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A Case Study of Furong and Cangpo Villages in Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China

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A Case Study of Furong and Cangpo Villages in Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China The Spatial Formation and Transformation of Chinese Rural Clan Settlements: A Case Study of Furong and Cangpo Villages in Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor-Ingenieur (Dr.-Ing.) an der Fakultät Architektur der Bauhaus-Universität Weimar vorgelegt von Long, Jiang geboren am 06.04.1977 in Harbin Weimar, 2012 Gutachter: ………….. ………….. Tag der Disputation: ………….. Statement of Originality (ehrenwörtliche Erklärung) Ich erkläre hiermit ehrenwörtlich, daß ich die vorliegende Arbeit ohne unzulässige Hilfe Dritter und ohne Benutzung anderer als der angegebenen Hilfsmittel angefertigt habe. Die aus anderen Quellen direkt oder indirekt übernommenen Daten und Konzepte sind unter Angabe der Quelle unmißverständlich gekennzeichnet. Weitere Personen waren an der inhaltlich-materiellen Erstellung der vorliegenden Arbeit nicht beteiligt. Insbesondere habe ich hierfür nicht die entgeltliche Hilfe von Vermittlungs-bzw. Beratungsdiensten (Promotionsberater oder anderen Personen) in Anspruch genommen. Niemand hat von mir unmittelbar oder mittelbar geldwerte Leistungen für Arbeiten erhalten, die im Zusammenhang mit dem Inhalt der vorgelegten Dissertation stehen. Die Arbeit wurde bisher weder im In-noch im Ausland in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form einer anderen Prüfungsbehörde vorgelegt. Ich versichere ehrenwörtlich, daß ich nach bestem Wissen die reine Wahrheit gesagt und nichts verschwiegen habe. ........................................ ........................................ Ort, Datum Unterschrift II Abstract This dissertation attempts to describe, analyze and evaluate how the settlement spaces of Chinese clans in rural areas were shaped by local clan lives in ancient times and transformed along with the transition of those clan organizations in modern China. In approaching this subject, two major questions are raised: what was the role of ancient Chinese rural clans in the spatial formation of their settlements and, nowadays, do they still play the same role as before? To approach these answers, this dissertation sets out to draw on systematically interdisciplinary research from the perspectives of socio-culture and architecture- planning to have an overall understanding of a Chinese clan organization and clan settlement. Then, the basic characteristics of traditional Chinese clans and their importance to the Chinese people are discussed by tracing the history and evolution of Chinese clan organizations in the dissertation. Two old villages, Furong and Cangpo in now Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, are selected for case study research. And the research reveals that it was the clans that took charge of planning and managing the various construction activities, especially those of communal buildings and facilities, within their own settlements, and the clan lives exerted a decisive impact on shaping the settlement spaces, branding the characteristics of the clan lives clearly and deeply on the spaces. Following that, in the dissertation is described the transformation process of traditional Chinese clans in modern and contemporary China. The clan lives in rural areas have been reshaped and this exerts a great impact on clan settlement spaces. It is shown in the case studies of Furong and Cangpo. The major findings in this dissertation are as follows: a) An ancient Chinese clan was introverted and such a characteristic was faithfully reflected in the settlement space. b) The overall spatial layout of a Chinese clan settlement was usually the result of careful planning of the clan. c) The spatial structure of a clan settlement’s residential area was the projection of the clan’s internal structure. III d) The hierarchy between the dead ancestors and living descendants resulted in a distinct hierarchy between the ancestral hall and the other buildings in the settlement. e) Nowadays, most of clan members are accustomed to following the principles formed by traditional clan lives in their construction activities. f) There are only communal but no public places or spaces in clan settlements. g) Clan settlement spaces have become much more extroverted than before. h) The settlements often seem vacant as a large number of young rural people leave their hometowns to seek employment in cities. i) The application of new building materials and new building techniques has brought great change to the original appearances of the settlements. j) Chinese government is trying to establish a comprehensive regulatory system to regulate the construction activities in rural settlements. A clan organization can still exert a certain influence on shaping the settlement space now, but the influence is not as strong as in ancient times. Nevertheless, at present stage, it is very hard to definitely predict whether such an influence will be increasingly weakened in the future because the country’s laws and codes have not really replaced those written and unwritten clan rules yet. The confrontation between the clan rules and laws has resulted in serious chaos in settlement construction and it will last until the confrontation come to an end. IV Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt, analysiert und bewertet exemplarisch, wie sich die Siedlungsräume chinesischer Clans in ländlichen Gebieten durch das lokale Clanleben in der Antike geformt, und wie diese Räume sich mit dem Übergang der Clan-Organisationen zum modernen China gewandelt haben. In der Annäherung an dieses Thema werden zwei Hauptfragen aufgeworfen: Welche Rolle haben die alten ländlichen Clans in der räumlichen Gestaltung ihrer Siedlungen gespielt und, zweitens, konnten sie diese Rolle beibehalten oder hat sich diese geändert - und wenn ja, inwiefern? Um ein umfassendes Verständnis von einer chinesischen Clan Siedlung zu bekommen und sich auf diese Weise den Antworten zu nähern, verwendet die vorliegende Arbeit einen systematischen interdisziplinären Ansatz, der soziale, kulturelle, städtebauliche und raumplanerische Perspektiven integriert. So werden in der Dissertation die grundlegenden Eigenschaften der traditionellen chinesischen Clans und ihre Bedeutung für das chinesische Volk in der Geschichte und Entwicklung der chinesischen Clan-Organisationen diskutiert. Zwei alte Dörfer aus der Provinz Zhejiang, Furong und Cangpo (jetzt Teil von Wenzhou), wurden für die Forschung als Fallstudie ausgewählt. Die Forschung zeigt, dass die Clans für die Planung und für das Management der verschiedenen Baumaßnahmen in ihren jeweiligen Siedlungen verantwortlich waren, insbesondere für kommunale Gebäude und Einrichtungen. Das Clanleben hat einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Gestaltung der Dörfer, indem es sich klar und tief dem Siedlungsraum einprägt. Im Anschluss an die historische Rekonstruktion dieses Einflusses werden Persistenz und Transformation des traditionellen chinesischen Clans im modernen und zeitgenössischen China beschrieben. Das Clanleben in ländlichen Gebieten wird neu gestaltet und auch diese Restrukturierung übt einen großen Einfluss auf Funktion und Gestalt der ländlichen Siedlungsräume aus. Dies wird in den Fallstudien von Furong und Cangpo detailliert nachgewiesen. Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse in dieser Arbeit sind folgende: a) Ein alter chinesischer Clan war sozial introvertiert (gemeinschaftsorientiert) und V dieses Merkmal wurde im Dorf unmittelbar als räumliche Introvertiertheit reflektiert. b) Die gesamte räumliche Anordnung einer chinesischen Clansiedlung war in der Regel das Ergebnis sorgfältiger Planung des Clans bzw. ihrer Organisationen. c) Die räumliche Struktur einer ländlichen Clansiedlung ist eine Projektion der internen Strukturen des Clans. d) Die Hierarchie zwischen den toten Vorfahren und den Nachkommen spiegelt sich in einer deutlichen Hierarchie zwischen dem Ahnensaal und den anderen Gebäuden in der Siedlung. e) Bis heute respektieren die meisten Dorfbewohner bei ihrer Bautätigkeit die Prinzipien, die von dem traditionellen Clanleben geformt wurden. f) Statt öffentlicher, urbaner Plätze oder Räume gibt es in den Clansiedlungen kommunale bzw. gemeinschaftsorientierte Plätze oder Räume. g) Die räumliche Struktur der Clansiedlungen entwickelte sich in der jüngeren Vergangenheit sehr viel extrovertierter als in früheren Zeiten. h) Da eine große Anzahl der jungen Landbevölkerung ihre Heimat verlässt, um eine Beschäftigung in der Stadt zu suchen, leiden die Siedlungen unter Leerständen und Schrumpfung. i) Die Anwendung neuer Baustoffe und neuer Techniken hat große, teilweise nachteilige Veränderungen im ursprünglichen Aussehen der Siedlungen bewirkt. j) Die chinesische Regierung hat daher versucht, ein umfassendes Regulierungssystem zu schaffen, um die Ergebnisse der Bautätigkeit in ländlichen Siedlungen zu verbessern. Bis jetzt hat die Clan-Organisation immer noch einen gewissen Einfluss auf die Gestaltung der Siedlungsräume, aber der Einfluss ist nicht mehr so stark wie in alten Zeiten. Ob dieser Einfluss in Zukunft weiter geschwächt wird, ist im jetzigen Stadium noch schwer zu sagen, weil die Gesetze des Landes und die modernen Siedlungscodes noch nicht in der Lage sind, jene geschriebenen und ungeschriebenen Regeln des Clans zu ersetzen. Die Konfrontation zwischen den Clan-Regeln und den modernen Gesetzen hat zu einem ernsthaften Chaos im ländlichen Siedlungsbau geführte - und es wird gewiss noch andauern, bis die gegenwärtigen Auseinandersetzung zu Ende gehen. VI Contents Statement of Originality (ehrenwörtliche Erklärung) ............................................ 2 Abstract (Zusammenfassung) ..............................................................................
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