Innovation Outlook: Advanced Liquid Biofuels

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Innovation Outlook: Advanced Liquid Biofuels INNOVATION OUTLOOK ADVANCED LIQUID BIOFUELS Copyright © IRENA 2016 Unless otherwise stated, this publication and material featured herein are the property of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and are subject to copyright by IRENA. Material in this publication may be freely used, shared, copied, reproduced, printed and/or stored, provided that all such material is clearly attributed to IRENA and bears a notation that it is subject to copyright (© IRENA). Material contained in this publication attributed to third parties may be subject to third-party copyright and separate terms of use and restrictions, including restrictions in relation to any commercial use. ISBN 978-92-95111-51-6 (print) ISBN 978-92-95111-52-3 (PDF) About IRENA IRENA is an intergovernmental organisation that supports countries in their transition to a sustainable energy future, and serves as the principal platform for international co-operation, a centre of excellence, and a repository of policy, technology, resource and fi nancial knowledge on renewable energy. IRENA promotes the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy, including bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar and wind energy, in the pursuit of sustainable development, energy access, energy security and low carbon economic growth and prosperity. www.irena.org Acknowledgements This report benefi ted greatly from reviews and comments by experts and institutions including: Jim Lane (Biofuels Digest), Jim McMillan (US National Renewable Energy Laboratory – NREL and International Energy Agency – IEA Bioenergy), Jim Spaeth (US Department of Energy – US DOE) and Arthur Wellinger (IEA Bioenergy). IRENA would also like to thank the following experts for inputs: David Bauner (Renetech), Ami Ben-Amotz (formerly at Seambiotic and The National Institute of Oceanography of Israel), John Benemann (MicroBio Engineering), Robert C. Brown (Iowa State University), Marco Colangeli (UN Food and Agriculture Organization), Linden Coppell (Etihad Airways), Andrew Cornell (Advanced Plasma Power), Tom Ekbom (Swedish Bioenergy Association), Michela Morese (UN Food and Agriculture Organization), Wolter Prins (Ghent University), Alejandro Rios Galván (Masdar Institute), Frederik Ronsse (Ghent University), Jeff rey Skeer (IRENA) and Tom Walsh (Renetech). In addition, Dolf Gielen, Ana Kojakovic, Shunichi Nakada and Deger Saygin (IRENA) provided valuable comments and suggestions. Report contributors: Genevieve Alberts (E4tech), Maria Ayuso (IRENA), Ausilio Bauen (E4tech), Francisco Boshell (IRENA), Claire Chudziak (E4tech), Jan Peer Gebauer (Hamburg University of Technology – TUHH), Lizzie German (E4tech), Martin Kaltschmitt (TUHH), Lucy Nattrass (E4tech), Ralph Ripken (E4tech), Paul Robson (E4tech), Richard Taylor (E4tech), Hannes Wagner (TUHH). For further information or to provide feedback: [email protected] This report is available for download: www.irena.org/Publications Disclaimer This publication and the material featured herein is provided “as is” for informational purposes only� All reasonable precautions have been taken by IRENA to verify the reliability of the material featured in this publication� Forward-looking projections are inherently uncertain� A complete understanding of the assumptions underlying the conclusions and the methodologies used to create such projections may be sought from the party to whom such projections are attributed� Neither IRENA nor any of its offi cials, agents, data or other third-party content providers or licensors provide any warranty, including as to the accuracy, completeness, or fi tness for a particular purpose or use of such material, or regarding the non-infringement of third-party rights, and they accept no responsibility or liability with regard to the use of this publication and the material featured therein� The information contained herein does not necessarily represent the views of the Members of IRENA� The mention of specifi c companies or certain projects, products or services does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by IRENA in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned� The designations employed and the presentation of material herein do not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of IRENA concerning the legal status of any region, country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of frontiers or boundaries� CONTENTS FIGURES ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� III TABLES ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������V SUMMARY FOR POLICY MAKERS ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 GLOSSARY OF TERMS ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 9 ABBREVIATIONS ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������10 INTRODUCTION �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������11 1 OVERVIEW OF ADVANCED BIOFUELS �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������12 1�1 Defining advanced biofuels ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������12 1�2 Advanced biofuels drivers ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������15 1�3 Advanced biofuels technology status �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������18 1�4 Feedstock potential and cost �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������23 1�5 Advanced biofuels pathways and deployment status �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������24 2 TECHNICAL BARRIERS, NEEDS AND OPPORTUNITIES ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������33 2�1 Pre-treatment and hydrolysis �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������33 2�2 Hydrothermal upgrading��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������36 2�3 Fast pyrolysis and upgrading ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 37 2�4 Gasification and syngas cleaning ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������39 2�5 Fermentation to butanol and product upgrading �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������42 2�6 Fermentation to ethanol and product upgrading ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������43 2�7 Aqueous phase reforming �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������44 2�8 Mixed alcohol synthesis ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������46 2�9 Methanol synthesis �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������47 2�10 Fischer-Tropsch synthesis ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������48 2�11 Syngas fermentation ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������50 2�12 Methanol to gasoline conversion �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������51 2�13 Micro-algae cultivation, harvesting and oil extraction �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������52 3 NON-TECHNICAL BARRIERS, NEEDS AND OPPORTUNITIES ����������������������������������������������������������������������������55 3�1 High production costs compared to fossil fuels and conventional biofuels ������������������������������������������55 3�2 Finance availability and supply chain risk ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������55 3�3 Development of bio-based chemicals and biorefineries �������������������������������������������������������������������������������56 3�4 Uncertainty about environmental performance requirements ������������������������������������������������������������������56 3�5 Perceptions and uncertainty about social impacts �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
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