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American Media History AMERICAN MEDIA HISTORY THIRD EDITION Anthony R. Fellow California State University, Fullerton * > WADSWORTH i% CENGAGE Learning" • • • Australia Brazil Japan Korea Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Contents Preface XIX INTRODUCTION Before the American Experience 1 The Impact of the Printing Press 2 AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Johannes Gutenberg 1400-1467 The Printing Press in Early England 5 John Milton and British Roots of Free Expression Thomas Hobbes and John Locke 9 "Cato's Letters" 10 Conclusion 11 PART 1 1690-1833 The Press in Early America 13 chapter 1 The Colonial Years 15 Printing in British America 17 Benjamin Harris, Printer 20 John Campbell, Favored Printer 21 James Franklin, Rebel Printer 22 AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Benjamin Franklin 1706-1790 26 Benjamin Franklin, Cautious Printer 27 ix x Contents Tests of Press Freedom 29 William Bradford and Press Freedom 29 John Peter Zenger and Press Freedom 30 The Zenger Verdict 34 Anna Zenger and Colonial Women of the Press 35 Conclusion 36 chapter 2 The Press and the Revolution 39 A Reluctant Revolution 40 The Seven Years' War 40 The Stamp Act of 1765 41 Voices on the Road to Revolution 42 James Rivington, The Tory Voice 44 Hugh Gaine, Turncoat Editor 46 AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Thomas Paine 1737-1809 46 John Dickinson, The Whig Voice 48 Isaiah Thomas, The Patriot Voice 50 Samuel Adams, The "Master of the Puppets" 51 AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Samuel Adams 1722-1803 52 Edes and Gill's Boston Gazette 52 The Sons of Liberty 55 Declaration of Independence 58 Newspapers as a Revolutionary Force 59 The Revolutionary War's Impact on the Press 60 Readership 60 Distribution 61 Editorials 61 Freedom of the Press 61 Conclusion 63 chapter 3 The Press and the Founding of a Nation 65 The Bill of Rights and Press Freedom 67 The Federalists and Federalist Editors 69 The Federalist Editors: Fenno, Cobbett, and Russell 70 The Antifederalists and Antifederalist Editors 71 Antifederalist Editors: Freneau and Bache 72 AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Philip Freneau 1752-1832 74 The Role of the Press in Political Coverage 75 Washington and the Press 76 Adams and the Press 78 Contents xi Jefferson and the Press 78 Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 79 The Party Press in Retrospect 80 Conclusion 81 PART 2 1833-1860: A New Politics, A New Press 83 chapter 4 A Press for the Masses 85 A Very Different Newspaper 86 Benjamin Day and the New York Sun 86 James Gordon Bennett and the New York Herald 88 James Gordon Bennett as Innovator 90 James Gordon Bennett and the Great Moral War 92 Horace Greeley and the New York Tribune 95 AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: William Cullen Bryant 1794-1878 96 The New York Tribune 98 Editorial Influence of the "Great Moral Organ" 99 The Penny Press and the Mexican War 101 Henry Jarvis Raymond and the New York Times 104 Why a Press for the Masses? 105 AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Andrew Jackson 1767-1845 106 Conclusion 108 PART 3 1860-1900 The Age of New Journalism 111 chapter 5 A Divided Nation, a Divided Media 113 Roots of the Conflict 114 Before the Storm 115 William Lloyd Garrison and the Liberator 116 Lovejoy, Birney, and Tappan 117 The Black Press 118 AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Harriet Beecher Stowe 1811-1896 118 Frederick Douglass and the North Star 120 The Press on the Eve of War 122 The Civil War Press in the North 123 Women Correspondents of the North 124 The Civil War Press in the South 125 Magazines of the North and the South 125 xii Contents AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Jane Grey Cannon Swisshelm 1815-1884 126 Lincoln and the Press 128 AMERICAN MEDIA CLASSIC: President Lincoln Writes Horace Greeley 129 Lincoln and Greeley 132 Censorship and the Civil War 133 "Mob Censorship" 134 Censorship by Armies 136 Voluntary Censorship 136 Formalized Censorship 136 Suspension 137 Impact of the Civil War on the Press 137 Improved Methods of Printing 138 The Sunday Newspaper 138 News Agencies 138 Syndication 139 The Civil War and the Practice of Journalism 139 Saturation Coverage 139 Visual Journalism 140 New Reporting Style 142 Newswriting Style 142 Conclusion 143 chapter 6 The Yellow Press and the Times 145 Newspapers as Public Defenders 145 Joseph Pulitzer 148 The St. Louis Post-Dispatch 150 The New York World 151 Pulitzer's New Journalism 152 News 152 Illustrations 153 Stunts 153 Crusades 153 AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Nellie Biy 1864-1922 154 Editorial Page 156 Advertising 156 Pulitzer's Sunday World 156 Yellow Journalism 157 William Randolph Hearst 159 The San Francisco Examiner 159 The New York Morning Journal 160 The Spanish-American War of 1898 162 Press Coverage of the War 163 Mckinley's Assassination 166 AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Robert S. Abbott 1868-1940 168 Adolph Ochs and the New York Times 168 Conclusion 171 chapter 7 Magazines, Muckraking, and Public Relations 175 Robber Barons on the Rise 175 Enter the Muckrakers 176 Muckraking Magazines 178 Munsey's 178 Cosmopolitan 179 McClure's 180 IdaTarbell 180 Lincoln Steffens 182 David Graham Phillips 184 Upton Sinclair 186 Muckraking's Impact 187 AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Upton Sinclair 1878-1968 188 The Death of Muckraking 190 Digests and Newsmagazines 191 Time Magazine 192 AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Margaret Bourke-White 1904-1971 194 Life 197 The New Yorker 197 The Birth of Public Relations 198 Press Agentry 199 Political Campaigns 199 AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: P. T. Barnum 1810-1891 200 Advertising 200 Business and Industry 201 Ivy Lee 202 Edward L. Bernays 203 Expansion of Corporate Public Relations 205 Conclusion 206 1900-1950 Media Promises in a Technological PART 4 Society 209 CHAPTER 8 American Film 211 Motion Picture Experimentation 212 Story-Telling Motion Pictures 214 xiv Contents D. W. Griffith and the Art of Filmmaking 215 Mack Sennett Defines Film Comedy 217 Hollywood 218 Economic Expansion of the Motion Picture Business 219 AMERICAN SNAPSHOT: "It's Not All Hollywood Glitz for Producers" 220 AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Thomas Ince 1882-1924 222 Film as a Social and Political Power 223 Sound Motion Pictures 225 Period Films Reflect Politics and Society 226 AMERICAN MEDIA CLASSIC: Seal of the Motion Picture Production Code 228 Challenges to the Motion-Picture Industry 228 Challenges by the Courts 229 AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Louis B. Mayer 1885-1957 230 Challenge by Congress 230 Challenge by Television 234 Economic Challenges 236 Conclusion 237 chapter 9 Radio and Its Promises 239 Scientific Achievements and the Rise of Communications Giants 240 Telegraphy 240 Electricity 241 Telephony 242 Wireless Telegraphy 242 Lee De Forest 245 Edwin H. Armstrong 246 The Radio Corporation of America 247 Radio Stations 248 Radio Financing 249 Formation of the Networks 250 National Broadcasting Company 250 Columbia Broadcasting System 250 Mutual Broadcasting System 252 Radio Programming 252 AMERICAN SNAPSHOT: "Radio Connected Us to the World" 254 Rock Rescues Radio 254 Political Broadcasting 256 Radio News Broadcasting 257 World War II and Radio Broadcasting 257 AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt 1882-1945 and 1884-1962 258 Contents xv Regulation of Radio Broadcasting 261 AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Ernie Pyle 1900-1945 262 Radio Act of 1927 262 Communications Act of 1934 264 Radio's Blue Book 265 Radio Broadcasting in Transition 266 Talk, Talk, Talk 267 Social and Political Impact of Radio 268 Conclusion 269 chapter 10 Television: Progress and Problems 271 Early TV Inventors 271 Zworykin, Sarnoff, and Farnsworth 273 AMERICAN MEDIA CLASSIC: Earliest Concept of Television 273 Television Arrives 276 AMERICAN SNAPSHOT: "When Television Arrived in Omaha" 276 Postwar Television 278 The Color War 278 Early TV Entertainment 280 Quiz Show Scandals 281 Shameful Stereotyping of Blacks 284 Television News 285 Edward R. Murrow 286 The Case Against Milo Radulovich 288 Joseph McCarthy 289 Person To Person 290 Murrow vs. McCarthy 291 The End of Murrow and McCarthy 293 60 Minutes 295 AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Walter Cronkite 1916-2009 296 TV News Expands 297 AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Barbara Walters 1931- 298 JFK: The First Television President 300 AMERICAN SNAPSHOT: "TV Made Kennedy Part of Our Family" 301 The Media and Civil Rights 302 AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Ruben Salazar 1928-1970 304 Women in Television News 305 AMERICAN SNAPSHOT: "TV and Civil Rights in Watts" 306 AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Christiane Amanpour 1958- 308 Conclusion 309 xvi Contents PART 5 1 950-Present Media Challenges in a Changing World 311 chapter 11 Advertising and the Selling of Products and Presidents 313 Advertising's Economic Role 315 A Special Rhetoric 315 AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Rosser Reeves 1910-1984 316 Colonial Era Advertising 317 Advertising in the Penny Press Period 318 The Advertising Agent 320 Volney Palmer 320 Samuel Pettengill 320 Post-Civil War: Advertising Agents and Advertising Agencies 320 George P. Powell 321 J. Walter Thompson 321 Francis Wayland Ayer 322 Advertising in the Gilded Age 323 Magazines and Advertising 323 Brands and Their Influence 324 AMERICAN MEDIA CLASSIC: Early Ivory Soap Advertisement 325 Patent Medicine and Department Store Advertising 325 Advertising and the Progressive Era 327 Advertising's Self-Regulation 327 The Government Responds and Regulates 328 Radio and Advertising 329 World War II and Public Service Advertising 329 Advertising as a Social Force 330 Television and Advertising 331 AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Mary Wells Lawrence 1928- 332 AMERICAN SNAPSHOT: "We Welcomed TV Commercials in the 1950s" 333 The Digital World and Advertising 334 AMERICAN MEDIA PROFILE: Lee Clow 1943- 334 Advertising as a Political Force 336 Conclusion 338 chapter 12 The Media, Nixon and the Crises in Credibility 341 Journalists' Changing Values 342 Vietnam 343 America's Road to Vietnam 343 The Media in Vietnam 344 The Press Vs. The Military 345 Contents xvii AMERICAN SNAPSHOT: "Adverse Media: Remembering Vietnam" 346 The Press Vs.
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