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Revista Brasileira De Geografia Física V

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Revista Brasileira De Geografia Física V Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física V. 07 N. 02 (2014) 327-340. Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física ISSN:1984-2295 Homepage: www.ufpe.br/rbgfe Biodiversidade das Myrtaceae Brasileiras Adaptadas à Flórida, EUA¹ Eliseu Marlônio Pereira de Lucena², Ricardo Elesbão Alves³, Luis Cisneros-Zevallos4, Emmanuel Wassermann Moraes e Luz5, Edy Sousa de Brito6 1Parte da pesquisa de Pós-Doutorado, executada pelo primeiro, co-supervisionada pelo segundo e supervisionada pelo terceiro autor, no âmbito do Programa de Estágio Pós-Doutoral da CAPES na Texas A&M University, College Station, EUA. ²Doutor, Professor Adjunto e Bolsista da CAPES - Proc. Nº BEX 17911/12-5; Curso de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Campus Itaperi, CEP 60740-903, Fortaleza, CE. E-mail: [email protected] - autor correspondente. ³Doutor, Pesquisador; Embrapa Labex-EUA, Texas A&M University; E-mail: [email protected] 4Doutor, Professor Associado; Departamento de Ciências Hortícolas, Texas A&M University; E-mail: [email protected] 5Doutorando, Professor; Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Piauí; E-mail: [email protected] 6Doutor, Pesquisador; Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical; E-mail: [email protected] Artigo recebido em 24/06/2014 e aceite em 25/06/2014 R E S U M O A América e em especial o Brasil, são ricos em espécies frutíferas tropicais nativas e/ou exóticas de grande potencial fitoquímico. Neste contexto, podemos destacar as espécies da família Myrtaceae que apresentam elevado potencial de uso pela presença de compostos, principalmente de natureza fenólica em suas folhas e frutos. Diante disso, a presente pesquisa objetivou catalogar a biodiversidade das Myrtaceae brasileiras adaptadas à Flórida, EUA. Foram feitas duas visitas de cinco dias cada junto às coleções pertencentes a instituições públicas e privadas no Estado da Flórida, EUA. A primeira a fim de catalogar as Myrtaceae brasileiras existentes e a segunda para observar as alterações fenológicas. Para a realização da fenologia observou-se os padrões de enfolhamento, floração e frutificação. As plantas também foram classificadas quanto ao tipo. Os resultados indicaram que existem alterações fenológicas entre a duas observações realizadas nas espécies brasileiras, com surgimento de flores e/ou frutos. Conclui-se que nas coleções pertencentes a instituições públicas e privadas no Estado da Flórida, EUA, existem 64 Myrtaceae e destas 16 são de origem brasileira, as quais estão totalmente adaptadas ao novo ecossistema: Acca sellowiana (O.Berg) Burret, Eugenia brasiliensis Lam., Eugenia cerasiflora Miq., Eugenia luschnathiana (O.Berg) Klotzsch ex B.D.Jacks., Eugenia pyriformis Cambess., Eugenia stipitata McVaugh, Eugenia uniflora L., Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh, Myrciaria floribunda (H.West ex Willd.) O.Berg, Myrciaria glomerata O.Berg, Plinia cauliflora (Mart.) Kausel, Plinia edulis (Vell.) Sobral, Psidium acutangulum DC., Psidium cattleianum Sabine, Psidium guajava L. e Psidium guineense Sw. Palavras-chave: Frutos Nativos, Flora do Brasil, Fenologia, Jardim Botânico. Biodiversity of Brazilians Myrtaceae Adapted to Florida, USA A B S T R A C T America and especially Brazil, are rich in tropical fruit species native and/or exotic big phytochemical potential. In this context, we highlight the species of Myrtaceae family that have high potential for use by the presence of compounds, mainly phenolic nature in its leaves and fruits. Therefore, the present study aimed to describe the biodiversity of Brazilians Myrtaceae adapted to Florida. Two visits five days each were made along the collections belonging to public Lucena, E. M. P. de; Alves, R. E.; Cisneros-Zevallos, L.; Moraes Luz, E. W.; Brito, E. S. de 327 Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física V. 07 N. 02 (2014) 327-340. and private institutions in the State of Florida, USA. The first to catalog existing Brazilians Myrtaceae and second to observe phenological changes. To perform the phenology observed patterns of foliage, flowering and fruiting. Plants were also classified according to type. The results indicated that there are phenological changes between the two observations carried out in Brazilian species, with the emergence of flowers and/or fruits. We conclude that the collections belonging to public and private institutions in the State of Florida, there are 64 Myrtaceae and these 16 are from Brazil, which are fully adapted to the new ecosystem: Acca sellowiana (O.Berg) Burret, Eugenia brasiliensis Lam., Eugenia cerasiflora Miq., Eugenia luschnathiana (O.Berg) Klotzsch ex B.D.Jacks., Eugenia pyriformis Cambess., Eugenia stipitata McVaugh, Eugenia uniflora L., Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh, Myrciaria floribunda (H.West ex Willd.) O.Berg, Myrciaria glomerata O.Berg, Plinia cauliflora (Mart.) Kausel, Plinia edulis (Vell.) Sobral, Psidium acutangulum DC., Psidium cattleianum Sabine, Psidium guajava L. and Psidium guineense Sw. Keywords: Native fruits, Flora of Brazil, Phenology, Botanical Garden. Introdução murta (Eugenia punicifolia (Kunth) DC.), Myrtaceae é uma das maiores famílias ubaia (Eugenia pyriformis Cambess.) e botânicas, tem 132 gêneros e 5.671 espécies, viuvinha (Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC.) distribuídas em árvores e arbustos (Govaerts (Lucena et al., 2011). et al., 2008). É dividido em duas subfamílias: A família Myrtaceae produz frutos Leptospermoideae e Myrtoideae. A comestíveis que são usados frescos e para Leptospermoideae ocorre na Ásia e na África fazer sucos, licores e doces. O fruto e Myrtoideae na América Tropical, Ásia, comestível de Myrtaceae mais comercializado Austrália e Pacífico (Mitra et al., 2012). no mundo é brasileiro: a goiaba (Psidium Uma característica botânica que separa guajava L.). No entanto, no Brasil, há bem estas duas subfamílias é que também dois outros comercializados: a Leptospermoideae tem os frutos secos e as jabuticaba (Plinia cauliflora (Mart.) Kausel) e folhas podem ser alternas ou opostas, a pitanga (Eugenia uniflora L.). enquanto Myrtoideae tem os frutos carnosos e As Myrtaceae também podem ser as folhas são sempre opostas (Judd et al., utilizadas na medicina popular como 2002). antidiarreico, antimicrobiano, antioxidante, Myrtoideae inclui todas as Myrtaceae purificador, antirreumático, agente anti- americanas, exceto o gênero monotípico inflamatório e para diminuir o colesterol no Tepualia (Marchiori & Sobral, 1997), onde o sangue. Por exemplo: as folhas e casca do Brasil tem cerca de 1.000 espécies (Landrum caule de Campomanesia spp. e Eugenia spp. & Kawasaki, 1997), distribuídos nos são vulgarmente utilizados no tratamento da ecossistemas de Mata Atlântica e Restinga. disenteria, problemas gástricos, febre, e como O ecossistema de restinga no estado anti-inflamatórios e agentes antimicrobianos do Ceará, é rico em Myrtaceae, onde se (Barroso, 1991; Cravo, 1994;. Alice et al., destacam seis espécies: araçá-do-campo 1995; Rahhal, 1997), enquanto Myrcia spp. (Psidium guineense Sw.), guabiraba são frequentemente considerados como úteis (Campomanesia aromatica (Aubl.) Griseb.), para controlar o diabetes (Cruz, 2004; Mapirunga (Eugenia tinctoria Gagnep.), Lucena, E. M. P. de; Alves, R. E.; Cisneros-Zevallos, L.; Moraes Luz, E. W.; Brito, E. S. de 328 Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física V. 07 N. 02 (2014) 327-340. Limberger et al., 2004; Cerqueira et al., inclui uma grande diversidade de plantas da 2007). família Myrtaceae introduzidas nos últimos Embora muitas espécies de Myrtaceae quase 100 anos da América e Ásia, são consideradas medicinais, o número de principalmente. espécies submetidas ao estudo farmacológico A presente pesquisa objetivou é bastante pequeno (Stefanello et al., 2011). catalogar a biodiversidade das Myrtaceae Hoje há um consenso entre os brasileiras adaptadas à Flórida, EUA. pesquisadores de que os medicamentos fitoterápicos são menos agressivos do que os Material e Métodos sintéticos no tratamento de doenças, portanto, Inicialmente foi feito uma visita a tendência atual é um aumento no durante cinco dias (18 a 22 de novembro de desenvolvimento e uso de medicamentos 2013) junto às coleções pertencentes a fitoterápicos. instituições públicas e privadas no Estado da O Estado da Flórida por sua condição Flórida, EUA, a fim de catalogar as de clima possui os principais repositórios de Myrtaceae brasileiras existentes, conforme espécies tropicais dos Estados Unidos o que Tabela 1 e Figura 1. Tabela 1. Coleções de pertencentes a instituições públicas e privadas no Estado da Flórida, EUA. Responsáveis pelas Instituição coleções Agricultural Research Service (ARS/USDA) - Dr. David Holl http://www.ars.usda.gov/main/site_main.htm?modecode=66-31-00-00 Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden - http://www.fairchildgarden.org/ Dr. Richard Campbell Fruit & Spice Park - http://www.fruitandspicepark.org/ Chris B. Rollins The Kampong of the National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG) - Dr. David T. Jones http://ntbg.org/gardens/kampong.php Tropical Research & Education Center (TREC), University of Florida (UF) - Dr. Jonathan H. Crane http://trec.ifas.ufl.edu/ . Depois foi feito uma segunda visita De acordo o mapa mundial de também durante cinco dias (9 a 13 de classificação climática de Köppen-Geiger dezembro de 2013), às mesmas coleções (Kottek et al., 2006) a Flórida é constituída de pertencentes a instituições públicas e privadas um clima Subtropical Úmido (Cfa) ao norte e no Estado da Flórida, EUA, para observar as centro do Estado e Equatorial de Floresta alterações fenológicas das plantas ocorridas Tropical (Af), Equatorial de Monção (Am)
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