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General Purpose Processors And Benchmarking Microprocessors for High-End Signal Processing Stephen Paavola SKY Computers Phone: 978-250-1920 Email Address: [email protected] There are a number of general-purpose methodology was chosen because the microprocessor architectures which, while not benchmark is intended to measure bandwidth, designed for high-end signal processing, might not computational performance. provide the processing performance required for complex radars, signal intelligence and other As might be expected, the 800 MHz Broadcom demanding applications. But how well does each BCM1250, with the lowest operating frequency really perform as a digital signal processor? of the group, also has the lowest bandwidth, whether the access is to L1 or L2 cache. Despite To answer this question, some simple the fact that this dual-processor chip has benchmarks were run on a 1GHz Freescale integrated memory controllers, it still lags behind 7447 PowerPC, 1.8 GHz IBM 970 PowerPC, 1.8 the other processors when accessing DRAM. GHz AMD Opteron and 800 MHz Broadcom MIPS-based 1250 chip. Memory Read Bandwidth The bottom line of this set of benchmarks is that 20.0 the PowerPC with AltiVec produces impressive 18.0 computational performance compared to the 16.0 14.0 other processors considered. Now that IBM is s) / B 12.0 1.8 GHz Opteron shipping its PowerPC 970 with AltiVec, there is a G 1 GHz 7447 h ( t 10.0 d 1.8 GHz 970 processor alternative that addresses the i w 8.0 800 MHz Broadcom d memory bandwidth limitations of the 7447. n 6.0 Ba Yet, despite the strengths of AltiVec, the 4.0 benchmarks revealed that the alternative 2.0 0.0 1 2 4 8 6 2 4 8 6 2 2 processors offer some interesting capabilities for 1 3 6 2 24 48 96 9 1 25 51 0 0 0 1 2 4 81 particular types of signal processing. For Length (KBytes) example, memory bandwidth may be more important than sheer speed, or where parts The change in performance of the PowerPC count is a limitation. 7447 is quite clear as the vector size overflows the L1 cache. The change is almost as dramatic MEMORY READ BANDWIDTH when the L2 cache overflows, though performance for 512-Kbyte long vectors is less To measure the memory read bandwidth of the than expected. Where the surprises lay in this processors considered, a trivial vector-sum benchmark were in the behaviors of the Opteron computation was developed. In this simple and PowerPC 970 processors, both 1.8 GHz benchmark, as well as in others, all of the parts. processors suffer a definite step down in bandwidth when vector length exceeds the L1 The Opteron chip, for example, has by far the cache size, requiring access to L2 cache. best bandwidth of the group when operating out Likewise, performance further degrades when a of L1 cache, but its DRAM bandwidth is only vector exceeds the size of the L2 cache and an marginally better than the alternatives, and its L2 access to DRAM main memory is required. bandwidth lags all of the other processors except the Broadcom BCM1250. The benchmark operation consisted of summing the first byte of every 32-byte cache line and The biggest surprise, however, lay in the storing the result in a register, discarding most of behavior of the 970, which has a very fast clock. the data from the cache line. This “for-loop” The 970 had the second slowest L1 bandwidth of the group - despite having almost twice the however, suffered a serious slowdown when the operating frequency, of the 1 GHz PowerPC vector size fits into cache. 7447, for example. The reason for this appears to be the rather deep pipeline of the 970, and This benchmark dramatically illustrated an the trivial nature of this benchmark. More important capability of the BCM1250 chip. Using complicated tests enable the 970 to perform pre-fetch produced dramatic improvements in L2 better when compared to other processors. and DRAM bandwidth. DRAM bandwidth, for example, went up by a factor of 6. Performance On the other hand, the benchmark results approaching the 7447 bandwidth is possible with clearly showed the superior efficiency of the additional pre-fetch. 970’s L2 cache and automatic pre-fetch engines. The bandwidth falloff between L1 and L2 caches As for the 7447, although there are some of this processor is quite minor, whereas the dependencies on the system controller chip bandwidth of all the other processors in the used, the general lesson is that the programmer group falls substantially when vector length needs to be careful with pre-fetch. The forces an L2 access. The 970’s pre-fetch advisability of pre-fetching will depend on the engines analyze the memory access behavior of algorithm. the application and will start fetching data from memory before the application requests it if the Digital Signal Processing accesses are regular enough. The final benchmark reported here reveals how MEMORY READ BANDWIDTH WITH PRE- three of the processors perform when running a FETCH simplistic signal processing application. For this test, the assumed source is a sensor such as a All of the processor architectures considered radar receiver, providing 16-bit integer data, have some programmable pre-fetch capabilities. which has then been digitized. This allows the application to predict future data requests and issue “touch” instructions to ask Signal Processing the processor fulfill the requests in advance. A pre-fetch factor of 3 was selected for this third 12000 benchmark, the factor being chosen somewhat arbitrarily – touches are issued 3 loop iterations 10000 ahead. 8000 S 1.8 GHz Opteron P O 6000 1 GHz 7447 1.8 GHz 970 Memory Read Bandwidth with Pre-Fetch MFL 4000 20.0 18.0 2000 16.0 0 14.0 1 2 4 8 6 2 4 8 6 2 16 32 64 ) 128 25 51 02 s 1 204 409 819 / 12.0 1.8 GHz Opteron B Length (K elements) G 1 GHz 7447 10.0 h ( 1.8 GHz 970 t d i 8.0 800 MHz Broadcom w nd 6.0 In the benchmark, the data is converted to float, a B 4.0 then a forward FFT is performed, followed by a 2.0 vector multiply and an inverse FFT. This 0.0 resembles “pulse compression” in radar where a 1 2 4 8 4 8 6 2 16 32 64 28 1 256 512 02 convolution is performed on the input data, or a 1 204 409 819 Length (KBytes) frequency domain filter used in signal intelligence. The shape of these curves and the This benchmark modification had little effect on relative performance of the processors is the behavior of the 970, which has built-in dominated by the FFT performance. AltiVec engines for predicting memory requests and is provides a clear advantage here. always doing work to optimize its memory bandwidth. Nor did the modification much affect the performance of the Opteron. The 7447s, .
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