H. R. 4945. An act to authorize the use ONE HUNDREDTH BIRTHDAY ANNIVER- Guerrero. of appropriations for refunding moneys er- SARY OF THE NEW YORK TIMES Perhaps few of the Members of the roneously received and covered for the re- Mr. LEHMAN. Mr. President, toC!.ay s :mate now remember her name. Her fund of forfeited bail; to the Committee on marks the one hundredth anniversary of name was a very faµious one some few the Judiciary. the founding of a great newspaper, the years ago. It is still a famous one in the ADDRESSES, EDITORIALS, ARTICLES, ETC., New York Times. I ask unanimous cqn- Philippines. She was a guerrilla leader PRINTED IN THE APPENDIX sent to make a brief statement on that during the recent war-a worn.an On request, and by unanimous con- subject. who by her wit, her fortitude, and her sent, addresses, editorials, articles, and The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there ob- courage was able to achieve leadership so forth, were ordered to be printed in jection? The Chair hears none, and the of a large band of guerrillas in the Phil the Appendix, as follows: Senator from New York may proceed. ippines who fought for the American By Mr. KEFAUVER: Mr. LEHMAN. Mr. President, 100 cause and for the cause of freedom dur Address on the future of small business in years ago, today, the New York Times, a ing those dark and terrible years ·after America, delivered by him to the Tennessee newspaper, was born. The first issue of the surrender at Bataan and Corregidor. Wholesale Grocers' Association, in Nashville, the New York Times was published on ·Her name became a legend in the Philip Ten·n., on September 12, i951. September 18, 1851. Millard Fillmore, pines, a legend of hope ta the Filipinos· Statement by him paying tribute to Hon. of New York, was in the White House. and a legend of terror to the Japanese. Peyton Ford, Deputy Attorney General, re- Queen Victoria was in the fifteenth year There was a price on her head, and tiring to reenter the private practice of law. of her reign in England. Alexander countless efforts were made to hunt her Excerpt from an article in the current issue Graham Bell was 4 years old. of Lifo magazine regarding the history of the down. Those efforts never succeeded. New York Tjmes. · The giants of American statesmanship During those years and undoubtedly as By Mr. WATKINS: of that day were Daniel Webster, Henry a result of the privations she endured Statement by Hon. J. Bracken Lee, Gov- Clay, and Stephen A. Douglas, all Mem in the hills and jungles of the Philip ernor of Utah, and letter from Sheldon Olds, bers of the Senate, and all advocates of pines she contracted leprq.sy. chairman of the i:ron County Defense Bond peace, union, and compromise. In 1852, ·she was not aware of the ailment dur Committee, of Cedar City, Utah, regarding in the first year of the New York Times, ing those years and she was on the firing the sale of United States Defense Bonds. the columns of this newspaper were to lines at the head of her forces when By Mr. O'CONOR: record the deaths of both Webster and Address delivered by William L. McGrath, American troops landed on Luzon and employers' adviser; United states Delegation, Clay, the end of an era, and the begin fought their way into Manila and finally Thirty-fourth International Labor Organiza- ning of the crisis which led finally to liberated ..the Philippines. tion Conference, at the plenary session, at civil war. Following the war, after her disease Geneva, Switzerland, on June 29, 1951. The century of existence of the New was diagnosed, American officials were By Mr. HOEY: York Times encompasses all and more of instrumental in securing her admittance Editorial entitled "At Its Best," published what we call the modern history of the into the leprosarium at Carville. There, in the Raleigh (N. C.) News and Observer, United States. And nowhere is that his• paying tribute to the late Walter P. Stacy, I understand, one of her first hopes and chief justice of the supreme court of North tory more faithfully recorded-to the ex- dreams is to be honored by the grant Carolina. tent that journalism can record it-than of American citizenship. Congressman By Mr. MARTIN: in the pages of that newspaper. These MORRISON, of Louisiana, has introduced Letter addressed to him by Charles F. pages have rightly been called the rough a bill in the House for this purpose. I Hirst, of Scottdale, Pa., regarding/ Gen. Daniel draft of history. .I hope that his bill will be speedily ap- Morgan, of the Revolutionary War. The growth of that newspaper, of proved in the House. , By Mr. FULBRIGHT: which my State and its metropolis are so Letter from John Park Cravens, of Maga- · f To indicate my sympathy and give zine, Ark., to the Globe and Mail, Canadian rightly proud, closely parallels that o support for the passage of this legisla ·our entire Nation. Today the New York' newspaper, together with an editorial from .. . Ti·mes .s one of the world's grea·t news- I tion which will honor us as much as it the Globe and Mail of August 4, 1951, both 1 will honor this brave woman, I have in relating to relations between the United papers. Many judge it to be the world's troduced a similar bill- in the Senate. L States and Canada. ·· greatest. · ..; 11492 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE SEPTEMBER 18 Many newspapers, in this country and achieved this high goal; but they did set gred.ient of the true newspaper-~nd indi standards which were not without influence viduality. It is in truth an institution-a abroad, have a larger circulation. Many. on their competitors, and which made an great American institution. excel the Times in one specialty or admirable platform upon which to build the All other newspapers and all newspaper another. I am not an expert in such modern Times when Adolph Ochs came-from men are in its debt, not alone because it matters, but I do know, and all the world Chattanooga in 1896 to take over what was serves them as an unparalleled source and knows, of the slogan of the New York then an ailing, half-bankrupt enterprise. record of the news, but equally because it Times, "All the news that's fit to print." Mr. Ochs was to build it into an American serves them as an exemplar of the highest The performance of the Times justifies institution. Our journalism owes a debt to ideals of their reportorial craft. We join that slogan. . the zeal with which he and the Times have heartily in birthday greetings to the New striven for objectivity of reporting, com-. York Times and in warm wishes for another I am pleased today to speak for a few century of public service and progress. moments in tribute to that mighty insti pleteness of news coverage, breadth Of inter est, and technical excellence in the printing CALL OF THE ROLL tution, the Times of New York, and to as- well as in the making and editing of a mark its one hundredth birthday, as:one newspaper. The Times may not have cov Mr. McFARLAND. Mr. President, I would mark the centennial of any other ered the whole lively range of American suggest the absence of a quorum, and I of the time-tested and unshakeable in journalistic enterprise and invention, but ask unanimous consent that the time stitutions of America. its infiuence has been sound and consist consumed by the quorum call be not All the great crises of our history since ently constructive; the end of its first cen charged to either side. 1851, and of the· world's history, have tury finds it among the world's leading news papers, and we hope that its high standards The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob been and are being recorded in the pages of dignity, thoroughness, and accuracy will jection, it is so ordered. The Secretary of the Times with ever-increasing long continue as an influence in the Ameri will call the roll. scrupulousness for accuracy and detail. can newspaper field. The Chief Clerk called the roll, and Its correspondents are the confidants of the fallowing Senators answered to their both the meek a:hd the mighty in this [From the Washington Post of September names: country and abroad. Foreign corre 18, 1951] Aiken· George McFarland spondents of the Times at many points TIMES CENTENNIAL Bennett GUlette McKellar of the globe have almost diplomatic Benton Green McMahon In terms of its own exacting standards, Brewster Hayden Mlllikin standing, by virtue of the power that the New York Times stands today, on its Bricker Hendrickson Monroney resides in this newspaper. It is a power hundredth birthday, supreme among the Bridges Hill Moody based largely on its repute for truth, newspapers of the world. Its prime business Butler, Md. Hoey Morse integrity, and incorruptibility. is the publication of news-that first rough Butler, Nebr. Holland Mundt draft of history. It discharges this business Byrd Humphrey Murray I read some place that the Times is Cain Hunt Neely delivered in 12.000 American cities and more voluminously and comprehensively Capehart Ives O'Conor than any of its rivals; and it yields pre Carlson Johnson, Colo. O'Mahoney towns, and to 100 countries abroad. It eminence to none in bringing perspective Case Johnson, Tex. Pastore is one of our few national newspapers. and proportion to the mirror of events which Chavez Johnston, S. C. Robertson I am sure it is rzad in the Kremlin with it holds each·day before the world. There is, Clements Kefauver Russell almost the same care as an official docu indeed, a kind of daily miracle in the order Connally Kem Saltonstall liness of the Times' front page-a reassur Cordon Kerr Schoeppel ment from Washington. Douglas Kilgore Smith, Maine I am proud to be able today, as a Sena ance to its readers that the seemingly in Duff Know land Smith, N.J. tor from New York, and as a lifelong tractable chaos of the planet they inhabit Dworshak Lehman Sparkman can, after all, be reduced to some semblance Eastland Lodge Taft citizen of the city of New York, to extend of meaning and relation and intelligibility. Ecton Long Thye my personal congratulations, and the Henry Jarvis Raymond, who founded the Ellender Martin Underwood congratulations of my state, to the Times a century ago this day and whose Ferguson Maybank Watkins biography by the newpaper's present book Flanders McCarran Welker Times. Frear M:cCarthy WUliams I know t may speak for the entire Sen review editor, Francis Brown, has just been Fulbright McClellan Young ate, in whose proceedings the Times published, declared that a paper's "proper plays a vital part, in wishing another business is to publish facts, in such a form Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. I announce and temper as to lead men of all parties that the Senator from New Mexico [Mr. century of long and useful life to this to rely upon its statements of facts, and great newsp3.per. ANDERSON] is absent by leave of the Sen then to discuss them in the light of truth ate. I ask unarumous consent to insert in and justice, and not of party interest.'' By the RECORD at this point in my remarks cleaving to this standard, the Times under The Senator from Missouri [Mr. HEN a fine editorial tribute to the Times, ap R aymond prospered greatly even against NINGS], the Senator from Washington pearing in anothEr great newspaper of the competition of more venturesome jour [Mr. MAGNUSON], the Senator from Flor New York City, the Herald Tribune and n alists such as Horace Greeley, James Gordon ida [Mr. SMATHERS], the Senator from also an editorial from this morning's Bennett and James Watson Webb. North Carolina [Mr. SMITH], and the Washington Post, on the same subject. Near the turn. of the century, after Ray Senator from Mississippi [Mr. STENNIS], mond's death, the ·Times fell upon evil days. are absent on official business. There being no objection, the edito Its second great publisher, Adolph Ochs, rials were ordered to be printed in the bought it at a receiver's auction in 1896 and Mr. SALTQNSTALL. I &nnounce that REC9RD, as follows : brought it once more to tremendous power the Senator from Illinois [Mr. DIRKSEN] [From the New York Herald Tribune of against the yellow journalism of Hearst and and the Senator from Nevada [Mr. MA ~eptember 18, 1951] Pulitzer. He promised that he would "give LONE] are absent on official business. the news impartially, without fear or favor, The Senator from Iowa [Mr. HicKEN THE NEW YORK TIMES regardless of any party, sect, or interest in We are happy to greet our neighbor and . volved. And he nailed to the ears Of page 1 LOOPER] is absent by leave of the Senate. contemporary, the New York Times, on its the slogan, All the News That's Fit to Print. The Senator from Indiana [Mr. JEN hundredth anniversary. We are contempo Under the direction of the present publisher, NER], the Senator from California [Mr. rary in more than the usual sense of that Och's son-in-law, Arthur Hays Sulzberger, NIXON], the Senator from Nebraska [Mr. word when it is applied to newspapers. that slogan is still :flaunted-and still ful WHERRY], and the Senator from Wis Henry Jarvis Raymond, the founder of the filled. consin [Mr. WILEY] are necessarily a"Q Times, lea1'ned the newspaper profession in The New York Times is not renowned as sent. the 1840's on Greeley's New York Tribune; an editorial thunderer or a crusader. The and the Tribune was not 11 years old when outstanding men of the New York Times The Senator from New Hampshire on September 18, 1851, Raymond launched since Raymond's day have always been its · [Mr. TOBEY] is absent because of illness. the first issue of the Times. reporters and its news editors-most notable The Renator from North Dakota [Mr. A century ago the American press as a !l.mong thei:h its great managing editor, Carr LANGER] is detained on official business. whole was a vehicle of strong passions rather Van Anda, who developed the paper's mag than of information for its own sake. Ray nificent foreign and domestic -coverage dur PENSIONS OF CERTAIN DISABLED mond and the Times plunged into the pow tng his tenure throughout the first third of VETERANS--:...VETO MESSAGE erful rip tides of emotion that tossed Amer the twentieth century. In every area of pub The VICE PRESIDENT. A quorum ica on the eve of the Civil War with the llc interest-from science to sports to that is present. avowed purpose of substituting reason for fading yet still glamorous institution of a prejudice, a cool and intelligent judgment bygone day, society-it is an encyclopedia of Under the unanimous-consent agree for passion, .in all public action, and in all news. And it presents it with dignity, with ment entered into yesterday, the Presi dirnu<.:Eions of public affairs. Judged by decorum, with dependability. So the Times dent's veto of House bill 3193 is before later con cepts they may not always have ~as built up a charact~r-that priceless in- the Senate, with a limitation of debate 1951 . CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· SENATE 11493 of 1 hour.; equally divided between the - Spanish ... American War veterans, $90 brin&" in nonveterans as well as veterans. proppnents and opponents. The Chair or $120 a month; income and misconduct Is that correct? does not know who is in control of the are not factors. Mr. GEORGE. The Senator from time. World War I and World War II veter Maryland is quite correct. The Senate proceeded to reconsider . ans and Korean campaign veterans, as I Mr. President, I wish to repeat that, the bill -. 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 11497 the streets of New York, .London, and I have what I sincerely believe is a mes ment and technical progress, and, yes, Moscow. sage of hope. bottlenecks in thinking. Better to balance the armed power of A coming revolution in military fire ··some people · used to claim that the Kremlin than to' balance the national power points the way out. It points to a A-bombs numbered in thousands or tens budget. revolution in deterring power. It can of thousands were beyond our reach. Stalin's already massive armies, his bring us peace power at bearable cost. They insisted that the atomic weapon, poised air :fleets, his expanding :flotillas . A hideous weapon offers itself as the although fearful and staggering, could of warships, and above all, his enlarging· instrument . to serve our noblest pur never be decisive in winning a war or stockpile of atomic bombs-these point pose-deterring Stalin until at last his in preventing it. a dagger at our heart. But the sword we· enslaved millions break their chains and I am here to report to the Senate and forge in self-defense threatens to cut our join hands with us in peace and broth to the American people that the atomic own economic arteries. The substance erhood. This instrument is atomic bottlenecks are being broken. The day of America may drip away. energy. is coming when the quantity of atomic l'.'.'rake no mistake: this year's budget There was a time when some doubted weapons we are capable of making could and next year's will not by themselves that the atom.!lcould long keep Stalin be sufficient, beyond any question, to break our economic backs. As a matter from marchint?l There was a time when serve as the paramount instrument of cf fact, our economy has never been we saw the atomic bomb as something· victory. There is virtually no limit and r.tr.:nger than today, and time and again to be jealously hoarded-to be doled no limiting factor upon the number of it has proved its ability to withstand huge out in reprisal with utmost frugality. A-bombs which the United States can stresses and strains. But if the budget is against targets of unique importance manufacture, given time and1 given a to pyramid in the future as fast as ft and to be conducted like a golden :fleece decision to· proceed all-out. has in the past, all sober-minded men into the depths of enemy space. All that If we mass-produce this weapon, as · must feel grave coricern. is changing. W ~ may increasingly look we can, I solemnly say to the Senate that Yes, we must work to eliminate waste. upon the atomic bomb as capable of the cost of a single atomic bomb will be Yes, we must work to banish extrava· being produced on a big scale. come less than the cost of a single tank. gance. But these are not the prime Consider the rain of bombs that fell If your purpose, Mr. President, were dangers to America's economy. It is the upon Germany across the 6-year span of to deter an ag·gressor, which would you solid and irreducible. cost of the steel World War II. Consid ~ r. Mr. Pr~sident, r,ather have at the same price-a tank for a tank and the fuel for a bomber and the delivery of equal havoc in the span or an l:4tomic bomb? If· your purpose the leather for a·soldier's shoes-it is the of a .single day and you begin to sense were to avert war while you waged peace, chain reaction of force and counter .the dimensions of the coming revolution which would you choose-an everyday force that can consume our treasure. in deterring power. Would an aggressor · howitzer or an atomic artilJery piece? Some of my colleagues may recali that, dare bring upon himself such awful If you were Stalin plotting an aggres going on 2 years ago, I stood by this same retrHmtion? sive attack, which would you most fear desk in the Senate and made a sombre· But. there is more. An aggressor not. a plane loaded with ..'J'.NT ·or a plane prediction. If the arms race plunges only has war plants and munitions fac loaded with atomic explosives? ahead, I predicted, our budget would go tories far behind the battle Hnes; he · The simple arithmetic of strategy dic up ·and up and up-and our freedoms · bas attacking troops and forward bases tates that we concentrate upon real fire would go down and down and down. At as well. With atomic weapons no longer power-real deterring power. The sim that time, Senators may remember, the. in short supply, they need not be ra- . tioned for use solely against the ag ple arithmetic of economics equally dic defense budget was not today's $60,000,- tates that we emphasize the new and 000,000 but a mere $13,000,000,000. gres.3or's industdal vitals; they can be equal y directed against his armed cheap TNT-atomic TNT. Of course, we Imagine referring to such a sum as a will still want· conventional weapons re mere $13,000,000,000. On the same oc-. _ spearhe~tjs . · More and more the atom can strike gardless of their high cost. But first casion I also predicted that a decade of things must come first. intensified cold war might cost us as riot meraly at the eye of the octopus much as the Second World War itself. but also at its advancing tentacles. I, therefore, propose that we now set Mr. President, I was wrong. Next I would be surprised if. any ,Senators · about the business of building up our year-next year, I repeat-keeping up except members of the Joint Committee - atomic bone· and muscle and cutting with the present arms race will cost as on Atomic Energy are aware of this away what will become excess military much as the average yearly cost of World startling fact: dollar for dollar, atomic fat. Specifically, I propose that we make ·war II. deterring power is actually hundreds of our best and cheapest weapon-the At the ·rate we are moving, I can see · times cheaper than TNT. An atomic atomic weapon-the· real backbone of ahead only two ultimate destinations: weapon can produce, at a cost of $20 or our peace power. military safety at the price of economic $30, the same explosive force ·which I propose an atomic army and an disaster or economic safety at the price costs Iiterally thousands of dollars to atomic navy and an atomic air force of military disaster. produce by ordinary means. Money in place of the conventional defenses we But I must say still more. As the spent upon the atomic bomb could pul now maintaiL to the tune of fifty or sixty budget expands, our liberties will con verize a dozen enemy war plants at no billion dollars a year. tract. Each added billion dollars will more expense than destroying a single ' Here is my conception of an atomic bring added intervention in our pri plant with TNT, to say nothing of the army: ·Fewer foot soldiers armed with vate lives. We will be pushed toward fact that one plane can deliver one A rifies and more specialists equipped to more centralization, mqre restraints, bomb as against the huge armadas fire an atomic shell wherever the enemy more official secrecy, more dossiers cm needed to deliver an equivalent carr;o masses his troops. Fewer mortars and our personal affairs. Labor's right to of block-busters. . more short-range guided .missiles with strike will be questioned. The busi I would be equally surpri.3ed if any atomic warheads. Fewer :flame throwers nessman's right to act will become the Senators, except my colleagues on the and more radiological warfare. I have Government's right to direct. The hand Joint Committee, have pondered this in mind air-ground teamwork, with light of controllers will fall more and more fundamental fact: Since the Second planes capable of hurling atomic weap heavily upon each of us. World War ca1ne to an end, only 3 cents ons at enemy troops, supply dumps, and Yet it is no man's hunger for power in the military dollar have been allotted transportation choke points. that can eat away our freedoms-it is the to atomic bombs. In other words, less Here is my conception of an atomic inexorable cost of matching Stalin gun than one-thirtieth of our total defense navy: Nuclear-powered submarines al for gun and shell for shell over and money goes to produce the free world's most unlimited ·in range; nuclear-pow over and over. supreme deterrent. ered aircraft carriers capable of launch What shall we do? -Nm the dark · If 3 cents for this weapon and 97 cents ing planes which carry the atomic bomb genius of Stalin force us either to for all other weapons strikes you, Mr. · on both strategic arid tactical missions; stretch our economy out of its sockets or President, as being a topsy-turvey sit ship-based atomic artillery; ship-based else to chop the feet and head · off our uation, let me say there were once good guided missiles with atomic warheads; security? I am addressing the Senate reasons for it. There were bottlenecks atomic mine:.. ; and target-seeking tor today because I think the answer is no. in· raw materials, bottlenecks in equip- pedoes which deliver atomic explosives. 11498 ' CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE SEPTEMBER 18 An atomic air force, for its part, will and exempt from the cold-war threat of foreshadows tomorrow's great atomic seek out and destroy, with atomic weap bankruptcy. ships for trade and commerce. ons, the enemy's industrial-sinews of war. I say again that the sky is the limit The priceless material which now con It will fire missiles with atomic pay loads. on the number and variety of atomic stitutes our atomic reserve will last It will deliver the hydrogen bomb when weapons which the United States can thousands of years without deteriora- that most terrible of weapons is achieved. produce-all at a cost, not of tens of , tion. If we can achieve real peace, that Even more, it will visit atomic fury upon billions of dollars a year, but of a few self-same material will not be barren and the very airfields and bases from which billions of dollars. wasted; it will not become obsolete and an aggressor would strike against our Something else, unfortunately, is also useless; and money spent creating it will cities. without potential limit. It is the danger not be lost. The material will loom in We must have atomic weapons to use from Russia's atomic project. Right stead as a splendid physical heritage, iv. the heights of the sky and the depths now-today-the Soviet rulers have the usable to bring a better life to all our of the sea; we must have them to use capability of attacking 20 or 30 of our people. above the ground, on the ground, and cities with atomic bombs. Every tomor To concentrate upon atomic weapons below the ground. An aggressor must row will see that capability increase. is to build peace strength no less than know that if he dares attack he will Did you know, Mr. President, that war strength. have no place to hide. many more people work in the Soviet I am today submitting a concurrent In all logic and common sense, an atomic project than the 100,000 who resolution which embodies these conclu atomic army and an atomic navy and an work in our own? Did you know that sions. My colleagues on the Joint Com atomic air force ought to mean fewer Russia has gone after atomic weapons mittee on Atomic Energy have had be men under arms. They ought to mean a on a top-priority basis? fore them the same facts and the same . major reduction in the tens of billions of Some of us refused to believe that Rus evidence which give rise to my own views. dollars we would otherwise spend upon sia could break our atomic monopoly I cannot but hope that they will see stacks and stacks of conventional arma until many years had passed, but she did fit to report the resolution unanimously, ments. They ought to mean a sloughing it in short order. Some of us refused to and I likewise hope that all Members off of outmoded operations and outdated believe that Russia could build long. of Congress who want maximum de expenses. range bombing aircraft, but she did that, terrence of Russia at minimum cost to Let me cite an example of what I mean. too, in short order. ' Some of us enjoyed the United States will equally see fit to Last fiscal year we paid out of the United telling stories about the backwardness of approve the resolution. States Treasury about four-fifths of a Soviet industry, but we now are informed Mr. President, I am horrified at the billion dollars for atomic weapons. We that the best-designed amr best-built jet final implications of the atomic arms also paid out five times this amount--or fighter in action over Korea is not made race. I shudder to think of the little more than $4,000,000,000-for small in America, but is made in Russia. packages of pent-up disaster that we arms, bullets, incendiaries, hand gre I warn the Senate that the Kremlin, call atomic bombs being multiplied and nades, and the like. I assert we should no less than.ourselves, is capable of pro mass produced on a staggering scale. work toward turning this ratio upside ducing atomic weapons in huge num From history we know that an unbri .. down. I assert that we can buy far more bers; and I warn the Senate further that dled arms race always leads to war, and security at far less over-all cost. by spend this is just what the Kremlin has set I do not believe that the laws which ing the $4,000,000,000 upon atomic about ruthlessly to accomplish. govern such a race have been repealed in weapons and the fraction of a billion I propose that we multiply th~ scope this atomic age. dollars upon small arms and hand gre and scale of our American effort. ·But mark me well: massive atomic nades. I urge that we spend $5,000,000,000 deterring power can win us years of Here is the way we can save from thirty a year upon atomic energy, over and grace, years in which to wrench history to forty billion dollars of the from sixty above what we currently spend-or a from its present course and · direct it to eighty billion dollars a year that other total of at least $6,000,000,000 annually. toward the enshrinement of human wise threaten to become the price of I ask that we so accelerate and ex brotherhood. survival. pand our program that Oak Ridge and Six billion dollars annually spent upon For every dollar spent upon atomic Hanford and Savannah River and Pa atomic weapons can grant us a reprieve. defense we can save $5 on conventional ducah will come to seem hardly more It can stay the execution of war's defense. than a first-rate beginning. scourge. It· will confer a last golden I say that to produce fewer atomic chance to reverse the final verdict. The first important savings can come weapons than we are physically capable That chance lies simply in taking the next year. of producing is, in the present crisis, Russian people a way from their rulers. There are those who warn against a unthinkable. We now have no choice The mute and suffering millions of ordi one-weapon theory of war. I agree. but to pour out literally by the ton the nary Russians constitute our secret That is why I call for a sweeping variety stuff of which bombs are made. If this weapon for peace. They are the ones of atomic weapons-one model that takes does not buy us time to make peace, . who must fire the artillery and man the the place of a thousand bazookas, an nothing will. tanks and pilot the planes if their die .. another that makes unnecessary a hun Let me also call attention to a won tator is to launch aggressive war. What dred depth charges, yet another that derfully auspicious but little understood if they refused to carry out such orders? would substitute for TNT stacked as high fact: the atomic material now in our What if they knew that we Americans as Pike's Peak. weapon . stockpile is far more valuable want fervently to walk with them toward There are those who warn against for peace than is all the gold stored at peace and justice? viewing the atom as a magic weapon. Fort Knox. The same material which It is almost 2 years ago that, here in Again I agree. That is why I advocate can create a fearful explosion can like .. this Chamber, I proposed a fresh ·ap making it in overwhelming quantities- wise serve as the fuel for future peace proach to peace. I pointed to the money just as we would mass produce a superb time industrial power reactors. Sur we spend for sterile weapons, and sug conventional weapon. We must have round such material with one type of gested that we offer to take this weapons truly balanced, well-rounded, and versa .. apparatus and you get a hideous de · money and use it, through the United tile forces, with each arm equipped to structive detonation. Surround the Nations, to improve worfd living stand exploit the atom to the utmost. identical material with ar:other type of ards, provided that all other countries No, this is not a silver bullet which can apparatus and you get power which can joined us in effectively controlling arma deliver itself or otherwise work military turn dynamos and drive propellers and ments, and provided further that all miracles. But by cutting back upon the serve the welfare of mankind. other countries likewise contributed their costly weapons of yesterday and forging Remember that the invention of. gun weapons money to a common fund for ahead with the far cheaper atomic powder was once the spur for a whole human betterment. The example which weapons of today and tomorrow, I be .. field of chemical development that has I cited at the time was that of spending lieve we can fabricate very real and very brought untold benefits to the human fifty billion American dollars over a 5 .. pra'ctical uranium bullets that will make race. Today's notable progress in year period, not for bombs but for bread, our country invincible in full-scale war building a nuclear-powered submarine always on condition that other countries, 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 11499 and Russia in particular, do exactly the world that these hideous weapons us that there is a supply of raw ma · what we propose to do. can be stripped from the arsenals of na terial coming into being with which we There were those who derided my idea tions just as soon as the Kremlin .can fabricate atomic bombs by the thou as a global give-away program. They masters decide that they want peace sands. Of course, the statement as to expressed amazement that I would be .instead of war. cost is an approximation of the cost, but willing to spend as much as $10,000,000,- We can be sure that the word ''peace" I believe that, compared to some of our 000 a year for 5 year~ in waging peace. pays terrific dividends because the Com most expensive tanks, we can get the Today we are spending, not $10,000,000,- munists use it constantly. They have unit cost of the bomb down to less than 000 a year, but $50,000,000,000 or $60.- convinced many thousands of h·onest what one of our big tanks costs us to 000,000,000 a year; and we are spending people, who should be our friends, that day. it, r.ot to raise living standards, but to ·we are imperialists plotting aggression Mr. MOODY. Could the Senator give raise the power. of armaments toward . and war. us an idea of approximately how soon new levels of deadliness. If the world misunderstands our mo this program could be· brought to con Can we now afford not to strive all tives and our purposes, it is our duty to summation? Oti. t for peace? set the record straight. I believe that .. Mr. McMAHON. As I have said, it The weapons of peace lie ready at the announcement of a dynamic and would depend upon the speed with which hand. They consist in penetrating Rus generous peace program by us will be the we undertake it. It will not come all at sia's iron curtain. They consist in gain finest weapon we can use in the strug ~mce. I should think that certainly ing the ear of the Russian people. They 'gle against Communist warmongering. within 3·years at most, if we were to start consist in breaking down the unnatural I believe that if we talk peace, the peo now, we could bring that program into barrier which the Kremlin, in fear and ples of the earth will believe us. complete being. perversion, has erected to prevent its One place 'to talk peace is in the Gen Mr. MOODY. So, the Senator's con slaves from mingling with freemen. eral Assembly of the United Nations, ception is that we would keep ourselves Above an· the weapons of peace consist scheduled tO meet next November in strong during this period of 3 years. He in capturing mankind with a great and Paris. There let us galvanize the world would not, of course, propose to disarm, good and magnificent idea. through the boldness and sincerity of until we had the other sort of weapon to Such an idea has been given us by the our insistence upon . a fresh attack which he has referred. Is that correct? President of the United States, Harry· S. against the twin evils of our time-pov Mr. McMAHON. Oh, no, we would Truman. In his·greatest state address erty and w·ar." not disarm; but I would say to the Sena indeed, in one of the great state addresses War and poverty are not inevitable. tor from Michigan, as I indicated in my of all time-our President 1 year ago On the contrary, peace and plenty are remarks, that I believe the impact of this proposed to the United Nations that all inevitable if we act to make them so.- program, if it is intelligently analyzed cJuntries disarm, subject to foolproof It is not for the defense of ourselves and applied by our Military Establish controls, and that all countries use the alone that we must multiply atomic pro ment, will make itself felt, or should wealth thus libe·rated from weapons to duction. Neither is · it only for the de make itself felt; in a reduced budget build a better and nobler planet. If we fense of the free world. It is to gain next year. · raise this idea on high, we can lift the time for air men of good will, on both Mr; 'MOODY. Does the Senator also - human race into a new era of fellowship; sides of the iron curtain-time for them believe that as a direct consequence of we can make the split atom our tireless to unite in a common struggle against that program, we would be taking away servant, instead of our relentless master. the tyranny of the Kremlin. from the gangsters in the Kremlin the Today, along with distinguished col Let us therefore tell the Russian peo misuse of the word "peace" and placing . leagues in the Senate and House, I am ple that their cause is our cause. Let that word at the command of people submitting a second resolution. It us tell them everi more. Let us pro who are really interested in peace? Is would place the Congress squarely be claim that-if Stalin will only agree to a that the Senator's conception of it? hind a program of bread for bombs, foolproof plan for the purbing of arma Mr. McMAHON. I, of course am peace for war, life for death. ments-we stand ready to join with all very anxious to accomplish that result. This resolution reaffirms the convic other peoples in using large portions of I am anxious, not only to create in the tions of its sponsors when they submitted our defense moneys in a war against minds of all people the thought that we a like proposal last session. It is the want. Let us pledge that-if eff.ective are for peace, but I am anxious to also crucial half of a total plan for peace, and universal disarmament is achieved bring about that blessed state. buying time with atomic weapons, using we will do our share and more to remake Mr. MOODY. Of course. I thank the time to win the ·Russian people to our this embattled planet nearer the heart's Senator. side. desire. Mr. LEHMAN. Mr. President, will We need a positive program for peace Mr. MOODY. Mr. President, will the the Senator yield? spelled out in detail--:--a program that Senator yield? Mr. McMAHON. I yield to the Sen will capture the imagination of the Mr. McMAHON. I yield to the Sena ator from New York. world. The people of Europe, the people tor from Michigan. . Mr. LEHMAN. I take this opportu of Soviet Russia, the people of America, Mr. MOODY. I should merely like to nity of congratulating the senior Senator do not want war. say to the Senator from Connecticut that :from Conn~cticut upon a very tho11ght The peoples of the earth inust be told I believe that he has delivered a chal ful and challenging speech. I am par that an expanded atomic program is a ienging and statesmanlike address, based· ticularly glad that, as many of us have reluctant alternative forced upon us by upon his broad grasp of world affairs. done, he has again emphasized the fact the aggressive ·attitude of the Kremlin, Once more he has emphasized that our that the dominating aim of our foreign that our first desire is for peace. entire policy is. based only. on a desire policy is peace. I am glad, too, that he The sole source of our danger lies in for peace, and has presented to the coun has . pointed out so clearly that every the fact that the Russian people may try a program worthy of most serious thing we ·are doing in this country by believe the lies of the Soviet Government consideration. I should like to ask a way of strengthening ourselves and by that we are plotting to destroy them. question or two, if I may. The Senator way of strengthening our f riencs and If we take away this weapon of fear said that in the near future it would allies abroad is in the effort to secure and from the Kremlin leaders, if the Russian be possible to manufacture atomic bombs maintain lasting peace and security for people are convinced of our peaceful by the thou~ands, on a mass-production ourselves and for all the freedom-loving intentions, the Soviet Government will basis, with each bomb costing less than countries of the world. never be able to undertake a war of the cost of a tank. Did I correctly Mr. McMAHON. I thank the Senator aggression against us. The Soviet strat understand the Senator in that respect? from NJw York. I may say to him that egists continually denounce us as war Mr. McMAHON. Approximately so. the Congress of the United States has a mongers to keep their people in line. · It depends on the amount of effort and grave respon.sibility for the security of In expanding our atomic program, we the amount of money we are willing to the United States, and that security, of must again remind the world that the put into such a project immediately as · course, as we all recognize, is based not first and basic objective of our foreign to how soon we can bring about that only on our military arms but upon policy is peace. We must again remind r.esult, but it is apparent now to all of what we are, upon our economy, and 11500 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE SEPTEMBE"R 18 upon our industry. With. the budget not make them if thereby we are going has so well pointed out that the Soviets, running at the size at which it is pres to throw away our security, but if there who are really the warmongers and are ently running, in my opinion it is in is a way of bringing about greater fire truly aggressors, truly the enslavers,j cumbent upon each Member of the Con power and greater security through the have taken unto themselves, paradoxical gress really to begin thinking about the use not only of existing weapons, put as it seems, the mantle of the peace strategy of our situation. We have to weapons which we can secure at less makers, the mantle of the emancipators, consider the situation carefully. In expense, there is an obligation not only and the mantle of those who would care other words, while what I am about to upon the Senator from Connecticut but for the welfare of the peoples of the say may not be entirely responsive to the upon all the other Members of the Senate world. It is indeed a paradoxical situa remarks made by the Senator from New and of the House to see that we do not tion-but one that calls for action on York, for which I thank him, I should wrap a bandanna around our eyes and our part. like to say we must see to it that the take everything just as it is handed to us. I hope there will be more voices raised military planners do not take this tre Mr. FULBRIGHT. The Senator from of the same tenor as that of the Sena mendous fire power and this asset and Connecticut made a point which I do not tor from Connecticut, so that when we pile it on top of the World War n mili think I have heard him make before. go to the United Nations Assembly it tary machine, and on top of what we It was a very important one, namely, will not be only our appointed Ambas today have on order. . that in the preparation of atomic weap sadors who will be speaking for us, but Mr. L:WHMAN. I thank the Senator. ons we are preparing a material that men from the Congress, responsible, able He has made his position very clear, but has a peacetime use. In other words, leaders of the Congress, whose words I believe that attention should be drawn if we are success!ul in bringing the will be ringing through those halls. The to the fact that his entire thesis, like Russians to their senses, it will not be message of American public opinion that of many of his colleagues in the wasted, but, on the contrary, will be a must be positive and understandable Senate, is that we are striving for peace great asset, whereas there is nothing so that all peoples may sense the true through strength-strength, either more useless than an obsolete tank or spirit of America-the spirit of peace through atomic energy or through other an obsolete airplane. Airplanes seem to and freedom. This is our heritage. It means-and that we feel that the only become obsolete by the time they reach is our confirmed policy and program. way to approach and to win our battle the runways. That has a very peculiar Mr. McMAHON. I wish to thank the for peace is through strength. importance, it seems to me. The prepa Senator from Minnesota from the bot Mr. McMAHON. ·1 agree with the ration of orthodox weapons interferes tom of my heart. Senator, and I thank him very much. with economy much more, I believe, than Mr. FLANDERS. Mr. President, will Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, will does the preparation of atomic weapons. the Senator from Connecticut yield? the Senator yield? because atomic energy can be availed of Mr. McMAHON. I yield to the Senator Mr. McMAHON. I yield to the Sen in our peacetime economy. from Vermont. ator from Arkansas. Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, will Mr. FLANDERS. Mr. President, I did Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, I the Senator from Connecticut yield? not have the advantage of hearing the compliment the Senator from CoD;necti Mr. McMAHON. I yield to the Sena Senator from Connecticut from the very cut on his very fine speech. This is not tor from Minnesota. start of his address, but I assume he has the first time he has invited the atten Mr. HUMPHREY. I desire first to pay offered a resolution and that it has al tion of this body to our objectives. The my respects and compliments. to the ready gone to the desk. part of his address which particularly Senator from Connecticut for what I Mr. McMAHON. Yes. impressed me, and which I should like consider to be an inspiring and most con Mr. FLANDERS. I want to say that, to have the Senator expand a little, is structive address. It makes one feel as the Senator well knows, I feel it is pos the question of the responsibility for that it is a great honor and privilege, sible to speak for the 23 Senators who our armament. I, as one Member of the as it is, to serve in the Senate of the have submitted a resolution of similar Senate, without having membership on United States when one hears such con intent in saying that we all welcome the either the Committee on Armed Services structive proposals as those which the support of each of the sponsors of the or the Committee on Appropriations, feel Senator from Connecticut has offered resolutions directed toward a common very inadequate when it comes to mili today. What I like most about his ad cause, whatever the differences may be. tary programs. It seems to me we dress, besides its creative and imagina Did I correctly catch in the statement should look to the Senator from Con tive areas, particularly in the field of · of the Senator from Connecticut some necticut, who is chairman of the Joint atomic energy and atomic warfare, is the expression of a feeling that ~here is a · Committee on Atomic Energy, to con fact that the proposal came from an time element in this question based on strue the approach, because, when we elected representative of the American the meeting of the Assembly of the are confronted with a budget such as people. I feel that it is the responsi United Nations in Paris? we had under consideration last week, bility of the Congress not merely to Mr. McMAHON. The Assembly of the there is really not much we can do about criticize the Department of Defense and United Nations in Paris, in the opinion it. I think the Senator and his com the Department of state for their al of the Senator from Connecticut, is the mittee must take the lead. Speaking for leged inadequacies, as we have done on place where we should make a truly out myself, he will find a very willing and re many occasions, but to give them some standing offer of disarmament. That is ceptive audience. creative design for the future. I be the place in which to make it. That is Mr. McMAHON. I thank the Senator lieve that the peoples ·of the world will what it is designed for. It is the "town from Arkansas. I should like to say to be more prone to accept a proposal if it meeting" of the world, as the late great him that I have supported many of the comes from the elected representatives Arthur Vandenberg called it. We should motions which have been made by the of'- the people. We pride ourselves on send forth a message which will appeal distinguished Senator from Illinois [Mr. the fact that our policy is made by those to the common people of the earth so DOUGLAS} to cut .the budget as we have who are elected by the people; in other that they will rise to our side. gone through the consideration of ap words, by . representative government. Mr. FLANDERS. That is a statement propriation bills. As to some of his pro So I wish to pay tribute to the Sena to which we all subscribe. I would sug posals, I have not gone along with him. tor from Connecticut, who has held gest that there is in the face of this time · But the only chance we have to bring forth a bright and shining hope, and element a shortness of time in this ses about any economies that will really not merely a for lorn hope. While some sion of the Congress. The Senator from loom large against·· the total expendi people turned aside his proposal of 2 Connecticut, perhaps, is in a position to ture is iq seeking to get security at less years ago-and a wonderful proposal it present the case of ·urgency in this mat cost. If we analyze our budget we find was-it did have an impact, and I think ter so that we may hope to get some that military expenditures are approxi it enabled our President and Secretary expression of opinion from the Senate, mately three-quarters of the total of State to make more positive peace as representatives of the people, on this budget. proposals. tremendous subject before we leave this Mr. FULBRIGHT. At least that It is a heartening thing to see· a fine building at the end of the session. I am much. Senator who has dedicated his life to our sure I do not have to urge that. I am Mr. McMAHON. So it is there that national security come forth with a con confident the Senator from Connecticut, .we must make reductions. We can- structive message, particularly when he from what he has said and from wh.at I 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 11501 know of him anyway, will do that to the That the United States must go all-out in of October 29, 1947, to August 24, 1949, best of his ability in the position of in atomic development and production. ~nd was merely a volunteer worker. fluence which he occupies. The concurrent resolution CS. Con. Let me take these up point by point. Mr. McMAHON. I shall join forces Res. 47), submitted by· Mr. McMAHON On the cover of the book , that I called with the Senator from Vermont, who has (for himself and other Senators>, was to the attention of the Senate ·Friday contributed so much leadership in this referred to the Committee on Foreign there appear the following in print-at great cause, to see what can be ~one to Relations, as follows: the top, the words "Democracy at bring that about, Whereas the peoples of the earth are Work"-in the center the words "Demo Mr. FLANDERS. I thank the Senator. plunged, against their will, in an accelerating cratic National Committee" encircling a Mr. McMAHON. · Mr. President, I ask armaments race that involves atomic bombs, large star-and at the bottom of the unanimous consent to submit for appro biological and chemical agent s, and conven cover the numerals "1948," On the spine priate reference . the two concurrent tional weapons; and of the book appear the following in resolutions referred to by me, the first of Whereas the prospect of the hydrogen print-at the top the words "Democracy bomb propels the peoples of the earth into which is on behalf of myself, favoring danger above and beyond anything hereto at Work"-at the bottom a star and increased allocations of funds for atomic fore conceived by man; and under it the words "O:flicial proceedings development and production; and the Whereas in history, armaments races have of the Democratic National Convention" second concurrent resolution is on behalf always led to war; and and the numerals "1948." of myself, the Senator from Arkansas Whereas the United States is unshakeably Now Mr. McGrath states that the book [Mr. FULBRIGHT], the Senator from Ore determined to keep strong so long as its striv- · was not printed until late March 1949, gon [Mr. MORSE], the· junior Senator ings to halt the armaments race through but dates in the book identify its time as from Alabama [Mr. SPARKMAN]' the just and dependable international agree ment are thwarted; and 1948. He further states that public re Senator from New Jersey [Mr. HEN Whereas United States efforts to achieve leases of the Democratic National Com DRICKSON], the Senator from Iowa [Mr. international control over all weapons do not mittee and newspaper stories authenti GILLETTE], the senior Senator from Ala flow from craven fear or weakness but rather cate the statements of his letter. bama fMr. HILL], my colleague, the from the strength of democratic institutions, As far as authentication is concerned, · junior Senator from Connecticut [Mr. faith in freedom, belief in the value and Mr. President, the book which I showed BENTON], the Senator from New York worth of the human individual everywhere, to the Senate Friday itself bears very [Mr. LEHMAN], the Senator from Michi and from trust in Almighty God and His laws: Now, therefore, be it convincing authentication in the fact gan [Mr. MooDY], and the Eenator from Resolved by the Senate (the House of that its pages state that it was compiled Montana [Mr. MURRAY], favoring a re Representatives concurring)- and edited by Mr. C. Edgar ''Ed" Brown, ductiou of armaments and the extensicn That the Congress of the United States ap who is the assistant publicity director of economic aid to war-ravished coun peal to the peoples of the world to join in of the Democratic National Committee, tries. a great moral crusade for peace and free I am told. The foreword of the book also The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there dom; states that members of the sta:ff of the objection to the request of the Senator That the Congress of the United States advocate and recommend that the next ses Democratic National Committee helped from Connecticut? The Chair hears· sion of the General Assembly of the United assemble the data contained therein. · none, and the concurrent resolutions will Nations devote itself to the single purpose I think that beyond question the book be received and appropriately referred. of stopping the armaments race by speeding itself contains the written proof of its The concurrent resolution Young held any official position with the sas City duri~g the campaign-with Mr. the size of 34 feet by 20 feet. If that is Democratic National Committee. Boyle. - true, it is a pretty big desk. The pietures and the printed words in Just a man named Merl Young-but ~his particular room has also been the book and the denials indicate that the same Merl Young who stated at page described to me as not being like a hotel something somewhere is awfully wrong 627 of the hearing that he traveled with lobby where anyone could walk in and out in the records or the memories of top President Truman during the last week any time as Mr. Boyle inferred-but people with the Democratic National of the 1948 campaign. rather as a strictly private office for Committee. Just a man named Merl Young-but Mr. McGrath and then for Mr. And on the subject of whether Mr. the same Merl Young who received a Boyle.· I am told that regardless of title Young was an assistant to Mr. Boyle copy of a report sent by W. H. l{ittrell to or no title that from September 1948 on at the Democratic -National Committee Mr. Boyle on the campaign in-Texas-a Mr. Boyle was the top man-the head of or not, let us look at another printed report for the party's records. See page the office-at the Democratic National volume-part 2 of. the hearings of the 832 of the Fulbright subcommittee hear- Headquarters in Washington. Fulbright sµbcominittee at page 619 ing record. . Mr. President, perhaps the most where Mr. Young stated that during the Just a man named Merl Young-but significant page in the Democratic book · 1948 campaign -and immediately after the same Merl Young who testified un Democracy at Work is the picture the campaign he was "a_ssisting" Mr. der oath at page 619 that he assisted page between pages 428 and 429. It Bpyle in any way with the committee Mr. Boyle during the campaign and im clearly shows that Mr. Boyle had a staff that he could. Mr. Young, by his-sworn mediately after the campaign in ·any in the 1948 ca.mpaign-whether he had statement, was assisting Mr .. Boyle-he way with the Democratic National an official, unofficial, or no title. He was did not state that he was assisting any Committee that he could. - important enough to have a staff-a one else.::_apparentiy Mr. Boyle's job was Just a man named Merl Young-but staff that was important enough to_get important enough for Mr. Young to the same Merl Young who sat at the one picture page devote·d to it. For at devote his time to helping Mr. Boyle same small table with _Mr. William M. the ~op - of that Page are the printed specifically rather than having the gen Boyle, Jr., at th_e official dinner of the words, "Members of William !YI. Boyle's eral· assignment that run-of-the-mill Truman-Barkley Clubs at the Mayflower staff during 1918 presidential campaign." volunteer workers at headquarters get. Hotel on January 18, 1949, in Washing Below that heading appear pictures of Mr. President, at the hearing of the ton, D. C.-to be specific at table 9-and three men. Two of these men-Mr. Elections Subcommittee on September from the picture it looks at though he Ma~ Siskind and Mr. Daniel J. Hanlon 13, 1951, I stated to Mr. BOyle that I and Mr. Boyle were the only men at that ! am informed, are former law partners had received reports that during the table 9. of Mr. Boyle. I invite the attention of 1948 presidential campaign Mr. Merl _Just a man named Merl Young the Senate Investigations Subcommjttee Young had taken calls coming in to but the same Merl Young whose im to this book and particularly to this the pemocratic headquar~rs in Wash portance at the Democratic National page. I suggest that the subcommittee ington from the presidential campaign Committee continued on into the 1950 call Mr. Max Siskind, whose name bas train in Mr. Boyle's absence. I then campaign as reported in the October 23, been pientioned in the Lithofold case, asked M1< 'Boyle what he knew about 19~0 issue of Life magazine at p~ge _ 34 and ask him about his connection with this and · what the status of Mr. Merl with reference to a barnstorming politi the Democratic National Committee and Young was or had been at the head cal Democratic tour. . The article stated the retention of his and Mr. Boyle's -law quarters" of the Democratic Nati~nal that the "trip was set by Merl Young, firm by the American ·Li thof old Corp. I coriunittee. an astute Missourian whose wife Lo suggest that _the subcommittee call Mr. ·1 was interested in the veracity of retta is one of President Truman's secre Daniel J. Hanlon and :;tsk him if he was these reports since Mr. -Young had fig taries. Young went along tCJ keep things in ·any way connected with the legal ured so prominently in the Fulbright moving, the local politicos happy and - controve_rsy of -Stan~ey Do_lli:tr with the subcommittee investigation of the RFC, national headquarters informed of prog Government over the American Presi- symbolized greatly in the public eye by ress by daily phone calls." dent Line. _ the pastel mink coat that Mrs. Young Just a man named Merl Young-but· Mr. President, it might iiterally be had received. - · the same Merl Young who has been said that I had thrown the Book at Mr. In · his answer, Mr. Boyle character characterized by some people working Boyle and his .associates-:--a Democratic ized himself as a volunteer worker-one around the Washington campaign head• Party official. book bearing the title of the millions of volunteers in the cam quarters of the Democratic National "Democracy at Work." · Perhaps Mr. paign. He said that" _he was just Committee as being the right-hand man Boyle and his associates can explain another .orie of the volunteer workers. of Mr. Boyle. what seem to me to be most obvious as was, "a man named Merl Young." Can it be the plan to :cake the al inconsistencies in denials of connection It is interesting the detached way in legedly unimportant Mr. Young the with the Democratic National Committee which he referred to Mr. Young as "a "fall guy"? a~d its _work. man named Merl Young.'' The implica- - Strange as it may se·em, Mr. Presi But, ·.Mr. President, I think that the tion is that to Mr. Boyle, Mr. Merl Young dent, I do not find Mr. Boyle very con Mr. BQyle and his asso9iates in politics was just another one of the many volun vincing in his detached way of referring and business mentioned in my·statement teer workers without any significance or to Merl Young as merely one of many should go before the Senate Investiga ... any special ·role-just a man named volunteer workers and just "a man tions Subcommittee and under oath give Merl Young. - · named Merl Young" with the implica that subcommittee all the information Yet, this is the same Merl Young as tion that Merl Young was of no spe they can to settle this matter one way the one whose picture appears on the cial significance to him. The pictures, or the other, to ascertain and set definite picture page between pages 412 and 413 the printed word of the Democratic book, dates in this constant weaving . of Mr. of the book I have referred to with the the sworn testimony of Mr. Merl Young Boyle ~ his business associates, and mem printed identification of "Assistant to himself-all these show that Mr. Merl bers of his law firm back and forth William Marshall Boyle, Jr.'' Young was pretty important to Mr. Wil between their work for the Democratic J ust a man named Merl Young-but liam M. Boyle in the 1948 campaign and Na~ional Committee .and their lucrative the same Merl Young who testified un thereafter. private work for business clients on loans der oath to the Fulbright subcommittee In response to my question, Mr. Boyle and contracts with the Federal Govern at page 626 of part 2 of the hearings that stated that he had only "a little room ment. he worked almost every night for the about as big as that desk" at the head Mr-. McCARRAN obtained the :floor, Democratic National Committee for 2 quarters during· the campaign. That is Mr. WILLIAMS. Mr. President, will months in the 1948 campaign. not consistent with the information the Senator f;rom Nevad.a yield? J ust a man named Merl Young-but given to me that Mr. Boyle moved in Mr. · ' The PRESIDING OFFICER 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 11505 were prepared by the Democratic Na-: published until 1949; and whoever pro of reference. We cannot change what tional Committee and given to the local vided the illustrations must have-as an has been done, but I take this opportu committee for publication in this book. afterthought, I suppose; I do not know nity to call the attention of Members But the editors of the book included pic telephoned Washington and said, "Please of the Senate to these errors so that they tures of' volunteer workers, as well as let us have your picture. We want to will not be misled by them into making pictures of regular officials, whether paid put· it in the book. We should like to unfounded charges against anyone af or unpaid. That was done in an effort put it in the book." So he got the photo fected by the errors. It is very natural to give public recognition· to these per graphs at that time, and put them in that one should be misled, I admit, but sons who had given services and who re the book. I hope no one will be misled in the future. ceived no other reward. There was a Mrs. SMITH of Maine. Then the I regret to have taken so much time certain amount of glory attached to hav Senator from Rhode Island would agree to mak'.e the record clear, but I feel that ing their pictures in the book. with the Senator from Maine that this in view of the seriousness of the charges The book was in preparation for some is the book covering the proceedings made by the Senator from Maine, Mr. months, and did not .come out until in 1_948, rather than in 1949, would he Boyle and the Members of this body are March 30, 1949. At that time the titles not? entitled to have the facts made a part atta·ched to a number of the persons Mr. GREEN. Certainly, the conven of the records of the Senate. I feel sure whose portraits were printed in the book tion of 1948, but, unfortunately, a good that the junior Senator from Maine will ceased to be accurate. For instance, on deal of the material-well, I will not say agree with me that this is fair and just. page 154 appears a photograph of the "unfortunately"-"fortunately,'' I will From what I know of her I feel that late Joseph L. Blythe, who is identified say, some of the material related to 1949, she means to be entirely fair in the in the book as national treasurer of when the book was published, March 30, matter. the Democratic National Committee; 1949. I am not making any comment on the but, at the time the book was published, Mrs. SMITH of Maine. Mr. President, testimony of Mr. Boyle, although what Mr. Blythe was dead. There was also a will the Senator yield further? I have read of.it seems to me to show picture of Mrs. Mary C. Zirkle, identified Mr. GREEN. Certainly. no incon·sistency with the · facts which as acting treasurer of the committee, Mrs. SMITH of Maine. Would not have been proved. I doubt very much a title which she did not assume until that, then, indicate very clearly that if the junior Senator from Maine would after Mr. Blythe had died. Both titles this book was prepared in 1948, and pub like to take the position that there may were incorrect. lished in 1949? be guilt by association, if there is any On page 176 Welburn Mayock is iden Mr. GREEN. I cannot say it was pre guilt at all in the matter. But the tified as general counsel for the Demo pared in 1948, no; but it gave the facts chronology should be borne in mind. cratic National Committee. He did not of the convention, which occurred in Mr. McGrath was chairman of the Dem hold that position at any time during 1948. That is all I can say. ocratic National Committee from Oc either 1948 or 1949. His photograph Mrs. SMITH of Maine. Would the tober 1947, to August 1949. During that appears a second time on the page fac Senator from Rhode Island advise the time Mr. Boyle was a volunteer worker ing 400, and he is there listed as an Senator from Maine when Mr. Blythe in the Washington headquarters with official of one of the local Democratic died? · many other volunteer workers. On Feb- clubs. On page 542-- . Mr. GREEN. What I am saying is . ruary 8, 1949, Mr. Boyle was appointed Mrs. SMITH of Maine. Mr. President,. that the book was ·brought up to date executive vice chairman on an unsal-· will the Senator yield? in 1949. aried basis, as was shown by the press ' Mr. GREEN. I yield to the Senator Mrs. SMITH of Maine. Will the Sen release which has already been given to from Maine. ator from Rhode Island advise me when the Senate. On March 30, the book on Mrs. SMITH of Maine. Would · the Mr. Blythe died? Democracy at Work was published. On' Senator from Rhode Island agree with Mr. GREEN. He died in 1949. April 20 Mr. Boyle went on a full-time me that the fact that the name of the· Mrs. SMITH of Maine. Does the Sen salary basis as executive vice chairman. 1948 national treasurer of the Demo ator know what the date was? That is the first time he became a sal cratic National Committee, who later aried official. On August 24, on the Mr. GREEN. I think if was in Jan 1 died, was used in this w~y help to iden uary, but I am not sure. resignation of Mr. McGrath, Mr. Boyle tify or set the date of the publication Mrs. SMITH of Maine. This is a 1948 was elected chairman of the national of the book as the proceedings of the campaign picture, is it not? committee, succeeding Mr. McGrath. ' previous year? Mr. GREEN. I do not know. It was Mr. WILLIAMS. Mr. President, will Mr. GREEN. On page 154 there is taken before his death; I can assure the the Senator yield? a large full-page picture. Senator of that. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Mrs. SMITH of Maine. Mr. President, Mrs. SMITH of Maine. The Senator Senator from Nevada has the ftoor and would the Senator from Rhode Island will agree that there is no indication in has yielded to the Senator from Rhode agree with me that the fact that the the book that the man is dead. Island. picture of this deceased treasurer was Mr. GREEN. No; except that it puts Mrs. SMITH of Maine. Mr. President, used in this publication, which is re a picture of his successor in, also, as will the Senator from Nevada yield? ported to have been distributed in 1949, acting treasurer, which she was not. Mr. McCARRAN. I yield, first, to the set the date of the publication of the Senator from Delaware. proceedings as in 1948, as explained by Mr. President, I can skip a number of illustrations, but I want to give one Mr. WILLIAMS. Am I correct in say the juEior Senator from Maine? The ing that we all agree that William Boyle fact that the gentleman was not living or two more. On page 543 Mr. Boyle is listed incor was the executive vice-chairman of the at that time, but that his name was still Democratic Natibnal Committee in 1949? used as th3 treasurer, would more exactly rectly as an assistant to the chairman, although on the page facing 412 he is Mr. GREEN. On February 8, 1949, he fix the date as in 1948, would it not? was appointed without salary. Mr. GREEN. I do not get the reason identified as the executive vice chair ing. At the time the book was published, man, a position he held when the book Mr. WILLIAMS. There is no ques the gentleman had died. was published, but did not hold during tion that at the time he took the $250 Mrs. SMITE of Maine. During the the campaign. So the two pictu:res are check he was serving in his capacity N::i,tional Democratic Convention, the inconsistent. as-- · same gentleman was treamrer of the On the same page appears a photo Mr. GREEN. If my arithmetic is cor committee, was he not? graph of E. Merl Young, identified not rect, it would be 12 days later. Mr. GREEN. That is correct. as a committee official, but as an assist Mr. WILLIAMS. It would be 20 days Mrs. SMITH of Maine. Would that ant to Mr. Boyle. Attorney General later; but that does not make too much not, then, place the date of this book McGrath's letter shows that Mr. Young difference. , ·in 1948, rather than in 1949? was never on the national committee Mr. GREEN. · I am not discussing Mr. GREEN. Of course, all the pro staff. those elements of the problem. ceedings of the convention were in 1948. Of course, it is very unfortunate that Mr. WILLIAMS. There would be no Much of the material of the book -re these errors and inconsistencies slipped misunderstanding that it is true, as two lated t.) 1948, but tl:~e book was not into what is in general a useful ·book witnesses have testified, that Boyle was 11503 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE SEPTEMBER 18 serving as vice chairman of the Demo en the Senate. I do not care to go into lection as to the basic objectives of the cratic National Committee at the time that. Civil Aeronautics Act, and consider the the loan was made. Mrs. ·SMITH of Maine. The junior extent to which these objectives have Mr. GREEN. I am not familiar with Senator from Maine is wmewhat in been fulfilled. the fostimony that has been given. I am doubt about this local committee, and Thirteen years is not a long time, but simply giving the facts as I know them. that is the fact we are trying to estab I suggest that many have forgotten the Mr. WILLIAMS. The facts are that lish. It seems to me it was a front for problems that brought forth the Civil on February 28 the loan was rejected for the Democratic National Committee. Aeronautics Act of 1938 and the solu- the third time, but it was approved 4 Mr. GREEN. I do not so understand. tions provided by that act. I also sug days after the check was written. Mrs. SMITH of Maine. I thank the gest that many Senators have not Mr. GREEN. Is the Senator making Senator. marked the almost unbelievable progress a speech, or asking a question? · Mr. WILLIAMS. Mr. President, will of the air tr~nsport industry under the Mr. WILLIAMS. I am asking what the Senator from Nevada yield for one influence of that statute. Let us see the Senator from Rhode Island thinks moment? what has been done. about that. Mr. McCARRAN. I yield for one In 1938, when the Senate was consid Mr. GREEN. I have already informed question, and the Senator from Rhode ering the Civil Aeronautics ..\ct, our air the Senator that I am not going to dis Island will have to protect himself in the line.s were all relatively small enter cuss the evidence. clinches. [Laughter.] prises, providing a minimum of service Mr. WILLIAMS. Apparently the Sen Mr. WILLIAMS. I previously called to the cities of this country, a few flights ator from Rhode Island is trying to-dis the attention of the Senator from Rhode weekly through the Caribbean and South sociate Mr. Boyle from the transaction, Island to the $250 check to Mr. Boyle America, and an even more limited num and I am wondering what position he dated February 28, drawn by the Ameri ber of flights into the Pacific area. The was holding at that time. can Lithofold Corp., which company had domestic service was being conducted by Mr. GREEN. The Senatoc may con just been rejected a third time for the approximately 300 airplanes, with aver tinue to wonder. loan. I wonder if the Senator from age available seats of about 16. All of Mr. McCARRAN. Mr. President, I Rhode Island is aware of the fact that them were twin-engine airplanes. The yield to the Senator from Maine. in the testimony before the Senate in- . now famous and obsolete DC-3 was just · Mrs. . SMITH of Maine. The Senator vestigating committee this morning one coming into service. About 30,000 miles from Maine wishes to thank the distin of the witnesses testified that on Feb Qf route were being operated within the guished Senator from Rhode Island for ruary 28, 1949, the same day on which United States. About 1,300,000 pas his kind references to her. Since the this check is drawn, 20 days after he was sengers were carried that year. Not over Senator from Rhode Island says that the appointed executive vice chairman of the 10,000,000 ton-miles of mail, and not book is misleading, is it possible that the Democratic National Committee, Mr. ovet 4,000,000 ton-miles· of express were statement::: of the Democratic National Boyle caned Harley Hise, the chairman moved, and the carriage of freight had Committee and Mr. Boyle are misleading of the RFC, in reference to the loan of · not even started. The net assets of the as well? the American. Lithofold Corp. industry were $36,570,000. As someone · Mr. GREEN. No; because it is not the Mr. GREEN. I know nothing about said at that time, the air-transportation work of the Democratic National Com the testimony given this morning. industry was smaller than the nickle mittee alone. It contributed all the data, Mr. WiLLIAMS. In view of the con candy bar industry. · ·but, so far as the pictures and some of flict between the statement of this wit In 1938 our international services op the other material contributed are con ness and Mr. Boyle's statement that he erated less than 60 airplanes-most of cerned, they were contributed by the had nothing to do with the matter, does them flying boats serving the Caribbean Philadelphia committee. not the Senator from Rhode Islanc.~ agree and Sou.th American area. About 72,000 . Mrs. SMITH of Maine. Will the Sen with me that the Senate committee has passengers were carried that year, and a ator from Rhode Island tell me whether no alternative than to call Mr. Boyle? modest amount of mail. The net assets the records and proceeds of the focal Mr. GREEN. No, I shall have to have · employed in international service at that committee referred to have been turned more substantial foundation than time were $41,43(000. Our review of the opinions. industry in preparation for the legisla over to Mr. Boyle? tion revealed that the financial condition Mr. GREEN. The Senator will have to Mr. WILLIAMS. We have the testi mony of three witnesses under oath, and of the. industry was chaotic, that many apply to the local committee to learn of the companies which formed_the basis that. I do not have that information. the check signed by Mr. Boyle.. What further evidence is needed? for our then existing air-transport sys Mrs. SMITH of Maine. One more tem were on the verge.of bankruptcy, and question, if the Senator from Nevada Mr. McCARRAN. I think I shall not yield fur~her. that the development of our interna will be so kind as to yield further. tional system was restricted and halt Mr. McCARRAN. I yield. SEPARATION OF SUBSIDY FROM AIR ing. It was perfectly clear that if the Mrs. SMITH of Maine. Is it not true MAIL PAY building and operation of an air-trans that the local committee was formed for The Senate resumed the consideration port system for this Nation was to be the purpose of complying with the Cor-· of the bill On July· 17~ 1951, I made my initial publicity would prejudice the interest of in England. Although the origin of the statement on the floor of the Senate in justice; but the judgment shall be pro right to a public trial is not clear and opposition to the draft Covenant on Hu nounced. publicly except where the interest although historians differ on it, the man Rights. In that speech, I endeav of juveniles otherwise requires. founders· of our Republic left no doubt ored to explain how article 14, paragraph I challenge anyone, Mr. President, to of their intention to preserve that right 3, of the covenant would permit the de try to reconcile the language of the sixth without qualification. As a matter of struction of freed om of the press. My amendment with that found in article fact, the Constitutions of Pennsylvania statement also pointed out how article 13 10, paragraph 1, of the proposed· cove and North Carolina guaranteed the right of the covenant could be used to destroy nant. Our Constitution does not guar to a public trial even before the sixth freedOPl Of religion. ·antee the right to a public trial in some aruendment was ratified. Today, ac My statement today is concerned pri cases in most cases, or in all cases cording to the Supreme . Court in the marily with article 10, paragraph 1, of subject to certain exceptions. The Con Oliver case, the right to a public trial the covenant, which, contrary to the stitution provides for the right of public is also protected by the constitutions of sixth amendment to the Constitution, trial in all cases, without any qualifica 41 States, and, in practically all the re would permit denial of the right to a tion whatsoever. Because of this un maining States, by statute or judicial de public trif!.l. equivocal guaranty ·the Supreme Court cision. The experience of more than It is my intention to analyze this was able to write in a very recent de 400 years in the struggle for freedom has covenant in installments, for the simple cision,·namely, in 1948: been completely disregarded by Mrs . . reason that so many of our basic lib Counsel have not cited and we have been Roosevelt . and others responsible for . erties are threatened that they cannot unable to find a single instance of a crim drafting the UN Co,venant on Human be adequately discussed in the course of inal trial conducted in camera in any Fed Rights. a· single speech. eral, State, or municipal court during the ·During the history of this Republic, history of this country. (In re Oliver, 333. •. .Before turning to the star chamber u. s. 257, 266.) there have · been only isolated attempts procedures authorized by the Covenant, to impair the right of an accused to a I wish to thank the hundreds of people The great men who drafted the Con public trial. This right has been main ·who have written endorsing my initial stitution and its Bill of Rights knew tained so jealously that it is extremely f statement in opposition ·to the coven·ant. that political liberty would be impossible difficult to find cases, Federal or State, I~ome of the letters clearly show that if the Government possessed the power where denial of the right of public trial the writers have had little formal edu to try in secret persons accused of crime. was squarely in issue. For example, the Ication. Nevertheless, they have a far They had knowledge of the Spanish In Supreme Court was not required to in better understanding of the Constitu- quisition. They were familiar with the terpret the meaning of the right to a tion of the United States than do those lettres de cachet employed by the French public trial until the Oliver case was t who would destroy it to obtain the du · monarchy to imprison without a public decided in 1948. The relatively few opin .bious advantages of · world government. trial persons suspected of political ions of State courts and lower Federal It is also clear, Mr. President, that when heresy. They were most familiar, how courts indicate that the right to a public , these patriotic Americans pledge alle ever, with ·the excesses of the British trial has seldom been abridged. No giance to the flag, it is to the flag of one Court of the Star Chamber, abolished appellate court has ever upheld such nation, indivisible. I want to believe, by Parliament in the year 1641. Since abridgment. Mr. President, that their voice is the true that time, the Star Chamber has been 'There does not appear to be a single .Voice of America. · identified with secret trials and all other . judicial decision by an American court i Also, I wish to express my appreciation forms of judicial oppression. No won which sanctions exclusion of the press for the overwhelmingly favorable edi der the sixth amendment provides that from the trial cf a criminal case. The torial comment with respect to my ini in all criminal prosecution~ the accused draft'·covenant on Human Rights, arti tial statement. It indicates that the shall enjoy the right to a public trial. cle 10, paragraph 1, provides that-- great majority of American newspapers Legal historians have since discovered, The press • • • may be excluded from are unwilling to exchange the clear Ian- however, that almost all defendants tried all or part of a trial. . guage of the first amendment of the by the infamous Court of the Star Cham Constitution of the United States for ber were given a public trial. Only cer The covenant gives as a reason for the unknown penalties and restrictions tain phases of the trial were handled this exclusion the necessity of protecting which article 14, paragraph 3, of the secretly. For example, testimony of morals, public order, or national secu- covenant would allow to be. imposed in prosecution witnesses was taken in se . rity. Obviously such phrases as "mor a variety of vaguely defined circum cret and without the opportunity of the als,'' "public order," and "national ·se st~nces. Typical of these fine editorials defendant to discredit that testimony. curity," can be interpreted so as to make . are those which appeared in the Cleve The Star Chamber was also notorious a majority of criminal cases triable in land Plain Dealer, the Cincinnati En for its practice of obtaining confessions secret. Since the capacity of most court quirer, the New York Daily Mirror, the by torture applied in secrecy. Never rooms is limited, it is the presence of the Columbus Dispatch, and the Akron theless, eminent students of legal history, press, more than anything else, which Beacon Journal. Most of these have like Prof. Max Radin, seem to agree gives substance to the requirement of a been printed in the RECORD. I shali ask on the fact that Star Chamber trials public trial. After an exhaustive anal to have others printed as time goes on. were generally public. See Radin, The ysis of the cases, Professor Radin, from The sixth amendment to the Constitu Right to a Public Trial, 1932, Sixth Tem whose b0.ok I quoted a moment ago, tion of the United States, in part, pro ple Law Quarterly, page 381. Therefore, reached this conclusion: vides: I may be doing the Star Chamber ari. in Since no one suggests exclusion of the In all criminal prosecutions, the accused justice by associating it with the draft press, there is no likelihood that the public will lack information in the course of any shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public Covenant on Human Rights. My ~xcuse trial. trial which has elicited public interest. for making this invidious compariso;n (Radin, The Right to a Public Trial (1932) The first sentence of article 10, para is that for over 300 years the Star Cham 6 Temp. L. Q. 381, 394). graph 1, of the proposed United Na ber has been commonly regarded as the epitome of judicial misconduct. lt is true that some courts, in trials tions Covenant on Human Rights pur involving sexual offenses, have excluded ports to guarantee all persons accused When I took the oath of office as a United States Senator to uphold the a portion of the p_ublic. This has been of crime a fair and public hearing, done in order to ·keep offensive testimony However, the second sentence of para Constitution, I never expected that it would be necessary for me to defend the from the ears of youthful spectators, or graph 1 of article 10 of the covenant to protect prosecuting witnesses from completely nullities that right by this right to a public trial. From time im language: memorial the right to a public trial has embarrassment. However, it is clear been regarded as one of the priceless that the sixth amendment forbids ex The press and public may be excluded from clusion of all the members of the public all or part of a trial for reasons of morals, heritages of Anglo-American law. Pro public order, or national security or where fessor Radin noted, in his article, the . from the trial of a defendant, regardless the interest of juveniles so requires, or to Right to a Public Trial, that Sir Thomas of the nature of the case. United States the extent strictly necessary in the opinion Smith, in a book written in 1565, refers v. Kobli ((prosecution under the Mann of the court, in special circumstances where to public trials as the common practice Act) (172 F.) (2d) (C. C. A. 3d, 1949)). 1951 CONGRESSIONA~ RECORD-SENAT.E , 11611 Article 10 (D ·of .. the Covenant on Hu ·I wish to make it perfectly clear, Mr. diction. To protect the jurisdiction of man Rights ,provides that the "public," President, th~t I do not charge, nor do the States in the field of human rights, which apparently includes ·friends and I mean to imply, that President Truman, she has insisted on a so-called Federal relatives of the accused, "may be ex Secretary Acheson, Mrs. Roosevelt, Am State article. The language which is cluded from all or part of a trial.". bassador Jessup, or anyone else connect proposed may be found in article 71 of Article 10 of the Covenant on Human ed with the administration desires to the draft covenant. Article 71 is in Rights further provides that the press subject persons accused.of crime to secret tended to have the effect of rewriting and public may be excluded from all trials. It is my hope that no American article VI of the Constitution so that parts of a trial, if, in the opinion of the of whatever political faith wants to res the covenant will nJt become the su court, "publicity would prejudice the in urrect the Star Chamber. If this is true, preme law of the land in areas of State terest of justice." The discretion of the the American people have a right to know jurisdiction. Since article 71 is in trial court is virtually unlimited. It is . why the State Department and its dele tended to change the clear meaning of difficult to conceive of a criminal trial gates to the U. N. suppo-. ·; a document so article VI of the Constitution, how can . which could not be conducted secretly if obviously repugnant to the sixth amend we have any faith in the argument that a court Wished to use "the interest of ment. article 14 (3) of the covenant will not justice". as an excuse. Defenders of the draft Covenant on change the meaning of the first amend In the Oliver case, the Supreme Court Human Rights argue that the American ment, or that article 10 (1) of the cove reversed the conviction of a man who people need have no fear of the restric nant will not, in spite of the sixth had been interrogated in secret by a tions on individual liberty which the amendment, permit secret trials of crim State circuit judge,. who acted as a one covenant authorizes. They claim that inal cas3s? !f the Senate should ap man grand jury. In secret session, the to whatever extent the covenant is in prove the draft Covenan ~ on Human one-judge grand jury assumed his· judi consistent with the Constitution it would Rights, the only legal impediment to the cial role and ordered Oliver imprisoned be declared unconstitutional by the Su revival of the Star Chamber would be a for contempt. The argument was made preme Court. It is at that point that the favorable decision of the Supreme Court that th·e secret trial and punishment for amendment which I submitted becomes on a very doubtful question of law. No contempt were necessary in the interest important and imperative of considera -0ne who has sworn in good faith to of justice. The Supeme Court gave this tion. It, would of course, protect the uphold the Constitution can permit the answer: Constitution and all its provisions against fundamental rights of the American peo The right to be heard in open court before the invasion of the rights of the Ameri ple to hang by such a slender legal one is condemned is too valuable to be can people. thread, especially in view of the fact that whittled away under the guise of "demoral The assertion that the Supreme the United States Supreme Court has ization of the court's authority." Court might declare the covenant un been rather liberal in construing the su It is "the law of t}J.e land" that no man's constitutional is a conclusion of law life, liberty, or property be forefeited as a preme law of the land. When the Presi punishment until there has been a charge which has been challenged by the Amer dent of the United States so carefully had fairly made and fairly tried in a public tri ican Bar Association on the basis of in the Constitution of the United States bunal. (In re Oliver, 333 U. S. 257, 278). tensive .research conducted by its Com sealed away so . that it might be pre mittee on Peace and Law Through served for generations to come, I could Nothing could be more certain, Mr~ United Nations. The fears of the Amer not help but think that if we were just President, than that article 10 of what ican Bar Association are fully justified as carefuJ, cautious, diligent, and det3r should be called the Covenant on Hu by the opinion of the Supreme Court in mined in preserving the fundamental man Slavery cannot ,be reconciled with Missouri v. Holland (252 U. S. 416 meaning of the Constitution of the the unconditional language of the sixth (1920)). United States and all the rights of the amendment to the Constitution of the Missouri against Holland involved the people protected therein as we were -in United States. It is true that article 10 validity of the Migratory Bird Treaty preserving the physical document itself, of the covenant provides for the pre this country and the world would be sumption of innocence, the right to legal Act of July 3, 1918. An earlier act of Congress, not passed in pursuance of a better off .. counsel, the right to examine opposing Let us assume, however, that all of the witnesses, and the right to obtain com treaty regulating the killing of migra tory birds, had been held unconstitu provisions of the Covenant on Human pulsory attendance of witnesses. These Rights which are inconsistent with the rights are of little value in a secret trial, tional by a Federal.di3trict court by vir tue of the tenth amendment. A treaty Constitution would be declared invalid because the denial of those rights could by the Supreme Court. Even so, spon also be kept secret. dealing with migratory birds was then entered into by the United States and sorship of the covenant by the repre It is not only the accused who has a sentatives of our Government is highly stake in preserving the right to a public Great Britain.· The Suj:>reme Court as sumed that the ·statute, unaided by immoral, and highly detrimental to our trial. The general public is also vitally interests. There are millions of people, concerned. It can hardly be denied that treaty, would be invalid. The Court held that the Migratory Bird Treaty Act both inside and outside of the iron cur the possibility of judicial misconduct is tain, who yearn for the freedom which minimized by the public's presence. Nor was constitutional even though, in ·the absence of a treaty, Congress might have we enjoy by virtue of the Constitution. can it be denied that the public has the What should our message be to those right to be informed about the conduct had no constituti"onal power to deal with the subject. Missouri against Holland whose basic liberties are totally denied of trials which possess political over by communism or partially denied by tones. The trial of Alger Hiss, for exam is· generally regarded by both bench and bar as the. leading case on the effect of socialism? There is not a dictator in ple, could have been closed to the press the entire world who cannot find in the and the public under the "national secu treaties on domestic law. If a treaty can eliminate the tenth Covenant on Human Rights support. f.or rity" clause of article 10 of the covenant. most of his vicious practices. · Appro·m1 No doubt there are many today who amendment as a barrier to legislation by Congress, there is grave da'nger that the of the Covenant on Human Right!> by wish they could have done that. What the United States would inform millions would have been the fate of Hiss if the proposed Covenant on Human Rights would eliminate the sixth amendment as of oppressed people that freedom of press and public had been excluded from speech, press, and religion, the right to his trial? I do not mean to imply, Mr. a prohibition on the power of the Presi dent, the Congress, and the judiciary to a public trial and the other rights speci President, that the Department of Jus fied in our Constitution are outmoded tice would not have prosecuted Hiss just deny the right to a public trial. Only incurable optimists or those unfamiliar principles of government. It would be as vigorously in a secret trial. But if an admission that Thomas Jefferson Alger Hiss has been acquitted in a secret with constitutional law can claim in made a miserable mistake when he as trial, the cry of "political whitewash'' good faith that the danger is non serted in the Declaration of Independ would have been deafening. Public con existent. ence the idea that all men are endowed fidence in the integrity of our courts can Mrs. Roosevelt has already recognized by their Creator with certain inaliena not be maintained if an iron curtain is the need for a provision iri the covenant ble rights. If this is the message we lowered around important trials, espe-. which will prevent human rights from wish to convey to the world by giving cially those of a political character. ~ falling exclusively under Federal juris- the covenant our support, let us at least 11512 . CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE SEPTEMBER 18 . be honest and rename the "Voice of tional agreements. Assurances have Mr. BRICKER. That statement will America" the "Voice of Despair." been given on the basis of which agree bear reading a time or two again. The proposed United Nations Cove ments were satisfied, but no sooner were Ambassador Jessup's theory has al nant on Human Rights raises one funda the agreements put into effect than the ready been accepted by a lower court mental issue which must be faced assurances were denied, and fraud was in California-Fujii v. Califorrz,ia (217 P. squarely and promptly. Do the rights perpetrated not only upon the Senate of (2) 418). That theory is being vigor of the individual constitute a subject the United States but upon the Amer ously promoted by the articles of emi essentially within the domestic jurisdic ican people. nent lawyers appearing in many of the tion of his country, or are the rights We found another instance of that country's leading law reviews. It is time of the individual an appropriate subject in the Atlantic Treaty, when we were for the Senate of the United States to for negotiation, definition:, an9. enforce assured in this body, in order to get that say whether the rights of the American ment · under international law? There treaty ratified, that we would never send people are to be determined under inter is no more important question today in troops to a foreign country, except as national law or under the Constitution the realm of international and consti authorized by the Congress of the Unit of the United States. ' tutional law than that one. The Senate ed States, and we saw the reversal of ·I do not mean to imply, Mr. President, should express its opinion by acting position even after the chairman of the that ap::;Jroval o{ th~ draft Covenant promptly on Senate Resolution 177 Foreign Relations Committee, the Sena would immediately place the liberties which is now before the Senate Foreign tor from Texas [Mr. CONNALLY], and of the American people at the mercy of Relations Committee. the late distinguished Senator Vanden a suprastate parliament and . judiciary. ·I have called upon the chairman of berg, gave us that assurance. · The plan is to approach world govern that committee publicly on this floor to Mr. Jessup, of whom we have beard ment gradually. Anthony Eden, repre hold hearings on the resolution, and I before, and whose nomination will soon senting England-a country we have make the request again today. be before this body for approval, con been keeping for some time, a country Mr. Jessup concedes that "the funda tends in'his book: that has been a suppliant at our doors mental tenet of traditional international Since the rights of man are placed under for a good many years, in no small de law" is "that it is a law only between international guaranty by the Charter of gree, because of the kind of government states, not between individuals or be the United Nations, it would no longer be . they have had-in Denver a couple of tween individu~.Is and states"-A Mod possible for a state to brush aside inter.na weeks ago called for a gradual merger of . e-n Law of Nations, page 8. The idea tional representations concerning a viola sovereignty, not a surrender-people are that international law defining and en tion of those rights on the ground that the apprehensive of surrendering-Wash- · forcing human rights must be made di victims were its citizens and that interna irtgton Daily News, August 6, 1951. Mr. · rectly applicable to every human being tional law leaves a state free to deal with its own as it wills. It should be repeated Jessup expressed the same opinion in · in the world is a revolutionary concept. that the treatment by a state of its citizens his book when he said: The Covenant on Human Rights em is no longer a matter which, under article 2, It is natural that some minds seek a com bodies that very revolutionary concept. paragraph 7, of the Charter, is "essentially plete change through the immediate crea Mr. James Pomeroy Hendrick, the within the domestic jurisdiction:: (A tion of a world government. Others would State Department omcer who served as Modern Law of Nations, p. 87.) prefer to build more slowly through the Mrs. 'Roosevelt's adviser, reached this That is the most revolutionary concept medium of what is generally called inter conclusion: national organization or administration, I have ever heard in regard to the Con now typified by the United Nations (p. 1). Th~ theory of the covenant. in itself is stitution of the United States, a concept revolutionary; an undertaking by inter which would deprive the American peo The Covenant on Human· Rights is national treaty to insure certain rights based on the premise that _world gov which have traditionally been regarded as ple of their fundamental rights as citi being solely of n ational concern. (State De zens of this country, and subject those ernment must come gradually. There is, partment bulletin, August 9, 1948, p. 163.) rights to the determination of an inter for example, no international criminal national body. court before which an American citizen Mr. President, the most important at Mr. HENDRICKSON. Mr. President, may be tried. However, at this very_ tribute of sovereignty is the right of any will the Senator yield? moment, a 16-nation committee on nation to defin~ and enforce within the which the United States is represented limits of its constitutional authority the Mr. BRICKER. I yield. Mr. HENDRICKSON. Will the Sena is meeting in Geneva to draft a United rights and duties of its citizens. No na Nations Convention defining the juris- tion has any real sovereignty if the tor again read the quotation from Mr. Jessup's book? . diction of an international criminal economic and political rights which it court. They are getting ready for the e~tends to its people are subject to rec Mr. BRICKER. Yes. This is from Ambassador Jessup's book: A Modern day Mr. Jessup·planned. . ognition, modification and review by an ·If the political and economic rights of international authority. There can be Law of Nations, page 87. ·Mr. Jessup was on the first committee that passed upon the American people 2,re not matters no world government so long as the essentially within the domestic jurisdic United States refuses to surrender this the covenant on human rights, and now he has been nominated Ambassador tion, ultimately there will be little or primary attribute of sovereignty. nothing left of national sovereignty. It is true, of course, that some articles at Large, and under this nomination ap pointed by the President of the United The significance of the Fujii case, hold of the United Nations Charter refer to ing, in effect, that human rights are not the desirability of advancing human States as a delegate to the United Na matters essentially within the domestic rights. The Senate felt that the sover- tions Assembly, and his nomination will jurisdiction, is well understood at United . eignty of the United States in the field come to tbe Senate soon for confirma of human .rights was adequately pro Nations headquarters. I do not agree tion. I desire to read his statement that the determination of the court in tected by article 2 (7) of the United again, so we may thoroughly understand Nations Charter which provides: the Fujii case is a proper judicial deci its implication: sion. I think it might have been Nothing contained in the present charter Since the rights of m an are placed under reversed upon appeal, but no one knows. shall aut horize the United Nat ions to inter international guaranty by the Charter of the Mr. Oscar Schachter, Deputy Director, vene in matters which are essentially within United Nations, it would no longer be pos the domestic jurisdiction of any state. sible for a state to brush aside international United Nations Legal Department, was entirely correct when he explained in Senators who were Members of the representat ions concerning a violation of Seventy-ninth Congress, and I Vv as not, those rights on the ground that the victims these words the signifl.can.ce of applying are probably amazed by the arguments were its citizens and that international law the human-rights provisions of the leaves a state free to deal with its own as it Charter directly to individuals: now advanced to the effect that the wills. It should be repeated that the treat rights of American people are no longer ment by a state of its citizens is no longer Moreover, there is an added degree of matters essentially within the domestic a matter which, under article 2, paragraph cogency in the .fact that the Charter, and jurisdiction of the United States. 7, of the Charter, is "essentially within the not the Constitution alone, is being applied; domestic jurisdiction." . for that shows that the United States is That is merely another instance of the effectively carrying out its external obliga fraud which has been perpetrated upon Mr. HENDRICKSON. Mr. President, tions, and particularly that obligation which the membership of this body in int'Crna- I thank the Senator very muc~. · more than any other involves a limita- 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 11513 tion of traditional rights of sovereignty. Nations headquarters, propaganda car-. rights under the direct protection and (Schachter, Charter and Constitution ( 1951). ried on by a political party to its own enforcement of an international au 4 Vanderbilt Law Rev. 643, 659.) detriment, 16 have since rescinded their thority. Our' Ambassador at Large, Philip action. It is obvious· that no surrender Mr. Jessup seems aware of the dim Jessup, clearly regards national sover of national sovereignty is possible so long culties involved in giving several billions eignty as a plague which must be wiped as the American people or their repre of people with different . religions, cus from the face of the earth. Here is how sentatives in Congress have a chance to toms, standards of living, and political Philip Jessup describes national sover vote on the matter. Mr. Jessup ap\lar traditions a common bill of rights. He. eignty on page 1 of A Modern Law of ently recognizes this political fact of life expresses the dimculty in these words on Nations: because his book proceeds on the hy page 92 of his book: pothesis that the new theory of interna No attempt is made here to draft an inter Unlimited sovereignty is no longer auto national bill of the rights of man. Effective matically accepted as th~ most prized pos tional law has already been accepted. On pages 12 and 13 of A Modern Law of spadework has already been done, and the session or even as a desirable attribute of task is in the hands of the United Nations states. Nations, he suggests this political strat egy to his one-world colleagues: Commission on Human Rights. Th~ human · I was not elected to the Senate to rights to be defined and protected must be Implicit in the adoption of the tV
SENATE 11489 SENATE · the Niessage Further Announced That
