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Cercocarpus Ledifolius Nutt.) Communities in Utah and Implications for Management James N Great Basin Naturalist Volume 51 | Number 2 Article 5 6-30-1991 Ecological relationships of curlleaf mountain- mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt.) communities in Utah and implications for management James N. Davis Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, Intermountain Research Station, Shurb Sciences Laboratory Jack D. Brotherson Brigham Young University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn Recommended Citation Davis, James N. and Brotherson, Jack D. (1991) "Ecological relationships of curlleaf mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt.) communities in Utah and implications for management," Great Basin Naturalist: Vol. 51 : No. 2 , Article 5. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn/vol51/iss2/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western North American Naturalist Publications at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Basin Naturalist by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Great Basin Naturalist 51(2), 1991, pp. i53-166 ECOLOG1CAL RELATIONSHIPS OF CURLLEAF MOUNTAIN-MAHOGANY (CERCOCARPUS LED1FOLIUS NUIT.) COMMUNITIES IN UTAH AND lMPLICAT10NS FOR MANAGEMENT James N. Davis! andJack D. Brotherson2 ABSTRACT.-Curlleaf mountain"mahogany is a Widely distributed shrubby tree of western North America. Well­ developed st:JIlds ate most often found on WiJ,rtn, dry, rocky ridges and slopes at highelevations on mostly southern exposures. It can, however, he found OIl all exposures. The species appears to be indifferent to substrate With soils which are invariably shallow and of low fertility. Bowever, the Ilitrogen"fixing root nodules heJp overcome soil deficiencies. This highly palatable species is preferredby mountain sheep, mountain goats, deer', and elk. Its nutritive value (about 12% protein) and digestibility ratings (around 50%) in theWinter ate high when comparedWith most other associated Winter browse species. Early research With curlleafmountain-mahogany basically dealt With two major management prohielJls: (1) how to inCrease available forage production on old, eveIl-aged stands too tall for hig g:J.i:ne to hrowse, and (2) how to increase reproduction in these saine cOinmUnities. Selective dozer thinning, sometimes in conjunction With the seeding of faSt~groWingplants, appears to he a promising maIlagement technique providing browse until the younger curlleaf becomes established. Key words: Cercocarpus, mountllin-mahogany, habitat relationships, management. Curlleaf mountain~mahogany (Cercocar­ of the conifer zone and the upper edges of pus ledifolius Nutt.) is a widely distributed the desert steppe. In California, but still shrubby tree of western North America, within the Grelit Basin, Brayton and Mooney ranging from Helena, Montana, south to San (1966) found curlleaf IIlountain~mahogany Pedro Martin in :Baja California, and from the populations centered about 2000 m elevation Bighorn Mountains near Sheridan, Wyoming, in the subalpine :lone. Here it occupied lime~ to almost the West Coast in southwestern stone, dolomite, sandstone, and granitic soils Oregon (Fig. 1). lts distJibution is from 610 m with a pH range of 6.5-8.4. Similar results to 1372 III in elevation in the northern !l.Ild were obtained in studies done by Miller northwestern parts ofits range and to 3000 m (1964) in Wyoming and Scheldt (1969) in or more mthe most southernparts ofits range Idaho. (USDA Forest Service 1937, Martin 1950). The best-developed stands of curlleaf Duncan (1975) studied populations mMon­ mountain~mahogany are routinely found on tana and found them to exist between 1200 m warm, dry, rocky ridges Or slopes at high ele­ and 2100 m, with a mean of1100 m. vations, Primarily western Or southern expo~ Curlleaf IIlountain~mahoganyis often llSSO­ sutes (tidestro):n 1925, USDA Forest Service ciated with sagebrush, pinyon pine, j-qniper, 1937, Martin 1950, Miller 1964, :Brllyton and scrub oak (mountain brtish), ponderosa pine, Mooney 1966, ScheIdt 1969, Thompson 1970, and spruce~fu (Martin 1950). T'idestrom Duncan 1975). These stands are characteris~ (1925) states that in central Nevada the spe~ tically inisolatedplltches butinfrequentlywill cies frequently takes the place of ponderosa be found singularly ot in continuous and ex~ pine and aspen at medium elevations, where tensive communities. it sometimes fOrmS a noticeable transition Taxonomic variability in the genus Cerco­ community between pinyon and limber pine. carp4s ha.s long been noted, and at present Across the Great Basin, cUrUeaf mountain~ there. are several opinions concerning its mahog;my actually occupies a narrow but classification. Martin (1950) reVised the genus unique position between the lower fringes Cercocarpus llild delimited the ledifoliUs 'Utah Division ofWildlife Resources, Intermountain Research Station, Shrub Sciences Laboratory, 735 North 500 East, Provo, Utah 84606. 2DepartmentofBotany and Range Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 8460g. 153 --~--,--- I 154 J. N. DAVIS AND J. D. BROTHERSON [Volume 51 throughout the more northertl and eastern portions of its distribution. The wide-leafed variety (C. ledifolius Vat. interrnountainus) is commonly more central and southern in its distributional range, with both vl:lrieties found overlapPing through the central por­ tionsof its r~ge, The classification of Welsh et a1. (1987) is followed in this paper, and any plantwith ellipticleaves over 12 mm inlength is considered to be Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt. Common names for C. ledifolius vary with locatiOn. Western pioneers called members of ,the genus mountain mahogany. The Federal Ttgde Commission, however, has since ruled that the name "mahogany" should hot be used to designate any other genus except Sweitenia. The Forest Service checklist gives "Cercocl;lTpus" as the common name of the genus (Hayes and Garrison 1960). But, sev­ eral common names are still used when refer~ ring to C. ledifolius (Le., desert mahogaIly, leatherleafmahogany, and curlleafmounta,in- ml;lhog@y). Cmlleaf mountain-:mahogany is highly pall;itable to elk and deer (Smith 1950, B:oskins and Dalke 1955, Davis 1982). Be~ cause its ll1;lrntive vl;l1ue and digestibility Fig. 1. Cutlleaf-rriahogllily distribution. rgtings l:lre high when compared with associ­ ated browse species, it merits attention in big lifeforms into three varieties. Others, how­ gl;lille management (St)1ith 1952, 1957, Bissel ever, have elevated these varieties into spe­ Md s,ttong 1955, Welch 1981). Welch and cies rank (Tidestrom 1925, USDA Forest Ser­ McArthur (1919) noted that curlleaf mOUn­ vice 1937, Martin 1950, Smith 1964, Brayton tgin-mahogaIlY is One ofonly a few shrubs th~t and Mooney 1966). Welsh et a1. (1987) com­ exceed the protein requirements ofwintering bined the varieties tljpic'l{S and intercedens deer. Other authors l;l1so consider it an impor­ into C.' ledifolius, while ,giving the vl:lriety tant winter fora,ge plant (Tidestrom 1925, intr'icatus separate spe<::ies stl;iNs. Holmgren USDA Forest Service 1937, tiacos and Nord (1987) determined that Nuttall's holotyjJe for 1961, ScheIdt 1969). C; ledifolius' was actually the more ngrrow~ :Dependence on cutlleaf mountain~Illahogany leafed taxon, while the more. broad~leafed for winter fora,ge can Cause problems for taxon had no name at any level. Therefore, Wildlife bec;J.use live branches ate often be~ Holmgren g~ve the mote wide~leafedVl:lriety yond reach ofbrowsing animals. Also, among the nl;lille C. ledifoiius vat, intennountq,inus. Popuhltions in Utah, Winter snows limit mid­ Those interested in this taxonomic question wintet access to curlleafmountain mahogany can also refet to Stutz (1990). :Because ofthe growing a,t high elevations. But, when curlle~ previous and confusing t::IXonCimic treatments mountain~mahoganyis available, it becomes of Cercocq,rpus iedifolius by' others, in this an impOrtantforage species for mule deer and paper We do not disfmguish between the two elk (Mitchell 1951, Smith 195,2, Smith and varieties ofcurlleafmountain-mahogany. :But Hubbard 1954, lUchens 1967, Tueller 1979). the somewhat i:tJ.distin<::t taxonomic intefPre­ Curlleafmountain-mahogany has been noted tations can be summa.t~ed in the following as the third most important winter browse manner. The narrow-leafed variety (C. ledi­ species for mule deer in northeastern Utah folius var. ledifolius) is widely distributed (Richens 1967) and also in eastern Oregon and 1991] ECOLOGYANI> MANAGEMENT OF CURLLEAF MAHOGANY 155 Washington (Mitchell 1951). It is especially than did curlleafmounta.i.n=mahogany. At the essential for mO"Qntain goat s"Qrvival m Idaho same time nearby older curlleaf mounta.ih= (Kuck 1980). In Utah, on one particularly crit­ mahogany provided excellent cover. ical mountain goat wintering area, it is the In a U.S. Forest Service report, Ferguson only browse available to ~bout 80 a,niIIlals and Klemmedson (1965) examined most curl­ (personll1 observation), leaf mounta.m-ml.ahogany ranges from south­ Most curlleaf mountain-mahogany investh western Montana through southern Idaho. gative research has dealt with two major man­ theyfO"Qnd nearly all ofthe curlleafcommuni­ agement problems: (1) how to mcrease avail­ ties in poor copdition resultingfrom excessive able forage production on old, even-aged, Use by"wildlife and livestock. Personnel from out-of-reach curlleaf mO"Qntain-mahogany the Forest SerVice and Montana Fish and communities, apd (2) how to increase
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