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Raportul Comisiei Internationale Pentru COMISIA INTERNA}IONAL| PENTRU STUDIEREA HOLOCAUSTULUI ~N ROMÂNIA RAPORT FINAL www.polirom.ro Editura POLIROM Ia[i, B-dul Carol I nr. 4, P.O. BOX 266, 700506 Bucure[ti, B-dul I.C. Br\tianu nr. 6, et. 7, ap. 33, O.P. 37, P.O. BOX 1-728, 030174 Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Na]ionale a României: COMISIA INTERNA}IONAL| PENTRU STUDIEREA HOLOCAUSTULUI ~N ROMÂNIA (Bucure[ti) Raport final / Comisia Interna]ional\ pentru Studierea Holocaustului `n România; pre[edinte comisie: Elie Wiesel; ed. Tuvia Friling, Radu Ioanid, Mihail E. Ionescu. Ia[i: Polirom, 2004 ISBN: 973-681-990-6 I. Wiesel, Elie (pre[ed.) II. Friling, Tuvia (ed.) III. Ioanid, Radu (ed.) IV. Ionescu, Mihail E. (ed.) 323.1(=411.16)(498)1939/1945 94(=411.16)(498)1939/1945 Printed in ROMANIA Pre[edintele comisiei: Elie Wiesel Editori : Tuvia Friling, Radu Ioanid, Mihail E. Ionescu POLIROM Membrii Comisiei Internaþionale pentru Studierea Holocaustului în România: Pre[edinte: Elie Wiesel Vicepre[edin]i: Tuvia Friling (Arhivele Statului, Israel), Mihail E. Ionescu (Institutul pentru Studii Politice de Ap\rare [i Istorie Militar\, Bucure[ti) [i Radu Ioanid (Muzeul Memorial al Holocaustului din SUA) Membri: Ioan Scurtu (Institutul de Istorie Nicolae Iorga, Bucure[ti secretar al Comisiei), Viorel Achim (Institutul de Istorie Nicolae Iorga, Bucure[ti), Jean Ancel (Yad Vashem, Ierusalim), Colette Avital (membru al Parlamentului Israelian), Andrew Baker (Comitetul Evreiesc American), Lya Benjamin (Centrul pentru Studiul Istoriei Evreie[ti, Bucure[ti), Liviu Beris (Asocia]ia Supravie]uitorilor Holocaustului din România), Randolph Braham (Universitatea din New York), Irina Cajal Marin (Federa]ia Comunit\]ilor Evreie[ti din România), Adrian Cioflânc\ (Institutul de Istorie A.D. Xenopol, Ia[i), Ioan Ciuperc\ (Universitatea Al.I. Cuza, Ia[i), Alexandru Elias (Federa]ia Comunit\]ilor Evreie[ti din România), Alexandru Florian (Universitatea Dimitrie Cantemir, Bucure[ti), Mihai Dinu Gheorghiu (Centrul de Sociologie European\, Paris), Hildrun Glass (Universitatea Ludwig Maximillian, München), Menachem Hacohen (Marele Rabin al României), Vasile Ionescu (Centrul Romilor Aven Amentza), Corneliu Mihai Lungu (Arhivele Na]ionale Istorice Centrale, Bucure[ti), Daniel S. Mariaschin (Bnai Brith International), Victor Opaschi (consilier preziden]ial), Andrei Pippidi (Universitatea Bucure[ti), Ambasador Meir Rosenne (Israel), Liviu Rotman (Universitatea Tel Aviv), Michael Shafir (Radio Europa Liber\ Radio Libertatea), Paul Shapiro (Muzeul Memorial al Holocaustului din SUA), William Totok (Institutul de Istorie, Germania), Raphael Vago (Universitatea Tel Aviv), George Voicu ({coala Na]ional\ de {tiin]e Politice [i Administrative), Leon Volovici (Universitatea Ebraic\ din Ierusalim) (Hotãrârea de Guvern nr. 672 din 5 mai 2004, publicatã în Monitorul Oficial al României nr. 436 din 17 mai 2004) Cuprins Cuvânt înainte ..................................................................................................... 7 Alocuþiunea Preºedintelui României, domnul Ion Iliescu, la reuniunea consacratã comemorãrii Zilei Holocaustului în România 12 octombrie 2004 .....................9 Mesajul Preºedintelui Comisiei Internaþionale pentru Studierea Holocaustului în România, Elie Wiesel ............................................... 15 Mesajul Preºedintelui României, Traian Bãsescu, la ceremonia de comemorare a evreilor martiri uciºi în 21-23 ianuarie 1941 ............................................................ 17 Fundalul ºi precursorii Holocaustului. Rãdãcini ale antisemitismului românesc. Antisemitismul Ligii Apãrãrii Naþional-Creºtine ºi al Gãrzii de Fier. Politicile antisemite ale Guvernului Goga ºi ale dictaturii regale ..................................... 19 Relaþiile româno-germane înaintea ºi în timpul Holocaustului ........................................ 55 Retragerea din Basarabia ºi Bucovina de Nord în iunie-iulie 1940 ºi consecinþele ei asupra relaþiilor interetnice în România ............................................. 69 Propaganda antisemitã [i retorica oficialã despre primejdia iudeo-bolºevismului. Evreii români ºi comunismul în perioada 1938-1944 ..................... 87 Holocaustul în România....................................................................................... 107 Procesul de excludere a evreilor din societatea româneascã în timpul guvernelor lui Ion Antonescu cu ºi fãrã legionari: legislaþia antisemitã, românizarea ºi exproprierea ...................................................... 179 Viaþa comunitãþilor evreieºti în timpul lui Ion Antonescu ºi rãspunsul lor la Holocaustul din România ............................................................ 207 Deportarea romilor ºi tratamentul lor în Transnistria ................................................. 227 Rolul lui Ion Antonescu în planificarea ºi implementarea politicilor antisemite ºi anti-rome ale statului român .................................................. 247 Holocaustul în Transilvania de Nord ...................................................................... 259 Solidaritate ºi salvare. Români printre cei Drepþi între Popoare ................................. 287 Procesul criminalilor de rãzboi ............................................................................. 319 Distorsionarea, negarea ºi minimalizarea Holocaustului în România postbelicã ................ 339 Concluzii ºi recomandãri .................................................................................... 387 Postfaþã .......................................................................................................... 397 Index .............................................................................................................. 401 Cuvânt înainte La iniþiativa preºedintelui României, domnul Ion Iliescu, la 22 octombrie 2003, a fost constituitã Comisia Internaþionalã pentru Studierea Holocaustului în România. Comisia a fost, de la bun început, conceputã ca un organism independent de cercetare, în afara oricãror influenþe ºi comenzi politice. Bugetul ºi componenþa Comisiei au fost aprobate prin Hotãrârile de Guvern nr. 227 din 20 februarie 2004 ºi nr. 672 din 5 mai 2004. Domnul Elie Wiesel, laureat al Premiului Nobel pentru Pace ºi membru de onoare al Academiei Române, a acceptat, la invitaþia preºedintelui României, sã prezideze lucrãrile acestei Comisii. Scopul activitãþii Comisiei a fost cercetarea ºi stabilirea adevãrului privind tragedia Holocaustului în România în timpul celei de-a doua conflagraþii mondiale, precum ºi evenimentele premergãtoare acestei tragedii. Rezultatele cercetãrilor desfãºurate de Comisie s-au concretizat în actualul Raport, întocmit exclusiv în conformitate cu standardele ºi normele ºtiinþifice în vigoare. De-a lungul unui an de zile, Comisia s-a întrunit de trei ori la Washington, 16-22 mai 2004, Ierusalim, 6-9 septembrie 2004, ºi Bucureºti, 8-13 noiembrie 2004 pentru a evalua stadiul cercetãrilor ºi elaborãrii Raportului final. La 11 noiembrie 2004, Raportul final al Comisiei Internaþionale pentru Studierea Holocaustului în România a fost prezentat preºedintelui României. Avem speranþa cã recomandãrile ºi concluziile Comisiei vor fi de un real folos pentru aprofundarea cercetãrilor privind Holocaustul, precum ºi pentru educaþia civicã, umanistã a tuturor cetãþenilor, cu deosebire a tineretului din România. Din Comisie fac parte, alãturi de domnul Elie Wiesel, reprezentanþi ai Preºedinþiei României, reputaþi specialiºti în istorie ºi ºtiinþe politice din þarã ºi strãinãtate, politologi, supravieþuitori ai Holocaustului, reprezentanþi ai organizaþiilor evreieºti ºi rome naþionale ºi internaþionale: Tuvia Friling (Arhivele Statului, Israel), Mihail E. Ionescu (Institutul pentru Studii Politice de Apãrare ºi Istorie Militarã, Bucure[ti) ºi Radu Ioanid (Muzeul Memorial al Holocaustului din SUA) vicepreºedinþi; Ioan Scurtu (Institutul de Istorie Nicolae Iorga, Bucureºti secretar al Comi- siei), Viorel Achim (Institutul de Istorie Nicolae Iorga, Bucureºti), Jean Ancel (Yad Vashem, Ierusalim), Colette Avital (membru al Parlamentului Israelian), Andrew Baker (Comitetul Evreiesc American), Lya Benjamin (Centrul pentru Studiul Istoriei Evreieºti, Bucureºti), Liviu Beris (Aso- ciaþia Supravieþuitorilor Holocaustului din România), Randolph Braham (Universitatea din New York), Irina Cajal Marin (Federaþia Comunitãþilor Evreieºti din România), Adrian Cioflâncã (Institutul de Istorie A.D. Xenopol, Iaºi), Ioan Ciupercã (Universitatea Al.I. Cuza, Iaºi), Alexandru Elias (Federaþia Comunitãþilor Evreieºti din România), Alexandru Florian (Universitatea Dimitrie Cantemir, Bucureºti), Mihai Dinu Gheorghiu (Centrul de Sociologie Europeanã, Paris), Hildrun Glass (Universitatea Ludwig Maximillian, München), Menachem Hacohen (Marele Rabin al României), Vasile Ionescu (Centrul Romilor Aven Amentza), Corneliu Mihai Lungu (Arhivele Naþionale Istorice Centrale, Bucure[ti), Daniel S. Mariaschin (Bnai Brith International), Victor Opaschi (consilier prezidenþial), Andrei Pippidi (Universitatea Bucureºti), Ambasador Meir Rosenne (Israel), Liviu Rotman (Universitatea Tel Aviv), Michael Shafir (Radio Europa Liberã Radio Libertatea), Paul Shapiro (Muzeul Memorial al Holocaustului din SUA), William Totok (Institutul de Istorie, Germania), Raphael Vago (Universitatea Tel Aviv), George Voicu (ªcoala Naþionalã de ªtiinþe Politice ºi Administrative), Leon Volovici (Universitatea Ebraicã din Ierusalim) membri. Alocuþiunea Preºedintelui României, domnul Ion Iliescu, la reuniunea consacratã comemorãrii Zilei
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