Check List 8(4): 600­­­­­–609, 2012 © 2012 Check List and Authors Chec List ISSN 1809-127X (available at www.checklist.org.br) Journal of lists and distribution pecies S

3 of The Flora1* Composition1 of Sabang 1 Island, 2 Aceh,

ists Asyraf M. , Rahmad Zakaria , Mashhor Mansor , Musri Musman and Abu Husin Harun L 1 School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains , 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. 2 Lembaga Penelitian, [email protected] Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia. 3 Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, Kepong, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. * Corresponding author. E-mail: Abstract:

We provide a checklist of Angiosperms from a rapid flora inventory of Sabang Island, Aceh, Indonesia. This inventory, conducted in April 2010, was carried out to prepare a baseline data of the floral composition in the north-western island archipelago of Aceh. In this exercise, we covered a total of 7 plots (0.2 ha each) and 120 quadrats (1x1 m each) in 7 sampling locations within the island. In total, we recorded 325 species from 211 genera of 68 families. Nine predominant families (i.e. family with ≥ 10 species) are (32 species), (19 species), Fabaceae (17 species), (15 species), (13 species), and (12 species, respectively), (11 species) and Annonaceae (10 species). The volcanic soil of the island could have played a significant role in defining species composition and their abundance. On the non-woody species’ composition and abundance, the increasing magnitude of anthropogenic activities, for example, road and pathways constructions into the forested area, could have enhanced propagule dispersal of non-native into the area.

Introduction intensify the changes in both biodiversity and structural characteristics of a given community, ecologists need evergreen rain forests, unique formations and harbour to examine the interconnected characters of different Tropical regions are known as places with vast tropical communities. An already distinguished character in a great number of and animal species (Aiken and and with increasing intrusion into forested area, Leigh, 1992; Whitmore, 1984). The Sundalandet al. countries, community is the floristic composition (Danserau 1960) such as Indonesia and Malaysia, are examples of countries which are rich in different species (Slik 2011). They observedchanges to inthe Banda species’ Aceh, composition is the intrusionare unavoidable. of invasive Conditare mapped et al. as part of the world’set al hotspot regionset al. of flora One alarmingMimosa change pigra, ain semi-aquatic the flora composition legume which as and faunaet al.(Turner 1989; Manokaran and Swaine 1994; has been observed to be thriving in several locations 1996; Takyu . 2005; Nizam 2006; species, i.e. andZakaria diversity could2009) occur with high overtime richness due and to both diversity natural of flora and fauna. However, changes in species composition measureswithin the as boundary well as of a thecollaborative town (Mashhor effort between Mansor, personal observation 2002). Thus, as part of the preventive phenomenaet al and anthropogenic activities where in the later case,A a never ending threat to flora and fauna diversity (e.g. tsunami-event.Universiti Sains Malaysia and the Universitas Syiah Kuala Fuller . 2010). to provide a baseline data for the flora composition post-th to several well studies, known conducted natural disaster along whichthe coastal had occurred vegetation in the of th Aceh region - the tsunami of December 2004 - prompted A rapid assessment was carried out between 20 30 April 2010, specifically on the flora of Sabang Island the affected areas in Southeast (e.g. Mangkoedihardjo Materials(herein forth and Weh Methods Island). 2008; Tanaka 2009). Most of these studies focused on the Study site importance of coastal vegetation as buffer zones, protecting the inland area from the tide. Another particular issue waset theal. changes of the vegetation’s composition,et al.post-tsunami The Weh Island is located on a tectonically active event. For example, studies conducted by Mattsson zone of South East Asia (Verstappen 2005). It is bordered (2008) in and Hayasaka (2009) in by Peninsular Malaysia on the eastern part and is the as well as the intrusion of invasive weedy species northern most part of Indonesia (Figure 1). Given the fact (Rasingam and Parthasarathy 2009). In recent review by that this island is a volcanic island (stratovolcano) from the Corlett (2010) discussing on the alien species invasion Quaternary period, ultisol has been discovered to be the into Tropical East Asia (TEA) islands, the author concluded major soil type (Gasparon 2005). Thus, the organic layer cannotthat although be ignored. current impact on local plant is minimal, the is low due to its fast decomposing rate. Although this is long term effect on population dynamic of endemic species a tropical island, in terms of general weather pattern; the biodiversity and the functioning ecosystem can be quite temperature can be lower than average. This is most likely However, understanding the relationship between due to the oceanic current effect. There are two distinct Since both natural disasters and man-made activities can seasons, the dry months from February-August and wet a challenge for ecologists (Davis and Richardson 1995). months from September-January. A rapid assessment was conducted from the 20th to 600 Asyraf M. et al. | Flora of Sabang Island, Indonesia

Figure 1.

Location of Sabang Island (also known as Weh Island), Indonesia. interviews27th April, with 2010 the to local provide communities, a general we overview have established on the To assess the species composition, we deployed two thatstatus the of mostplant affecteddiversity area on the during island. the Through tsunami impromptu event was methods; 1) 20 x 100 plots for timber and tall standing woody and 2) modified belt-transect sampling method for non-woody plant. For woody species, all along the rocky coastal zone, east-west of Weh Island. free-standing woody plant species within the plots were However, due to its location, the damage was minimal in enumerated. All stems ≥ 2 cm in diameter at breast height comparison to Banda Aceh. (DBH at 1.3 metre) were measured and tagged,et al to the of SabangTo assess which the flora consists composition mainly of of relativelyWeh Island, undisturbed we divided nearest possible centimetre, as well as each individual the island into four main localities; 1) the northeast part heights (Hubbell and Foster 1983; Condit . 1995). , , barks and special characteristics (e.g. sap, primary forest, 2) the rocky coastal forest most affected latex and smell) of the individual trees were collected and by the tsunami in December 2004, 3) the central zone of Lemmensrecorded for et al.further studies. Identifications were based on Weh Island where forested area had been converted to reports by Ridleyet al. (1967), Whitmore and Tantra (1986), agriculture land, and 4) the secondary forested area with (1994), Soerianegara and Lemmens (1994) thecombinations centre of theof fragmented island, other agricultural economic land activities and primary of this wereand Newman assessed in (1996a, each study b). site, whereby a forest. Apart from the local agricultural activities hub at As for non-woody and herbaceous plants, the species nearby sandy beaches, to the north and southeast of the 120 m island are related to tourism and sport fishing activities in belt-transect was deployed along the openthe forest forest trails trail adjacent to the plot for woody species. A quadrat (1x1 island. The most developed area of Weh Island is on the m) was placed at 5 meter intervals along north and south-eastern part (township and port). In total, immediate toet the al. forest edge generating a total of 20 we managed to establish 7 sampling sites. Sampling sites quadrats per transect. Definition of forest edge was based were specifically chosen to represent a variety of plant upon Harper (2005). All non-woody species within habitat (Table 1). Most of these sites are not protected by the sampling quadrat were identified and recorded, i.e. all law, but limited accessibility has protected these areas herbs and shrubs species, excluding orchids and ferns. Any from major human intrusion. The elevation of these sites special features (e.g. , fruits and plant excretions) extended from 50 m to 370 m above sea level. The habitat were documented to assist with the identifications. The disturbedtypes covered forest. in this study ranges from primary coastal collected specimens were deposited at the Universitas forest, primary lowland forest, hill forest, and riverine Syiah Kuala (Unsyiah), Aceh, Indonesia for future Species assessment references. The resulting checklists were generated from the recorded specimens. It should be noted that there are limitations to the601 Asyraf M. et al. | Flora of Sabang Island, Indonesia

Table 1.

ListSTUDY of sampling SITE (CODE)sites on the Weh Island with theirFOREST respective TYPE forest type. LOCATION ALTITUDE (M/ASL) Un Primary coastal forest Nol-1 Primary lowland forest Ujong Nol ( ) 05°54’20” N, 95°13’14” E 70 Nol-2) Primary lowland forest KM Nol 1( ) 05°54’06” N, 95°13’39” E LaC-1 Primary coastal forest 130 KM Nol 2 ( 05°54’05” N, 95°13’32” E LaC- 2 Primary coastal forest Lhong Angeen Coastal Forest 1 ( ) 05°50’59” N, 95°15’10” E PsH 50-110 Lhong Angeen Coastal Forest 2 ( ) 05°50’56” N, 95°15’04” E WfT Paya Sinara Hill Inland Forest ( ) Hill forest 05°49’59” N, 95°19’06” E 250-350 Waterfall Trail ( ) Riverine disturbed forest 05°49’47” N, 95°18’15” E 150-300 collected data; 1) records were made on species which Currantropical et rain al. forests with overallS. ceylanica woody is compositions a dominant were found only within the established study plot and (Ashton and Hall 1992; Manokaran and Swaine 1994; line transect AND this strictly limits the number of species 2004). In addition, recorded; 2) this rapid assessment for non-woody species species in areas with sandstone and granite, as reported only covers the herbs and shrubs (excluding ferns and volcanicby Cannon island. and Leighton (2004) which could explain the orchids) especially the weedy species component of dominance of this species in Weh Island, an active Weh Island flora; and 3) assessments were carried out Chromoleana within a limited time-line (one off) and only covered five odorataOn the composition Stachytarpheta of non-woody cayennensis species, known disturbed habitats of Sabang. To compensate for the two predominant species were these limitations, further surveys and detailed species (Asteraceae) and Imperata cylindrica enumeration including expanding the survey sites and (Verbenaceae), found in allalang-alang the surveyed sites.Lantana Other Resultslocality is and being Discussion planned. camaraimportant ecological weeds; bunga tahi ayam (; cogongrass or ) and (Verbenaceae; big sage or Eichornia) are In total, we recorded 325 species of plant where 247 crassipesalso common species of open and disturbed locations.keladi A and 78 were woody (W) and non-woody (NW) species, buntingpopulation of an aquatic invasive plant species, respectively (Table 2). Nine predominant families (i.e. WfT (Pontederiaceae; water hyacinth or with number of species ≥ 10 in each family), namely ) was also detected in a water canal (Table 1; Site Euphorbiaceae (32 species), Cyperaceae (19 spp.), ). Fabaceae (17 spp.), Moraceae (15 spp.), Meliaceae (13 spp.), Non-woody species reported here are most commonly Lauraceae and Sterculiaceae (each 12 spp., respectively), found in open canopy areas in a forest ecosystem. The islandRubiaceae are similar (11 spp.) to other and Annonaceaestudies conducted (10 spp.) within were the sedges (Cyperaceae) and grasses (Poaceae) are two listed. The observed dominance of these families on thiset most common plants of disturbedet al. ecosystem as well al. et al. et as Melastomataceae which is another key indicator of al.Southeast Asian region such aset Malaysia al. (Kochummen degraded habitats (Mishra 2003). These families Among 1990; Okuda 2003), Philippine (Langenberger have also been associated with theMelastoma regenerating malabathricum process in these 2006), are and the familiesVietnam frequently(Blanc recorded 2001). Although in evergreen the anddisturbed Clidemia forests hirta (e.g. Bush and Colinvaux, 1994). floristic composition may differ from site to site, in general the two Melastomataceae, the have been recorded on Weh Island oflowlands occurrence to hill dipterocarp was Pterospermum forests. diversifolium and although both are very common pioneer species in The most dominant woody species, in terms disturbed areas (Asyraf and Mashhor 2001; 2002), the sites, which could indicate a highly successful seed intrusion of the later species into protected forest areas (Sterculiaceae). This species was recorded in all sampling couldEcosystem-alterations alter the potential of thatthe forest’s are related regeneration to human cycle Studies on the effectiveness of winged seeds in activities(Peters 2006). can create suitable establishment sites as well as dispersal mechanism as well as seedling establishment. et al. onSterculiaceae habitat differences have shown of Sterculiacceae, positive results suggested (Yamada that and P. etenhance al. propagule dispersal of invasive species especially diversifoliumSuzuki 1999). In addition, Yamada (2007) reporting at the forest edges. A study conducted by Lopez de Casenave (1995) suggested that light exposure at the edge, A could thrive well in any slopes and ridged stimulates germination and enhances growth of pioneer areas of a locality, which couldSterculia explain parvifolia the abundance of species (Williams-Linera 1990; Aide and Cavelier 1994). this species in all study plots. Another frequently recorded unique character of road sides is the repeatedly disturbed speciesAglaia of pachyphylla Sterculiaceae was , Beccaurea (recorded racemosa habitat (Gelbard and Belnap 2003) which creates essential in six plots; Table 2). Bombax Five other velutinii dominant species were corridor for colonization. Thus it is common for roadside Strombosia ceylanica (Meliaceae) Ziziphus floras to be dominated by non-native species and studies (Euphorbiaceae), (Bombaceae), from high-traffic urban areas demonstrated that motor (Olacaceae) and sp. vehicles disperse a disproportionately et al. large number of (Rhamnaceae). Although these families are usually not seeds of invasive species (Clifford 1959; Von der Lippe the most dominant (excluding Euphorbiaceae) in terms and Kowarik 2007). Veldman (2009) has shown of family occurrences in many tropical rain forests in that interior forest areas, once isolated from alien species Asia, they still have significant contributions to lowland are now facing possible threats from alien grass, brought 602 Asyraf M. et al. | Flora of Sabang Island, Indonesia

in unintentionally through logging trucks. This similar is easily transported from site to site (Asyraf and Crawley scenario was also observed on Weh Island where road 2011). frequentconstructions visits into by touristprimary in forest these arealocations may havemay increaseresulted In conclusion, the composition and distribution of in high number of exotic species occurrences. In addition, both woody and non-woody pioneer species are mainly dictated by the geological history of the area, the adaptive propagule distribution into forest areas (see example of feature of the species as well as human related activities. case studies by Wittenberg and Cock 2001). Soil containing The construction of road plays important role in the plant seeds of invasive species from the mainlandMimosa pigra could which also propagule movement into isolated forest. Land and forest been transferred to other places within the island. One manager would play a crucial role in preventing alien plant particular species of concern is the invasion by frequent monitoring and policing. Table 2.

FAMILY List of the speciesSPECIES and their respective families and their occurrenceCATEGORY in the samplingUn plots.La-1 La-2 Nol-1 Nol -2 PsH WtF Acanthaceae Asystasia coromandeliana Acanthaceae Asystasia intrusa NW 1 1 1 1 Alangiaceae Alangium ridleyii NW 1 1 1 Alangiaceae Alangium kunslerianum WD 1 1 Amaranthaceae Amaranthus spinosus WD 1 Anacardiaceae Antiaris toxicaria NW 1 Anacardiaceae Dracontomelon dao WD 1 1 Anacardiaceae Semecarpus curtisii WD 1 1 Anacardiaceae Mangifera odorata WD 1 1 Anacardiaceae Parishia insignis WD 1 Anacardiaceae Spondias cytherea WD 1 Anacardiaceae Spondias pinnata WD 1 Anacardiaceae Swintonia spicifera WD 1 Annonaceae Mezzetia parviflora WD 1 Annonaceae Polyalthia clavigera WD 1 1 1 Annonaceae Stelechocarpus cauliflorus WD 1 1 1 Annonaceae Polyalthia jengkinsii WD 1 1 1 Annonaceae bibracteata WD 1 1 Annonaceae Goniothalamus sp. WD 1 Annonaceae Meiogyne monosperma WD 1 Annonaceae Mitrephora maingayi WD 1 Annonaceae Platymitra multiflora WD 1 Annonaceae Polyalthia cauliflora WD 1 Alstonia macrophylla WD 1 Alstonia angustiloba WD 1 1 1 oppositifolia Apocynaceae WD 1 1 Tabernaemontana sphaerocarpa Apocynaceae WD 1 Araliaceae Atrophyllum maingayi Apocynaceae WD 1 Araliaceae Hederopsis maingayi WD 1 Araliaceae Traversia buckii WD 1 Arecaceae Arenga pinnata WD 1 Arecaceae Caryota mitis NW 1 1 Arecaceae Oncosperma horridum NW 1 1 Arecaceae Pinanga malayana NW 1 Arecaceae Saraca NW 1 Arecaceae Atrophyllum sp. NW 1 Asteraceae Chromoleana odorata sp. WD 1 Asteraceae Bidens pilosa NW 1 1 1 1 1 Asteraceae Tridax procumbens NW 1 1 1 1 Asteraceae Pulchea indica NW 1 1 1 Asteraceae Spilanthes paniculata NW 1 1 Radermachera pinnata NW 1 1 Bignoniaceae Oroxylum indicum WD 1 1 Bombacaceae Bombax velutinii WD 1 Boraginaceae Cordia subcordata WD 1 1 1 1 1 Canarium litoralle var. litoralle WD 1 Burseraceae Scutinanthe brunea WD 1 1 1 1 WD 1 1 603 Asyraf M. et al. | Flora of Sabang Island, Indonesia

Table 2. Continued. FAMILY SPECIES CATEGORY Un La-1 La-2 Nol-1 Nol -2 PsH WtF Burseraceae Canarium pachyphyllum Burseraceae Canarium pillosum WD 1 Burseraceae Dacryodes WD 1 Burseraceae laevigata sp. WD 1 Lophopetalum pallidum WD 1 Celastraceae Lophopetalum subobovatum WD 1 1 1 1 Celastraceae Kokoona littoralis WD 1 1 1 Celastraceae WD 1 1 Celastraceae Lophopetalum floribundum WD 1 Licania splenden WD 1 Chrysobalanaceae Parastemon urophyllus WD 1 Chrysobalanaceae Prunus polystachia WD 1 Calophyllum inophyllum WD 1 Clusiaceae malaccensis WD 1 1 Clusiaceae Garcinia nigrolineata WD 1 1 Clusiaceae Garcinia . WD 1 1 Clusiaceae Calophyllum soultari sp WD 1 1 Clusiaceae Calophyllum tetrapterum var. incrassatum WD 1 Clusiaceae Garcinia hombroneana WD 1 Clusiaceae Garcinia parvifolia WD 1 Clusiaceae Garcinia prainiana WD 1 Combretaceae Terminalia catappa WD 1 Crypteronia griffitiana WD 1 Ctenolophon parvifolius Crypteroniaceae WD 1 Cyperus aromaticus Ctenolophonaceae WD 1 1 Cyperus diffusus Cyperaceae NW 1 1 1 1 Cyperus rotandus Cyperaceae NW 1 1 1 1 acuminata Cyperaceae NW 1 1 1 1 Cyperus cyperinus Cyperaceae NW 1 1 1 1 Fimbristylis pauciflora Cyperaceae NW 1 1 1 Mapania palustris Cyperaceae NW 1 1 1 Panicum repens Cyperaceae NW 1 1 1 Scleria bancana Cyperaceae NW 1 1 1 Cyperus compresus Cyperaceae NW 1 1 1 Cyperus distans Cyperaceae NW 1 1 Gahnia tristis Cyperaceae NW 1 1 Cyperus halpan Cyperaceae NW 1 1 Fimbristylis miliaceae Cyperaceae NW 1 Mapania cuspidata Cyperaceae NW 1 Mapania kurzii Cyperaceae NW 1 Mapania tenuiscapa Cyperaceae NW 1 Rhynchospora aurea Cyperaceae NW 1 Scleria purpurescens Cyperaceae NW 1 Dillenia pulchella Cyperaceae NW 1 Dioscorea pyrifolia Dilleniaceae WD 1 Dracaena elliptica Dioscoreaceae WD 1 1 1 Diospyros kurzii Dracaenaceae WD 1 1 Ebenaceae Diospyros borneensis WD 1 1 1 1 Ebenaceae Diospyros singaporensis WD 1 1 1 Ebenaceae Diospyros clavigera WD 1 1 1 Ebenaceae Diospyros dictyoneura WD 1 1 Ebenaceae Diospyros diepenhorstii WD 1 1 Ebenaceae Diospyros kaki WD 1 Ebenaceae Diospyros toposioides WD 1 Ebenaceae Diospyros wallichii WD 1 Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylum cuneatum WD 1 Baccaurea racemosa WD 1 1 multiflora Euphorbiaceae WD 1 1 1 1 1 Euphorbiaceae WD 1 1 1 1

604 Asyraf M. et al. | Flora of Sabang Island, Indonesia

Table 2. Continued. FAMILY SPECIES CATEGORY Un La-1 La-2 Nol-1 Nol -2 PsH WtF Cleistanthus sumatranus Euphorbia hirta Euphorbiaceae WD 1 1 1 Phyllanthus niruri Euphorbiaceae NW 1 1 1 Acalypha indica Euphorbiaceae NW 1 1 1 Bridelia stipularis Euphorbiaceae WD 1 1 Croton hirtus Euphorbiaceae WD 1 1 Drypetes longifolia Euphorbiaceae NW 1 1 Glochidion wallichianum Euphorbiaceae WD 1 1 Jatropha grossypifolia Euphorbiaceae WD 1 1 Macaranga tanarius Euphorbiaceae WD 1 1 Mallotus khorthalsii Euphorbiaceae WD 1 1 rugosa Euphorbiaceae WD 1 1 Aleorites moluccana Euphorbiaceae WD 1 Antidesma cuspidatum Euphorbiaceae WD 1 Austrobuxus nitidus Euphorbiaceae WD 1 Bridelia pustulata Euphorbiaceae WD 1 Cnesmone javanica Euphorbiaceae WD 1 Croton argyratus Euphorbiaceae WD 1 Drypetes laevis Euphorbiaceae WD 1 Drypetes polyneura Euphorbiaceae WD 1 Glochidion hypoleucum Euphorbiaceae WD 1 Glochidion sericeum Euphorbiaceae WD 1 Jatropha curcas Euphorbiaceae WD 1 Macaranga conifera Euphorbiaceae WD 1 Macaranga recurvata Euphorbiaceae WD 1 Mallotus dispar Euphorbiaceae WD 1 Mallotus microstachyus Euphorbiaceae WD 1 Phyllanthus urinaria Euphorbiaceae WD 1 Sapium baccatum Euphorbiaceae NW 1 Sauropus androgynus Euphorbiaceae WD 1 Calopogonium mucunoides Euphorbiaceae WD 1 Mimosa invisa Fabaceae NW 1 1 1 1 Mimosa pudica Fabaceae NW 1 1 1 1 Cassia alata Fabaceae NW 1 1 1 Diailium indum Fabaceae NW 1 1 Saraca Fabaceae WD 1 1 Adenanthera bicolor Fabaceae sp. WD 1 1 Archidendron jiringa Fabaceae WD 1 Callerya atropurpurea Fabaceae WD 1 Delonix regia Fabaceae WD 1 Dialium hydnocarpoides Fabaceae WD 1 Dialium procerum Fabaceae WD 1 Intsia bijuga Fabaceae WD 1 Milettia pinnata Fabaceae WD 1 Parkia speciosa Fabaceae WD 1 Senna alata Fabaceae WD 1 Senna glauca Fabaceae WD 1 Pangium edule Fabaceae WD 1 Homalium longifolium Flacourtiaceae WD 1 1 1 Didymocarpus Flacourtiaceae WD 1 Gnetum gnemon Gesneriaceae sp. WD 1 Hernandia nymphaeifolia Gnetaceae WD 1 1 Lauraceae Endiandra maingayi Hernandiaceae WD 1 Lauraceae Neolitsea zeylanica WD 1 1 1 Lauraceae palembanica WD 1 1 1 Lauraceae Actinodaphne pruinosa WD 1 1 Lauraceae Beilschmiedia insignis WD 1 Lauraceae Beilschmiedia lucidula WD 1 WD 1

605 Asyraf M. et al. | Flora of Sabang Island, Indonesia

Table 2. Continued. FAMILY SPECIES CATEGORY Un La-1 La-2 Nol-1 Nol -2 PsH WtF Lauraceae Dehaasia polyneura Lauraceae Dehassia cuneata WD 1 Lauraceae Dehassia pauciflora WD 1 Lauraceae Litsea elliptica WD 1 Lauraceae Litsea grandis WD 1 Lauraceae Litsea michilifolia WD 1 Lauraceae Neolitsea kedahensis WD 1 Leeaceae Leea indica WD 1 Lecythidaceae Baringtonia asiatica WD 1 1 1 Lecythidaceae Barringtonia WD 1 Linderniaceae Lindernia crustacea sp. WD 1 Urena lobata NW 1 1 1 1 Thespesia populnea NW 1 1 1 Clidermia hirta Malvaceae WD 1 Memecylon Melastomataceae NW 1 1 1 Pternandra Melastomataceae sp. NW 1 1 Melastoma malabathricum Melastomataceae sp. NW 1 1 pachyphylla Melastomataceae WD 1 Sandoricum koetjape Meliaceae WD 1 1 1 1 1 Lansium domesticum Meliaceae WD 1 1 1 1 Aglaia cinerea Meliaceae WD 1 1 1 Aglaia exstipulata Meliaceae WD 1 1 Cheisocheton patens Meliaceae WD 1 1 alliaceum Meliaceae WD 1 1 Aglaia forbesii Meliaceae WD 1 1 Aglaia rubescens Meliaceae WD 1 Dysoxylum acutangulum Meliaceae WD 1 Dysoxylum flavescens Meliaceae WD 1 Dysoxylum Meliaceae WD 1 sureni Meliaceae sp. WD 1 Memecylon megacarpum Meliaceae WD 1 Memecylon Memecylaceae WD 1 Artocarpus nitidus var. griffitthii Memecylaceae sp. WD 1 callosa Moraceae WD 1 1 Ficus schwarzii Moraceae WD 1 1 Prainea limpato Moraceae WD 1 1 asper Moraceae WD 1 1 Artocarpus elasticus Moraceae WD 1 1 Artocarpus maingayi Moraceae WD 1 Artocarpus rigidus Moraceae WD 1 Ficus chartacea Moraceae WD 1 Ficus fistulosa Moraceae WD 1 Ficus sinuate Moraceae WD 1 Ficus sundaicus Moraceae WD 1 Ficus uncinata Moraceae WD 1 Ficus variegata Moraceae WD 1 Streblus illicifolius Moraceae WD 1 Knema intermedia Moraceae WD 1 Endocomia canaroides Myristicaceae WD 1 1 1 Horsfieldia polyspherula var.sumatrana Myristicaceae WD 1 Knema stenophyla Myristicaceae WD 1 Myristica malaccensis Myristicaceae WD 1 Ardisia elliptica Myristicaceae WD 1 Ardisia pachysandra Myrsinaceae WD 1 1 1 Ardisia Myrsinaceae WD 1 ridleyii Myrsinaceae sp. WD 1 Syzygium cerasiforme WD 1 1 1 Syzygium grande Myrtaceae WD 1 1 Myrtaceae WD 1 1

606 Asyraf M. et al. | Flora of Sabang Island, Indonesia

Table 2. Continued. FAMILY SPECIES CATEGORY Un La-1 La-2 Nol-1 Nol -2 PsH WtF Syzygium Eugenia caryophyllata Myrtaceae sp. WD 1 1 Eugenia Myrtaceae WD 1 Olacaceae Strombosia ceylanica Myrtaceae sp16 WD 1 Olacaceae Radermachera pinnata WD 1 1 1 1 1 cauliflorus WD 1 Oleaceae Chionanthus macrocarpus WD 1 Oleaceae Olea dentata WD 1 Onagraceae Ludwigia octovalvis WD 1 Pandanaceae Pandanus artocarpus NW 1 1 Pandanaceae Pandanus odoratissimus WD 1 Poaceae Cynodon dactylon WD 1 Poaceae Imperata cylindrica NW 1 1 1 1 Poaceae Acroceras munroanum NW 1 1 1 1 Poaceae Axonapus compresus NW 1 1 1 Poaceae Chloris barbata NW 1 1 1 Poaceae Ottochloa nodosa NW 1 1 1 Poaceae Panicum amplexicaule NW 1 1 1 Poaceae Panicum brevifolium NW 1 1 1 Poaceae Panicum repens NW 1 1 1 Poaceae Zoysia matrella NW 1 1 1 Poaceae Eriachne pallescens NW 1 1 1 Poaceae Lophatherum gracile NW 1 1 Poaceae Paspalum scrobiculatum NW 1 1 Poaceae Pennisetum polystachion NW 1 1 Poaceae Setaria palmifolia NW 1 1 Poaceae arguens NW 1 1 Poaceae Eleusine indica NW 1 1 Poaceae Ischaemum muticum NW 1 Poaceae Panicum trigonum NW 1 Polygalaceae Xanthophyllum obovatum NW 1 Polygalaceae Xanthophylum schortechinii WD 1 Acrosthicum aureum WD 1 Pontederiaceae Eichornia crassipes Polypodiaceae WD 1 Proteaceae Helicia attenuata NW 1 Proteaceae Helicia excelsa WD 1 Ziziphus WD 1 Ziziphus maritima Rhamnaceae sp. WD 1 1 1 1 1 Carallia bractiata Rhamnaceae WD 1 Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Rhizophoraceae WD 1 1 Hedyotis capitellata Rhizophoraceae WD 1 Hedyotis corymbosa Rubiaceae NW 1 1 1 orientalis Rubiaceae NW 1 1 1 Agrostemma involucratum Rubiaceae WD 1 1 Agrostemma spinulosum Rubiaceae NW 1 Guettada speciosa Rubiaceae NW 1 Ixora grandiflora Rubiaceae WD 1 Ixora lobii Rubiaceae WD 1 Rubiaceae WD 1 Ochrosia oppositifolia Rubiaceae WD 1 Schyphiphora hydrophyllacea Rubiaceae WD 1 Merope angulata Rubiaceae WD 1 Citrus aurenttifolia WD 1 1 Citrus medica Rutaceae WD 1 glabra Rutaceae WD 1 minutum Rutaceae WD 1 myriacanthum Rutaceae WD 1 Zanthoxylum nitidum Rutaceae WD 1 Rutaceae WD 1

607 Asyraf M. et al. | Flora of Sabang Island, Indonesia

Table 2. Continued. FAMILY SPECIES CATEGORY Un La-1 La-2 Nol-1 Nol -2 PsH WtF Zantoxylum myriachantum Allophyllus cobbe var. marinus Rutaceae WD 1 Lepisanthes fruiticosa WD 1 1 Nephelium maingayi Sapindaceae WD 1 1 Pomettia ridleyii Sapindaceae WD 1 1 Xerospermum laevigatum Sapindaceae WD 1 1 Glenniea penangensis Sapindaceae WD 1 1 Lepisanthes tetraphllya Sapindaceae WD 1 Litchi chinensis Sapindaceae WD 1 Miscocharpus pentapetalus Sapindaceae WD 1 Madhuca hirtiflora Sapindaceae WD 1 Palaqium obovatum WD 1 1 1 stellatum Sapotaceae WD 1 1 Madhuca laurifolia Sapotaceae WD 1 1 Madhuca malaccensis Sapotaceae WD 1 Palaqium rostratum Sapotaceae WD 1 Palaquium obovatum Sapotaceae WD 1 Palaquium Sapotaceae WD 1 Payena maingayi Sapotaceae sp. WD 1 Turpinia sphaerocarpa Sapotaceae WD 1 Sterculiaceae Pterospermum diversifolium Staphyleaceae WD 1 1 Sterculiaceae parvifolia WD 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Sterculiaceae Pterocymbium javanicum WD 1 1 1 1 1 1 Sterculiaceae Sterculia foetida WD 1 1 1 1 Sterculiaceae Sterculia cordata WD 1 1 1 1 Sterculiaceae Abroma augusta WD 1 1 Sterculiaceae Firmiana malayana WD 1 Sterculiaceae Pterocymbium tubulatum WD 1 Sterculiaceae Pterospermum javanicum WD 1 Sterculiaceae Sterculia coccinea WD 1 Sterculiaceae Sterculia macrophylla WD 1 Sterculiaceae Sterculia rubiginosa var. hirta WD 1 Styracaceae Styrax benzoin WD 1 Grewia laviegata WD 1 Pentace triptera Tiliaceae WD 1 Ulmaceae Trema Tiliaceae WD 1 Urticaceae Laportea stimulans sp. WD 1 Stachytarpheta cayennensis WD 1 Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Verbenaceae NW 1 1 1 1 1 1 Lantana camara Verbenaceae NW 1 1 1 1 1 Vitex pinnata Verbenaceae WD 1 1 1 1 Clerodendron paniculatum Verbenaceae WD 1 1 1 1 Vitex trifolia Verbenaceae WD 1 1 Zingiberaceae Alpinia javanica Verbenaceae WD 1 1 Zingiberaceae Globba NW 1 1 1 Zingiberaceae Zingiber gracile sp. NW 1 1 NW 1 1

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