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286 Preliminary Results of Types of Girdling at Different Period in Olive Trees

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286 Preliminary Results of Types of Girdling at Different Period in Olive Trees DOI: 10.5965/223811711632017286 Preliminary results of types of girdling at different period in olive trees Resultados preliminares de tipos de anelamento em diferentes épocas em plantas de oliveira Fabíola Villa1*, Adelson Francisco Oliveira2, Daniel Fernandes Silva1, João Vieira Neto1 e Fernanda Jaqueline Menegusso1 Recebido em 10/11/2016 / Aceito em 28/03/2017 ABSTRACT selecionado, sendo esta técnica empregada com sucesso em frutíferas. O trabalho teve por objetivo Girdling consists of elimination of a small part of the avaliar a influência de épocas e tipos de anelamento em cortex around a pre-selected branch, this technique ramos de cultivares de oliveira no desenvolvimento being successfully applied in fruit trees. The aim of vegetativo e na frutificação. O estudo foi conduzido this study was to assess the effect of girdling period na Fazenda Experimental da Epamig localizada and types on branches of olive cultivars on their no município de Maria da Fé, MG. As atividades vegetative development and fructification. The study iniciaram-se em março de 2012, sendo utilizadas was conducted at the Epamig Experimental Farm, plantas de 7 anos de idade das cultivares Ascolano located in the municipality of Maria da Fé, MG, 315, Grappolo 541 e Maria da Fé. Foram avaliadas Brazil. Activities began in March 2012, with use três épocas (março, abril e maio/12) e dois tipos de of 7-year-old plants of the Ascolano 315, Grappolo anelamento (10 e 15 mm) mais testemunha (sem 541 and Maria da Fé cultivars. Three periods were anelamento). O delineamento experimental utilizado assessed (March, April and May/12) and two types of foi blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas, com girdling (10 and 15 mm), plus the control (without três repetições e uma planta por parcela. Após o girdling). A randomized block experimental design anelamento, os ramos das plantas foram avaliados, was used with a split plot, three replications and one tomando-se como variáveis o comprimento médio dos plant per plot. After girdling, the branches of the ramos (m), diâmetro do ramo próximo ao anelamento plants were assessed, with mean branch length (m), (mm), diâmetro da base do ramo (mm) e colheita dos branch diameter near the girdle (mm), diameter of the frutos (kg). Concluiu-se que a técnica de anelamento branch base (mm) and fruit harvest (kg) as variables. não influenciou no comprimento e diâmetro de It was concluded that the girdling technique did not ramos das três cultivares. Resultados superiores affect the length and diameter of the branches of the foram encontrados em ramos de oliveira anelados em three cultivars. Superior results were found in olive março e maio. Os frutos colhidos foram influenciados tree branches girdling in March and May. The fruits positivamente pelo anelamento dos ramos. collected were positively affected by girdling of the branches. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Olea europaea, cultivares, técnica de manejo. KEYWORDS: Olea europaea, cultivars, management technique. INTRODUCTION RESUMO The olive tree (Olea europaea L., Oleaceae) began to be cultivated around four thousand B.C. near O anelamento consiste na eliminação de uma the Dead Sea, a region that includes Syria, Lebanon pequena porção de córtex ao redor de um ramo pré- and Israel, expanding to the West through the 1Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR, Brasil. 2Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Lavras, MG, Brasil. *Autor para correspondência <[email protected]> 286 Revista de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Lages, v.16, n.3, p.286-292, 2017 ISSN 2238-1171 Villa et al. Mediterranean Basin. It is currently grown in nearly all 2009). continents; nevertheless, its commercial production is In light of the above, the aim of this paper concentrated in countries of the European Union, and was to study the period and types of girdling in olive this region is the world’s largest producer (VILLA & trees for the purpose of generating future information OLIVEIRA 2012). regarding flowering and fructification. The growing of olive trees in Brazil for commercial purposes is a recent agricultural activity MATERIAL AD METHODS and is expanding. Based on the volume of olives imported in 2010, 214 thousand tons (BRASIL 2015), a The study was conducted beginning in potential seedling market of approximately 11 million March/2012 to May/2012 at the Epamig Experimental units is estimated, requiring technical information Farm (FEMF), located in the municipality of Maria from research for its production, for example, the da Fé, a micro-region of the Serra da Mantiqueira propagation type and the alternate bearing (VIEIRA (Mantiqueira Mountains) in the south of Minas Gerais. NETO et al. 2011). The municipality of Maria da Fé has a Cwb The alternate bearing appears in all olive tree climate in the Köppen classification; i.e., a rainy cultivars, including those for table olives and for temperate climate (mesothermal), also known as olive oil. This fact generates important problems subtropical highland. It is characterized as having for the grower, as well as for processing industries, a mean annual temperature of around 17 °C, a especially in regard to table olives (AL-SHDIEFAT & mean maximum temperature of 23.3 °C and a mean QRUNFLEH 2008, BARONE et al. 2014), because minimum temperature of 10.1 °C, annual rainfall in strong harvest years, the commercial caliber of the of 1,738.6 mm and mean altitude of 1,276 m, with fruits decreases drastically, with notable depreciation predominance of rolling hills (ALMG 2015). of the product (MOREIRA et al. 2016). The experiment was conducted in 7-year-old Among the studies performed to obtain greater plants grown at the Maria da Fé Experimental Farm, control over fructification, which leads to more in an area previously amended, according to fertility homogeneous annual production, girdling of trunks analysis, for pH of around 6.0, using dolomitic and branches of fruit bearing species stands out limestone (PRNT 100%). Three olive cultivars (JASROTIA et al. 2013). This technique consists of (Grappolo 541, Ascolano 315 and Maria da Fé) elimination of a small portion of the cortex around were assessed in this area at three girdling periods the trunk or branch of the tree so as to interrupt (March, April and May) and two types of girdling (10 transport of assimilates by the phloem, thus allowing and 15 mm) plus the control (without girdling). A the exchange of water and mineral nutrients through randomized block experimental design with split plots the xylem (SARTORI & ILHA 2005). According was used, with three replications. The experimental to the same author, through this technique, the plots consisted of one plant of each cultivar. carbohydrates produced in the leaves accumulate in The Grappolo 541 and Maria da Fé cultivars the parts above the girdled region, directly influencing were obtained from cuttings, and the Ascolano 315 the development of inflorescence and fructification. cultivar from grafting (VIEIRA NETO et al. 2011). The stage in which girdling is performed is probably Girdlings were performed with a pocketknife in the single main factor in determining the nature and pre-determined braches of each variety studied. The magnitude of the effect obtained. girdled branches and the control were labeled with Studies in other fruit bearing plants prove that colored ribbons and the wounds wetted with cupric this practice, among other things, increases the size of fungicide for protection until total healing. peach and nectarine fruit (SARTORI & ILHA 2005) In all the experimental plots, macro- and and leads to earlier maturation of fine table grapes and micronutrient fertilization were applied monthly American varieties (ROBERTO et al. 2002, CATO et through leaf spraying. The plants received localized al. 2005). In olive trees, studies show superior results irrigation whenever necessary at quantities sufficient with an increase of 50 per cent in flowering in low to keep the soil moist. The usual plant health treatments harvest years (off years) (LEVIN & LAVEE 2005) were performed using specific products according to and a significant effect on production with successive need, also keeping the areas free of weeds. girdlings (EL KHAWAGA 2007, AHMAD et al. The data collected was analyzed statistically Revista de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Lages, v.16, n.3, 2017 287 Villa et al. using the Sisvar program (FERREIRA 2011) and March, possibly due to the climatic conditions. In the the Tukey test was applied to compare the mean months of March and May 2012, the branch diameters values. For the number of racemes per branch, were greater, in relation to the month of April. 1 2 the transformation (x + 0 . 5 ) was applied. In all An oscillation was observed in the diameters analyses, 5% probability of error was adopted. of the branches in relation to the girdling period. One hypothesis for this variation would be the large RESULTS AND DISCUSSION amount of rainfall which occurred in April 2012 in the region. The results of analysis of variance indicated a The period in which girdling was performed is significant effect on the olive tree cultivars studied, probably the single main factor in determination of the period and types of girdling separately, and for the the nature and magnitude of the effect obtained. The period x girdling double interaction (Table 1). responses to girdling of the branches are generally Interrupted girdled vascular continuity favors affected by the period performed, environmental the accumulation of assimilates in the distal/apical conditions and orchard management (NAFEA & position of the branch, which is situated above the ABDULFATAH 2014). location in which girdling was practiced, and impedes In Table 3 are shown the results of the diameter their passage to the lower part of the branch, to the of the branches near the girdling performed on the stem and roots. The effect of formation of different olive trees.
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