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Flora of Western Beach Bangka Island

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Flora of Western Beach Bangka Island 2012 International Conference on Biological and Life Sciences IPCBEE vol.40 (2012) © (2012) IACSIT Press, Singapore Flora of Western Beach Bangka Island Hanifa Marisa and Doni Setiawan Biology Department Lecturer, Faculty of Science, The University of Sriwijaya, Indralaya km 32, South Sumatera, Indonesia 30662 Abstract. An ecological and taxonomical study had been made at western beach of Bangka island, December 2011. These study aimed to find out the vegetation structure of hill slope of secondary forest of Tanjunghaur beach, West Bangka district and inventarization of common flora at the beach, out of seven sampling units that were made as belt transect. Density, Frequency and Dominancy of four species of trees in the sampling units analyzed to find out the importance value. Some plants that growth around the beach were noted. Syzygium grande, is the dominant species at secondary forest of hill slope(IV = 66,31 % ), followed by Vitex pinnata( 29,87 %), Caryota mitis ( 2,55 %) and Morinda citrifolia( 1,07 %). Pandanus odoratissimus, Hibiscus sp, Scaveola sericea, Cerberra odollam, Dillenia suffruticosa, Rizophora sp, Scleria sp, Ipomoea pes-caprae,, Rodomytus tomentosa and Pempis acidula were the commonly plants that found at the beach. Keywords: Bangka island, Importance value 1. Introduction In their book titled ‘Ekologi Ekosistem Sumatera’ that was published in 1984, Anwar et al. said; There were never done an intensive research about Bangka and Belitung island vegetation yet.Heath forest as the characteristic of Bangka and Belitung vegetation, were refered to the information from Sarawak and Brunei Heath Forest. These is the important background, why we have to publish any information about Bangka vegetation. Bangka is the largest tin producing area in Indonesia. Vegetation here facing the destruction problem. So, it is not because of science needs information, but for decision maker too, the flora of Bangka, important to explore. Nurtjahya et al. (2009), reported that there were at least 6 type of vegetation succession in Bangka; barren tin-mined land 0-years, tin-mined 7 years, tin-mined land 11 years, tin-mined land 38 years, abondaned farmed-land and forest. Of course there were no climax forest here, but secondary heath forest. Even, for revegetation of tin-mined land, Nurtjahya et al. (2008) proposed some species of local native trees; Syzygium grande, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Calophyllum inophyllum, and Ficus superba. Actually, some parts of lands had been transformed to plantation area like oil palm. 2. Material and Methods Investigation was made at 4-6 December 2011. The location was at hill slope of secondary forest Tanjung Aur, a village of western beach Bangka island, in Bangka Barat district, close to Jebus little town. Investigation area, just a hundred meter distance from beach and at lower part had transformed to oil palm plantation by peoples. Gradation of vegetation from the beach to peak of hill are, Rizophora sp association, oil palm plantation, and secondary forest, where the sampling units had been made. There were 7 plots systematically arranged, with 10 x 10 m size; and all the trees (diameter more than 10 cm) were got as + Corresponding author: Hanifa Marisa and Doni Setiawan; telp: +62711580306 E-mail address: [email protected] 91 sample. Importance value of any species of trees calculated by sum of density, frequency and dominance. Common flora that found around the beach of Teluk Limau and Bakit were noted and inventarised. 3. Result and Discussion Importance Value analysed of forest vegetation at Teluk Limau, found four species of trees as looked at below table. Table 1: Importance value of four species of trees with diameter more than 10 cm at breast hight or 1.5 m above ground level NO SPECIES RELATIVE RELATIVE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE DENSITY FREQUENCY DOMINANCE VALUE (%) 1 Syzygium grande 47.06 45.45 66.51 159.02 2 Vitex pinnata 35.28 36.36 29.87 98.51 3 Morinda citrifolia 11.77 9.09 2.55 23.41 4 Caryota mitis 5.89 9.09 1.07 16.05 As seen at table 1, nominal number of importance value of Syzygium grande is the biggest; 159.02 %. It is come from the sum of relative density, frequency and dominance. Shown at above table, the three factors of importance value (relative density, relative frequency and relative dominance), were positioned by S grande as the top species. Furthermore, it means, individual number, distribution and tree volume or diameter breast height of these species, is the highest. Syzygium grande (Eugenia grandis), is tall trees with grey or pink bark, ellip leaves and green fruits. In Singapore, it known as Jambu Air laut or Sea Apple, and growth throughout Malay peninsula, Thailand, Indochina, Myanmar and Borneo (Anonymous,2010). In Bangka, these trees were logged by peoples and need to corservate (see picture 3). S. grande growth at sandy and rocky coast, and sometime planted at roadside at Malaysia and use as fire breaks at Singapore (Kochunmen, 1978). Nurtjahya et al. (2008) wrote that S grande is native to Bangka Island, and proposed as a kind of tree to reclamate the tin-mined destruction land in Bangka. Vitex pinnata, is the tree with trifoliate leaves, grey to brown bark. V pinnata are potentials as antioxidant (Marliana and Pasaribu, 2007); because of alcaloid, flavonoid and terpenoid content. Kantamreddi (2010) reported that V pinnata leaves have steroid compounds too. Morinda citrifolia is a kind of tree that had been known famously as ‘noni’ and useful for many treatments. Caryota mitis, is a species of Arecaceae, with grouped/clustered trees growth. Invetarisation of commonly flora that were found around the beach at Teluk Limau and Penganak, Bangka Barat district could be seen at below table. P. odoratissimus (pic 7), with interesting colour of fruits, reported as an antioxidant tree in its root chemical compounds (Sasikumar et al., 2009) and could be used as hepatoprotective and hepatocurative medicine (Ilanchezhian and Joseph, 2010). Pempis acidula, is the beach tree that’s good performance as bonsai’ and has antibacterial against human pathogens as reported by Arivuselvan et al. (2011). Scaveola sericea, is a shrub that adaptive to coastal soil (Goldenstein et al. (1996). 4. Summary Syzygium grande, is the dominant species at secondary forest of hill slope(IV = 66,31 % ), followed by Vitex pinnata( 29,87 %), Besselenia sp ( 2,55 %) and Morinda citrifolia( 1,07 %). Pandanus odoratissimus, Hibiscus sp, Scaveola sericea, Cerberra odollam, Dillenia suffruticosa, Rizophora sp, Scleria sp, Ipomoea pes-caprae,, Rodomytus tomentosa and Pempis acidula were the commonly plants that found at the beach. 5. Acknowledgement 92 We thank the rector of the University of Sriwijaya and the dean of Faculty of Science, for funding help. Table 2: Commonly flora of Teluk Limau and Pantai Penganak, Bangka Barat district, Bangka Island NO SPECIES FAMILY 1 Pandanus odoratissimus Pandaneceae 2 Hibiscus tiliaceus Malvaceae 3 Scaveola sericea Goodeniaceae 4 Cerberra odollam Apocynaceae 5 Dillenia suffruticosa Dilleniaceae 6 Rizophora sp Rizophoraceae 7 Sceleria sp Cyperaceae 8 Ipomoea pes-caprae Convolvulaceae 9 Rodhomyrtus tomentosa Myrtaceae 10 Pempis acidula Lythraceae Fig. 1: Scaveola sericea Fig. 2: Cerbera odollam Fig. 3: Traditional bridge Fig. 4: Logging on Syzygium across the Rizophora roots grande 93 Fig. 5: Dillenia suffruticosa Fig. 6: Hibiscus tiliacues Fig. 7: Pandanus odoratissimus Fig. 8: Pempis acidula Fig. 9: Ipomoea pes-caprae Fig. 10: Physiognomy of forest 6. References [1] Arivuselvan, Natarajan., D. Silambarasan, T Govindan, and K Kathiresan. Antibacterial Activity of Mangrove Leaf Extracts Againts Human pathogens. Advances In Biological research 5 (5); pp 251-254. 2011. [2] Anonymous. http://www.wildsingapore.com/wildfacts/plants/coastal/syzygium/grande.htm. Nov, 2010. [3] Eddy Nurtjahya, Dede Setiadi, Edi Guhardja, Muhadiono, and Yadi Setiadi. Revegetation of Tin-mined Land Using Various Local Tree Species in Bangka Island, Indonesia. Paper presented at National Meeting of The American Society of Mining and Reclamation. June 14-19, 2008. Lexington [4] Eddy Nurtjahya, D. Setiadi, E. Guhardja., Muhadiono, and Y. Setiadi. Succession on tin-mined land in Bangka island. Blumea 54 (pp 131-138) 2009. [5] Goldenstein, G., D. R. Drake, C. Alpha, P. Melcher, I. Heraux, and A. Azocare. Growth and Photosynthetic Responses of Scaveola sericea, a Hawaiian Coastal Shrub, to Substrate salinity and salt spray. Int J Plant Sci Vol 157 (2) pp 171-179. 1996. [6] Ilanchezhian, R and Roshy Joseph C. Hepatoprotective and hepatocurative Activity of the Traditional Medicine Ketaki (Pandanus odoratissimus Roxb.) – An Experimental Evaluation. Asian J of Traditional Medicine. 5 (6). 2010. [7] Jazanul Anwar, Sengli J Damanik, Nazarudin Hisyam and Anthony J Whitten. Ekologi Ekosistem Sumatera.Gadjah Mada University Press. Jokyakarta. 1984. [8] Kantamreddi, Venkata S. S. N., Y. Nagendra Lakhsmi and V. V. V. Satyanarayana Kasapu. Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis of Some Important Indian Plant Analysis. Int,. J. Pharma and Bio Science. Vol I (4) pp B 351- 357. 2010. [9] Kochunmen, K. M. Myrtacee.. In: Tree Flora of Malaya. Vol III. Ed: F. S. P. Ng. Longman. Kuala Lumpur. 1978. 94 [10] Marliana , Eva and Marihot Pasaribu. Antioxidant Activity of Ethanol Extract of Vitex pinnata Leaves Againts 2,2- Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl Radical. J Kimia Mulawarman. Vol 5 (1) pp 1-4. 2007. [11] Sasikumar, J. M. , U. Jinu and R. Shanna. Antioxidant activity and HPTLC Analysis of Pandanus odoratissimus L. Root. European J of Bio. Sci. 1 (2); pp 17-22. 2009 95.
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