Renewable Energy Systems This Volume Collects Selected Topical Entries from the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology (ESST)
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Renewable Energy Systems This volume collects selected topical entries from the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology (ESST). ESST addresses the grand challenges for science and engineering today. It provides unprecedented, peer-reviewed coverage of sustainability science and technology with contributions from nearly 1,000 of the world’s leading scientists and engineers, who write on more than 600 separate topics in 38 sections. ESST establishes a foundation for the research, engineering, and economics supporting the many sustainability and policy evaluations being performed in institutions worldwide. Editor-in-Chief ROBERT A. MEYERS, RAMTECH LIMITED, Larkspur, CA, USA Editorial Board RITA R. COLWELL, Distinguished University Professor, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA ANDREAS FISCHLIN, Terrestrial Systems Ecology, ETH-Zentrum, Zu¨rich, Switzerland DONALD A. GLASER, Glaser Lab, University of California, Berkeley, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, Berkeley, CA, USA TIMOTHY L. KILLEEN, National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA, USA HAROLD W. KROTO, Francis Eppes Professor of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA AMORY B. LOVINS, Chairman & Chief Scientist, Rocky Mountain Institute, Snowmass, USA LORD ROBERT MAY, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK DANIEL L. MCFADDEN, Director of Econometrics Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA THOMAS C. SCHELLING, 3105 Tydings Hall, Department of Economics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA CHARLES H. TOWNES, 557 Birge, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA EMILIO AMBASZ, Emilio Ambasz & Associates, Inc., New York, NY, USA CLARE BRADSHAW, Department of Systems Ecology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden TERRY COFFELT, Research Geneticist, Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, USA MEHRDAD EHSANI, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA ALI EMADI, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA CHARLES A. S. HALL, College of Environmental Science & Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY, USA RIK LEEMANS, Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands KEITH LOVEGROVE, Department of Engineering (Bldg 32), The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia TIMOTHY D. SEARCHINGER, Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA Martin Kaltschmitt, Nickolas J. Themelis, Lucien Y. Bronicki, Lennart So¨der and Luis A. Vega (Eds.) Renewable Energy Systems With 1193 Figures and 290 Tables Editors Lucien Y. Bronicki Martin Kaltschmitt Ormat Technologies, Inc. German Biomass Research Centre Reno, NV, USA Leipzig, Germany and Lennart So¨der Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Royal Institute of Technology Economics Electric Power Systems Hamburg University of Technology Stockholm, Sweden Hamburg, Germany Luis A. Vega Nickolas J. Themelis Hawaii Natural Energy Institute Earth Engineering Center School of Ocean And Earth Science And Technology Columbia University University of Hawaii at Manoa New York, NY, USA Honolulu, HI, USA ISBN 978-1-4614-5819-7 ISBN 978-1-4614-5820-3 (eBook) ISBN 978-1-4614-5862-3 (print and electronic bundle) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-5820-3 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012953387 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 This work is subject to copyright. 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Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. This book consists of selection from the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology edited by Robert A. Meyers, published by Springer New York in 2012. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Editors Renewable Energy From Biomass Waste to Energy MARTIN KALTSCHMITT NICKOLAS J. THEMELIS German Biomass Research Centre Earth Engineering Center Leipzig Columbia University Germany New York, NY and USA Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics Hamburg University of Technology Hamburg Germany vi Editors Geothermal Power Stations Ocean Energy LUCIEN Y. BRONICKI LUIS A. VEGA Ormat Technologies, Inc. Hawaii Natural Energy Institute Reno, NV School of Ocean And Earth Science And Technology USA University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, HI USA Wind Power LENNART SO¨ DER Royal Institute of Technology Electric Power Systems Stockholm Sweden Sections Geothermal Power Stations Editor: Lucien Y. Bronicki Engineered Geothermal Systems, Development and Sustainability of Geothermal Energy Utilization Geothermal Energy, Geology and Hydrology of Geothermal Energy, Nature, Use, and Expectations Geothermal Field and Reservoir Monitoring Geothermal Power Capacity, Sustainability and Renewability of Geothermal Power Conversion Technology Geothermal Power Economics Geothermal Power Stations, Introduction to Geothermal Resources Worldwide, Direct Heat Utilization of Geothermal Resources, Drilling for Geothermal Resources, Environmental Aspects of Hydrothermal Systems, Geochemistry of Reservoir Engineering in Geothermal Fields Ocean Energy Editor: Luis A. Vega Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy Environmental Challenges Ocean Energy, Introduction Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Offshore Wind Energy Technology Trends, Challenges, and Risks Tidal Energy Renewable Energy From Biomass Editor: Martin Kaltschmitt Algae, a New Biomass Resource Biodiesel Bioethanol from Celluloses Bioethanol from Starch Bioethanol from Sugar: the Brazilian Experience Biofuels: A Technical, Economic and Environmental Comparison Biofuels: Upgraded New Solids Biogas for Electricity Generation, Hi-tech Applications Biogas Production and Energy crops Biogas Production, Developing Countries viii Sections Biogas Substrates from Municipalities and Industries Biomass as Renewable Source of Energy, Possible Conversion Routes Biomass Combustion for Electricity Generation Biomass Energy Heat Provision for Cooking and Heating in Developing Countries Biomass Energy Heat Provision in Modern Large-Scale Systems Biomass Energy Heat Provision in Modern Small-Scale Systems Biomass Energy Small-Scale Combined Heat and Power Systems Biomass Gasification for Electricity and Fuels, Large Scale Biomass Gasification for Rural Electrification, Small Scale Biomass Production Biomass Provision and Use, Sustainability Aspects Biomass Pyrolysis Biomass Resources, Worldwide Biomass to Liquid (BtL), Concepts and Their Assessment Biomass Use on a Global Scale Biomethane from Anaerobic Processes Biosynthetic Natural Gas Co-combustion of Wood in Coal-Fired Large-Scale Power Plants Hydrogen from Biomass Lignocellulosic Energy Crops, Production and Provision Plant Oil Fuels Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Renewable Energy from Biomass, Introduction Solid Biofuels, Fuels and Their Characteristics Waste to Energy Editor: Nickolas J. Themelis Gasification and Liquefaction Alternatives to Incineration in Japan Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction by Waste-to-Energy Hitachi Zosen Inova Technology Incinerator Grate Combustion Phenomena Life Cycle Comparison of Waste-to-Energy to Sanitary Landfill Martin Waste-to-Energy Technology Plasma-Assisted Waste-to-Energy Processes Thermal Treatment of Waste: Key Element for Sustainable Waste Management Waste Management for Sustainable Society Waste-to-Energy Ash Management in Europe Waste-to-Energy Ash Management in the United States Waste-to-Energy Facilities as Power Plants Waste-to-Energy for District Heating Waste-to-Energy Using Refuse-Derived Fuel Waste-to-Energy, Introduction Waste-to-Energy: Decreasing the Entropy of Solid Wastes and Increasing Metal Recovery Waste-to-Energy: Energy Resource in Solid Wastes Waste-to-Energy: Fluidized Bed Technology Sections ix