Mehr Vision|No.10|July 2018

Ayatollah Khamenei: Curbing Irans missile program a dream that will never come true Page 2 |No. 10| July 2018 MEHR NEWSAGENCY

Contents

Limitation on ’s missile program dream never to come true 4

Trump rips up JCPOA to reduce Iran regional importance, foster... 5 Brazilian govt. to help businesses continue trade with Iran 8 We would immediately establish diplomatic ties with 11 We are not the PKK’s political wing: Selahattin Demirtaş 12 No individual positions among EU on Iran nuclear deal 14

Interview Trump’s strategy toward Iran at expense of US credibility: Costello 17 Pompeo speech an exercise in idiocy: Prof. Zonis 18

EU-US conflict; temporal or permanent? 20 Trade war intensified between US, Europe 21 US-adopted tactics to contain EU as ‘regionalism model’ 23 US strategy in cybercrime operations 24 Will Europe give in to Washington’s demands? 25 Is Europe really struggling to maintain JCPOA? 26 Mehr Vision The story of Elysees Palace andnuclear deal with Iran 27 Pompeo’s special mission, shadow of US secret diplomacy over Europe 28 Opinion Managing Director: Ali Asgari ’s desperate alliance moves 29 US-EU possible soft tactic to contain Iran 30 Editorial Board: Seyed Amir Hassan Dehghani, Merkel lost the game! 31 Mohammad Ghaderi, Two politicians and three cases 32 Payman Yazdani

Editorial Coordinator: Lachin Rezaian TSE index hit 50-year record high of 102,000 points 34 Contributors: Some media have held a feast of lies about Nicaragua protests: envoy 35 Payman Yazdani, Mohammad Ghaderi, Lachin Rezaian, Marjohn Sheikhi, What does Saudi Arabia want from Lebanon? 37

Hanif Ghaffari, Javad Heirannia, Sajad Report World Bee Day;what’s the ‘buzz’ about? 38 Abedi, Mohammad Ali Haqshenas, Global refugee compact to mobilize support for protracted refugee... 41 Kamal Iranidoost, Yaser Nazifi Gilavan

Art Director: Mahboubeh Azizi

Phone: +98-21-43051350 News in Vision 43 Email: [email protected]

Address: No. 18, Bimeh Alley, Nejatollahi St., , Iran

Mehr Vision welcomes contributions by readers which can be sent via email. Page 3 |No. 10| July 2018 MEHR NEWSAGENCY Limitation on Iran’s missile program dream never to come true weakness in the face of enemies, but always stood against them with power, the Leader said adding that when deal- ing with enemies’ plots, Imam Khomeini never gave in to pure sentiments, but made his moves through well-calculated plans. Ayatollah Khamenei further noted that in dealing with enemies, the Islamic Republic of Iran give priority to domes- tic potentialities and capabilities of the nation and has absolutely no trust in the enemy. Mentioning economic, psychological and practical pressures as three major components of enemy’s plot against the Iranian nation, the Leader said, “We are well aware of the enemy’s plot and dis- close it to people.” The main goal they seek through economic pressure and sanctions is not just to mount pressure on the Iranian government, but is to make the Irani- an nation disillusioned with the Islamic establishment, the Leader said, adding that with God’s assistance and through The Leader of the Islamic Revolution Imam Ali (AS) and said, “Imam Khomeini efforts made by officials and people, the Ayatollah Seyed acted in various situations based on pri- enemy will never achieve this goal. addressed hundreds of thousands orities and faced enemies actively with Touching upon the recent develop- of Iranian people gathered in the courage.” ments in the region, ayatollah Khamenei mausoleum of Imam Khomeini from Referring to the achievements of the said, Iran will continue to support op- across the country to participate in 29th Islamic Republic of Iran, leader asserted, pressed nations and Palestinian, resist- demise anniversary of the founding “Enemies will never be able to halt pro- ance force in the region and the integri- father of the Islamic Revolution Imam gress of Iranian nation.” ty of the regional countries. Khomeini (RA). He went on to say, “Imam Khomeini Referring the importance of the coun- never trusted enemies and believed if try’s military deterrence and the US and Leader of the Islamic Revolution Aya- you act for God’s sake you may never its allies’ pressure to force Iran to aban- tollah Seyyed Ali Khamenei every year experience losses.” don its missile program said, “Enemy’s in a special mourning ceremony sched- Leader stressed, “We should act fol- plot for Iran to abandon its missile pro- uled at Imam Khomeini’s Mausoleum lowing late Imam Khomeini’s legacy.” gram is a dream that will not come true. in southern Tehran delivered speech to Referring to US withdraw from the “Iran will attack ten times more, if hundreds of thousands of Iranian and JCPOA and efforts made by enemies to attacked by enemy,” he stressed, “en- foriegn lovers of the Islamic Republic of put pressure on Iran, leader added that emies don”t want independent Iran in Iran participanting in demise anniversa- enemy’s measures against the Islamic the region, but they will fail.” ry of the founding father of the Islamic Republic show how desperate they are The Leader said,” Atomic Energy Or- Revolution Imam Khomeini. in their faceoff with Iran rather than be- ganization of Iran to must prepare to Hundreds of foreign guests, including ing a sign of their power. upgrade enrichment capacity to 190k scholars and researchers, are attending He went on to say that the measures SWU in accordance to the Nuclear Deal the ceremonies. More than 300 foreign taken by enemies of the Iranian nation (JCPOA).” correspondents are covering the event. may slow down the forward march of Ayatollah Khamenei also called on Addressing participants leader com- the nation, but cannot stop its progress. young Arabs to take action and initiative pared Imam khomeini with first Shia Imam never felt weak, nor showed to control their own future. Page 4 |No. 10| July 2018 MEHR NEWSAGENCY Interview Interview Page 5 |No. 10| July 2018 MEHR NEWSAGENCY Trump rips up JCPOA to reduce Iran regional importance, foster internal division

Interview by: Lachin Rezaian i.e. Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action with Mehr News correspondent Lachin (JCPOA) and announced that he was Rezaian: pulling the US out of the Iran nuclear Internationally recognized strategist of deal. What was the most important incentive the multipolar world and the founder Research Director of International for North Korea to give OK to nuclear of Difference Group Dan Steinbock said Business at the India, China & Ameri- negotiations with US? Trump pulled US out of JCPOA under the ca Institute Dr. Dan Steinbock pointed In Pyongyang’s view, North Korea’s name of freedom and democracy, but to pressing environmental concerns, quest for nuclear weapons has been in fact due to interest in Iran’s energy Pyongyang’s feeling about its strong completed. With requisite nuclear ca- resources, to reduce Iran’s regional hand for talks, and Trump’s more will- pabilities, perhaps Pyongyang felt it had importance, and to foster internal ingness to talks than his predecessors, the strong hand it needed for talks. division. as three important incentives for North Reportedly, there were also pressing Korea to give OK to nuclear negotiations environmental concerns. Last Septem- Leaders of two historically hostile with US. ber, after a test of a hydrogen bomb, a countries for over half a century, shook Regarding Trump’s efforts to rip up a 6.3 magnitude earthquake was record- hands on June as they posed for pho- previously-signed deal, but to hold nego- ed as a result of the detonation. It was tographers in Singapore Summit; US tiations, on the other hand, with North followed by a 4.1 magnitude quake, President and North Korea regarding the same issue, Steinbock due to a suspected cave collapse. Chi- Korean leader Kim Jong-un pledged noted that “unlike Iran, North Korea is nese scientists have warned that North on Tuesday to work towards complete not a major energy producer in a strate- Korea’s nuclear test site is at risk of im- denuclearisation of the Korean Penin- gic region and lacks the kind of geopolit- ploding. So even if further tests were sula while Washington committed to ical clout Iran enjoys in the Middle East. needed, they posed increasing risks. providing security guarantees for its old In view of the Trump administration, it Finally, nuclear talks require two par- enemy. is these two factors –regional might and ties. President Obama ignored the op- This happened one month after its energy resources - that make Iran portunity for talks when Kim signaled Trump, according to his own words, very different from North Korea.” such an opening. Senator Clinton flirted tore an important international deal, Here is the full text of his interview with regime change in the region. These » Interview Interview Page 6 |No. 10| July 2018 MEHR NEWSAGENCY views have been shared by surprisingly While the rhetoric is for freedom and posed talks, the less likely will be any many in the Congress. Setting aside the democracy, actions only reflect interest actionable outcomes. It would be thus aggressive bilateral rhetoric of the past in Iran’s energy resources, reduced re- preferable for the two parties to focus year, Kim knew that Trump would be gional importance, and efforts to foster only on the nuclear issue that may per- more willing to talk than his predeces- internal division. mit some compromise. That should be sors. So, it was time to talk. the immediate, short-term objective. Do you believe that the US-North Korea Even if Washington and Pyongyang Why did Trump decide to rip Iran joint statement in Singapore has the could agree on procedures to avert nu- nuclear deal, but insist on nuclear potential to take forward the objective clear weaponization in the Korean pen- talks with North Korea? Is it a kind of of denuclearization? insula, that will not mitigate all tensions Trump’s double standard? What are The joint statement has potential to in the region. Only peace and demilita- the consequences? take forward the objective of denuclear- rization might. Despite nuclear parallels, North ization but whether, how and when that Korea’s population is 30% relative to potential can be achieved is a different Why the peace agreement Iran, and its living standards are barely story. The four-point agreement seeks Pyongyang has seen America as an a tenth of those in Iran. North Korea’s to achieve the “complete denucleariza- existential threat, for a reason. In 1951 GDP is about 5% relative to Iran. In this tion” of the Korean peninsula. Howev- – after Washington had lost its nuclear view, Iran represents a difference of er, it does not include a “verifiable” and monopoly to the Soviet Union - the ear- economic magnitude. Yet there are odd parallels as well. For decades, both Iran and North Korea have been seen as threats in Washing- ton. In both cases, US has favored re- gime changes. In North Korea, destabi- lization efforts were initiated during the Korean War in the early 1950s. In Iran, similar attempts began concurrently as the democratically-elected Prime Min- ister Mohammad Mosaddegh was over- thrown by the US CIA and British MI6. In North Korea, Washington failed to beat Kim Il-sung. In Iran, the coup d’état paved way to the Pahlavi decades. Through the 1960s and 1970s, North Korea was on the backburner of US geopolitics, even as a state of war has prevailed between the countries. In contrast, the ties between the Shah “irreversible” pledge by North Korea to ly setbacks in the Korean War prompted and the US grew intimate, but at heavy abandon its nuclear weapon program. General MacArthur to consider using cost to Iranian people, due to the terror The agreement is not a final or even nuclear weapons against the Chinese regime, the brutal security apparatus an intermediate deal, but rather a and North Koreans until he was dis- (SAVAK), and development that main- “memorandum of understanding.” This missed by President Truman. ly served the needs of a tiny oligarchic is not to downplay the importance of Nevertheless, between 1950 and elite in Tehran. the US-North Korean rapprochement. 1953, the US subjected North Korea to After the Islamic Revolution, the US- US and North Korean leaders have nev- a devastating bombing campaign, which Iran ties were frozen practically three er met before. So for these two leaders destroyed 85 percent of the country’s decades until the multilateral nuclear to sit down and outline a path to resolve buildings and caused one million civil- deal (JCPOA). As the Six-Party Talks did those disagreements is a big deal. ians to perish. It set the standard for US not lead to parallel talks, North Korea The Singapore deal highlights a interventions in Vietnam and the rest pressed ahead with its nuclear program. promising understanding. But that’s all of Southeast Asia. Yet, since the 1953 Unlike Iran, however, North Korea is not for now. A real peace and stability re- Armistice Agreement, Washington has a major energy producer in a strategic quires far more. seen North Korea as a “rogue state.” region and lacks the kind of geopolitical Even with the Soviet Union, Washington clout Iran enjoys in the Middle East. In What do you think are included, and supported “peaceful coexistence”, but view of the Trump administration, it is should be included, in US-North Korea with North Korea, only a “temporary these two factors –regional might and talks other than nuclear issue; e.g. ceasefire.” Pyongyang’s concerns for US its energy resources - that make Iran North Korea’s human rights record, intrusion are not without a basis. very different from North Korea. cyberattacks, bank heists, and missile As Washington insiders acknowledge, There is thus a double standard that technology? for a long time, Pyongyang has sought has prevailed through the postwar era. The broader the scope of the pro- a peace treaty to replace the [1953] » Interview Page 7 |No. 10| July 2018 MEHR NEWSAGENCY

ceasefire. North Koreans want peace- American credibility for years to come. it is hard to see how the White House ful relations with the US and regional Nevertheless, Park’s hawks were able would agree to them. neighbors. The real question is what is to postpone the repeal of the Operation Worse, there are a series of very near- that the US really wants in the region. Control agreement (OPCON), which al- term challenges in US politics that have lows the Pentagon - not Seoul - to con- potential to undermine or dilute the Why demilitarization is the key to trol its military fate. The mission of the agreement. The latter is predicated on a neutralize tensions in the region? South Korea/US Combined Forces Com- Trump administration that will continue In his 2013 New Year’s address, Kim mand (CFC) is to “deter hostile acts of to support the talks. It thus presumes Jong-un advocated “a radical turn in the external aggression” South Korea by a failed impeachment efforts and minimal building of an economic giant on the “combined military effort.” The CFC is losses for the Republican incumbents in strength of science and technology by commanded by a US General and it has the US mid-term elections. fanning the flames of the industrial rev- operational control (OPCON) over more As Trump’s tacit timeline suggests olution in the new century.” than 600,000 active duty military - per critical bilateral steps in the early 2020s, Instead of seizing the transition in sonnel both countries. President Park the US-North Korean agreement is Pyongyang to work for the peace, Presi- managed to defer the transfer to 2022. predicated on another Trump election dent Obama opted for cooperation with In the event of war, US interests will triumph in 2020 and continued support the then-President of South Korea, Park thus override the interests of South Ko- for the peace process in South Korea’s Geun-hye, the conservative daughter of reans - in their own country. 2022 election. the controversial former President Park President Park managed to defer the Any step toward peace is positive. Chung-hee. Instead of rapprochement, transfer to 2022. In the event of war, US However, a number of far more critical Washington pushed for a Terminal High interests will thus override the interests steps are required to denuclearization Altitude Area Defense (THAAD); an an- of South Koreans - in their own country. to peace agreement and US withdrawal, ti-ballistic missile system in South Ko- amid rapidly-fluctuating US politics that rea that is officially a means to subdue How do you evaluate the future may change – as happened in the case Pyongyang and, unofficially, to contain scenarios for US-North Korea ties, of Iran. China. Yet, these plans complicated in regarding US breach of Iran deal? early 2017, when President Park was The US withdrawal from the Iran nu- Dr. Dan Steinbock is an internationally impeached and sentenced to 24 years in clear deal is a serious breach in interna- recognized strategist of the multipolar prison. That paved the way to the presi- tional relations and one that will tarnish world and the founder of Difference dency of the more moderate Moon Jae- American credibility for years to come. Group. He has served at the India, in, who seeks reconciliation with North In the short- to medium-term, denu- China and America Institute (US), the Korea. clearization efforts alone will prove chal- Shanghai Institutes for International The US withdrawal from the Iran nu- lenging. In the medium- to long-term, Studies (China) and the EU Center clear deal is a serious breach in interna- peace agreement and US withdrawal (Singapore). For more, see https:// tional relations and one that will tarnish from the region are vital conditions. Yet, www.differencegroup.net/ Interview Page 8 |No. 10| July 2018 MEHR NEWSAGENCY Brazilian amb. to Iran: Brazilian govt. to help businesses continue trade with Iran

its economic interests. Does Brazil as a leading country among developing countries and a member of BRICS want to protect third world countries against US unilateralism? Does it seek to do business in local currencies rather than the US dollar to put an end to dollar supremacy? Well, Brazil as you said is a develop- ing country. It plays a major role in the world economy also in the political sec- tor as well because of the strength of its economy. But of course, we have many challenges, social challenges. There is a lot to invest in social development and this reflects in our foreign policy and the kind of relations that we are looking for. With regard to nature of our country, as you mentioned, Brazil is not - look Interview by: Kamal Iranidoost trade relations between Iran and Brazil, ing for any political supremacy or war and Payman Yazdani urging for more economic ties. or, let’s say, a more aggressive policy. In response to a question regarding So, you are right. In Brazilian history, in The Brazilian government will spare Brazil’s reaction to the US withdraw- Brazilian diplomacy history, let’s say, all no efforts to help Brazilian and Iranian al from the nuclear deal with Iran, the our problems were resolved by peaceful firms develop relations after the US ambassador said that Brazilian govern- were resolved by peaceful negotiations. withdrawal from Iran nuclear deal, ment believes that the JCPOA should Brazil has not been engaged in war may- according to the Brazilian ambassador remain in place and it will do its best be since 1860 when we had a war in to Iran in an exclusive interview with to preserve bilateral trade with Iran de- the continent. And all our borders were the MNA. spite risk of US sanctions. Meanwhile, defined through negotiations. We have he stressed that it is up to the Brazilian never had war to conquer territories or Brazil’s Ambassador to Tehran Rod- firms themselves to decide whether to to define our borders. Those were nego- rigo de Azeredo Santos visited Mehr continue business with Iran or not under tiated at the end of the 19th century and News Agency headquarter in the center the threat of US sanctions. But he added beginning of the 20th century through of Tehran on June 11 and sat down for that only companies that engage in busi- diplomacy. So, we have this tradition of an interview with journalists from the ness in the US market will be at risk and working with diplomacy, with multilat- English desk. there are many other Brazilian compa- eralism. Brazil is very much in favor of During the interview, Mr. Santos nies that have no relations with the US multilateralism. So, when you talk about kindly answered every question he was at all. Therefore, those companies can unilateralism of some countries, I agree. asked. He first talked about the possibili- remain in Iran’s market. But Brazil pursues the right way. It pur- ty of more cultural cooperation between The following are the most impor- sues cooperation, seeks to solve the the two countries’ media, and urged the tant questions and Mr. Ambassador’s world problems through negotiations. MNA staff to visit Brazil and conduct in- answers: We really believe in multilateralism. terviews with Brazilian officials. Brazil was one of the founding na- Next, in response to a question about We would like to start by asking a tions of the United Nations and even be- his country’s foreign policy, he under- question about your country’s foreign fore, the League of Nations. Therefore, lined that his country always pursues policy. To me, Brazil acts like an we are very active in multilateral organ- political solutions for world problems economic entity. Its foreign policy looks izations and institutions. In many areas, and does not seek any aggressive poli- very much like that of China? It has in environment for example, Brazil has cies as its history shows. never sought to engage in any political been always very active in supporting Then, he touched upon bilateral rift with other countries. It only pursues environmental policies. » Interview Page 9 |No. 10| July 2018 MEHR NEWSAGENCY

In economic area, Brazil is part of Would you please tell us about the the other way around, in Brazil we can the G 20 that comprises G7 plus some bilateral economic relations between see a lot of interests in Iranian products developing countries. As a member of Iran and Brazil? In what fields, are the such as chemicals, fertilizers. You know, the BRICS, as you mentioned, Brazil has Brazilian companies active in Iran’s there is a good room for Iranian petro- good cooperation with the nations such economy? What are the prospects for chemical and fertilizers … but, the Iran’s as China, , India, and South Africa. bilateral trade relations? exports to Brazil is very low. So, Iranian So, Brazil’s foreign policy has been very Well, our bilateral trade with Iran is businessmen need to go to Brazil more, active in cooperation and coordination almost $ 3 billion dollars. To be more to have more contacts with Brazil… We with other developing countries. Bra- precise, it has reached $ 2.7 billion dol- have also Brazilian companies who want zil has good cooperation to defend the lars. Most of this amount are Brazil’s ex- to import from Iran. interests of the developing countries ports to Iran. And the main commodities In terms of investment, maybe some in the WTO for example…So, Brazil has are agricultural products like beef, soya, of those projects result in investment in always been a good coordinator of the corn, sugar. But there are also other the long run. But for the time being, we interests of the developing countries. things for example medical equipment, are talking about trade. But in the me- With regard to US dollar supremacy, buses, and tracks. ... So, there are oth- dium and the long run, we talk about well, this is a fact…that the most of the er products, industrial goods, and we investment. Some of those projects are world trade is financed through US dol- would like to see more industrial servic- very big, urban transportation for ex- lars. Brazil is not different. Most of our es. ample, or medical equipment, so if the exports and imports are traded based on Since I moved to Tehran, we have deals are done in a good way and they the US dollar. But, there are other cur- been working with different manufac- see the good high potential as I see, they rencies that are becoming more impor- turer associations and industries in Bra- would be ready to invest…to establish tant on our international trade. In euros, zil…Brazil has very good and competitive long term partnerships…Therefore, we in Japanese yen, in Chinese yuan… but technologies for medical equipment at believe that some of those projects will this takes time. I believe for many rea- reasonable prices. We are working with result in good investment. sons, for financial reasons, you have to a lot of companies and hospitals here in diversify your foreign currencies. So, you Iran to be part of the investment pro- Given the fact that the US withdrew do not have to take so many risks. When jects in Iran… to modernize or build new from the JCPOA, how do you see the there is a problem in one country, you hospitals, for example, with Brazilian prospects of business and cooperation can have part of your transactions in an- equipment… with Iran? Will Brazil take some other currency, so it is good to diversify Also, in oil and gas sector, Brazil has a measures to confront the US? not only for political reason, but also for well-developed industry in manufactur- Well, I would not say to confront with financial and economic trade reasons. ing equipment and engineering services the US. Brazil is taking the measures to fol- You know, Brazil is considered a glob- in oil and gas sector. In Brazil, we have low the JCPOA agreement. The JCPOA, for al trader. It has a very well-distributed developed the oil production very fast. us is still valid. We follow the United Na- trade. We have not concentrated on one We have a good group of industries that tions’ resolutions. We do not follow oth- market. Some countries depend a lot can cooperate with Iran. Iran as well has er countries’ unilateral decisions. I think on the market of the , for made progress in oil and gas sector and it is very important to highlight that even example or depend a lot on the on the it can cooperate with Brazil. So, it is on before the JCPOA, Brazil was supporting market of China or the European Union. the two ways… In terms of agricultur- Iran. You remember the Tehran Declara- Brazil has good distribution. You know, al machines sector, Brazil is very good tion when Brazil alongside and Iran our main partner is China, with 23 or at agriculture. We have very good ma- were trying to find a good diplomatic solu- 24 percent of our bilateral trade. Then chines and equipment for agriculture… tion for the nuclear dossier. At that time, comes the EU with 21 or 22 percent and in the field of urban transportation like few countries were on the side of Iran, the United States with 20 percent, then buses and trucks, we believe that we can but Brazil was here. You know, that is very Latin America with another 20 percent. cooperate more with Iran. Now, there important to highlight. After the JCPOA, So, our bilateral trade is very well dis- are lots of contacts between Brazilian everybody wanted to do business with tributed. companies and their Iranian counter- Iran…So, it is not like that the US alone Therefore, we believe we would ben- parts…. In agriculture area, there will be takes a decision and we are not going to efit if we have diverse currencies in our more bilateral cooperation…Iran used to support Iran. We have more reasons to bilateral trade. With Argentina, we are import a lot of chicken and poultry from support Iran because Iran has been ful- dealing with our local currencies. We Brazil but it stopped 5 or 6 years ago, filling its commitments to the JCPOA… are also negotiating with China as well because it started to produce its own the IAEA has verified Iran’s abidance by its on using our currencies in our trade. So, products. But it still needs corn to feed commitments, other parties of the agree- step by step, we are finding other ways its poultry….so, they are buying more ment are saying this. So, we believe the for our transactions, because of not only corn from Brazil and soya as well for dif- JCPOA is a very important agreement that political reasons but also because of saf- ferent industrial use. Therefore, the ag- has to be in place not only to the benefit er financial transactions it is important ricultural cooperation will continue and of peace in the world but also it helps the to diversify your currencies and your you would like to bring more industrial non-proliferation regime. So, Brazil has trade partners. products and services to Iran. Also, on always been in favor of nuclear negotia- » Interview Page 10 |No. 10| July 2018 MEHR NEWSAGENCY tions… low up…We are also working on some met during Dr. Zarif’s visit as well…There We have very good relations with financial mechanisms to facilitate our was a positive attitude shared by both Iran. Meanwhile we also have very good transactions. So, that is the job that we countries’ ministers of agriculture. relations with the US, but we think they want to do…I am still optimistic about We also exchanged views on the po- are not right on this issue. We would like the level of economic cooperation that litical issues in our regions. What is go- to follow the JCPOA. we can have with Iran. ing on in South America and the Middle In terms of measures, for us, the East. We shared common views with business is as usual. It did not affect us We would like to ask about Iranian Iran about the world politics, about in terms of the government…For us in foreign minister Mohammad Javad what’s going on in our regions. So, it was the government, we are still looking for Zarif and his large politico-economic a very successful [visit]. Some agree- developing economic cooperation with delegation’s visit to your country ments were signed in judicial coopera- Iran in both ways… we are doing our earlier this year? Was it a fruitful visit? tion, for example, and also on the coop- best efforts in the banking relations, in What were the achievements? eration between our academic centers financing, in bringing in new businesses His visit was very fruitful. It was very for exchange of students, on the events in looking for cooperation, in science important to have Dr. Zarif in Brazil. We that we can organize together. So, it was and technology, in every field. So, for us had been trying for some years [to have a very positive and very fruitful visit. it is the same as usual and nothing will him there], but because of busy sched- In response to a question about the change for the Brazilian government. ules here and there, we did not manage Brazil’s chance for wining this year’s On the other hand, for Brazilian com- panies it is the same as well. Mean- while, they have some exposure to the US. They are thinking twice, because they have to check whether this makes a problem for them or not. In this case, we cannon intervene, because it is their decision… It is not the government that is doing business, it is the private sector to decide. Of course, we have to provide them with facilities and try to facilitate to promote, to have agreements, and we are doing these…. For us as the government, we are still looking for building bridges be- tween Brazil and Iran not only politi- cally, but also cooperation on trade, on economic and science and technology, on everything. So, people who want to cross these bridges will be welcome. Maybe, there are some people who to have him there. But finally we could World Cup, the ambassador said that he hesitate to cross the bridge, we will have him there. It was an honor and was not so sure that Brazil could win the help them to show them the way. But pleasure to have Dr. Zarif there. We had World Cup, adding that there were very that is their own decision. You know, very good talks between the two sides. good teams in the tournament that play that’s what I am saying… There are lots He was accompanied by a large eco- very high level football. of Brazilian companies who engage in nomic delegation. Some of those sec- He then wished success for national business with the US, so maybe they tors that I mentioned above were repre- Iranian team, saying it can qualify for will have problems if they come to Iran, sented. We had talks about our financial the next stage by securing a draw with but there are many other companies cooperation and mechanisms…our bi- Portugal and winning Morocco. that do not have any exposure to the lateral relations progressed even more At the end of the interview and in US, and you can do a lot of business during Dr. Zarif’s visit to Brazil. We hope, response to a question as to what hap- with them. So, I believe we have a good we can establish a bilateral mechanism pened following the impeachment of room to go ahead in all fields that I told that can facilitate our business. We are former Brazilian President Dilma Rousse- you earlier, like oil and gas, engineering working very hard on this and Dr. Zarif’s ff and sentencing another socialist presi- services, medical equipment, food and visit really helped it. dent Lula da Silva, the ambassador said agriculture industries. Well, food and And also we held talks on other kinds that their cases were a good test for the agriculture products were never under of cooperation. There was also a group democratic judicial institutions in Brazil, sanctions because of humanitarian con- that got together on science and tech- stressing that they could put the coun- cerns. nology. It was our first meeting of our try back on the right track and helped So, I believe our cooperation in agri- working group in the field of science the economy recover from the political culture field will continue. We will fol- and technological cooperation. They turmoil. Interview Page 11 |No. 10| July 2018 MEHR NEWSAGENCY We would immediately establish diplomatic ties with Syria: Muharrem İnce

Interview by: Kamran Ghaderi Azar Translated by: Mohammad Ali Haqshenas

In an interview with Mehr News Agency, Muharrem İnce highlighted that he would immediately establish diplomatic ties with Syria if he won the coming election.

Turkish people know him as one of the outspoken critics of Recep Tayyip Er- doğan policies. İnce’s 10-minute speech at parliament in 2009, which was against the ruling party of Turkey, was signifi- cantly embraced by millions of people in social media. İnce is a member of Republican People’s Party (also known as CHP) and can be considered the main rival of Erdoğan in June 24 election. Once a physics teacher, he is concentrating in solutions to these issues. In general, we leaving anyone out. On this basis, we will educational issues during his election will become a country that has freedom, strengthen all the institutions that are campaigns. peace and security. taking steps in this direction. My most Recep Tayyip Erdoğan from the Jus- important goal is to turn Turkey into a tice and Development Party (AKP), Mu- While the ruling administration of country which, by institutionalization of harrem İnce from CHP, Meral Akşener Turkey have traditionally won Turkish peace and reconciliation, achieves the from Good Party, Selahattin Demirtaş religious groups votes in recent years, aims set by Ataturk. from Peoples’ Democratic Party, Doğu what are your plans for competing in This does not mean any return to the Perinçek from Patriotic party and Saadet this area? former era, but the purpose is to cor- Temel Karamollaoğlu from Felicity Party I have never had problems with re- rect previous mistakes, to inspire hope are the candidates of this election. ligious people during my life. My only for the country’s future, and to heal the Following is the full text of his inter- problem is with those who use religious wounds that the country have suffered view with Mehr News: beliefs as a tool to exploit their policies. during its history. To achieve these Policies implemented in last 16 years goals, we need democracy, rule of law, a As the candidate of the main opposition have caused worries even for religious powerful economy and an effective edu- party, what changes will you introduce people. Now they are more concerned cational system. to Turkey’s policy if elected as than me regarding damage imposed by president? the government to religious beliefs and What will you do in the context of In my administration, Turkey moves feelings. Turkey’s accession to the European out of a system dominated by a particu- There is no need to do anything spe- Union if succeed in the upcoming lar person and will own a parliamentary cial to get the support of Turkish reli- election? system based on democratic values. We gious groups. The only thing I can do is Accession to the European Union is will create a new constitution so as to to create a completely free and decent one of our priorities and is a must for us guide the country through development environment for them if elected. since it is regarded as one of the main accordingly. principles of establishing the country Our legal system will become a neu- Taking into account the results which states that we should be part of tral, trustworthy and fair one. Our econ- of elections held during the AKP the growing global civilization omy will solve the current crises. We will government, what are the strategies We are seeking to implement differ- try to create a lasting peace inside and for your election campaign this time? ent values in Turkey, such as spreading outside the country. Our main strategy is based on a cul- democracy, boosting respect for individ- There are a lot of problems in the ed- ture of peace and understanding. We ual and civil rights and adherence to the ucation system and we will find effective decide to find a general solution without law, which altogether can bring us mem- » Interview Page 12 |No. 10| July 2018 MEHR NEWSAGENCY bership in the European Union. case. In general, it was shortly proved like to seek the support of all voters During my presidency term, no inci- that something called the peace process with any tendency. Of course, I will try to dent will happen which would lead to a does not exist, because we need to do agree with different parties, but the final conflict between us and Germany and something to differentiate issue decision will be made by themselves. the Netherlands, and we will enhance with terror and its effects. our business and friendly relations by No government will negotiate with If elected as the Turkish president, all means. We will adopt all the required an armed group that threatens its sov- what will be your policies regarding the measures for Turkey’s accession to EU ereignty. In this regard, extra attention neighboring countries, Iran, and and will achieve this aim. should be paid to the example of Co- Syria? lombia and what has happened in this We want to establish close and pow- What do you think about the peace country. erful relations with all our neighbors. process that was implemented by the As long as this terrorist group con- Meanwhile, the status of Iran, Iraq and government in solving the Kurdish tinues its activities, it isn’t possible to Syria is much more important. problem but were not finished for achieve a comprehensive social peace. We also believe that our neighboring some reasons? The true meaning of peace is that not countries’ growing power is in Turkey’s From the very first day, I emphasized only the high-ranking officials, but all favor. And hence, any action that would the wrong nature of what the govern- the people can reach an agreement. undermine national sovereignty and ment called ‘developmental policies’. I In our view, the only place which can peace in these countries is wrong in our also mentioned the related necessary conclude this process is National Assem- view. points in the parliament and media. bly of Turkey. We will begin diplomatic relations To solve this problem, we should not with Syria immediately. We will do address an armed group. In the above If the election goes to the second everything necessary to prepare the mentioned policies, the condition for round, will you seek the support of grounds for the return of 4 million Syr- laying down arms by the group should other parties, and in particular the ian refugees residing in Turkey whose have been emphasized without any pre- Peoples’ Democratic Party? hearts is full of joy and hope for their conditions, however, this was not the Under these circumstances, I would country.

We are not the PKK’s political wing: Selahattin Demirtaş Interview by: Kamran Ghaderi Azar transformation in Turkey. that you will be released soon? Translated from Farsi into English Now, the former HDP (People’s Dem- My imprisonment is totally illegal by: Kamal Iranidoost ocratic Party) co-leader is a political and politically motivated. I not only figure that not only represents a large am a lawmaker, but also a presiden- Kurdish politician Selahattin Demirtas number of Turkish Kurds, but also a part tial candidate. I have been in jail for 20 says that the Kurdish-focused People’s of the leftists in the country. months now while my trial could have Democratic Party (HDP) has no Demirtaş, who is currently jailed on been done without me being impris- relations of any kind with the PKK. different political and security charges is oned. Now they do not even allow me running his election campaign from be- to conduct my election campaign freely, Undoubtedly, political campaign hind the bars. and the letters and messages that I am is not an easy job in Turkey’s political While in prison, Demirtas who is cur- sending outside prison through my law- structure and requires a lot of experi- rently serving his prison sentence being yers are the only way that my voice is ence and skills. A look at the political convicted on different political and secu- being heard. Under these conditions, it history of the Republic of Turkey shows rity charges, is running his election cam- has become almost impossible for me to that only experienced politicians have paign from behind the bars answered conduct my campaign because the prison had the chance to lead the country’s po- question that were put forward by MNA atmosphere is quite unfair to me. It is litical affairs so far. Turkish Department staff member Kam- clear now that the upcoming election is But Selahattin Demirtas a politician of ran Ghaderi Azar through his lawyers. not going to be fair. This is taking place a Kurdish descent who was initially un- The questions and Demirtas’s an- while Erdogan is using all the public fa- derestimated by many Turkish politicians, swers are as follows: cilities in his campaign. soon proved that they were wrong. The story of Demirtas’s rise to power and fame What opportunities and difficulties If you are elected the Turkish president, in a country where it is not easy for Kurds have you faced during your presidential what will you do with the peace process to enter politics is a testimony of political campaign from prison? Are you hoping between the Turkish government and » Interview Page 13 |No. 10| July 2018 MEHR NEWSAGENCY

the Kurds that was initiated by the AKP all. There is a fundamental difference Given the fact that populist politics but failed very soon? between us and the PKK. We are not the and demagogy play an important We are looking for a solution to the political wing of the PKK. part Turkish election, to what extent Kurdish question through democratic your party’s slogans match with your and peaceful methods. We support any What measures have you taken to actions? means to end violence in Turkey and have a healthy and fair election in the Our political slogans are designed to any means that will lead to recognize Kurdish areas? reflect our political goals and projects the Kurds’ legitimate rights, especially our The AKP-MHP coalition’s only strat- the best. While I am still in jail, the slo- civil rights. I am sure that we can achieve egy is to use the state-owned facilities gans and the modern discourse of our that goal in a short period of time. to prevent us from passing the 10% party are popular with the people and electoral threshold to enter the parlia- we have great effect on them. Is solving the Kurdish question the only ment to pave the way for their own ma- HDP’s goal or it also represents non- jority in the parliament. Of course, we If you are elected as the Turkey’s Kurds? have no doubt that we will succeed in president, what approach will you The HDP is a movement that has the upcoming elections based on the take to tackle problems your country is been supported by non-Kurdish citizens public support we can see. However, facing in the Middle East now, and how as well in addition to a large number of factors such as electoral fraud, Erdo- your relations with Iran, Iraq and Syria Kurds. We represent not only the Kurds gan’s decree that the HDP must lose the will be? but all the beliefs and ethnicities. We elections, as well as manipulating and We will have an effective dialogue do not consider ourselves to be a solely relocating the ballot boxes are going to with neighboring countries and the Kurdish party, but a party that insists on hinder the democratic process of elec- entire Middle East. We certainly will democracy for all ethnic groups based tions. Anyway, our party accompanied not support interventionist policies on multicultural beliefs. Meanwhile, I by the people are working together to with imperial goals in Iran, Syria and have to emphasize that in line with our make the elections fair and democratic Iraq. Our foreign policy will be letting democratic goals, we will courageous- as much as possible. We will do our best alone every country solve its problems ly pursue the demands of the Kurds to protect even single vote. I think the through relying on its people within through political methods. people will protect the ballot boxes and the framework of democracy. We will voters will be vigilant to represent their establish friendly relations with the What is the relationship between the national will. people of those countries in addition HDP and the Kurdistan Workers Party to their governments. We will take big (PKK)? Is there any cooperation and If the election goes to a run off, will you steps especially in economic, cultural, coordination of any kind between the form a coalition with other parties? sports and social fields. We believe two? We are ready for any kind of political that Turkey can have very close rela- Unlike PKK, which insists on violence cooperation within based on our own tions with its neighbors while seeking and armed struggle, we are a party that principles and the history of our political to join the EU. We will pursue more acts legally under the Turkish constitu- activities shows that. We will announce courageous and more friendly politics tion. We never agree with violence at our decision later when the time arrives. in that regard. Interview Page 14 |No. 10| July 2018 MEHR NEWSAGENCY Polish envoy: No individual positions among EU on Iran nuclear deal Interview by: Marjohn Sheikhi

Speaking to Mehr News, Polish Ambassador to Tehran Jaroslaw Marcin Domanski dismissed reports on Poland’s break with EU on Iran nuclear deal, stressing that his country has fully subscribed to the EU declaration on preserving the JCPOA in the aftermath of US pullout.

Western media have been reporting on Poland’s deviation from the official EU stance on expressing full support for the 2015 Iran nuclear deal whose fate has been hinging on EU’s ability to pro- vide Iran with “solid guarantees” that the agreement would continue to serve Iran’s economic interests in the wake of US withdrawal and renewed sanctions. the JCPOA are concerned, while keeping one on the agenda and all the leaders Speaking to Mehr News Agency in an our alliance we disagree [with our Amer- unanimously agreed on the importance exclusive interview, Polish Ambassador ican partners],” said the ambassador, of the JCPOA, on doing everything pos- to Tehran Jaroslaw Marcin Domanski adding that despite certain differences sible to preserve the deal, and on the dismissed the reports, saying his coun- there is a unity among the 28 EU Mem- measures which the EU has decided to try, along with the rest of EU Member ber States on preserving the JCPOA. adopt as a response to the Iranian re- States, are fully committed to preserv- “This unanimous support among the quest to a) protect the companies, and ing the JCPOA. leaders of 28 Member States of the Eu- b) to do all possible to preserve the full This comes as EU leaders gathered ropean Union is not always the case,” he implementation of the JCPOA as long as on May 16 in Bulgaria, which current- said. Iran implements its commitments. Ac- ly holds the rotating presidency of the The following is the full text of Mr. cording to all 10 reports published by Council of the European Union, to de- Domanski’s exclusive interview with the IAEA so far, it is clear that Iran has clare their unanimous support for the Mehr News: been fulfilling its commitments. There- Iran nuclear deal and put into effect fore, the EU agreed to do everything a number of measures, including the EU says it is going to reactivate the possible to fulfil ours. So in this respect, ‘blocking statute’, that would protect blocking statute, a 1996 law that would certain measures have been promised; European companies doing business allow the bloc to shield European not yet adopted, but promised, because with Iran from the US extraterritorial companies doing business with Iran the process takes time. sanctions. from US extraterritorial sanctions. Is The political deceleration of the The ambassador also dismissed re- this measure, if put into effect, enough summit, and the European Commis- ports on suspension of a gas project in to save the Iran nuclear deal and sion’s President Jean-Claude Juncker Iran by Poland’s major gas firm PGNiG, protect the sides’ economic interests? – to which Poland fully subscribes – is saying the embassy is in contact with First of all, let me tell you that there is that the formal process to activate the the PGNiG office in Tehran and the -of full unity within the European Union on blocking statute has been launched fice is operating normally; “This isa preserving the JCPOA. We had a very im- and the aim is to have that measure in very serious project to us … [because] portant summit on May 16 in Sofia, Bul- practice before the 6th of August, when it responds to the policy of the Republic garia, attended by the heads of states the first batch of US sanctions will take of Poland on energy diversification,” Mr. and governments of all the 28 EU Mem- effect. This will require some work at Domanski stressed. ber States. During the summit, the Ira- the EU-level in Brussels, but it will also “I think that as far as the objectives of nian issue and the JCPOA was number require some legislative work at the EU » Interview Page 15 |No. 10| July 2018 MEHR NEWSAGENCY

Member States’ level. So all countries implemented in the past; but there is a stage. We have received no confirma- including Poland will have to do some strong will to go forward. We know that tion on the suspension of the project legislative work in order to make this what is important for Iran is to ensure that was covered in that report. blocking statute operational. the export of oil and we are fully com- mitted to continue importing the Iranian Well, what Polish projects in Iran What other plans does Poland, in oil. Given the new circumstances, we just are currently under threat from US’ particular, have in mind to protect need to find some mechanisms to protect renewed sanctions? Polish companies from US sanctions all companies on the one hand, and en- Now, you have touched on the big- and prevent them from abandoning sure the bank transfers on the other. gest issue. Many of the European com- Iran’s projects? panies are private, and the European The EU summit in Sofia proposed oth- How optimistic are you, personally, governments do not have the power to er measures in addition to the blocking about the effectiveness of all these persuade or order them to remain in the statute to preserve the interests of Eu- measures you mentioned, to save Iranian market. Thanks to the counter- ropean companies investing in Iran and the JCPOA and continue to serve the measures that might be adopted against show its commitment to the Iran nucle- economic interests of both sides? the sanctions, the companies may feel ar deal. One such measure, which the Of course as a diplomat I am opti- reassured to remain in the projects. But heads of the EU governments agreed mistic. I assure you that we are doing we do not have a mechanism [to per- upon, is to launch a formal process to re- everything possible. That unanimous suade them against their own decision]. move obstacles for the European Invest- support among the leaders of 28 Mem- We are trying to give them reassurance ment Bank (EIB) to finance EU invest- ber States of the European Union is not by adopting these measures, but we ment in Iran. The first steps have been always the case. We are 28 countries cannot force them to remain. made, and the next more technical ones and sometimes we have different views, will be made by the 6th of August. There but on preserving the JCPOA there is full How have Trump’s unilateral actions is a strong political will from all the 28 unanimity among us. The EU Member regarding the withdrawal from the heads of states and governments to ac- States are fully committed to preserve Iran nuclear deal and his threats to tivate this mechanism. This mechanism the deal. We proposed what we were impose sanctions on any company that also foresees the guarantees for the Eu- able to do in the short term period in or- does business with Iran affected the ropean companies which are investing der to ensure that all companies and the so-called “transatlantic partnership”? in Iran. security of businesses and investments Will the EU continue to fight back for Another measure involves sectoral are protected. It may sometimes look its own economic interests, or submit cooperation, such as in the energy sec- that [the measures] are insufficient, but to Washington’s in the end? tor, development of energy efficien- we are doing everything possible and we We showed [our unified stance] dur- cy in Iran, development of renewable are fully committed. So yes, I am optimis- ing the Sofia summit and through oth- technologies, development of health, tic, but then again, certain things depend er subsequent declarations of unity on with regard to small and medium-sized not only on us, but other factors as well. preserving the JCPOA. We are of course enterprises. That’s why Commissioner in contact with our American partners for Climate Action and Energy, Miguel While EU leaders have vowed to as many of the European countries Arias Cañete, came to Iran with a group protect the companies from US are members of the NATO alliance. So, of experts dealing with energy, and he sanctions, the companies do not feel while we are in contact with our Ameri- brought some proposals in these areas, too much reassured; there have been can partners, we do not always have the which Iran could potentially adopt and reports that Poland’s major gas firm same opinion concerning the Iran deal, we believe that it will do so. PGNiG (PGN.WA) has suspended a gas as simple as that. Another important issue on which we project in Iran because of the risk from But is this commitment only econom- will be working is related to the guar- US sanctions. Do you confirm this? ic-wise, or does it also expand into the antee for bank transfers to the Central On this particular case, we are not political issues surrounding the nuclear Bank of Iran, which is not restricted to aware of such a decision. We’ve only deal? A recent Washington Post report oil-related revenues. Here, the heads of seen the reports in the press. The em- has cited Poland’s Prime Minister Ma- states and governments mandated the bassy is in contact with the PGNiG office teusz Morawiecki as saying that Warsaw institutions, including the Commission, in Tehran and the office is operating -nor defends the US position and concerns but also to certain extents, the Member mally. They are not aware that the pro- about the JCPOA, which indicates a States, to look for a possibility to guar- ject has been suspended. Let me tell you break with Brussels’ position that the antee bank transfers through the Euro- that this is a very serious project to us. It JCPOA cannot be modified or have any pean central banks and the central bank responds to the policy of the Republic of additions, regarding Iran’s regional influ- of Iran. Poland on energy diversification, which ence or missile program. This situation requires non-standard is like a key strategic policy of the Polish As I said, the Polish government is solutions. We have not encountered government to ensure the versification fully committed to preserve the JCPOA. before such a complicated situation. So of supplies of crude, oil and gas. We Our Prime Minister Morawiecki was in certain measures which we are planning perceive this project as very important. Sofia last week where he subscribed and willing to implement have not been The negotiations are at a very advanced to the full declaration. We see many » Interview Page 16 |No. 10| July 2018 MEHR NEWSAGENCY

benefits from the JCPOA, not just eco- we touched upon a project called ‘Go operational here, we will also have nomic-wise. There is also a clear polit- Iran’, which was basically Poland’s some results in other sectors of econo- ical benefit for us, as the deal secures incentive package for companies doing my. I think there is a huge potential for peace in the Middle East, which is a very business in Iran. Whatever became of the participation of Polish businesses in violate region and poses certain risks to that project, especially now in the light certain sectors other than oil and gas. Europe, including the proliferation of of the recent developments on the nuclear arms, or the refugee crisis that JCPOA? What other sectors, in particular? we witnessed over the last years. The project is still going on, strong- We are already present in the Ira- We are 28 different Member States er than before. It is based in Warsaw nian market in the mining technology with different interests, threats, histo- at the Ministry of Economy, and was sector with the Polish FAMUR Group, ries, trajectories and different degrees further strengthened by the opening of which supplies a substantial share of the of cooperation with American partners. the Polish trade office in Tehran. I would equipment to the Iranian mining sector. But as far as the JCPOA is concerned, say that we are now at the second stage We also have a very strong position in we are all committed on preserving it. of our presence in the Iranian market. the copper industry and technology. Po- The countries within the EU can be per- Polish businesses are very interested in land is one of the biggest producers of ceived as sometimes closer or farther to the Iranian market, not only major oil copper in the world and we have very the United States. I would suggest you and gas companies but also the SMEs. advanced experience in the sector. We to stick to the facts, and the facts are as Of course it is not always easy. I think are also thinking about the export of they are: All 28 Member States are ob- the expectations on both the Iranian agricultural products, which in terms of viously talking with the American coun- side and the Polish side sometimes do quality and parity price, would be quite terparts; we are listening to their argu- not match. Certain elements of this attractive for the Iranians. ments. Sometimes we agree with some infrastructure and this business reali- There are also our high-quality and of their arguments, sometimes we disa- ty are basically unknown to the Polish reasonable-priced pharmaceutical prod- gree. I think that as far as the objectives businessmen who intend to come here. ucts, medical equipment, cosmetics, of the JCPOA are concerned, we mostly But we are only talking about two years new technologies, renewable energies, disagree. And we showed this in Sofia. of the opening of the Iranian market. I and water management ... and here is We are subscribing to all the decel- think it is very early to judge the degree a very important message I would like erations of the EU leaders, fully support- and the success story of these activities. to pass: all Polish products meet exact- ing the declarations by Ms. Mogherini I think we need a little bit more time. ly the same standards as the French, and President Juncker. As far as the But I do see a positive trajectory, Italian, German or any other European JCPOA is concerned, there are no indi- here. I also believe that the involvement products, in order to access the Europe- vidual positions. All Member States are of bigger oil and gas companies would an Single Market, but our products are acting unanimously together. I cannot encourage SMEs to intensify their activ- much cheaper. So, I would like to en- guarantee you that it will last forever, ities in the Iranian market. As you know, courage Iranian customers to buy Polish but I strongly believe that it will. it is not an easy task but I think time is products as they are of a good quality needed, and I am confident that with and respect high EU standards, all the Last year, while talking to Polish Deputy the presence of this trade office and in while as they are much cheaper than Minister of Economy Tadeusz Kościński, case bigger investments start to become other European products. Interview Page 17 |No. 10| July 2018 MEHR NEWSAGENCY Trump’s strategy toward Iran at expense of US credibility: Costello

Interview by Payman Yazdani Russia, in particular, is likely watching happily as the U.S. targets its European Ryan Costello NIAC assistant policy allies over sanctions – weakening the director is of the view that Trump’s North American Treaty Organization apparent strategy is to punish Iran (NATO) and the future efficacy of U.S. at the expense of nonproliferation, sanctions in the process, and potentially security in the Middle East, relations paving the way toward another disas- with European allies, the efficacy of trous war of choice in the Middle East. future sanctions and the diplomatic credibility of the US. How do you assess the consequences of Trump’s unilateral policies? What The US Secretary of State Mike Pom- can his policies lead to consequences peo laid out the Trump administration’s for the US and the world? new strategy for Iran on Monday two Trump’s apparent strategy is to pun- weeks after the US President Donald ish Iran at the expense of nonprolifer- Trump walked away from the Obama ad- ation, security in the Middle East, rela- ministration’s Iran nuclear deal (JCPOA). tions with European allies, the efficacy Repeating lots of baseless accusations of future sanctions and the diplomatic against Iran, Secretary of State Mike Pom- He has promised very tough sanctions credibility of the United States. The peo in his speech at the Heritage Foun- on Iran. Considering the fact that Iranian people are likely to once again dation on Monday made 12 demands on even the US closest allies in EU have bear the brunt of the sanctions, not the Iran including to: announced they will be committed to Iranian government or the Revolution- -Declare to the IAEA a full account of the JCPOA and will keep on business ary Guard Corps that are the supposed the prior military dimensions of its nucle- and trade with Iran, how realistic and targets. I’m also deeply concerned that ar program and permanently and verifia- feasible are Mr. Pompeo’s promised Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and Na- bly abandon such work in perpetuity. sanctions? tional Security Advisor John Bolton will -Stop enrichment and never pursue U.S. sanctions have tremendous be pushing Trump for military confron- plutonium reprocessing, including clos- power, particularly over European busi- tation, as they’ve advocated in the past. ing its heavy water reactor. nesses with ties to the American econo- - Provide the IAEA with unqualified my. If fully implemented, as the adminis- He has talked about forcing Iran to access to all sites throughout the entire tration has vowed, European companies accept a new security architecture for country. will be forced to choose between doing the region. what kind of architecture - End its proliferation of ballistic missiles business in Iran or the United States. possibly he means and aims for? and halt further launching or development The Obama administration brought Eu- The idea of a new security architec- of nuclear-capable missile systems. ropeans on board with sanctions previ- ture for the Middle East is a good idea. -Release all US citizens as well as citi- ously, though that effort was eased by For it to be sustainable and inclusive, Iran zens of US partners and allies. shared concerns regarding Iran’s nuclear would need to be a participant and not a -End support to , Hamas and program. This time, the Trump adminis- subject. President Obama hinted his pref- Islamic Jihad. tration will be attempting to use brute erence for such an arrangement, indicat- Just hours after Pompeo’s speech force alone to enforce sanctions, which ing that Saudi Arabia and Iran need to many EU officials and international fig- will have bite. The main question is how learn how to share the region and make ures rejected his demands on Iran as un- far Europe can go to protect its compa- some sort of cold peace. realistic and futile. nies in order to try to sustain relief un- The problem is this isn’t the sort of Some experts from CNN and FT called der the JCPOA. security architecture that Trump and his the Pompeo’s demands “pipe dream” team are looking for. After reneging on that indicates the US administration has Will other global powers like Russia and America’s word on sanctions relief under not any new strategy towards Iran after China follow up possible US unilateral the nuclear deal, Pompeo demanded ad- its withdrawal from the JCPOOA. ? ditional Iranian concessions well beyond To discuss the issue we reached out to Russia and China seem well posi- what nations endorsed under the JCPOA Ryan Costello NIAC assistant policy director. tioned to swoop in and take business in addition to far-reaching concessions Here is the full text of interview with from European companies forced to on regional security concerns and the re- him: depart Iran as a result of U.S. sanctions. lease of imprisoned dual nationals in Iran. » Interview Page 18 |No. 10| July 2018 MEHR NEWSAGENCY

In return, Pompeo offered relief from all sanctions. However, given Iran’s experience under the JCPOA and the Pompeo speech an exercise hawkish delivery, this was an almost impossible speech to take serious- ly. It is a shame, as well, because the in idiocy: Prof. Zonis release of imprisoned dual nationals ter its withdrawal from the JCPOOA. should not be tied to the resolution of To shed more light on the issue we all geopolitical disputes between the reached out to Marvin Zonis, Professor of U.S. and Iran. international political economy and lead- I would, however, caution that ership in the University of Chicago. Here is the full text of his interview: nothing is ever preordained under the Trump administration. Advisors are He has promised very tough sanctions hired and fired on whims, and Trump on Iran. Considering the fact that clearly wants a big foreign policy win even the US closest allies in EU have that he is willing to re-write the po- Interview by Payman Yazdani announced they will be committed to litical rule book in order to get. Even the JCPOA and will keep on business though his administration has done Marvin Zonis, Professor of international and trade with Iran, how realistic and everything possible to alienate Iran political economy believes that the feasible are Mr. Pompeo’s promised away from the negotiating table, I Pompeo speech was an exercise in idiocy sanctions? wouldn’t rule out engaging the Trump that only provides Trump with excuse Despite the eagerness of the Europe- administration at some point to see if to pressure the government in Iran in ans to figure out a way around the new they’d be willing to meet in the mid- any way possible to bring about regime sanctions so that European firms can dle on some of their demands. We’ve change in Iran. continue to do business in Iran, they will already seen Trump go from threaten- find it difficult to do so. The US cab deny European forms access to the US bank- ing “fire and fury” on North Korea to The US Secretary of State Mike Pom- peo laid out the Trump administration’s ing system and dollars and most Europe- praising Kim Jong-Un as “honorable.” new strategy for Iran on Monday two an firms will not wish to take the risk of It’s not impossible that Trump could weeks after the US President Donald being shut out of those systems. On the similarly flip if he perceived engage- Trump walked away from the Obama ad- other hand. ment with Iran to be politically bene- ministration’s Iran nuclear deal (JCPOA). ficial. Repeating lots of baseless accusations Will other global powers like Russia and against Iran, Secretary of State Mike Pom- China follow up possible US unilateral Some believe what Mr. Pompeo peo in his speech at the Heritage Foun- sanctions against Iran? asked for yesterday somehow is dation on Monday made 12 demands on China and Russia have demonstrated declaration of war against Iran. Iran including to: their willingness to violate the sanctions What do you think of this? -Declare to the IAEA a full account of in the past and can be expected to do so Pompeo and Bolton appear ideo- the prior military dimensions of its nucle- again. logically inclined to use force against ar program and permanently and verifia- How do you assess the consequences of Iran. Pompeo was careful to demand bly abandon such work in perpetuity. -Stop enrichment and never pursue Trump’s unilateral policies? What can be almost everything conceivable from plutonium reprocessing, including clos- his policies consequences for the US and Iran, thereby making a deal on any ing its heavy water reactor. the world? issue almost impossible, while also - Provide the IAEA with unqualified The Pompeo speech was an exercise stopping short of openly calling for access to all sites throughout the entire in idiocy. The only rational explanation war or regime change which would be country. is that the Trump administration knows politically toxic. Their goals appear to - End its proliferation of ballistic that Iran cannot comply with the 12 de- be to limit diplomatic prospects and missiles and halt further launching or mands and that, therefore, Trump will provoke Iran into actions that will help development of nuclear-capable missile have an excuse to pressure the govern- justify their disastrous policies. systems. ment in Iran in any way possible. Trump Where Trump stands, however, is -Release all US citizens as well as citi- and his advisors would like to bring about anyone’s guess. He clearly has inter- zens of US partners and allies. regime change in Iran. The US invasion of nalized antipathy toward Iran, as has -End support to Hezbollah, Hamas and Iraq ought to be a lesson for them. But it does not appear to be. been made evident through his Mus- Islamic Jihad. Just hours after Pompeo’s speech lim ban and his repeated attacks on many EU officials and international fig- He has talked about forcing Iran to the deal. The danger is that even if he ures rejected his demands on Iran as un- accept a new security architecture for wants to avoid war in the Middle East, realistic and futile. the region. What kind of architecture at least in theory, he is surrounded by Some experts from CNN and FT called possibly he means and aims for? hawkish advisors who are trying their the Pompeo’s demands “pipe dream” This is an empty phrase which has Iran hardest to push him toward military that indicates that the US administration retreating to its borders and essentially confrontation. has not any new strategy towards Iran af- abandoning any foreign policy. Opinion Opinion Page 20 |No. 10| July 2018 MEHR NEWSAGENCY EU-US conflict; temporal or permanent? “peaceful economic coexistence of Eu- rope and America”! The truth is that middle-right activists and Social-Dem- ocrats in Europe are driving the system towards being dependent on the United States, thus bypassing US is never going to happen under such circumstances, no matter what the desire of the Euro- pean citizens will be. One of the main missions of Macron and Merkel at the current time is to prevent the deepening of the gaps created between the United States and Europe. In an article published by Guardian, Bruno Tertrais writes: “Trump’s decision (on pulling out of the JCPOA)is not only extraordinarily brutal, it affects a project whose origins are found in a European initiative taken in the autumn of 2003, when the UK, and Germany sent By Hanif Ghaffari but to respond to Trump’s decision. So their foreign ministers to Tehran for we will take all necessary measures to talks… It took 12 years of international Lately, many of the media, news protect our industry. We will also intro- diplomacy, in which Europe played an sources, and even European politicians duce an action at the WTO. We deeply important role, to reach the nuclear deal have emphasized that the time has regret the fact that we are obliged to that Trump has now decided to tear up.” come for putting an end to the United do so. But we do not have any other Then he adds: “So is it time for Eu- States’ unilateral policies in the choice.” rope to seek a divorce from the US? international system. Well, not quite. For several reasons, we Has the US-EU Trade War Already should refrain from entering into con- German Chancellor Angela Merkel re- Started? frontation. Europe may be the largest cently stated that Europe can no longer At this moment, the key question trade bloc in the world, but in truth it rely on the United States to protect it. is whether the “trade war” between does not have the capacity to tackle For the past few days, the French offi- Washington and the European Union 21st-century challenges on its own, and cials have taken a seemingly determined has begun. Regarding Trump’s unilateral it would have even less capacity to do so stance against the United States. and restrictive policies on the interna- if its relationship with the US came fully French finance minister Bruno Le tional trade, the answer seems to be de- apart. …Certainly, US -Europe relations Maire has criticized the Trump govern- termining. Indeed, are we about to see are now entering troubled, uncharted ment and the United States politicians in the formation of two different economic waters. But this could be a phase. Trump the strongest possible terms, calling for fronts in the West? Should the European will be there for another three or seven a European economic separation from troika be considered as a political entity years. But by historical standards, that’s Washington. “Unjustified, unjustifiable apart from the United States? Well, the a short period of time…. We need to and dangerous” – these are the terms answer to these questions is not posi- think about the future.” that France’s finance minister has said tive! to identify the tariffs on steel and alumi- Although the withdrawal of the Unit- European Authorities’ Terrible Mistake num the US has planned for its closest ed States from the Joint Comprehensive At first glance, it may seem logical allies. Plan of Action (JCPOA), and beyond for European leaders to argue with the “We cannot understand being hit by that, imposing tariffs on steel and alumi- United States about recent economic American tariffs. We are close allies to num imported by the EU member states and political conflicts! They believe that the United States. And we cannot un- have created gaps between Washington the presence of a “Democrat” in the derstand that decision.” Le Maire then and Europe, and even strengthened the White House and even the conquest of continued: “I think that Trump’s admin- idea of a “bypassing Trump and the US” the US Congress by Trump’s opponents istration has to be aware that the signal among European citizens, but European and the containment of his policies by that has been given by the tariffs on the politicians are trying to direct the exist- the House of Representatives and the EU is a very negative and very aggressive ing dissatisfaction among their people Senate will increase the solidarity be- one. So we do not have any other choice to a certain point. This “point” is the tween the United States and Europe. » Opinion Page 21 |No. 10| July 2018 MEHR NEWSAGENCY

And this is what will happen sooner or later! It seems that the European lead- Trade war intensified ers are making a terrible mistake in terms of “separating Trump from the American political structure”! A mis- between US, Europe take that could lead to the collapse of the European Union in the future. In this case, the European Union will no longer have power and even a de- fined entity in 2020 or in 2024 to wit- ness the return of the United States towards Europe as its “key Ally”! The fact is that many of the measures taken by Trump against the Europe- an Union, and his attempts to en- force economic protectionist policies against Europe have been supported by the ruling structure in the United States. In this equation, many tradi- tional Republicans and even Demo- crats agree with the US President’s policies in confrontation with the United Europe. Beyond that, Trump and his com- panions are now seeking a “break- By Hanif Ghaffari sought to show Chinese-German sol- down of Europe” and returning to idarity over free trade. The German the time before the formation of the Donald Trump, President of the Chancellor stressed that the United United Europe. That’s why Trump United States, continues to pursue his States should permanently exempt called the Brexit “a great thing”, and protectionist policies in international the EU from the unfair steel and alu- has even encouraged other Europe- trade. This has led to concern and minum tariffs. However, it seems an countries to model the UK in this frustration among the US European that Trump doesn’t intend to retreat regard. Trump has started a perfect- partners. against its European partners. It’s pos- ly organized confrontation with the sible that Trump may consider tem- European Union and the Eurozone. Many international economic porary exemptions for Europe in this In this dangerous game, the silence analysts are now talking about the regard, but there will be no sign of and accompaniment of those like the conflicts raised between the United permanent exemptions. In the latest German Chancellor and the French States and Europe over imposing steel US trade move that has alarmed Bei- President will lead to nothing but and aluminum tariffs as the transat- jing and Berlin alike, the US President the fall of the European Union. With lantic “trade war”, conflicts that may Trump announced a national security no doubt, the next president of the widen in the near future, and affect investigation on car and truck imports United States will happily welcome the widespread relations between that could potentially lead to tariffs. a “weakened Europe”! And In this Washington and Europe. The fact is that Germany as an export- equation, there’s basically no differ- Although the European authorities ing country, runs large trade surplus- ence between Democrats and Re- such as Emmanuel Macron, Angela es with the United States, but now it publicans! Merkel and Theresa May are seeking has found itself in Trump’s firing line. At this time, Merkel and Macron to manage this situation and pre- Merkel signaled that her govern- are hardly trying to prevent the in- vent tensions from escalating with ment will support European Union tensification of the trade war with Washington, the anger raised among retaliation if necessary, though she the United States. They are even citizens, businessmen and opposi- prefers talks on between EU and US willing to sacrifice the JCPOA in- or tion parties towards Trump and the Authorities to lower tariffs and defuse der to achieve this short-term goal. US government is to the extent that the conflict. But in the long run, they can’t stand these politicians can’t hide it. German Chancellor Angela Merkel against the political-economic blows The German Chancellor has re- also warned that “nobody will win” a of the White House on the weakened cently sent an indirect and meaning- global trade conflict after with the US body of the European Union; some- ful warning to Trump about his free President Donald Trump approving thing that the French President and commerce and counterbalance trade tariffs on foreign steel and aluminum. the German Chancellor have not yet threats. On her 11th China trip since “I don’t want to use martial lan- understood. becoming chancellor in 2005, Merkel guage -- that doesn’t help us get any » Opinion Page 22 |No. 10| July 2018 MEHR NEWSAGENCY further,” Merkel told reporters. “It would is a member of the European Union, and “We need to think, there is still time,” ultimately be detrimental to everyone. it is necessary for all of the EU member Czaputowicz said. “This doesn’t mean No one would win such a competition.” states to vote for a law to be approved. we don’t feel part of the EU community Merkel’s implicit threat, of the “Eu- However, Poland has expressed its in these discussions ... We will see what ropean countermeasures” and “retal- opposition against the European Un- other EU members think.” iation” against the United States may ion. The statements made by the Polish Referring to European companies include setting tariffs on the American Foreign Minister which indicated his doing business in Iran since the nuclear imported goods, which is subsequently support for the decision of the United deal was put in place, Czaputowicz said going to lead to the increased export States, made it clear that Washington Poland felt “economic considerations costs in the United States. and Warsha consider the nuclear deal as appeared to take precedence” in EU Though over the last months, Euro- a dependent variable which is affected talks. pean officials have been in intensive dis- by particular security equations.- Cur “During discussions (within the EU), cussions with the US President on steel rently, the European Commission has we will emphasize the need to consider and aluminum tariffs, it became clear taken a series of measures to support the motives of the United States and a that Trump is hardly going to withdraw European companies cooperating with greater empathy towards them.” from his position. The continuation of Iran against US sanctions. The decoding of the Polish Foreign US -EU talks on steel and aluminum tar- owever, unless all of the 28 EU mem- Minister words is not really difficult. iffs will increase the dissatisfaction and ber states support such decisions, they Warsaw is considered to be the most anger among European citizens from won’t be put into effect in practice. The important piece of the United States in the United States. It will also affect the decision-making structure in the EU is Europe and NATO. performance of American companies in such that all 28 members of this bloc are Under such conditions, Warsaw’s ab- Europe. involved. Thus the final decision of the solute support for Trump’s government Many American economic analysts European authorities calls for a “total was not unpredictable. It should not have warned that the implementation consensus” of all the member states. be forgotten that the United States has of compromise policies towards Wash- Jacek Czaputowicz’s recent stance always played the role of Poland’s pa- ington can’ help at this period, a warn- suggests that Warsaw is busy with pre- tron in NATO. Trump government’s offi- ing that Merkel and Macron chose to paring the ground for defending the cials have pledged to Poland to provide ignore. US interests under the situation which more security guarantees to the country Poland Playing on the US Ground Trump had withdrawn from the JCPOA. (within NATO). Recent statements by senior Polish of- Of course there has been hidden deals Undoubtedly, in the near future, Po- ficials in confirming the US government’s between Warsaw and Washington in land’s play on the United States’ ground approach in pulling out of the Joint this regard. will become more apparent. Howev- Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), Poland’s Foreign Minister Jacek er, the adoption of such an approach have once again raised ambiguities and Czaputowicz said that Warsaw had not by Warsaw would lead to disputes be- complexities in the actual formulation decided yet whether to back the ban, tween Poland and some other European of the “JCPOA minus America”. It should or namely “the blocking regulation”, a players, the disputes that Poland and its not be forgotten that Poland, as one of decision that needs unanimous backing supporter, the United States, will try to the main European allies of Washington, from the EU’s 28 members. manage and limit. Opinion Page 23 |No. 10| July 2018 MEHR NEWSAGENCY

policy softly and paved the way for Donald Trump who is bold enough to follow the US-adopted tactics to contain policy without respecting international law, norms and curtsy. Washington has adopted the following EU as ‘regionalism model’ tactics over the past couple of years to contain the EU as its rival and maintain its military and economic domination on the Union: - Creating more tensions between the EU and Russia and imposing more and more sanctions against Russia to push Moscow out of EU energy market which will mean more EU economic dependence on Washington. - Intensifying tensions between the Eu- rope and Russia in East Europe to maintain Washington’s military presence in the con- tinent to guarantee its military hegemony and continuation of arm sale. - Supporting the UK exit from the EU to reduce the EU’s military and global eco- nomic weight. The UK exit from the Union as By Payman Yazdani into an economic superpower. a country representing one sixth of the EU According to World Bank figures in economy, enjoying veto power in the UNSC 2017, representing 24.3 percent of the and nuclear weapons means a serious blow In the early 20th century when the global economy the United States is still to the EU’s global economic, political and Europeans were busy with their the largest in the world and respectively economic stances to the benefit of the US. frustrating internal differences and the EU and China are the second and third - Withdraw from Paris Climate treaty conflicts, the Americans managed to biggest economies of the world represent- and triggering trade war with the EU con- rise as a global hegemon. Long standing ing 21.37 and 14.8 percent of the world trary to international law and WTO regu- conflicts in Europe which resulted in the economy. A report by Forbes on February lations which aim to impose Washington’s Europeans weakness is one of the key 29th in 2016 indicates gradual decline of political and economic will on the Union reasons that paved the way for the US the US economic hegemony and domi- and at the same time to create differences political, economic and military rise as nation on world economy over the past 4 among the Union member states. a global power and its domination on decades. Since 1960 to 1964 the US repre- - Prolonging crises intentionally in the Europe. sented 40 percent of the world economy EU neighboring regions like Syria and Libya but in 2014 following the rise of the EU which has created a lot of economic, polit- After the World War II during the Cold and China economies the US just repre- ical and social problems for the EU mem- War, economic and military weakness of sented 22 percent of the world economy. ber states and gaps among them. the Europeans and common goals like The rise of the EU as an economic Pondering the US approach toward containing the former Soviet Union led power as a serious rival of the US and in the EU shows that the policy and tactics to increasing economic, political, cultural addition, some tendencies inside the EU adapted by Washington toward develop- and security transatlantic cooperation and member states to gain more military and ments in East Europe, Ukraine, imposing partnership. security independence from the US is not sanctions against Russia, crises in Syria Besides transatlantic cooperation, Eu- something that can be ignored by Wash- and Libya resulting millions of refuges, ropeans tendency to avoid another pos- ington. withdrawing from some international sible conflict in Europe resulted in further Recent global developments in the treaties like Iran’s Nuclear Deal and trig- inter-European cooperation despite many world and Europe has made the Ameri- gering a trade war is after two main aims: differences. Following the collapse of the cans to make efforts to change the post- -Sending a message to the world that Soviet Union and end of Cold War, in- World War self-created regimes and or- even the EU as the most successful mod- ter-European cooperation accelerated and ders that no longer serve the Washington el of regionalism is not able to challenge entered a new phase. Finally increased interests. Many believe that Donald Trump Washington and finally has to give up to social, economic and political coopera- is the result of political engineering of the the US will. tion resulted in formation of the Europe- US establishment to this end. In fact, the -Deepening existing differences and cre- an Union (EU) which for the first time let process of containing the EU and chang- ating new gaps and differences among the Europeans to adopt a unified integrated ing self-created old orders and regimes Europeans by adopting the approaches foreign policy. to guarantee the US global economic, which finally will indirectly and softly help Despite the EU weaknesses in the field of military and political hegemony started the re-rise of the rightists in Europe, the security and its dependence on the US for its when then US President Georg W Bush main factor as I mentioned above for the rise security the Union in two decades managed divide Europe into old and new Europe. of the US as an economic and military power to be the best model of regionalism and turn Later Barak Obama followed the same at the beginning of the 20th century. Opinion Page 24 |No. 10| July 2018 MEHR NEWSAGENCY US strategy in cybercrime operations

By Sajad Abedi cy, and purpose) is considered as a war- rant. In fact, by highlighting this risk,- ex The United States has made progress perts point out that red lines, which may in coordinating cybercrime operations; be easily and simply violated, reduce the however, creating a coherent national credibility of deterrence. Such a situation strategy for support and deterrence is will not only reduce the threshold for a out of reach. counter-attack response to an attack, but also may even create a risk that makes Donald Trump, immediately after managing progress difficult with potential he was elected president of the United attackers. States, made information security a top However, cooperation with all actors in priority for his programs, and he sought to this area is essential, but does not exempt make significant improvements to cyber the government from its security duties. defense and security. Of course, in previ- In fact, the “2016 Strategic Review Doc- ous administrations, there were also inno- ument” emphasizes the need to develop vative plans and solutions to intensify the new links with the private and participa- capacity of services and agencies in this tory sectors, but also points out that in the field, which was also reaffirmed in Trump and its mission is to provide a common event of significant accidents, the White administration. operational view of the state of cyber- House will be responsible for coordinating The first cornerstone of this area dur- space to all of the federal services. All and implementing a counter-responsive ing the Terra period, in 2016, was to pre- US services, including the Pentagon, the response. pare and publish the “Strategic Review of National Security Agency and the FBI, In addition to national reflections, Cyberspace”, in order to strengthen the are involved in equipping this perma- at the heart of the US Department of cyber-security intelligence architecture. nent operational center. Defense, measures are being taken to Since then, there have been other docu- In addition, a Memorandum of Under- better coordinate military and service ments and reports on specific aspects of standing was inked between the Depart- interventions, as well as to create a information development, including the ment of Homeland Security and the De- strategic cadre for cybercrime opera- issue of identity support, but in the first partment of Defense, which, at the time tions. Similarly, in 2008, Starter Com’s document there were key findings that of approval of the center, allowed the command published a concept of cy- applied key changes in subsequent Amer- merger of a group of “National Security bercrime operations. Finally, the -Quar ican projects. Agency” into the organization. tet Defense Review Document cites the Each of the various ministries, servic- Following the publication of the Stra- ability to operate in cyberspace as one es and agencies of varying degrees are tegic Review Document 2016, the US of the priorities of the Department of required to provide security related are- president appointed a national interface Defense and US forces in support of de- as for their skills. The former administra- in the executive branch and assigned two fense equipment and systems and out- tion has been monitoring the division of responsibilities: stripping other rivals in this event. activities in this area since 2008 by over- 1. Develop a coherent strategy at the seeing all cyber-security intelligence ac- level of ministries, agencies and services. Dr. Sajad Abedi holds a Ph.D. in National tivities and coordinating the activities of 2. Enhance national security with the Security Studies from MIT Center for all agencies with the US Department of private sector. International Studies. He has formerly Homeland Security, thereby providing International aspects are another pri- been a member of the Board of Directors public infrastructure and support for ority of the Trump government in the field of Passive Defense Organization of Iran. people. of cyber-security intelligence. The 2016 He is currently a member of Defense and In January 2008, the United States Strategic Review Document presents a National Security Think Tank, Director decided to expand the coordination plan for developing an international strat- of the International Relations Group of spectrum of measures by adding “inclu- egy that emphasizes the development of Iranian Association of Geopolitics, and sive national cyber security measures” a judicial staffing and strengthening part- visiting researcher at Scientific Research by adding intelligence and invasive di- nerships with US allies. The plan also re- and Middle East Strategic Studies mensions. In 2016, the US government fers to the need to improve relations with Center. He has published numerous mandated the Department of Homeland emerging countries in order to develop articles and research works in the field of Security to set up a national center for a multifaceted norm and transnational command and control systems, security follow-up and monitoring of cyber-se- equipment to respond to cyber-security theories, analysis and explanation of curity activities. The center is named threats. information, cyber theorizing, and “Integrated National Cyber Security However, it is a question of what level Security mainstreaming in the press and Communications and Security Center”, of intervention (nature, severity, frequen- specialized publications. Opinion Page 25 |No. 10| July 2018 MEHR NEWSAGENCY Will Europe give in to Washington’s demands?

By: Hanif Ghaffari guards to ensure the realization of the JCPOA (as mentioned by the US Secretary of State Mike Leader of the Islamic Revolution), Pompeo’s remarks on the nuclear and continue to play by the US deal with Iran have been widely rules, the consequences of Iran’s reflected in the world’s political withdrawal from the nuclear deal circles. Many of the international is going to struck them as well. affairs analysts consider these We can well see that the talks be- statements to be “the White tween the United States and the House full confrontation with European troika resulted in noth- Iran,” and they argue that terms ing better than the joint emphasis stated by the new US Secretary of of the German Chancellor and the State are not to be realized. French President on the inclusion of our country’s missile capability Pompeo’s speech was deliv- and regional activities in the nu- ered as the negotiations between clear deal. The European author- Iran and the European troika on It’s wishful thinking that will make region- ities’ insistence on “changing the maintaining the nuclear deal are going al tensions worse, if not lead to outright JCPOA” can be analyzed in the same vein. on. Although the United States seemingly conflict. The fact of the matter is that the Euro- doesn’t play any roles in these talks, but The author then continues: It’s no co- pean authorities are well aware that due behind the curtains, the American author- incidence that John Bolton, one of the to the unilateral withdrawal of the United ities are busy negotiating with European George W. Bush administration’s archi- States from the nuclear deal, there can’t officials in opposition to Tehran’s- inter tects of that disaster, is now at the center be any more arguments over “changing ests. In recent days, many American me- of American policymaking as Mr. Trump’s the JCPOA”. But US Secretary of State Mike dia and international affairs analysts have national security adviser. Pompeo and the foreign ministers of the warned Trump about his biased approach The next thing to note is about the Eu- European countries are all after manag- towards Iran; warnings that have not been ropean troika’s real approach to the Joint ing a common plan in this regard; a plan taken seriously so far by the president of Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). whose final outcome is not going to be to the United States and his administration The European troika is at the same time our country’s benefits. At this period, Iran members like Nikki Haley and John Bolton, negotiating with Mike Pompeo and oth- is standing at the one side of the equation but can turn into their Achilles’ heel in the er American diplomats, and holding talks while Washington and the European troi- near future. with our country’s foreign ministry offi- ka are cooperating together on the other Many of international affairs analysts cials on “maintaining the JCPOA”. side. Thus distinguishing between America believe that Pompeo’s remarks are in fact In a speech to the conservative Herit- and Europe in this game would be the big- the White House’s absolute and explic- age Foundation, Pompeo said the admin- gest strategic mistake by our country. it opposition to Iranian government and istration intended to use all of America’s The US Secretary of State stated that nation, and are considered as the official economic and military strength against despite withdrawing from the JCPOA, announcement of the US attempt to over- Iran. The demands contain 12 points in all Washington has called for continued co- throw the Islamic Republic of Iran. This is including inspection of Iran’s military sites, operation with Europeans on a new agree- while such a goal was followed by Jimmy termination of our country’s missile pro- ment with Iran. In other words, Europe- Carter, Donald Reagan, George Bush, Bill gram and releasing American prisoners; an officials, while speaking of resistance Clinton, George W Bush, and Obama, and demands that are basically unrealistic. against the US measures, are in talks with ended up with no results but failure for However, by adopting a paradoxical ap- the White House to form a new nuclear Washington. In this equation, Mike Pom- proach, the European troika is attempting deal with Iran. Under such circumstances, peo has become a messenger for Trump’s to persuade Iran to accept a new agree- the only remaining option for the Euro- defeating government against the Islamic ment with the United States. As noted pean troika is to take an utterly separate Republic of Iran. It seems that the US Sen- above, since the very moment that the way from that of the United States in this ators’ initial disagreement with Pompeo’s United States pulled out of the nuclear game towards the JCPOA, and attempting being the US Secretary of State wasn’t deal, Mike Pompeo began his negotiations to realize the rightful demands of the Is- without a reason! with European foreign ministers on how to lamic Republic of Iran in all the aspects A recent New York Times’ article on deal with the atmosphere formed in the which were previously mentioned in the Pompeo’s remarks reads: Mr. Pompeo international system after the US unilater- nuclear agreement. Undoubtedly, as far promised to bring “unprecedented fi- al withdrawal. In a formal statement, the as the European Union is concerned about nancial pressure on the Iranian [govern- US State Department emphasized on Pom- playing by the US rules and for Trump’s sat- ment]… and to inflict “bigger problems peo’s talks with his British, German and isfaction, the cost of the Brussels’ defeat than they’d ever had before… There are French counterparts over the Iran deal. will go higher in this equation. This is what many things wrong with this approach, Obviously, if the European officials are many analysts of European affairs has but let’s start with this: It’s not a strategy. incapable to provide the necessary safe- warned about. Opinion Page 26 |No. 10| July 2018 MEHR NEWSAGENCY

challenge the JCPOA. From the outset, Trump didn’t accept the JCPOA, and made Is Europe really struggling the nuclear deal with Iran an instrument for raising hostility against our country. He spoke as if our country had to answer to maintain JCPOA? for other issues such as its missile capability, while accordingly there’s no link between that subject with lifting the unfair sanctions put on Iran by the US government. It’s crucial to analyze The European countries’ words and measures in such an atmosphere. The European countries have failed to fulfill their obligations to the JCPOA, and in questioning the United States for not being committed to its obligations under Iran’s nuclear deal. Instead, they pushed Iran to accept a secondary and complementary agreement, and to accept further restrictions on its missile program and its regional activities. In any case, the withdrawal of the United States has actually led to the failure of the nuclear deal. This is while European countries are currently trying to maintain the nuclear deal so that it would contribute their interests. In general, the JCPOA has By: Mohammad Ghaderi to counter the introduction of any US different strengths and weaknesses. The sanctions that may harm European Achilles heel of this agreement is about The equations which affect the nuclear businesses, including the possible use of paragraphs 11-13 of UN Security Council agreement are getting more and more an EU “blocking regulation” which would, Resolution 2231, which states that if the complicated. Many analysts predict that in essence, ban European companies from United States withdraws from the nuclear European authorities can’t practically respecting American sanctions where those agreement unilaterally, this agreement will provide necessary guarantees for the sanctions might damage EU interests, no longer be valid in the previous manner. continuation of the nuclear deal. notably trade and the movement of capital. The other parties involved (other members Anyhow, the question is raisesd here that why of the P 5+1) play a less central role in this Many analyst believe that the Joint France, Germany and UK are eager to preserve equation, and haven’t had an independent Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) isn’t the deal. For sure, they pretend to be peaceniks strategy towards this issue. And this rule is actually an independent variable in EU policies who care about other countries, but the fact true of the European troika as well. and actions, and at any moment, the European is that their support and that of the European On the other hand, the United States has troika and other EU member states may Union for the JCPOA is basically rooted in self- invested heavily in major industries in the change their approach to this agreement. interest. Yes! For them, the JCPOA translates world, including the aircraft industry. Now On the other hand, we had lately witnessed into dollars and valuable trade with Iran. It Washington is using this massive investment the leaders of Europe’s two most powerful should be noted that the European Union to put these companies and other pressure. countries — France and Germany — visiting was Iran’s largest trade partner before the Meanwhile, Airbus and Boeing have explicitly the White House and trying to convince imposition of sanctions and clearly has an stated that they are subject to US decisions Donald Trump on their back-to-back trips. interest in recovering that position. on the JCPOA. The French President Emmanuel Macron Several EU countries have benefited from the Therefore, according to the type of these and German Chancellor Angela Merkel restoration of business and trade relations international agreements, Iran should consolidated their diplomatic efforts with with our country. Trade between Iran and demand compensation for the cancellation several calls between the European leaders, France, Germany, Spain, Italy, and Austria of the agreements with these two including British Prime Minister Theresa grew when sanctions were lifted. enterprises, and this issue should be pursued May. After their failure in convincing the US All these indicate that EU’s attempts for by our country and the Ministry of Roads and President to remain as part of the JCPOA, EU saving the JCPOA is not solely out of a Urban Development. This was the first test officials were hopeful that diplomacy and concern for Iran’s interests. Contrary to their of European companies in confrontation the promise of economic benefits could keep characterizations, Macron, Merkel and May, with the United States (after Washington’s Iran committed to the nuclear deal in spite of may not be “honest brokers” in this deal, withdrawal from the JCPOA). the US withdrawal. rather, they are partisans campaigning for This is while our country has taken a flexible “We will be looking at a package of measures what is best for France, Germany and Britain, stance in response to Europeans’ continuous we may be able to devise as Europeans to or better to say, for raising the possibility of requests after the United States announced encourage Iran to stay in,” British Foreign remaining in power in future. that it’s no longer part of the nuclear deal. Secretary Boris Johnson noted. “We will look However, what counts in this equation is In return, Iran has called on the European at potential options for supporting continued the real capability of EU member states authorities to stand up to the United States sanctions relief for Iran to ensure we meet in resisting against the US threats under in practice against sanctions against our our commitments under the deal.” such circumstances: The EU have to stand country. However, the stance taken by Airbus News sources revealed that the European against Donald Trump, the US controversial and Boeing companies reflects Europe’s lack Commission has been looking for measures President and his hideous attempts to of resistance to the United States. Opinion Page 27 |No. 10| July 2018 MEHR NEWSAGENCY The story of Elysees Palace and nuclear deal with Iran By: Hanif Ghaffari

The paradoxical Macron game against a nuclear deal with Iran has reduced the credibility of Paris and its role in the international system.

Today, few speak of France as an inde- pendent player in the world, since after the end of the presidency, Jacques Chi- rac, all three current French presidents have become one of the White House actors in Europe. Emanuel Macron, the young and new president of France, also goes on to lead his ancestors. He was the main European politician who agreed to “change the nuclear deal with Iran” at the request of Trump. Macron, public of Iran is unacceptable and that it the main difference between the French Trump and Netanyahu (prime minister should be negotiated with Tehran. and the American officials is the “tac- of the occupying regime of Jerusalem) Today, after the departure of the tic” employed by the White House and promised to meet all their demands for United States of America from a nucle- the Elysee Palace. Since the presiden- a nuclear deal. Undoubtedly, this French ar deal with Iran, Macron continues to tial campaigns of 2016, the JCPOA was attitude was contrary to their obliga- play its paradoxical game with Iran. He called “the worst deal ever” by Trump tions in the international system. argued last week that a more complete and called for “changing” it or “with- It was for the first time that the agreement with Iran (including missile draw” from it. However, the French French President Emanuel Macron in- and regional concerns) would be inev- have chosen the policy of “playing with sisted that the nuclear deal could be itable. However, the French President ambiguous words”. The vocabulary used amended in some parts, including Iran’s during a meeting with the Russian pres- by the French authorities is wider than missile power and the introduction of ident has emphasized the adherence to Americans in this regard: from “com- new time limits (after 2025). During the the current nuclear deal! mitment to the JCPOA” to “completing meeting between Macron and Trump in At a recent meeting between the the JCPOA”! Therefore, the French game New York (2017) and on the sidelines of Russian and French presidents, Putin is more complicated than that of the the United Nations General Assembly, stated: Americans. Many analysts of interna- France’s opposition to the Joint Com- “We can not make preserving the Irani- tional affairs believe that France hasn’t prehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) and an nuclear deal dependent on these three played a transparent game considering the Islamic Republic of Iran became parameters because if we do, it means the nuclear accord. Sometimes it is said more and more evident. In the joint pro- that we too are withdrawing from the ac- that this lack of transparency is due to ject conducted by the White House and cord because the deal that exists foresees the French’s confusion over Iran’s nucle- the Elysee Palace, the French are tasked no additional conditions.” ar deal, but by looking at the positions with focusing on Iran’s missile power, As reported, a Macron advis- of the American and French officials providing the ground for simultaneous er hailed Putin’s comments as a “key” towards the JCPOA, we can clearly see restriction of Iran’s nuclear and missile point of convergence between Paris and that they are trying to complete the capabilities. In other words, Paris’ main Moscow as the Trump administration same puzzle in opposition to Iran. goal here was to link Iran’s missile pro- urges its European allies to sever eco- Ultimately, the actions of French gram to the JCPOA and turn the existing nomic ties with Iran. President Emmanuel Macron and other equation into a two-variable equation. After talks that ran long over sched- officials of the country, in contrast to the In their latest position against Iran, the ule, Macron and Trump entered the news nuclear deal, will never be a reminder French have accused our country of vi- conference looking relaxed and smiling. of the Iranian nation. Obviously, in the olating United Nations Security Council Macron acknowledged Paris and Moscow event of a complete cancellation of the Resolution 2231. The French authorities disagreed on a range of issues but called nuclear deal, there will be no difference have also explicitly stated that the use for “strong multilateralism”. between the presidents of the United of ballistic missiles by the Islamic Re- Another point is that in this equation, States and France. Opinion Page 28 |No. 10| July 2018 MEHR NEWSAGENCY Pompeo’s special mission, shadow of US secret diplomacy over Europe By: Mohammad Ghaderi parts on the JCPOA. This is an issue that and address the consequences of the US cannot be overlooked. exit, they still are negotiating with the The most important fact here is that White House over formulating a “new Ever since America’s withdrawal from the output of the US and European Troi- deal” with Iran. It does indeed appear the JCPOA, US Secretary of State Mike ka negotiations, which have been mostly that they are running with the hare and Pompeo has been busy negotiating shaped in the form of hidden diplomacy, hunting with the hounds at the same with his European counterparts over points to Chancellor of Germany Angela time. the Iran deal, trying to make them heel Merkel and French President Emmanuel The purpose of such talks is clear: to the US move and even threatening Macron’s stress over the abrogation of limiting the Iran nuclear deal -perma European business that trade with Iran the Iran deal with the inclusion of Irani- nently and threatening Iran’s defensive with economic sanctions. an missiles and regional issues related missile capabilities. to Iran. Thus, miscalculations about the reali- Intense negotiations between the US European officials know all too well ties of the situation and the potential for and Europe over the Iran nuclear deal that the US’s unilateral exit from the Iran a widening divide between the US and are ongoing. deal will certainly rule out the possibility Europe over the US abrogation, can also And you couldn’t be more wrong of any “change to the deal”, but Pompeo damage our realistic sense about what thinking that with Trump’s exit from the and his European counterparts are ap- goes on in our country’s foreign policy. Iran nuclear pact, the three European parently devising and steering a plan for Although maintaining the JCPOA has countries - namely Germany, the UK and France- wouldn’t be holding talks with the US over the JCPOA any longer. Ever since America’s withdrawal from the JCPOA, US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo has been busy negotiating with his European counterparts over the Iran deal, trying to make them heel to the US move and even threatening European business that trade with Iran with eco- nomic sanctions. Prior to Pompeo’s recent speech at the Heritage Foundation, and the pa- tently absurd White House demands over the Iran nuclear deal, the US De- partment of State announced that Pom- peo had already had talks with his Brit- ish, French, and German counterparts over the JCPOA. Part of the statement reads “the United States and its European allies have strong interests and share com- that purpose. economic and political benefits for Eu- mon ground in preventing Iran from ac- This time around though, the Amer- rope, the White House’s unilateral bul- quiring nuclear weapon and its destabi- ican, British, French and German au- lying has practically changed the game. lizing roles in the region. The Secretary thorities, just like in the year before, are In any case, although Europe’s ex- of State has stressed the good measures putting together a jigsaw puzzle of mod- tant dependency on the US is nothing taken against the common threats in ifications that its final iteration presents new in the international arena, reo- the past few months and hopes to con- no benefits for our country. pening negotiations over the nuclear tinue our solid partnership and move Pompeo has announced that de- issue and the prospect of brutal sanc- forward.” spite Washington’s withdrawal from the tions imposed on Iran won’t be to What is puzzling here is that the Eu- JCPOA, the US is willing to work with the Iran’s interest as the Supreme Leader ropean officials have no interest in- re Europeans to devise a new plan. In oth- has said repeatedly, and plus it does vealing the content of the behind the er words, while European officials seem require careful consideration to figure scene talks with their American counter- to stand by the Iran pact as it has been out the best path forward. Opinion Page 29 |No. 10| July 2018 MEHR NEWSAGENCY Saudi Arabia’s desperate alliance moves

By: Javad Heirannia dent Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, who enjoys fi- Containing Iran nancial assistance from , refused Preventing Iran from penetration Mehr News Agency (MNA) staff to provide the Saudis with air attacks in westwards is one of the cardinal aims of member has written an article on the Aden Gulf, only agreeing to deploy the current foreign policy of Saudi Ara- the Saudi Arabia’s hostile approach ground forces to Yemen. As a result of bia. The Saudis fear Iran’s expansion and towards Iran that is published in the its limited powers of persuasion, Saudi regional influence. American website ‘Lobe LOG.’ The MNA Arabia’s alliance are generally unofficial Saudi Arabia has also created an republishes his contribution. and tactical, not strategic. unofficial alliance to prevent the pene- Saudi Arabia has tried to create mul- tration of Iran and Qatar into Africa. To The establishment of security pacts tilateral alliances with Arabs, Muslims, this end, Saudi Arabia has reached out and alliances among countries demands and some other nations. The first forma- to Mauritania and Senegal on the one high levels of cooperation from its mem- tion was the Arab Alliance in Yemen in hand and Libya and Chad on the other. ber to deal effectively with different March 2015. Subsequently, the Islamic The presidents of Senegal and Mauri- threats. Saudi Arabia and Egypt, for in- alliance for the fight against terrorism tania travelled to Riyadh to discuss this stance, have called for an “Arab NATO” was created in December 2015. The lat- issue in April 2015. They committed to “wipe terrorism from the face of the est, which came together in June 2017, sending thousands of their troops to earth.” This proposed alliance already was an alliance to force Qatar to make a join the fight against Yemen under the faces various internal and external chal- strategic deal with the dominant Saudis leadership of Saudi Arabia. Later visits lenges, for instance over the future of in the GCC. by Muhammad bin Abdulaziz, the presi- the Assad government in Syria and how All three alliances under the leader- dent of Mauritania, were dominated by to deal with conflicts in Libya and Yem- ship of Saudi Arabia are getting weaker, the goals of the Saudis. en. This can make the long-term survival and the participating countries don’t Although the countries share a com- of such arrangements quite difficult in expect the bonds to improve. These al- mon Islamic identity, not all the 41 environments that are fast changing and liances don’t really function day to day, members of the Islamic alliance against under tremendous stress. and not all the members agree in equal terrorism are actually Muslim. For exam- Alliances require weaker countries to measure about the purposes. There is ple, most citizens in Gabon are Christian. accept the leadership of stronger coun- no limitation on the term of these alli- None of the members is a Shia-domi- tries. Saudi wealth, however, has not ances, but their cancellation is always nated government, such as Iran, Iraq, been able to buy it security and safe- possible. The Yemen Alliance includes or Syria. Also, none of the members of guard its interests. For example, the par- Morocco, Senegal, and the US, all of these alliances is willing to accept the liament of Pakistan voted not to join the whom are thousands of miles from the dominance of Saudi Arabia. After all, Yemen War despite Saudi’s pressure. Is- battlefield. A number of the members Saudi money is not able to prevent di- lamabad declared that it would join the for the 40-member Islamic alliance rect threats against their interests. In war only if the Houthis directly attacked against terrorism are located very far the end, such alliances are contingent Riyadh. In another case, Egyptian Presi- from the command center in Riyadh. on financial support from and absolute Opinion Page 30 |No. 10| July 2018 MEHR NEWSAGENCY obedience to Riyadh. di Arabia has shown little interest in such the strategic depth of Iran by support- Riyadh has tried to change the GCC a cold peace. Saudi forces have been en- ing opposition groups in Syria and- at into a collective security alliance ever gaged in Yemen for such a long time with tacking the Houthis in Yemen. Despite since its creation in the 1980s. Riyadh’s little success, despite having superior Saudi attempts, however, Tehran has allies—Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and even technology and weapons, thanks to the established itself in the political future the UAE—rebuffed these attempts. Sau- United States. Riyadh is unlikely to con- of both Iraq and Syria. Nor, despite in- di Arabia also tried to upgrade the level front Tehran directly—as opposed to in- terventions by the GCC, have popular of military cooperation between GCC directly in Yemen—without a green light movements been eliminated in Bahrain. members and the US and mold the or- from Washington. So far, the US policy in In Yemen, Saudi Arabia appears to have ganization into a Common Defense Sys- the region has been based on preventing gotten bogged down in a costly war with tem like NATO. But relations between outright war against Iran. few if any gains. the GCC and Washington have not al- So, Iran remains the main player in ways been rosy. For instance, the Unit- Balance of Power against Iran the region despite the various allianc- ed States damaged its credibility among Saudi attempts to challenge Iran’s re- es against Tehran. Friendship between GCC members when Barack Obama told gional power have encountered several Saudi Arabia and is something of Egyptian leader Hosni Mubarak to step obstacles. First of all, Iranian influence an embarrassment in the Muslim world, down following the public protests in has expanded to Iraq, Syria, Bahrain, and may be a futile attempt by Riyadh 2011. Also, when GCC members were Yemen, and some parts of Lebanon. to shore up its waning power regionally. trying to reach an agreement with the Second, Iran’s missiles have considera- If Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman United States on new missile defense ble deterrent power. decides to continue with his brinksman- systems, Obama demanded that the In response, Saudi Arabia has tried to ship and “friendship” with the Israelis, GCC maintain a cold peace with Iran. expand its influence into states such as the result will probably be rejection of By going to war in Yemen—ostensibly Iraq and Syria, both of which have been the Saudis by many Muslims. to combat forces aligned with Iran—Sau- aided by Iran. This process has targeted Republished from Lobe Log

US-EU possible soft tactic to contain Iran

By Payman Yazdani: EU governments cannot force private sectors to work with Iran, it is not realis- The US withdrawal from the Joint tic to expect the EU to save the JCPOA. Comprehensive Plan of Action As I mentioned in my previous writ- (JCPOA) has created a new rounds of ing, the possibility of job division be- speculations about the three European tween the US and EU to contain Iran major players’ (the UK, France and should not be ignored. Germany) capabilities and abilities to All facts on the ground imply that all keep the deal alive without the US. EU measures and promises to keep the JCPOA alive will only result in remaining Following the US President’s unilater- of some small European companies in al move to withdraw from the Iran’s Nu- Eni, Siemens, Airbus and Maersk. Iran. Big companies that can invest and clear Deal, lots of diplomatic and politi- Just couple of days after the US with- transfer technology to Iran will leave cal efforts have been made both by the draw from the JCPOA, French gas and oil Iran to avoid the US possible punish- European and Iranian officials to keep giant Total has announced that due to ments. This possible soft and indirect the internationally achieved deal alive. return of the US sanctions against Iran it US-EU tactic can help the joint goal of Islamic Republic of Iran has an- has to pull out of Iranian Southern Pars the US and EU to contain Iran. nounced that it will remain in the JCPOA oil field. By this tactic, firstly the EU can buy just if the EU can guarantee Iran’s bene- Italian oil giant Eni has also decided time and contain Iran so that not to fits and interests under the JCPOA in the to abrogate its agreement with Iran to leave the JCPOA. Secondly, the EU will absence of the US, otherwise Teharn study oil and gas in Iran. pave the way for selling of its products will leave the deal, too. Maersk as the biggest shipping com- and services in Iran’s market without in- Despite all measures taken and po- pany in the world has announced that vestment and transferring technology. litical promises made by the European due to its vast activities in the US and Thirdly, Iran’s incomes and revenues will sides to keep the JCPOA alive, over the to avoid possible US punishments, it will be limited which Americans and the Eu- past ten days many big EU firms and in- stop its activities in Iran. ropeans consider it as a good soft and ternational companies have announced Considering the limited capabilities indirect way to increase pressure on their decisions to stop their activities and potentialities of the EU to challenge Iran to limit Iran’s regional influence and and operations in Iran including Total, the US hegemony and also the fact that missile capability. Opinion Page 31 |No. 10| July 2018 MEHR NEWSAGENCY Merkel lost the game! By Hanif Ghaffari

German Chancellor Angela Merkel Germany has deliberately closed his but no one will forget Merkel’s remarks! attacked Iran’s regional policy in his eyes to the facts and facts in the world. The president of the United States is most recent statement. This is while the Undoubtedly, Merkel must respond to extremely worried about his country’s German government is one of the main Berlin’s support for Saudi Arabia and the presidential election in 2020. Surveys in supporters of the terrorist and takfiri Zionist regime instead of condemning the United States show that his popular- groups in the West Asian region. Iran. So far, many Palestinians, Yemeni ity has fallen to public opinion. In such a people, Syria and Iraq have fallen victim situation, the introduction of a credible Many analysts of international affairs to the Tel Aviv and Riyadh crimes in the Democrat nominee (whose popularity believe that Germany will support the region. Meanwhile, the German govern- is more than Hillary Clinton) will lead to killing of the Yemeni people by export- ment has not only failed to take action the victory of the rival Trump party in ing arms to Saudi Arabia. Also, many of against Saudi Arabia and Tel Aviv, but the upcoming presidential election. Germany’s export arms to the Middle has supported its crimes. Merkel lost the game during his trip East are in the hands of terrorist and On the other hand, these days, few to Jordan! He showed that he could not takfirist groups such as ISIL and Jabhat people mention the German Chancellor continue as an independent and power- al-Nusra. Angela Merkel knows well that as a powerful politician in the world. In ful politician in his political life in Berlin. German exports of weapons to Sau- his recent trip to Jordan, Angela Merkel During his trip to Jordan, the Chancellor di Arabia were carried out by terrorist also failed to analyze the realities of the of Germany did not say the least of the groups in the region, but it should not world as an independent and powerful crimes of the Zionist regime and Saudi be forgotten that the goal of Germany is politician.The German Chancellor has Arabia in Palestine and Yemen because he to insecure the West Asian region. given many concessions to his rival party is also a partner in these crimes! Angela As reuters reported, German Chan- in the formation of a coalition govern- Merkel’s regional policy has repeatedly cellor Angela Merkel on Thursday said ment with the Social Democratic Party. faced protests in Germany. The Green Par- European countries shared concerns Undoubtedly, now no one else will re- ty in Germany is among the parties that over Iran’s ballistic missile program and member Merkel as a powerful politician has challenged Merkel’s regional actions. called for solutions to its “aggressive in Germany and Europe. On the other hand, social democrats often tendencies” in the Middle East.“Iran’s Another major error of the German criticized Merkel’s foreign policy when aggressive tendencies must not only Chancellor is his attempt to get close to they were not in coalition government. be discussed, but rather we need solu- the Trump government. So far, many Eu- Finally, the Chancellor of Germany tions urgently,” she said after meeting ropean officials have shrugged Merkel and many European officials, as a- re Jordan’s King Abdullah in Amman. She for this inaccurate approach. Merkel’s ri- sult of their dependence on the Unit- announced 384 million euros ($445 mil- vals Merkel and the Christian Democrat ed States and the Zionist regime, can lion) of aid to Jordan this year. Germany also criticized the German Chancellor’s not yet become independent actors in has remained party to the Iran nuclear approach to Tramp during the national the world. Recent comments by Angela deal, which lifted sanctions on Tehran election race last year. Merkel in Jordan have shown this very in exchange for curbing its atomic pro- The German Chancellor has now spo- well. Will in the future see a change in gram, after U.S. President Donald Trump ken out against the regional policies of the behavior of European politicians or withdrew from it in May. Iran in order to satisfy Tramp. Without a the presence of independent European The fact is that the Chancellor of doubt, Tramp will eventually quit power, politicians in power? Opinion Page 32 |No. 10| July 2018 MEHR NEWSAGENCY Two politicians and three cases By Hanif Ghaffari Chancellor, like the French President and the British prime minister, is in- In her latest remarks, the German terested in getting advantages from Chancellor stressed on the serious Washington on the Joint Compre- disagreements existing between hensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). It’s Europe and Washington on the not without a reason that Merkel has imposition of tariffs on imported recently raised the issue of “extending steel and aluminum from Europe the JCPOA”! The Chancellor of Ger- to the United States. many is willing to sacrifice the nucle- ar deal in exchange for a reduction “I will of course try to speak to in US business and economic threats the US president about the current against Europe. problems that we have overall, in particular on Iran and on trade- tar European leader bad mistake iffs,” Merkel told the Bundestag lower “Europe’s Passiveness towards house of parliament during a question the United States” is the most sig- and answer session with lawmakers. Over the last months, many Western nificant strategic mistake of the EU. The June 8-9 meeting in Charlevoix, politicians, including Angela Merkel’s op- In this equation, politicians like Emmanuel Canada, will begin on economic growth ponents, have challenged her reactionary Macron and Angela Merkel have a very im- and trade - topical issues after Donald approach towards the United States and portant and highlighted role. Internation- Trump infuriated Canada and European the Trump government, calling for the al experts have noted that the European Union G7 members by imposing tariffs on German Chancellor’s determined confron- Union is currently more vulnerable in the steel and aluminum. tation with the US President. In the course international system than ever before. The Besides, America’s NATO allies in Eu- of the 2017 national electoral campaigns, fact is that senior European officials were rope and Canada have to increase defense her rival “Martin Schulz” called Merkel’s ap- incapable of standing independent from spending by 4.3% in 2017, which led to proach to Trump’s measures unacceptable. the United States, and this was their main Europe’s dissatisfaction of Trump. Analysts In such a situation, Merkel faces two ob- weakness. on military and security affairs in Europe stacles: One is the US government and its’ Although many of the Western news mention that this boost will be certainly President “Donald Trump”, and the other sources have reported the emergence of a discussed by Merkel and Trump on the is about her approach and performance full-fledged war in trans-Atlantic relations, sidelines of the G7 meeting, and it’s going being constantly observed and criticizedby the European authorities’ special efforts to to be a subject for conflict. her political opponents inside Germany. “manage tensions with the United States” These are contributing to Merkel’s chal- will never let these tensions to turn into Merkel is confused lenges, making her even more confused. serious gaps between the two sides. The During her recent visit to the United truth is Europe is going to continue to play States, German Chancellor discussed all Will Merkel make a deal with Trump? for Washington’s benefits, regardless of the three subjects with Trump. However, Another question that arises here is their existing disagreements over trade the results were completely at odds with aboutthe likelihood of Merkel and Trump and politics. the European Union benefits! After a meet- making a deal on the three issues men- This is while the only way to confront ing with Merkel in April, Trump pulled out tioned above. In this regard, Merkel’s the United States is to form a real, full- of the nuclear deal with Iran. He then reaf- priority goes around “US-EU trade rela- blown and different confrontation with firmed his positions towards other NATO tions”, and in particular the existing tariffs Washington. However, the kind of stance members (raising the military budget of disputes with Washington. The German taken by Merkel, Macron and Theresa May the North Atlantic Treaty Organization). Chancellor knows well that the Trump has shown that they are not determined In his latest move, the United States government’s protectionist policies is not in this regard, and their lack of determina- President imposed tariffs on imported going to be limited to steel and aluminum, tion will lead to EU’s increasing vulnerabil- steel and aluminum from Europe- 25 per- and in the near future, there will be heavy ity against the United States. This is exact- centon steel and 10 percent on aluminum, taxes on imported cars from Germany and ly what we have been witnessing over the marking a major escalation of the trade other European imported goods. past years. However, “Merkel” can’t con- war between the United States and its top The German Chancellor intends to re- tinue to play in the US ground as before, trading partners.In short, Merkel’s last vis- strainthis process at the White House and then being referred to as a powerful it to Washington was a completely failure. (through a deal with the United States). and influential politician in Europe. The She is now planning to negotiate with the However, Merkel knows well that she Chancellor of Germany shouldn’t forget US President once again about their disa- can’t do much about NATO defense that the European citizens are seriously greements.This is while many analysts of budget increase, because it has been ap- angry at her passive approach towards the the US and European affairs believe that proved since Obama’s time. Meanwhile, US government and Trump, and this anger the possibility of Trump changing his posi- the only remaining leverage is the nuclear can lead to her and other EU authorities’ tions and orders is very little. deal with Iran. It seems that the German complete failure in near future. Page 33 |No. 10| July 2018 MEHR NEWSAGENCY Report Report Page 34 |No. 10| July 2018 MEHR NEWSAGENCY

By: Mahnaz Abdi

Players in Iran’s capital market TSE index hit 50-year record witnessed a historical record in growth of (TSE)’s main index (TEDPIX) which gained 3,306 high of 102,000 points points to hit 102,452 points on Sunday, something unprecedented in the 50- year history of the country’s stock market.

As reported, 1.821 billion securities worth 5.49 trillion rials (about $130 mil- lion) were traded through 100,000 deals in a day. Also, IFX, the main index of Iran’s over-the-counter (OTC) market known also as Iran Fara Bourse (IFB), rose 37.6 points to stand at 1,191 points on Sun- day. As reported, 613 million securities worth 1.26 trillion rials (about $29.8 mil- lion) were traded through 58,000 deals in a day. Shares in different groups of com- modities including base metals, chem- ical products, and minerals witnessed stable status of purchases on Sunday. As reported, indexes of Mobarakeh and housing and also entrance of new balance returning to these markets, Steel Company, Golgohar Mining and liquidity is the main reason for such un- therefore; some part of liquidity will Industrial Company, and Persian Gulf precedented rise. come to the stock exchange market.” Petrochemical Industries Company were In an interview with IRNA on Satur- Delayed effect of inflation on capital among those indices accounting for the day, Ehsan Rezapour, an expert in eco- market highest amount of rise in the TEDPIX. nomic and capital market issues, said: “Moreover, after each period of infla- The historical increase in the stock ex- “Due to the high amount of liquidity in tion in the country, the effect of raised change index had begun on June 13 (the the country and existence of many risks prices will be received by the capital last working day of the previous Iranian for business during the recent months, market with some delay, and we are wit- calendar year), which was named ‘Gold- many turbulences have been witnessed nessing the effect of inflation imposed en Wednesday of Stock Market’, when in different markets, as it happened in on the country’s economy over the past TEDPIX gained 2,767 points to stand at terms of foreign currency, gold coin, and months on the capital market now”, 99.146 points. housing.” Khalili further explained. As reported, 1.66 billion securities For the index growth on the ‘Golden He also mentioned the decrease in worth 4.355 trillion rials (about $103.19 Wednesday’, the expert said: “In the the value of bourse companies’ shares in million) were traded through 121,965 past week, the officials announced their the past months as one of the other rea- deals in a day.Also, IFX rose 37 points to determination for controlling different sons that the capital market welcomes stand at 1,153 points on Wednesday. markets, which brought the attention entrance of liquidity at the moment and Some 412 million securities worth to the stock market. Also, on Wednes- said: “Liquidity has enough excuses to 1.856 trillion rials (about $43.98 million) day morning, it was reported that the enter the capital market now.” were traded in IFB in a day. companies have been allowed to sell the Now, while the stock exchange in- Index growth beyond anticipation dollar receive from exports at the price dexes are experiencing unprecedented Rise in stock exchange indexes was of over 60,000 rials, which could bring growth, the experts say that as the capi- anticipated given the recent issues relat- more profit for the bourse companies. tal market is one of the specialized mar- ed to the political and economic status Also, Ebrahim Khalili, another capital kets that presence in it requires knowl- of the country, but a 2,767-point growth market expert, told : edge, experience, and consultancy, the in a single day was beyond the expecta- “After turbulences in different markets investors should not make investment just tions. such as housing, car, foreign currency, based on the growth occurred in the in- The experts of capital market say and gold markets, and increasing trend dexes and they should also prevent from some factors such as turbulences in the of prices in these markets over the past excitement in the capital market through markets of foreign currency, gold coin, months, we are gradually seeing some proper information dissemination. Report Page 35 |No. 10| July 2018 MEHR NEWSAGENCY Some media have held a feast of lies about Nicaragua protests: envoy

By: Mohammad Ali Haqshenas questions raised by the attending press. budget deficit of INSS, he said, noting During the liberal government of that the proposals were announced on Some media and social networks are 1990s until 2007, the Nicaraguan Insti- April 16 and published on April 18. having a feast of lies or fake news tute for Social Security (INNS) had ex- According to the reforms, employ- about what is happening in Nicaragua, perienced some financial problems, the ees and employers would face 0.75% putting the protests almost at the envoy said. and 2% increase in their contribution to same level of events as in Syria, said Accordingly, President Dainel Ortega INSS while retirement pensions would Nicaraguan Ambassador to Tehran, has been having meetings with officials decrease by 5%, the envoy highlighted. Mario Barquero Baltadano. of international bodies such as Interna- National Workers Front (FNT) and Na- tional Monetary Fund (IMF) and Central tional Union of Employees accepted the He made the remarks in a press American Bank for Economic Integration reforms while the employers’ organiza- conference held on Wednesday at the (BCIE) to solve these problems, he add- tion COSEP rejected it, he added. embassy of Nicaragua in Tehran. The ed. IMF had proposed to increase the meeting was organized to clarify recent He went on to say that Nicaraguan age of dedicating retirement pension protests in that country which starated government seriously and thoroughly from 60 to 65, however, the govern- on April 18. Some 130 citizens and po- analyzed each of those organizations’ ment didn’t include this in new reforms, licemen have been reported dead dur- proposals for INSS to the point that IMF he stressed. ing these six weeks. recognized authorities’ efforts to allevi- Employers stimulated students to The session started with Baltadano’s ate the financing needs in a report pub- hold demonstrations and what began as describing the origins of protests and lished in February 2018. a social protest, soon turned violent and then highlighting the actions that the The government of President Ortega claimed lives from both protesters and government has pursued to control the had the “honesty and courage” to pres- national police, the envoy regretted. situation and finally he answered some ent a proposal of reforms to solve the After a few days, no one spoke of INSS » Report Page 36 |No. 10| July 2018 MEHR NEWSAGENCY issue anymore and protesters demand- universities are taken by students; many opposition has created, we are still opti- ed the end of President Ortega govern- citizens cannot go to their jobs and are mistic. As Sandinista won the revolution ment since the protests had abandoned afraid to leave their homes; some crim- on 1979, we will win again. We are sure their social character and became emi- inals have blocked streets and ask for that Nicaragua will soon and once again nently political, he said. toll; children cannot go to school, mar- become a secure and peaceful country,” Day by day, the protests became kets cannot be resupplied which causes he highlighted. more violent which have resulted in in- an artificial shortage of food; industrial- When Mehr News correspondent crease of death tolls, destruction of pub- ists cannot transport their productions asked about the truth of reports claim- lic property, attacks on police stations, nor they can be supplied with the inputs ing that 130 individuals have been killed looting, kidnapping and a significant in- to produce; tourism which was prolifer- during these unrests, the ambassador crease in crimes, he deplored. ating in recent years has drastically fall- said, “Unfortunately it is true.” Describing the situation as “a great en; farmers cannot sow. He also touched on the case of the pity and a great loss,” the diplomat high- The government will continue to be murdered journalist, saying that police lighted that Nicaragua was known to totally committed to dialogue, even has arrested 2 people in this regard. This be the most secure country of Central though some mediators are clearly bi- journalist was not anti-government, America and one of the most secure in ased in favor of the opposition, he em- he said, adding that the opposition de- the American Continent. phasized. mands the release of these two prison- The first measure adopted by the The Episcopal Conference has ers with this claim that the government government to address the issue was an- stopped the talks from May 29 with this is arresting innocent individuals. nulling INSS reforms, Baltadano added. excuse that necessary conditions for Another reporter asked whether And then, President Ortega called for talks isn’t available, he said, adding that these demonstrations are led by other a national dialogue while inviting Epis- the dialogue would lead to establishing political wings or not. copal Conference of the Catholic Church better conditions, not vice versa. Answering the question, Baltadano to play the role of mediator in the talks, This incident prompted Nicaraguan reiterated that these demonstrations he highlighted. government to refer the issue to Organ- were started for a social cause but soon He went on to say that the govern- ization of American States which then protestors demanded political reforms. ment believed that any issue could be published a report on June 1. Some groups demanded the resignation debated in talks without exclusions and It is a timetable of the project named of President Ortega and even some oth- preconditions, however the opposition “Strengthening Democratic Institutions ers believed that he should leave the did demand some prior conditions, in- in Nicaragua through the Implemen- country, he added. cluding the release of all imprisoned tation of the Recommendations of the However, as OAS and the United protesters (even those who have com- EAM/OAS Nicaragua 2017,” which can States, which doesn’t have friendly rela- mitted crimes), the formation of a truth be accessed from the official website of tions with Nicaragua, emphasize, every commission (which was rejected by the OAS. measure should be in line with the coun- opposition upon being formed claiming “The Government of Nicaragua ex- try’s law and constitution, he noted. that it is not consisted of suitable indi- pressed its willingness to continue He hoped that all tensions would viduals), the invitation of Inter-American working together with the OAS General soon be solved through democracy. Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) Secretariat on the improvement of the Finally, Mehr News correspondent and limiting police activities (which the Nicaraguan electoral system, strength- asked whether holding early elections government knew would lead to more ening its institutions and its represent- can be a solution to end these unrests chaos). ative, inclusive, participative and direct or not. All these preconditions were accept- democracy for the benefit of all Nicara- “The issue is not holding early elec- ed and implemented by the govern- guans,” part of this report notes. tion, rather solutions have to be based ment, although they knew that absence The General Assembly of the Or- on the country’s constitution,” the en- of police would lead to chaos, the envoy ganization of American States issued a voy answered. stressed. declaration on June 5 with the title of He again referred to the report The dialogue kicked off on May 16 “Declaration of Support for the People published by OAS on June 1 regarding with President Daniel Ortega and Vice of Nicaragua,” the ambassador added. elections, adding, “democracy is not vi- President Rosario Murillo in attendance, This declaration which is approved by olence, rather it means reaching agree- he noted. all member states including US, doesn’t ment through peaceful approaches.” In spite of establishing the dialogue, condemn Nicaraguan government and Nicaraguan government has honestly the violence has continued and crime generally condemns violence and in- expressed readiness to talk about every has proliferated, he regretted, adding vites people to have peaceful demon- possible issue during national dialogue, that the opposition claims that the vio- strations, he said. but the opposition doesn’t want to solve lence is to exert further pressure on the In spite of all these, there is still vio- this issue peacefully, he added. government. lence, regretted the envoy, adding that If it is determined in the dialogue that Accordingly, he added, many police- unfortunately 2 policemen who were there is need to hold early election, Nic- men have lost their lives, the daily life of returning home were killed on Tuesday. araguan government will accept it, he Nicaraguan people have been disrupted; “Despite all these problems that the concluded. Report Page 37 |No. 10| July 2018 MEHR NEWSAGENCY What does Saudi Arabia want from Lebanon?

By Ramin Hossein Abadian Obviously, these interventions will con- to Riyadh is also around that topic. tinue until the formation of the Lebanese The Saudis know well that the victory Al Akhbar, a daily language cabinet and the next presidential election of Lebanon’s Hezbollah and resistance newspaper, announced the imminent which they hope to secure a place for Saad group in the parliamentary elections is visit of Sa’d al-Hariri, the Lebanese al-Hariri and the March 14 Alliance. just one important and strategic mes- prime minister to Riyadh. Lebanon’s Foreign Minister Gibran sage that the Lebanese people who are Bassil had also referred to the involve- not affected by the participation of -Hez The trip was set for earlier time, but ment of Saudi ambassador Waleed bollah’s military forces in trans-boundary was postponed for unspecified reasons. Al-Yaqub on Lebanon’s parliamentary wars, especially in Syria. They support Riyadh’s Saudi charge d’affair Wahid al- elections and warned those in diplomat- Hezbollah and its military presence be- Bukhari was in Lebanon the other day, ic career to know their limits and avoid yond the borders of Lebanon. but it remains unclear whether his trip interfering in Lebanon’s internal affairs. Saudi officials also know that Lebanese has anything to do with Hariri’s. In addition, the Al-Akhbar newspaper in acceptance of Hezbollah means accept- Al-Akhbar also wrote that Hariri is a report also quoted Arab diplomats con- ing Hezbollah’s policy in confronting the scheduled to form the upcoming cabinet firming Saudi Arabia’s effort to influence Zionist regime. These are the same mes- of Lebanon, and it is not clear whether his Lebanon’s elections with the goal of inte- sages that Riyadh officials have received trip to Riyadh would make the task any grating the March 14 Alliance. from the results of the Lebanese elections. more difficult or easier. The newspaper The newspaper also reported the Therefore, al-Hariri is the element that has also reported that Hariri’s meeting with imminent travel of a top Saudi delega- always proved his dedication to the Sau- the Saudi Royal Court has been finalized, tion to Lebanon. They are scheduled to dis and is considered the best Lebanese and it remains unknown whether the trip hold meeting with Prime Minister Saad figure Riyadh can count on. would involve Hariri’s meeting with sen- Al-Hariri, in order to prioritize his March Saudi Arabia and its allies have also ior Riyadh officials like bin Salman. 14 Alliance as well as a meeting with sen- recently banned Lebanese Hezbollah. What is puzzling here is the timing of ior party Lebanese Forces, led by Samir This happened after the United States Sa’d al-Hariri’s traveling to Saudi Arabia. Farid Geagea. imposed economic sanctions on a Considering Hariri’s mission to form Leb- Another point here is the issue of the number of Hezbollah senior officials. anon’s future cabinet, it is feared that Ri- guaranteed victory of Lebanese Hez- In fact, calling Saad al-Hariri to Riyadh yadh again plans to intervene in Lebanon’s bollah and resistance in the latest par- at this time and on the eve of the for- internal affairs and issue instructions on liamentary elections in the country, a mation of the cabinet is a piece of the how Hariri’s cabinet should be lined up. problem that has deeply worried Saudis. same puzzle that confronts Lebanese The public still remembers Saudis’ mali- Therefore, they are in such a situation Hezbollah and is part of the Hezbollah cious efforts that threw Michel Aoun out seeking the most exploitation of their in- sanctions project. of Lebanon’s presidential nomination fluence in Lebanon, including al-Hariri, to One of the main goals of announcing and replaced Samir Farid Geagea, from hit the resistance and overshadow its de- the sanctions list against Hezbollah by the March 14 Alliance for the position. cisive victory. Hariri’s impending journey the Saudis, a short while prior to the vic- » Report Page 38 |No. 10| July 2018 MEHR NEWSAGENCY tory of the resistance in the Lebanese parliamentary elections, was the devi- ation of public opinion from this great World Bee Day; victory. The Saudis tried to convey the message to the Lebanese people that the continuation of support for Hezbol- what’s the ‘buzz’ about? lah was not a good option, and did not result in the isolation of Lebanon from the Arab and international community, while distracting the public from the great achievement of the resistance. Another purpose of Riyadh to engage in hostile sanctions against Hezbollah is to influence the process of forming a future government in Lebanon, which is due soon. What the Saudis want from the Lebanese future government is to respect the interests of Riyadh. The Saudis have warned Hezbollah with imposed sanctions that it should also focus on the benefits of building a new government. The warning is that the election results clearly indicate that Hezbollah can establish a cabinet in line with its own approaches, especially in foreign policy, due to its decisive victory By: Marjohn Sheikhi grammed to attack and kill specific during the parliamentary elections. Ac- people. The episode did nothing to cording to the above, it is by no means For the very first time ever, World possible to consider two issues of “sanc- assuage my apiphobia, but apart tions on Hezbollah” and “calling Hariri to Bee Day was observed on May from its centerpiece warning against Riyadh” by the Saudis as separate and 20 across the planet in a bid to the consequences of cyberbullying, unrelated issues. draw attention to the role these it had one sobering prediction: a In any case, as it seems, Saad al-Hari- buzzing pollinators play in food world without bees. ri has neither learned from the failure security. Tehran was also invited According to recent reports by of the Lebanese parliamentary elec- to celebrate the occasion at the major international organizations, tion, nor from the bitter experience of Slovenian embassy – the country the world’s bee population is really in arrest in Saudi Arabia, an incident con- that proposed the proclamation of decline. The 2015 IUCN report notes firmed by the French President -Ema World Bee Day to the UN. that “nearly 10% of bees are facing ex- nuel Macron. In an interview with the tinction, and around 5% of them are BFM network, Macron pointed to this If you are a fan of the British sci- probably endangered, while no data fact. However, Saad al-Hariri continues ence fiction anthology television se- is available for nearly 57% of species.” to be influenced by the indoctrination ries ‘Black Mirror’, the final episode Bees are responsible for the pol- of the House of Saud who has no mercy of the series’ third season ‘Hated lination of nearly three quarters of on him or his political activities in Leb- in the Nation’ must have definitely the plants that produce 90% of the anon. been in your top five list. The epi- Undoubtedly, with the victory of world’s food. A world without bees sode depicts a period in time (prob- Lebanon’s Hezbollah and Lebanese is a world losing a third of its food parliamentary election resistance, the ably, alarmingly, in the not too dis- production. Food shortage on such political equation in the country has tant future) in which Britain’s native a massive scale should remind you changed completely, and the Saudis honey bee population has died out, of desperate, starving survivors can no longer dictate their demands prompting the UK government to scavenging for food during a zombie on their subordinate element, Saad fund a project that develops robot- apocalypse. That image is horrific al-Hariri, and change the political de- ic bees (or the Autonomous Drone enough to send everyone with even velopments in Lebanon in their favor. Insects – or ADIs, as called in the a smidgen of common sense into Therefore, the conditions prevailing to- episode) in a bid to help pollinate frenzy. day in Lebanon are very different from British flowers and crops. The down- One way to save the earth from what we witnessed before the parlia- side of this cutting-edge technology, such a harrowing fate is to build ro- mentary elections, and this is -some true to the series’ form, is that the bo-bees that would cost a fortune thing that has been neglected by the bee drones are hacked and repro- and probably kill you if they fall into » Saudi authorities. Report Page 39 |No. 10| July 2018 MEHR NEWSAGENCY the wrong hands. Another way, is to The place was jam-packed with a You may be wondering, ‘why Slove- raise awareness, which is considerably number of ambassadors and heads nia?’, and ‘why May 20?’ cheaper and does not run the risk of of various beekeeping associations, “Slovenia ranks among the best killing you, intentionally or otherwise. representatives from FAO and UNIC, in the world regarding the number And that is exactly what the Slovenian journalists and some interested public, of beekeepers per capita,” said Ms. embassy in Tehran did on May 20 – the all gathered at the embassy building Radej. Indeed, with five beekeepers day registered at the United Nations as in the upper class neighborhood of per 1,000 inhabitants, the country is at World Bee Day, on the initiative of the northern Tehran to be informed about the very top of the list. Much like Iran, Republic of Slovenia. the significance of bees for food secu- Slovenia has its own native bee spe- The embassy held the first obser- rity and the sustainability of human cies: The Carniolan honey bee, which vance of World Bee day on Sunday to life. is the only protected native honey bee send the message that “we are all unit- “We hope that [the observance of at the EU due to its “non-aggressive- ed in the care and protection for bees World Bee Day] will become an impor- ness, immunity to diseases, suitability … to remind every single one of us how tant tradition with which we will step for collecting forest honeydew” and dependent and how interconnected are up the necessary efforts for their pres- many other qualities. our lives with these incredible beings,” ervation and thus continue to a more May has been picked as the month as said by Slovenian Ambassador Kristi- sustainable agriculture and global food when development of bees in the North- na Radej in her opening speech at the security,” said Ms. Radej of the impor- ern hemisphere is in full swing, and the event. tance of holding such events. 20th of May corresponds with the birth- day of Anton Janša (1734-1773), the Car- niolan apiarist credited as the pioneer of modern beekeeping in the world. The ambassador went on to add, “World Bee Day is only the beginning of a challenging path to preserve pol- linators. To achieve that, we first need to address the governments of all states, economists and non-govern- mental organizations; the voice on the urgency to preserve bees must reach every single person. We also need to perform concrete activities to enhance care for bees and the development of beekeeping.” The gathering at the event was invit- ed to taste different Slovenian and Irani- an honey set on the tables, and to take a look at the embassy’s very own “Slove- nian traditional urban beehome” in the terrace; a wooden house painted with colorful depictions of “everyday stories, superstitions, customs and love motifs”, distinctive to Slovenian ethnographic identity. “I believe that at the moment, we are the only embassy in Tehran with our own beehome,” said Ms. Radej. “I would like to encourage my dear colleague ambassadors to follow us… to follow the bees and invite them to have their home at their embassies’ gardens as well.” Also speaking at the event was FAO Representative ad interim to Iran, Mr. Rao Matta, who stressed that “bees are the sign of well-functioning ecosys- » Report Page 40 |No. 10| July 2018 MEHR NEWSAGENCY

tems … [and] the decline of pollinators is China and Turkey, is the third biggest she said of the importance of bees. also a sign of the disruptions that global producer in the world.” “Pollination also has a positive impact changes are causing to ecosystems of The figures are impressive when on the environment in general, helping the world.” compared to Slovenia’s annual hon- to maintain biodiversity and a vibrant “Bees are increasingly endangered ey production which stands at 2,500 ecosystem upon which agriculture de- due to environmental threats … shrink- tones. Iran also has the fifth largest pends.” ing habitat … expanding monoculture number of colonies in the world, ac- Talking about the importance of areas … [as well as] new bee diseases cording to deputy minister of agricul- observing Bee Day, Ms. Dotsenko not- and pests,” he said. ture. ed that observing this occasion each Mr. Matta referred to the “pollina- Mr. Matta further voiced FAO’s in- year will draw the attention to the tion crisis” – the continued decline in tention to further its collaboration roles bees and other pollinators play the population of pollinators in many with the Iranian government in bee- in people and the planet’s health; “It ecosystems worldwide – saying FAO keeping sector to “contribute to global provides the opportunity for govern- has coordinated the International Pol- food security, eradication of hunger ments, organizations, civil societies, linator Initiative in order to “support and malnutrition and preserving the and concerned citizens everywhere to countries in monitoring pollinators environment from further losses in bi- promote actions that will protect and and better understand threats, infor- odiversity”. enhance pollinators and their habitats. mation needs and data gaps.” Also present at the event was Maria It improves their diversity and sup- The FAO official then turned the Dotsenko, the UNIC Director in Tehran, ports the sustainable development of topic to Iran, and the country’s over who voiced her pleasure at seeing so beekeeping,” she said. two-thousand-year tradition of bee- many people involved or interested in As Ms. Radej said, this is just the be- keeping. the beekeeping sector at this special ginning. The population of pollinators “The number of beekeepers and the gathering. worldwide are in danger, and many amount of honey produced [in Iran] “For centuries bees are known to steps need to be taken to ensure their are increasing year by year,” he said. have benefited people, plants and the continued existence. Next time you “In 2016, the country was the seventh planet. By carrying pollen from one are about to bite into a tasty apple, or biggest honey producer in the world, flower to another, bees, butterflies munch on a delightful piece of choco- producing up to 77,000 tons of honey. and other pollinators facilitate and im- late, just remember that without bees, Last year Iran increased its honey pro- prove food production, thus contrib- there would be no apple or chocolate duction to 88,000 tones and now after uting to food security and nutrition,” to savor. Report Page 41 |No. 10| July 2018 MEHR NEWSAGENCY Global refugee compact to mobilize support for protracted refugee situation in Iran: commissioner

By: Maryam Qarehgozlou upon the Comprehensive Refugee Re- ternational community support Iran sponse Framework (CRRF), to develop more?”, Türk said, adding that in a way Global refugee compact will mobilize a ‘global compact on refugees’. UNHCR that’s what the global refugee compact support for protracted refugee has been engaged in consultations with about. To ensure that it mobilizes sup- situation in Iran, UN Refugee Agency, governments and other stakeholders port for protracted refugee situation Assistant High Commissioner for to develop the compact, and the High but also provide support conditions in Protection, Volker Türk, said on Commissioner will propose the text of countries of origin who are dealing with Monday. the global compact on refugees in his a large-scale crisis [for return of the ref- 2018 annual report to the General As- ugees]. “Global refugee compact is an ef- sembly. Türk who had also served as the fort by all 193 members of the Unit- The global compact on refugees is a UNHCR Director of the Division of In- ed Nations to design to protect those unique opportunity to strengthen the ternational Protection went on to say who are forced to flee and support the international response to large move- that “We are the biggest UN operation countries that shelter them more pre- ments of refugees and protracted ref- in Iran, and also we have offices all dictably and more equitably,” the High ugee situations. Its four key objectives around the country because we want Commissioner explained. are to ease the pressures on host coun- to be close to the Afghan refugees but In 2016’s historic New York Declara- tries; enhance refugee self-reliance; ex- also to work closely with the Iranian tion for Refugees and Migrants, all 193 pand access to third-country solutions; authorities. We know we have always Member States of the United Nations and support conditions in countries of tried hard to ensure that we mobilize agreed that protecting those who are origin for return in safety and dignity. support and we have a lot of discus- forced to flee and supporting the coun- “For instance Iran has hosted Af- sions with some of our donor countries tries that shelter them are shared inter- ghan refugees for many decades, al- so that we can provide more [finan- national responsibilities that must be most 40 years, and it’s a longstanding cial] support, so our duty is to mobilize borne more equitably and predictably. issue in Iran. Iran has done tremendous more support for the refugees but also The Declaration gave UNHCR, the work and has our full admiration, so in for the host countries which is Iran.” UN Refugee Agency, the task of building this case one would say why can’t in- Inquired about the Ministerial Con- » Report Page 42 |No. 10| July 2018 MEHR NEWSAGENCY ference on Afghanistan which the UN community and partner humanitarian ago, a large number are second or third would host with the Afghan Govern- agencies. generation Afghans living in Iran. ment in Geneva on November 28, The Islamic Republic of Iran has re- Approximately 97% live in urban and Türk highlighted that the conference mained an important global partner on semi-urban areas, while the remaining will focus on the Afghan situation in refugee protection, currently hosting 3% reside in 20 refugee settlements Afghanistan, “but also because we around a million refugees from Afghan- which are managed by UNHCR’s main have millions of Afghans refugees liv- istan for nearly four decades. government counterpart the Bureau ing in Pakistan and Iran, so we want for Aliens and Foreign Immigrants’ Af- to use this as an opportunity to make UNHCR in Iran fairs (BAFIA) of the Ministry of Interior. aware the international community The office of the United Nations High The Government of the Islam- that we need to work on solutions for Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) ic Republic of Iran is responsible for Afghanistan, meaning support peace was established by the UN General As- refugee registration and status de- process, conflict resolution and de- sembly in 1950. The agency is mandat- termination, as well as the issuing velopment in Afghanistan, but in the ed to lead and coordinate international of refugee identity cards known as meantime we need to invest on the action to protect refugees and resolve Amayesh cards. These require renew- refugees outside so that countries refugee problems worldwide. Its pri- al on a regular basis and enable refu- like Iran are supported. So we use this mary purpose is to safeguard the rights gees to access basic services as well opportunity to mobilize support for and well-being of refugees. as access to work permits. refugees and for Iran.” UNHCR opened its first office in Iran Voluntary repatriation continues Elsewhere in his remarks he noted in 1984 and expanded its presence in under the auspices of tripartite agree- that the United Nations High Commis- response to the influx of Iraqi refugees ments signed by UNHCR and the gov- sioner for Refugees, Filippo Grandi, will arising from the Gulf War in 1991, and ernments of the Islamic Republic of Iran visit Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran, to the start of Afghans’ mass return move- and Afghanistan. However, voluntary highlight how important it is not to for- ment to Afghanistan in 1992. return has been witnessing a steady get the Afghan situation and the impact The Islamic Republic of Iran contin- decline in recent years, largely due to of refugees in Iran and Pakistan. ues to host one of the largest and most continued instability in Afghanistan and Türk is the UN’s leading expert on in- protracted refugee populations of the Iraq. ternational protection and his two-day world, and has provided asylum to In 2016, 2,426 individuals wishing visit to Tehran was meant to reaffirm refugees for nearly four decades. The to return to their country of origin UNHCR’s commitment to continue its majority of refugees in Iran are Afghan were assisted by the Government of strong partnership with the Islamic Re- refugees. There are an estimated 3.5 Iran and UNHCR. From 2002 to end public of Iran as one of the world’s larg- million Afghans residing in Iran, inclu- 2016, UNHCR assisted 979,410 ref- est refugee hosting country. sive of registered refugees, passport ugees (925,235 Afghans and 30,662 Türk met with high ranking officials, holders and undocumented Afghans; Iraqis) to voluntarily return to their refugee representatives, diplomatic since many arrived around 35 years homeland. Page 43 |No. 10| July 2018 MEHR NEWSAGENCY News in Vision World Bee Day at Slovenian embassy in Tehran The first observance of World Bee Day was held at the Slovenian embassy in Tehran on May 20. The event was attended by a number of ambassadors and heads of various beekeeping associations, in a bid to raise awareness about the significance of bees for food security.

Larijani re-elected as Parl. speaker Conservative politician was re-elected as Iran’s Parliament speaker after beating the reformist candidate Mohammad Reza Aref in a run off. Intl. Quds Day rallies across Iran Millions of Iranians from various provinces across the country took part in nationwide rallies to show their solidarity with the Palestinians and condemn Israel’s occupation and atrocities.

Commemorating victims of 2017 Tehran attacks The ceremony on commemorating the victims of 2017 Tehran attacks which claimed 17 civilians’ lives of left 43 individuals injured was held today in Shahid Motahari School, Tehran. Eminent political figures including Parliament Speaker Ali Larijani took part in this event.

Masouleh, must-see place for anyone visiting Iran The village of Masouleh in Gilan Province is a must-see spot for tourists in any season. Founded in the 10th century AD, it is notable for its traditional wooden buildings, clustered on the northern slopes of the valley, in such a way that front yards and roofs both serve as pedestrian areas. Masouleh is registered as National Cultural and Natural Heritage in Iran. Iran 1-0 Morocco at World Cup 2018 Iranian national football team beat Morocco 1-0 in their opener at the 2018 World Cup on Friday, making it Iran’s second win in World Cup history, after their win against the United States in 1998.

Iran celebrates victory over Morocco People across Iran took to the streets to celebrate Iranian national football team’s 1-0 victory against Morocco in their opener at the 2018 World Cup.