Unmanned Air Vehicles (Uavs) for Cooperative Monitoring
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SANDIA REPORT SAND2000–0185 Unlimited Release Printed January 2000 Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs) for Cooperative Monitoring Lawrence C. Trost Prepared by Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185 and Livermore, California 94550 Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. Approved for public release; further dissemination unlimited. Issued by Sandia National Laboratories, operated for the United States Department of Energy by Sandia Corporation. NOTICE: This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government, nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, make any warranty, express or implied, or assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represent that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government, any agency thereof, or any of their contractors or subcontractors. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government, any agency thereof, or any of their contractors. Printed in the United States of America. This report has been reproduced directly from the best available copy. Available to DOE and DOE contractors from Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Prices available from (703) 605-6000 Web site: http://www.ntis.gov/ordering.htm Available to the public from National Technical Information Service U.S. Department of Commerce 5285 Port Royal Rd Springfield, VA 22161 NTIS price codes Printed copy: A03 Microfiche copy: A01 SAND2000-0185 Unlimited Release Printed January 2000 Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs) for Cooperative Monitoring Prepared for Sandia National Laboratories Lawrence C. Trost Arms Control Studies Department, 9815 Sandia National Laboratories P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, NM 87185-0425 Abstract Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs) have several characteristics that make them potentially attractive for cooperative monitoring applications. These characteristics include no danger to human pilots, long endurance, potential for real-time data dissemination, shared control among several parties to an agreement, potential to tailor UAVs to a particular mission, and low cost. This study analyzes UAV utility for several cooperative-monitoring applications. For several missions, including border patrol, environmental monitoring, and disaster relief, UAVs could have advantages over the use of manned aircraft. An in-depth examination of the use of UAVs for monitoring a military force disengagement agreement in the Siachen Glacier region of South Asia was performed. UAVs could offer significant advantages over competing manned airborne platforms for performing this mission. 3 Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs) for Cooperative Monitoring This page intentionally left blank. 4 Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs) for Cooperative Monitoring Contents Acronyms and Glossary................................................................................................................... 7 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 9 2. Characteristics of Airborne Remote Sensing ............................................................................ 10 3. The Characteristics of UAVs .................................................................................................... 11 4. Advantages and Limitations of UAVs Relative to Manned Aircraft ........................................ 15 4.1 Advantages of UAVs ....................................................................................................... 15 4.2 Limitations of UAVs ....................................................................................................... 16 4.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of UAVs for Cooperative Monitoring Missions ........... 17 5. UAV Sensors............................................................................................................................. 19 6. UAV Missions and Sample Scenarios....................................................................................... 20 6.1 Demonstrated UAV Missions.......................................................................................... 20 6.2 Potential UAV Missions .................................................................................................. 20 6.3 Sample Scenarios for UAV Monitoring .......................................................................... 20 7. The Siachen Glacier Scenario ................................................................................................... 22 7.1 The Siachen Situation ...................................................................................................... 22 7.2 Hypothetical Disengagement Agreements....................................................................... 24 7.3 Monitoring Requirements................................................................................................ 24 7.4 Candidate Systems...........................................................................................................25 7.5 Operational Employment................................................................................................. 26 7.5.1 Cease-Fire in Place............................................................................................. 27 7.5.2 Military Separation............................................................................................. 28 7.5.3 Complete Disengagement................................................................................... 28 7.6 Evaluation Criteria........................................................................................................... 29 7.6.1 Discussion of Systems According to Criteria..................................................... 30 7.7 Evaluation Results ........................................................................................................... 39 7.8 Conclusions for the Siachen Scenario ............................................................................. 39 8. Overall Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 41 References ..................................................................................................................................... 42 Figures Figure 1. Examples of UAVs ....................................................................................................... 11 Figure 2. UAVs Classified by Control Radius and Maximum Speed.......................................... 12 Figure 3. UAVs Classified by Control Radius and Ceiling.......................................................... 12 Figure 4. UAVs Classified by MGTOW and Endurance ............................................................. 13 Figure 5. Elements of a UAV System .......................................................................................... 13 Figure 6. India, Pakistan, and Kashmir ........................................................................................ 22 5 Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs) for Cooperative Monitoring Figure 7. Siachen Glacier Region and Disputed Territory ........................................................... 23 Figure 8. A Nominal Flight Path under a Cease-Fire Agreement ................................................ 27 Figure 9. A Nominal Flight Path under a Military Separation Agreement .................................. 28 Figure 10. A Nominal Flight Path under a Complete Disengagement Agreement ....................... 29 Figure 11. Range of Aircraft Ceilings and Altitudes in the Siachen Region................................ 30 Figure 12. Example Observables.................................................................................................. 32 Figure 13. The Wescam Skyball 14 System................................................................................. 33 Figure 14. Detection Ranges in km for Airborne Sensors............................................................ 34 Figure 15. Recognition Ranges for Optical Sensors .................................................................... 36 Tables Table 1. A Comparison of Airborne Monitoring with Other Technologies................................. 10 Table 2. UAV Evaluation for Three Sample Scenarios ............................................................... 21 Table 3. Skyball Parameters......................................................................................................... 33 Table 4. KA-91 Parameters .......................................................................................................... 34 Table 5. Evaluation of Airborne Monitoring Systems for the Siachen Glacier Scenario............. 40 6 Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs) for Cooperative Monitoring Acronyms and Glossary Chemical sampler In this study, an instrument that performs chemical analyses on air