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The Flora Composition of Sabang Island, Aceh, Indonesia

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The Flora Composition of Sabang Island, Aceh, Indonesia Check List 8(4): 600­­­­­–609, 2012 © 2012 Check List and Authors Chec List ISSN 1809-127X (available at www.checklist.org.br) Journal of species lists and distribution PECIES S 3 OF The Flora1* Composition1 of Sabang 1 Island, 2 Aceh, Indonesia ISTS Asyraf M. , Rahmad Zakaria , Mashhor Mansor , Musri Musman and Abu Husin Harun L 1 School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. 2 Lembaga Penelitian, [email protected] Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia. 3 Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, Kepong, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. * Corresponding author. E-mail: Abstract: We provide a checklist of Angiosperms from a rapid flora inventory of Sabang Island, Aceh, Indonesia. This inventory, conducted in April 2010, was carried out to prepare a baseline data of the floral composition in the north-western island archipelago of Aceh. In this exercise, we covered a total of 7 plots (0.2 ha each) and 120 quadrats (1x1 m each) in 7 sampling locations within the island. In total, we recorded 325 species from 211 genera of 68 families. Nine predominant families (i.e. family with ≥ 10 species) are Euphorbiaceae (32 species), Cyperaceae (19 species), Fabaceae (17 species), Moraceae (15 species), Meliaceae (13 species), Lauraceae and Sterculiaceae (12 species, respectively), Rubiaceae (11 species) and Annonaceae (10 species). The volcanic soil of the island could have played a significant role in defining species composition and their abundance. On the non-woody species’ composition and abundance, the increasing magnitude of anthropogenic activities, for example, road and pathways constructions into the forested area, could have enhanced propagule dispersal of non-native plants into the area. Introduction intensify the changes in both biodiversity and structural characteristics of a given community, ecologists need evergreen rain forests, unique formations and harbour to examine the interconnected characters of different Tropical regions are known as places with vast tropical communities. An already distinguished character in a great number of plant and animal species (Aiken and and with increasing human intrusion into forested area, Leigh, 1992; Whitmore, 1984). The Sundalandet al. countries, community is the floristic composition (Danserau 1960) such as Indonesia and Malaysia, are examples of countries which are rich in different species (Slik 2011). They observedchanges to in the Banda species’ Aceh, composition is the intrusionare unavoidable. of invasive Conditare mapped et al. as part of the world’set al hotspot regionset al. of flora One alarmingMimosa change pigra, ain semi-aquaticthe flora composition legume which as and faunaet al.(Turner 1989; Manokaran and Swaine 1994; has been observed to be thriving in several locations 1996; Takyu . 2005; Nizam 2006; species, i.e. andZakaria diversity could2009) occurwith highovertime richness due andto both diversity natural of flora and fauna. However, changes in species composition measureswithin the asboundary well as ofa thecollaborative town (Mashhor effort betweenMansor, personal observation 2002). Thus, as part of the preventive phenomenaet al and anthropogenic activities where in the later case,A a never ending threat to flora and fauna diversity (e.g. tsunami-event.Universiti Sains Malaysia and the Universitas Syiah Kuala Fuller . 2010). to provide a baseline data for the flora composition post-th to several well studies, known conducted natural disaster along whichthe coastal had occurred vegetation in the of th Aceh region - the tsunami of December 2004 - prompted A rapid assessment was carried out between 20 30 April 2010, specifically on the flora of Sabang Island the affected areas in Southeast Asia (e.g. Mangkoedihardjo Materials(herein forth and Weh Methods Island). 2008; Tanaka 2009). Most of these studies focused on the Study site importance of coastal vegetation as buffer zones, protecting the inland area from the tide. Another particular issue waset al.the changes of the vegetation’s composition,et al.post-tsunami The Weh Island is located on a tectonically active event. For example, studies conducted by Mattsson zone of South East Asia (Verstappen 2005). It is bordered (2008) in Sri Lanka and Hayasaka (2009) in by Peninsular Malaysia on the eastern part and is the Thailand as well as the intrusion of invasive weedy species northern most part of Indonesia (Figure 1). Given the fact (Rasingam and Parthasarathy 2009). In recent review by that this island is a volcanic island (stratovolcano) from the Corlett (2010) discussing on the alien species invasion Quaternary period, ultisol has been discovered to be the into Tropical East Asia (TEA) islands, the author concluded major soil type (Gasparon 2005). Thus, the organic layer cannotthat although be ignored. current impact on local plant is minimal, the is low due to its fast decomposing rate. Although this is long term effect on population dynamic of endemic species a tropical island, in terms of general weather pattern; the biodiversity and the functioning ecosystem can be quite temperature can be lower than average. This is most likely However, understanding the relationship between due to the oceanic current effect. There are two distinct Since both natural disasters and man-made activities can seasons, the dry months from February-August and wet a challenge for ecologists (Davis and Richardson 1995). months from September-January. A rapid assessment was conducted from the 20th to 600 Asyraf M. et al. | Flora of Sabang Island, Indonesia Figure 1. Location of Sabang Island (also known as Weh Island), Indonesia. interviews27th April, with 2010 the to local provide communities, a general we overview have established on the To assess the species composition, we deployed two thatstatus the of mostplant affecteddiversity area on the during island. the Through tsunami impromptu event was methods; 1) 20 x 100 plots for timber and tall standing woody trees and 2) modified belt-transect sampling method for non-woody plant. For woody species, all along the rocky coastal zone, east-west of Weh Island. free-standing woody plant species within the plots were However, due to its location, the damage was minimal in enumerated. All stems ≥ 2 cm in diameter at breast height comparison to Banda Aceh. (DBH at 1.3 metre) were measured and tagged,et al to the of SabangTo assess which the flora consists composition mainly of of relativelyWeh Island, undisturbed we divided nearest possible centimetre, as well as each individual the island into four main localities; 1) the northeast part heights (Hubbell and Foster 1983; Condit . 1995). Leaves, fruits, barks and special characteristics (e.g. sap, primary forest, 2) the rocky coastal forest most affected latex and smell) of the individual trees were collected and by the tsunami in December 2004, 3) the central zone of Lemmensrecorded for et al.further studies. Identifications were based on Weh Island where forested area had been converted to reports by Ridleyet al. (1967), Whitmore and Tantra (1986), agriculture land, and 4) the secondary forested area with (1994), Soerianegara and Lemmens (1994) thecombinations centre of theof fragmented island, other agricultural economic land activities and primary of this wereand Newman assessed in (1996a,each study b). site, whereby a forest. Apart from the local agricultural activities hub at As for non-woody and herbaceous plants, the species nearby sandy beaches, to the north and southeast of the 120 m island are related to tourism and sport fishing activities in belt-transect was deployed along the openthe forestforest trailstrail adjacent to the plot for woody species. A quadrat (1x1 island. The most developed area of Weh Island is on the m) was placed at 5 meter intervals along north and south-eastern part (township and port). In total, immediate toet the al. forest edge generating a total of 20 we managed to establish 7 sampling sites. Sampling sites quadrats per transect. Definition of forest edge was based were specifically chosen to represent a variety of plant upon Harper (2005). All non-woody species within habitat (Table 1). Most of these sites are not protected by the sampling quadrat were identified and recorded, i.e. all law, but limited accessibility has protected these areas herbs and shrubs species, excluding orchids and ferns. Any from major human intrusion. The elevation of these sites special features (e.g. flowers, fruits and plant excretions) extended from 50 m to 370 m above sea level. The habitat were documented to assist with the identifications. The disturbedtypes covered forest. in this study ranges from primary coastal collected specimens were deposited at the Universitas forest, primary lowland forest, hill forest, and riverine Syiah Kuala (Unsyiah), Aceh, Indonesia for future Species assessment references. The resulting checklists were generated from the recorded specimens. It should be noted that there are limitations to the601 Asyraf M. et al. | Flora of Sabang Island, Indonesia Table 1. ListSTUDY of sampling SITE (CODE)sites on the Weh Island with theirFOREST respective TYPE forest type. LOCATION ALTITUDE (M/ASL) Un Primary coastal forest Nol-1 Primary lowland forest Ujong Nol ( ) 05°54’20” N, 95°13’14” E 70 Nol-2) Primary lowland forest KM Nol 1( ) 05°54’06” N, 95°13’39” E LaC-1 Primary coastal forest 130 KM Nol 2 ( 05°54’05” N, 95°13’32” E LaC- 2 Primary coastal forest Lhong Angeen Coastal Forest 1 ( ) 05°50’59” N, 95°15’10” E PsH 50-110 Lhong Angeen Coastal Forest 2 ( ) 05°50’56” N, 95°15’04” E WfT Paya Sinara Hill Inland Forest ( ) Hill forest 05°49’59” N, 95°19’06” E 250-350 Waterfall Trail ( ) Riverine disturbed forest 05°49’47” N, 95°18’15” E 150-300 collected data; 1) records were made on species which Currantropical et rain al. forests with overallS. ceylanica woody iscompositions a dominant were found only within the established study plot and (Ashton and Hall 1992; Manokaran and Swaine 1994; line transect AND this strictly limits the number of species 2004).
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