Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology Series

Editor-in-Chief Robert A. Meyers The Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology series (ESST) addresses the grand challenge for science and engineering today. It provides unprecedented, peer-reviewed coverage in more than 600 separate articles comprising 20 topical volumes, incorporating many updates from the ﬁrst edition as well as new articles. ESST establishes a foundation for the many sustainability and policy evaluations being performed in institutions worldwide. An indispensable resource for scientists and engineers in developing new technologies and for applying existing technologies to sustainability, the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology series is presented at the university and professional level needed for scientists, engineers, and their students to support real progress in sustainability science and technology. Although the emphasis is on science and technology rather than policy, the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology series is also a com- prehensive and authoritative resource for policy makers who want to under- stand the scope of research and development and how these bottom-up innovations map on to the sustainability challenge.

More information about this series at https://link.springer.com/bookseries/15436 Martin Kaltschmitt Editor

Energy from Organic Materials (Biomass)

A Volume in the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, Second Edition

Volume 2

With 615 Figures and 228 Tables Editor Martin Kaltschmitt Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics (IUE) Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH) Hamburg, Germany

ISBN 978-1-4939-7812-0 ISBN 978-1-4939-7813-7 (eBook) ISBN 978-1-4939-7814-4 (print and electronic bundle) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7813-7

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018944126

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This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Science+Business Media, LLC part of Springer Nature. The registered company address is: 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, U.S.A. Series Preface

Our nearly 1000-member team recognizes that all elements of sustainability science and technology continue to advance as does our understanding of the needs for energy, water, clean air, food, mobility, and health, and the relation of every single aspect of this vast and interconnected body of knowledge to climate change. Our Encyclopedia content is at a level for university students, professors, engineers, and other practicing professionals. It is gratifying for our team to note that our online First Edition has been heavily utilized as evidenced by over 500,000 downloads which of course is in addition to scientists’ utilization of the Encyclopedia and individual “spin-off” volumes in print. Now we are pleased to have a Living Reference on-line which assures the sustainability community that we are providing the latest peer-reviewed content covering the science and technology of the sustainability of the earth. We are also publishing the content as a Series of individual topical books for ease use by those with an interest in particular subjects, and with expert oversight in each field to ensure that the second edition presents the state-of-the-science today. Our team covers the physical, chemical and biological processes that underlie the earth system including pollution and remediation and climate change, and we comprehensively cover every energy and environment technology as well as all types of food production, water, transportation and the sustainable built environment. Our team of 15 board members includes two Nobel Prize winners (Kroto and Fischlin), two former Directors of the National Science Foundation (Colwell and Killeen), the former President of the Royal Society (Lord May), and the Chief Scientist of the Rocky Mountain Institute (Amory Lovins). And our more than 40 eminent section editors and now book editors, assure quality of our selected authors and their review presentations. The extent of our coverage clearly sets our project apart from other publi- cations which now exist, both in extent and depth. In fact, current compendia of the science and technology of several of these topics do not presently exist and yet the content is crucial to any evaluation and planning for the sustainability of the earth. It is important to note that the emphasis of our project is on science and technology and not on policy and positions. Rather, policy makers will use our presentations to evaluate sustainability options. Vital scientific issues include: human and animal ecological support systems, energy supply and effects, the planet’s climate system, systems of agriculture, industry, forestry, and fisheries and the ocean, fresh water and human communities, waste disposal, transportation and the built environment

v vi Series Preface in general and the various systems on which they depend, and the balance of all of these with sustainability. In this context, sustainability is a characteristic of a process or state that can be maintained at a certain level indefinitely even as global population increases toward nine billion by 2050. The population growth, and the hope for increase in wealth, implies something like a 50% increase in food demand by as early as 2030. At the same time, the proportion of the population that lives in an urban environment will go up from about 47% to 60%. Global economic activity is expected to grow 500%, and global energy and materials use is expected to increase by 300% over this period. That means there are going to be some real problems for energy, agriculture, and water, and it is increasingly clear that conflicting demands among biofuels, food crops, and environmental protection will be difficult to reconcile. The “green revolution” was heavily dependent on fertilizers which are manufactured using increasingly expensive and diminishing reserves of fossil fuels. In addition, about 70% of available freshwater is used for agriculture. Clearly, many natural resources will either become depleted or scarce relative to population.

Larkspur, CA, USA Robert A. Meyers, Ph.D. June 2018 Editor-in-Chief Volume Preface

Our globalized society is characterized by strongly increasing energy demand due to a fast growing population as well as steadily advancing average standards of living, and this development will most likely continue and even accelerate in the years to come especially in emerging economies. In parallel, the unwanted and often very harmful environmental effects caused due to the coverage of this energy demand become more and more obvious and serious; this is not only true for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions influencing most likely global climate but also for toxic emissions like, e.g., NOx, CO, and SO2 as well as particulate matter (PM). Therefore, the efforts to develop alternative and especially sustainable options for a more environmental sound and in parallel economic viable as well as social acceptable provision of energy have been significantly intensified in recent years on a global scale. And this is not only true for photovoltaics and wind energy gaining a lot of attention through- out the last couple of years due to significant price reductions. Also an energy provision from organic matter/biomass gains steadily more and more impor- tance and consideration within the global energy system among others due the fact that biomass as stored solar energy can be used within the heat and/or electricity market as well as within the transportation sector; i.e., biomass respectively the resulting bioenergy can be used within all energy markets currently important in most of the national energy systems. Additionally, biomass as a renewable source of energy has been used already since ancient times; thus, there exists a broad knowledge about this energy carrier including environmentally sound, economically viable, and socially acceptable techno- logical solutions for an efficient energy provision from very different organic materials. Against this background the overarching goal of this volume is to give an update about the various biomass sources available to humans, the different conversion pathways for the provision of heat, electricity, and/or transportation fuels as well as selected superior aspects related to the role of biomass/ bioenergy within the global energy system. Following this setting, the present volume consists of the following parts.

• Part I “Introduction”: A general overview about energy provision from biomass tackled within this volume is given to set the scene for the following explanations.

vii viii Volume Preface

• Part II “Resource side”: The biological basics of the conversion of sunlight into organic material (biomass) are presented. Then, the various biomass resources available to humans are discussed in detail; this includes wood and herbaceous biomass to be used as solid biofuels as well as organic matter and selected biomass waste streams intended to be used as a feedstock for biogas production. Additionally, the existing global markets for wood, for sugar and starch, as well as for vegetable oils are debated. • Part III “Overview conversion”: The goal of this part is to provide an overview about the given possibilities to transfer organic material/biomass into various forms of bioenergy (e.g., heat, electricity, fuels with specific characteristics) based on a thermo-chemical, a physico-chemical, and/or a biochemical conversion route. • Part IV “Heat and electricity from solid fuels”: Solid biomass (e.g., wood) can be processed to solid biofuels (e.g., wood chips, wood pellets) to be used within appropriate combustion devices for the provision of useable heat and/or electricity. This pathway for energy provision most widely realized on a global scale is discussed related to the chemical/physical/ technical basics, the characteristic of the various types of solid biofuels including the respective provision pathways, the various conversion technologies on a small and large scale – for heat provision as well as for a combined heat and electricity provision (CHP) including especially environmental aspects. Additionally, more innovative and technologically demanding conversion options like gasification characterized by higher conversion efficiencies compared to combustion are tackled in detail. • Part V “Heat and electricity from biogas”: Biogas for heat and/or electricity provision is an option to convert especially organic waste materials characterized by a high water content (e.g., animal manure, sewage sludge) to a combustible gas based on biochemical conversion processes. Thus, beside the biological basics of this biomass conversion option the respective process technology is presented for different types of organic material. • Part VI “Fuels for transportation purpose”: Beside the provision of heat and electricity biomass can also be converted into fuels intended for the use within the transportation sector. Thus, the goal of this part of the volume at hand is to present the various conversion pathways for the provision of liquid and/or gaseous transportation fuels. This includes among others the discussions of the possibilities to provide vegetable oil based fuels as well as to produce bioethanol from biomass containing sugar, starch, and/or lignocelluoses. Beside this also technologically more demanding options like the provision of Bio-Synthetic Natural Gas (Bio-SNG), of Biomass to Liquid (BtL) fuels, and of pyrolysis-based fuels are presented. Additionally, selected biofuel provision pathways are compared from a systems point of view to show the various pros and cons. • Part VII “Other options”: Also other options to convert organic matter into bioenergy not tackled so far are possible (e.g., pyrolysis processes, hydrothermal conversion processes). Such processing options are discussed here. • Part VIII “Energy system aspects”: Finally, aspects of a bioenergy provision addressing the overall energy system are presented; this is true for, e.g., the current bioenergy use, selected sustainability aspects, and newly Volume Preface ix

discussed overall conversion concepts like the so-called bio-reﬁnery approach.

All over the present volume aims in providing important biological, chemical, physical, technical, as well as economic and environmental information and data for a deeper understanding of the various bioenergy provision options from different types of organic material/biomass. All in all it becomes very obvious that there is not one biomass conversion option; there are lots of different possibilities to use the various types of available organic matter to provide bioenergy in form of heat, electricity, and/or transportation fuels. Thus, the choice of the most promising possibility has to be taken based on the locally given conditions and demands. The editor wishes to thank the authors for their valuable contributions as well as their high motivation and their strong engagement. Without their ongoing support this publication would not have been possible. Additionally, the editor would like to thank the publisher for the positive and straightforward collaboration; my great thanks are especially dedicated to Sunali Mull for her ongoing excellent support based on very pleasant and extremely helpful communications.

Hamburg Martin Kaltschmitt June 2018 Contents

Volume 1

Renewable Energy from Biomass: Introduction ...... 1 Martin Kaltschmitt

Part I Resource Side ...... 15

Biomass Production: Biological Basics ...... 17 Matthias Gilbert and Christian Wilhelm

Wood from Forests: Trees and Production Schemes ...... 53 Michael Köhl

Short Rotation Coppice: Status and Prospects ...... 71 Anne Rödl

Lignocellulosic Energy Grasses for Combustion, Production, and Provision ...... 89 Yasir Iqbal and Iris Lewandowski

Biogas Substrates from Municipalities and Industries ...... 101 Ulrike Seyfert, Daniela Thrän and Jasmin Kalcher

Biogas Production and Energy Cropping ...... 113 Christoph Strauß, Armin Vetter, Michael Dickeduisberg and Andreas Von Felde

Algae: A New Biomass Resource ...... 165 Alberta Pinnola, Cinzia Formighieri and Roberto Bassi

World Markets for Wood: Status and Prospects ...... 199 Udo Mantau, Marian Mayr, Przemko Döring, Ulrike Saal, Sebastian Glasenapp and Christian Blanke

World Markets for Sugar and Starch: Status and Prospects ..... 225 Verena Wolf and Marlen Haß

xi xii Contents

World Markets for Vegetable Oils: Status and Prospects ...... 261 Thomas Mielke Biomass Resources, Worldwide ...... 299 André P. C. Faaij

Part II Overview Conversion ...... 351

Biomass as Renewable Source of Energy: Possible Conversion Routes ...... 353 Martin Kaltschmitt

Part III Heat and Electricity from Solid Biofuels ...... 391

Thermochemical Conversion of Solid Biofuels: Processes and Techniques ...... 393 Daniel Christ, Marvin Scherzinger, Ulf Neuling and Martin Kaltschmitt Solid Biofuels and Their Characteristics ...... 415 Hans Hartmann

Upgraded “New” Solid Biofuels ...... 451 Marco Klemm, Ralf Schmersahl, Claudia Kirsten, Nadja Weller, Annett Pollex, Jan Hari Arti Khalsa and Thomas Zeng Emissions from Solid Biofuel Combustion: Pollutant Formation and Control Options ...... 483 Isabel Höfer, Martin Kaltschmitt and Alexander Beckendorff Biomass Energy Heat Provision for Cooking and Heating in Developing Countries ...... 513 Ralph P. Overend Biomass Energy Heat Provision in Modern Small-Scale Systems ...... 533 Hans Hartmann and Volker Lenz Biomass Energy Heat Provision in Modern Large-Scale Systems ...... 587 Ingwald Obernberger, Friedrich Biedermann and Thomas Brunner Biomass Energy Small-Scale Combined Heat and Power Systems ...... 629 Daniel Büchner, Andreas Ortwein, Ernst Höftberger and Volker Lenz Biomass Combustion for Electricity Generation ...... 653 Andreas Wiese Co-combustion of Solid Biofuels in Coal-Fired Power Plants .... 691 Hartmut Spliethoff and Christian Wolf Contents xiii

Small Scale Biomass Gasiﬁcation for Rural Electriﬁcation ...... 715 Marco Klemm

Large Scale Biomass Gasiﬁcation for Electricity and Fuels ...... 753 Hermann Hofbauer

Volume 2

Part IV Heat and Electricity from Biogas ...... 777

Anaerobic Fermentation of Organic Material: Biological Processes and Their Control Parameters ...... 779 Jan Liebetrau, Sören Weinrich, Heike Sträuber and Jörg Kretzschmar

Biogas for Energy Provision from Agricultural Feedstock: Hi-Tech Applications ...... 809 Frank Scholwin, Michael Nelles and Johan Grope

Biogas for Energy Provision from Organic Waste: Hi-Tech Applications ...... 823 Henrik B. Møller and Alastair J. Ward

Part V Fuel for Transportation Purpose ...... 841

Conversion Pathways Toward Transportation Fuels: Identiﬁcation and Comparison ...... 843 Ulf Neuling and Martin Kaltschmitt

Liquid Fuels from Vegetable Oil ...... 881 Ulf Neuling and Martin Kaltschmitt

Bioethanol from Sugar and Starch ...... 905 Anton Friedl

Bioethanol from Sugar: The Brazilian Experience ...... 925 José Goldemberg, Suani Teixeira Coelho, Patricia Guardabassi and Plinio Mário Nastari

Bioethanol from Starch: The US Experience ...... 955 Dale A. Monceaux

Bioethanol from Lignocellulosic Biomass ...... 997 Charles E. Wyman, Charles M. Cai and Rajeev Kumar

Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels Derived from Alcohols ...... 1023 Jan Pechstein and Martin Kaltschmitt

Biomass to Liquid (BtL) ...... 1047 Hermann Hofbauer and Reinhard Rauch

Biosynthetic Natural Gas (Bio-SNG) ...... 1065 Tilman J. Schildhauer xiv Contents

Transportation Biofuels via the Pyrolysis Pathway: Status and Prospects ...... 1081 Javier Fermoso, Patricia Pizarro, Juan M. Coronado and David P. Serrano Biomethane in the Transportation Sector ...... 1113 Sebastian Timmerberg, Christiane Dieckmann, Ralph Mackenthun and Martin Kaltschmitt Bio-Gtl Processes ...... 1145 Jan Peer Gebauer and Martin Kaltschmitt Biofuels: A Technical, Economic, and Environmental Comparison ...... 1175 Franziska Mueller-Langer, Stefan Majer and Anastasios Perimenis

Part VI Other Options ...... 1205

Plant Oil Fuels Combined Heat and Power (CHP) ...... 1207 Klaus Thuneke Pyrolysis of Solid Biomass: Basics, Processes and Products ...... 1221 Anthony V. Bridgwater Hydrothermal Conversion of Biomass ...... 1251 Frédéric Vogel

Part VII Energy System Aspects ...... 1297

Bioenergy within Global Energy Systems: Current and Future Contribution ...... 1299 Martin Kaltschmitt and Annika Magdowski Bioenergy: Role in Balancing the Electricity Grid and as Energy Storage ...... 1321 David Chiaramonti, Leonardo Nibbi, Antti Arasto, Juha Kiviluoma, Eric van den Heuvel, Lars Waldheim and Kyriakos Maniatis Biomass Provision and Use: Sustainability Aspects ...... 1353 Floor van der Hilst, Ric Hoefnagels, Martin Junginger, Marc Londo, Li Shen and Birka Wicke The Bioreﬁnery Approach ...... 1383 Lisa M. Schmidt, Lennart F. Andersen, Christiane Dieckmann, Anne Lamp and Martin Kaltschmitt Innovative Options for Energy Provision ...... 1413 Christian Wilhelm Index ...... 1421 About the Editor-in-Chief

Dr. Robert A. Meyers President: RAMTECH Limited Manager, Chemical Process Technology, TRW Inc. Post-doctoral Fellow: California Institute of Technology Ph.D. Chemistry, University of California at Los Angeles B.A., Chemistry, California State University, San Diego

Biography

Dr. Meyers has worked with more than 20 Nobel laureates during his career and is the originator and serves as Editor in Chief of both the Springer Nature Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology and the related and supportive Springer Nature Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science.

Education

Postdoctoral Fellow: California Institute of Technology Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry, University of California at Los Angeles B.A., Chemistry with minor in Mathematics, California State University, San Diego

Dr. Meyers holds more than 20 patents and is the author or Editor in Chief of 12 technical books including the Handbook of Chemical Production Pro- cesses, Handbook of Synfuels Technology, and Handbook of Petroleum

xv xvi About the Editor-in-Chief

Reﬁning Processes now in 4th Edition, and the Handbook of Petrochemical Production Processes, now in its second edition, (McGraw-Hill) and The Handbook of Energy Technology and Economics, published by John Wiley & Sons; Coal Structure, published by Academic Press; and Coal Desulfuriza- tion as well as the Coal Handbook published by Marcel Dekker. He served as chairman of the Advisory Board for A Guide to Nuclear Power Technology, published by John Wiley & Sons, which won the Association of American Publishers Award as the best book in technology and engineering. About the Volume Editor

Martin Kaltschmitt studied Petroleum Engineering at Clausthal University of Technology, Germany, and received his Ph.D. (Dr.-Ing.) in the field of renewable energies from Stuttgart University, Germany. Afterwards, he headed a research group in the field of biomass/renewable energy at Stuttgart University where he did his habilitation (Dr.-Ing. habil.). After a research stay at King’s College in London, UK, and at the University of California at Berkeley, USA, he became the managing director of the Leipziger Institute for Energy. In 2006, he has been promoted to a Full Professor at Hamburg University of Technol- ogy (TUHH), Germany, where he is heading the Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics (IUE). Between 2008 and 2010, he was in parallel also the scientific managing director of the German Biomass Research Centre (DBFZ) located in Leipzig, Germany. He published and/or edited more than 20 books and authored more than 230 articles in scientific magazines. He gave also more than 400 presentations on scientific conferences and seminars mainly in the field of biomass/bioenergy as well as renewable energy. He has been active as a short time consultant for the EC, several German ministries, the DFG, the DAAD, the FFG, the GIZ, and other national and international institutions. Additionally, he realized various projects in South America, South-east Asia, Africa, and, of course, in Europe. He is an elected member of the Hamburg Academy of Science.

xvii Contributors

Lennart F. Andersen Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics (IUE), Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Hamburg, Germany Antti Arasto Energy Systems, Technical Research Centre of Finland VTT Ltd, Espoo, Finland Roberto Bassi Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy Alexander Beckendorff Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics (IUE), Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Hamburg, Germany Friedrich Biedermann BIOS Bioenergiesysteme GmbH, Graz, Austria Christian Blanke INFRO - Information Services for Resources, Celle, Germany Anthony V. Bridgwater Bioenergy Research Group, European Bioenergy Research Institute, Aston University, Birmingham, UK Thomas Brunner BIOS Bioenergiesysteme GmbH, Graz, Austria Daniel Büchner DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützige GmbH, Leipzig, Germany Charles M. Cai BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN, USA Center for Environmental Research and Technology, Bourns College of Engi- neering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA David Chiaramonti Renewable Energy Consortium for R&D (RE-CORD) and Department of Industrial Engineering (DIEF), University of Florence, Florence, Italy Daniel Christ Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics (IUE), Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Hamburg, Germany

xix xx Contributors

Suani Teixeira Coelho GBIO/Research Group on Bioenergy, Institute of Energy and Environment, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Juan M. Coronado Thermochemical Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy Insti- tute, Móstoles/Madrid, Spain Michael Dickeduisberg Center of Renewable Resources, Chamber of Agri- culture for North Rhine-Westphalia, Bad Sassendorf, Germany Christiane Dieckmann Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics (IUE), Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Hamburg, Germany Przemko Döring Centre of Wood Science, University of Hamburg, Ham- burg, Germany André P. C. Faaij Energy Academy Europe, Energy and Sustainability Research Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Javier Fermoso Thermochemical Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy Institute, Móstoles/Madrid, Spain Cinzia Formighieri Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy Ginkgo Bioworks, Boston, MA, USA Anton Friedl Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Tech- nology (TU Wien), Vienna, Austria Jan Peer Gebauer Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics (IUE), Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Hamburg, Germany Matthias Gilbert Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany Sebastian Glasenapp Thünen Institute of International Forestry and Forest Economics, Hamburg, Germany José Goldemberg Institute of Energy and Environment, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Johan Grope Institute for Biogas, Waste Management and Energy, Weimar, Germany Patricia Guardabassi GBIO/Research Group on Bioenergy, Institute of Energy and Environment, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Marlen Haß Thünen Institute of Market Analysis, Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute, Braunschweig, Germany Hans Hartmann Technologie- und Förderzentrum im Kompetenzzentrum für Nachwachsende Rohstoffe (TFZ), Straubing, Bavaria, Germany Ric Hoefnagels Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands Contributors xxi

Hermann Hofbauer Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Vienna, Austria Isabel Höfer Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics (IUE), Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Hamburg, Germany Ernst Höftberger Bioenergy 2020+ GmbH, Graz, Austria Yasir Iqbal Department of Biobased Products and Energy Crops, Institute of Crop Science (340), University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany Martin Junginger Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands Jasmin Kalcher DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützige GmbH, Leipzig, Germany Martin Kaltschmitt Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics (IUE), Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Hamburg, Germany Jan Hari Arti Khalsa DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützige GmbH, Leipzig, Germany Claudia Kirsten DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützige GmbH, Leipzig, Germany Juha Kiviluoma Energy systems, Technical Research Centre of Finland VTT Ltd, Espoo, Finland Marco Klemm DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützige GmbH, Leipzig, Germany Michael Köhl World Forestry, Center for Earth System Research and Sus- tainability, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Jörg Kretzschmar DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützige GmbH, Leipzig, Germany Rajeev Kumar BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN, USA Center for Environmental Research and Technology, Bourns College of Engi- neering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA Anne Lamp Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics (IUE), Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Hamburg, Germany Volker Lenz DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützige GmbH, Leipzig, Germany Iris Lewandowski Department of Biobased Products and Energy Crops, Institute of Crop Science (340), University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany Jan Liebetrau DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützige GmbH, Leipzig, Germany xxii Contributors

Marc Londo Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht Uni- versity, Utrecht, The Netherlands Netherlands Association for Renewable Energy (NVDE), Utrecht, The Netherlands Ralph Mackenthun Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics (IUE), Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Hamburg, Germany Annika Magdowski Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics (IUE), Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Hamburg, Germany Stefan Majer DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützige GmbH, Leipzig, Germany Kyriakos Maniatis Directorate General for Energy, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium Udo Mantau INFRO - Information Services for Resources, Celle, Germany Marian Mayr Centre of Wood Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Thomas Mielke Oil World: ISTA Mielke GmbH, Hamburg, Germany Henrik B. Møller Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark Dale A. Monceaux AdvanceBio, LLC, Milford, OH, USA Franziska Mueller-Langer DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützige GmbH, Leipzig, Germany Plinio Mário Nastari DATAGRO, São Paulo, Brazil Michael Nelles DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützige GmbH, Leipzig, Germany Institute for Biogas, Waste Management and Energy, Weimar, Germany Ulf Neuling Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics (IUE), Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Hamburg, Germany Leonardo Nibbi Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Flor- ence, Florence, Italy Ingwald Obernberger BIOS Bioenergiesysteme GmbH, Graz, Austria Andreas Ortwein DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützige GmbH, Leipzig, Germany Ralph P. Overend Ottawa, ON, Canada Jan Pechstein Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Econom- ics (IUE), Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Hamburg, Germany Contributors xxiii

Anastasios Perimenis Earth and Life Institute – Applied Microbiology, Bioengineering Group, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la- Neuve, Belgium Alberta Pinnola Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy Patricia Pizarro Thermochemical Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy Institute, Móstoles/Madrid, Spain Chemical and Environmental Engineering Group, Rey Juan Carlos University, Móstoles/Madrid, Spain Annett Pollex DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützige GmbH, Leipzig, Germany Reinhard Rauch Engler-Bunte-Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany Anne Rödl Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics (IUE), Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Hamburg, Germany Ulrike Saal Centre of Wood Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Marvin Scherzinger Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics (IUE), Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Hamburg, Germany Tilman J. Schildhauer Paul Scherrer Institut, CH (PSI), Villigen, Switzerland Ralf Schmersahl Institute of Agricultural Engineering Bornim e.V. (ATB), Potsdam, Germany Deutsches Pelletinstitut GmbH, Berlin, Germany Lisa M. Schmidt Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Eco- nomics (IUE), Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Hamburg, Germany Frank Scholwin Department Waste Management, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany Institute for Biogas, Waste Management and Energy, Weimar, Germany David P. Serrano Thermochemical Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy Insti- tute, Móstoles/Madrid, Spain Chemical and Environmental Engineering Group, Rey Juan Carlos University, Móstoles/Madrid, Spain Ulrike Seyfert DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützige GmbH, Leipzig, Germany Li Shen Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht Univer- sity, Utrecht, The Netherlands xxiv Contributors

Hartmut Spliethoff Institute for Energy Systems, Technical University of Munich, Garching/München, Germany Christoph Strauß Thuringian State Institute for Agriculture, Dornburg, Germany Heike Sträuber Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Envi- ronmental Research, Leipzig, Germany Daniela Thrän DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützige GmbH, Leipzig, Germany Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany Klaus Thuneke Technologie- und Förderzentrum im Kompetenzzentrum für Nachwachsende Rohstoffe (TFZ), Straubing, Germany Sebastian Timmerberg Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics (IUE), Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Hamburg, Germany Eric van den Heuvel Studio Gear Up, Amsterdam, Netherlands Floor van der Hilst Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands Armin Vetter Thuringian State Institute for Agriculture, Dornburg, Germany Frédéric Vogel Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), Villigen, Switzerland University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Windisch, Switzerland Andreas Von Felde KWS SAAT AG, Einbeck, Germany Lars Waldheim Waldheim Consulting, Skärholmen, Stockholm, Sweden Alastair J. Ward Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark Sören Weinrich DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützige GmbH, Leipzig, Germany Nadja Weller DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützige GmbH, Leipzig, Germany Birka Wicke Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht Uni- versity, Utrecht, The Netherlands Andreas Wiese GOPA - International Energy Consultants GmbH, Bad Hom- burg, Germany Christian Wilhelm Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany Christian Wolf Institute for Energy Systems, Technical University of Munich, Garching/München, Germany Contributors xxv

Verena Wolf Thünen Institute of Market Analysis, Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute, Braunschweig, Germany

Charles E. Wyman Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineer- ing and Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN, USA

Thomas Zeng DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützige GmbH, Leipzig, Germany