The Origin and Evolvement of Chinese Characters
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The Origin and Spread of the Jawi Script
Sub-regional Symposium on the Incorporation of the Languages of Asian Muslim Peoples into the Standardized Quranic Script 2008 ﻧﺪﻭﺓ November 7-5 ﺷﺒﻪ ,Kuala Lumpur ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ,(SQSP) ﺣﻮﻝ:Project ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﱐ 7_9 ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻌﺪﺓ 1429 ﻫـ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻖ 5-7 ﻧﻮﻓﻤﱪ 2008 ﻡ ﻗﺎﻋﺔ ﳎﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺗﺬﺓ : ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﲟﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ THE ORIGIN AND SPREAD OF THE JAWI SCRIPT Amat Juhari Ph.D Bangi, Malaysia Sub-regional Symposium on the Incorporation of the Languages of Asian Muslim Peoples into the Standardized Quranic Script Project (SQSP), Kuala Lumpur, 5-7 November 2008 THE ORIGIN AND THE SPREAD OF THE JAWI SCRIPT SYNOPSIS This paper discusses the origin and the spread of the Jawi Script. Jawi Script is derived from the Arabic Script, but it later changed its name to Jawi because in Jawi Script there are six more new letters being added to it to represent the six Malay phonemes which are not found in the Arabic Language. The oldest known Jawi writing is the Terengganu Inscriptions dated 24 th February 1303 or 702 Hijrah. Later on Jawi Script was used extensively in the Sultanate of Malacca, the Sultanate of Old Johor, the Sultanate of Aceh, the Sultanate of Johor-Riau and other sultanates and kingdoms of South East Asia. Jawi Script had spread from Aceh in North Sumatra in the west to Ternate and Tidore in the Moluccas Islands in the eastern part of Indonesia, and then from Cambodia in the north to Banten in the south. Nowadays, about 16,000 Malay Jawi manuscripts are being preserved and kept in many libraries and archives around the world. -
Historical Study on the Relation Between Ancient Chinese Cuju and Modern Football
2018 4th International Conference on Innovative Development of E-commerce and Logistics (ICIDEL 2018) Historical Study on the Relation between Ancient Chinese Cuju and Modern Football Xiaoxue Liu1, Yanfen Zhang2, and Xuezhi Ma3 1Department of Physical Education, China University of Geosciences, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, P. R. China 2Department of Life Sciences; Xinxiang University, Xinxiang Henan Province, Eastern Section of Hua Lan Road, Hongqi District, Xinxiang City, Henan, China 3Beijing Sport University Wushu School, Information Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Keywords: Ancient Chinese Cuju, Modern Football, Relationship, Development, The Same Origin Abstract: This paper studies on the origin and development of Chinese Cuju through document retrieval. Born in the period of Dongyi civilization, Chinese Cuju began to take shape during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Period, and gradually flourished during the Qin, Han, Tang and Song dynasties. Through the economic and cultural exchange between China and the West in the past ages, Cuju was introduced into Europe when Mongol expedited westward in Yuan Dynasty. Finally, it has become the modern football, which originated from ancient Chinese Cuju and developed from European competition rules and now is widely accepted and popular in the world. 1. The Cultural Background of the Study On July 15th, 2004, Mr. Blatter, the president of FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association) officially announced in the 3rd session of Soccerex Fair, that football originated in Zibo, the capital of Qi State during the Spring and Autumn Period of ancient China. Cuju (ancient football game) began in China, while modern football (eleven -player game) originated in England. -
Towards Chinese Calligraphy Zhuzhong Qian
Macalester International Volume 18 Chinese Worlds: Multiple Temporalities Article 12 and Transformations Spring 2007 Towards Chinese Calligraphy Zhuzhong Qian Desheng Fang Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/macintl Recommended Citation Qian, Zhuzhong and Fang, Desheng (2007) "Towards Chinese Calligraphy," Macalester International: Vol. 18, Article 12. Available at: http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/macintl/vol18/iss1/12 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Institute for Global Citizenship at DigitalCommons@Macalester College. It has been accepted for inclusion in Macalester International by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Macalester College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Towards Chinese Calligraphy Qian Zhuzhong and Fang Desheng I. History of Chinese Calligraphy: A Brief Overview Chinese calligraphy, like script itself, began with hieroglyphs and, over time, has developed various styles and schools, constituting an important part of the national cultural heritage. Chinese scripts are generally divided into five categories: Seal script, Clerical (or Official) script, Regular script, Running script, and Cursive script. What follows is a brief introduction of the evolution of Chinese calligraphy. A. From Prehistory to Xia Dynasty (ca. 16 century B.C.) The art of calligraphy began with the creation of Chinese characters. Without modern technology in ancient times, “Sound couldn’t travel to another place and couldn’t remain, so writings came into being to act as the track of meaning and sound.”1 However, instead of characters, the first calligraphy works were picture-like symbols. These symbols first appeared on ceramic vessels and only showed ambiguous con- cepts without clear meanings. -
Glyce: Glyph-Vectors for Chinese Character Representations
Glyce: Glyph-vectors for Chinese Character Representations Yuxian Meng*, Wei Wu*, Fei Wang*, Xiaoya Li*, Ping Nie, Fan Yin Muyu Li, Qinghong Han, Xiaofei Sun and Jiwei Li Shannon.AI fyuxian meng, wei wu, fei wang, xiaoya li, ping nie, fan yin, muyu li, qinghong han, xiaofei sun, jiwei [email protected] Abstract It is intuitive that NLP tasks for logographic languages like Chinese should benefit from the use of the glyph information in those languages. However, due to the lack of rich pictographic evidence in glyphs and the weak generalization ability of standard computer vision models on character data, an effective way to utilize the glyph information remains to be found. In this paper, we address this gap by presenting Glyce, the glyph-vectors for Chinese character representations. We make three major innovations: (1) We use historical Chinese scripts (e.g., bronzeware script, seal script, traditional Chinese, etc) to enrich the pictographic evidence in characters; (2) We design CNN structures (called tianzege-CNN) tailored to Chinese character image processing; and (3) We use image-classification as an auxiliary task in a multi-task learning setup to increase the model’s ability to generalize. We show that glyph-based models are able to consistently outperform word/char ID-based models in a wide range of Chinese NLP tasks. We are able to set new state- of-the-art results for a variety of Chinese NLP tasks, including tagging (NER, CWS, POS), sentence pair classification, single sentence classification tasks, dependency parsing, and semantic role labeling. For example, the proposed model achieves an F1 score of 80.6 on the OntoNotes dataset of NER, +1.5 over BERT; it achieves an almost perfect accuracy of 99.8% on the Fudan corpus for text classification. -
Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Relations of the Korean Peninsula with the Eurasian Steppe
SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 301 May, 2020 Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Relations of the Korean Peninsula with the Eurasian Steppe by Kang, In Uk Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS FOUNDED 1986 Editor-in-Chief VICTOR H. MAIR Associate Editors PAULA ROBERTS MARK SWOFFORD ISSN 2157-9679 (print) 2157-9687 (online) SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series dedicated to making available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor-in-chief actively encourages younger, not yet well established scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including romanized modern standard Mandarin and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino-Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. Submissions are regularly sent out for peer review, and extensive editorial suggestions for revision may be offered. Sino-Platonic Papers emphasizes substance over form. -
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Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 275 2nd International Conference on Education Innovation and Social Science (ICEISS 2018) Analysis of the Children's Picture Book as the Carrier to Inherit the Spirit of Yimeng —Taking the Phoenix Bird Worship in Dongyi Culture as an Example Xu Ping Zaozhuang Institute Abstract—The Yimeng spirit is a cultural and spiritual trait open and compatible theoretical characteristics and powerful formed by the fusion of Chinese traditional culture, practical functions [1]. revolutionary culture and socialist culture. In contemporary society that practices the core values of socialism, it is necessary On December 12, 1989, Li Xiangdong published an article to strive to inherit and develop the spirit of Yimeng and enhance entitled "Playing the Advantages of the Old District and cultural self-confidence. This paper takes children's picture Promoting the Spirit of the Yimeng" in the "Linyi People's books as a carrier to inherit the spirit of Yimeng, takes the Daily". This is the first proposal of the concept of "Yimeng worship of phoenix birds in Dongyi culture as an example, and Spirit". On February 2, 1990, when Comrade Jiang Chunyun points out that the creation of children's picture books is a visited the Yimeng area, he summarized the spirit of Yimeng reflection of the integration of Chinese excellent traditional as the core idea of "Love the Party, Love the Army, culture into the education. This is extremely important for Entrepreneur, Entrepreneurship, Selfless Dedication". In June children's ideological quality, aesthetic experience and national 1990, Chen Jianguang published a research paper entitled feelings. -
Sinitic Language and Script in East Asia: Past and Present
SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 264 December, 2016 Sinitic Language and Script in East Asia: Past and Present edited by Victor H. Mair Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS FOUNDED 1986 Editor-in-Chief VICTOR H. MAIR Associate Editors PAULA ROBERTS MARK SWOFFORD ISSN 2157-9679 (print) 2157-9687 (online) SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series dedicated to making available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor-in-chief actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including romanized modern standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino- Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. Submissions are regularly sent out to be refereed, and extensive editorial suggestions for revision may be offered. Sino-Platonic Papers emphasizes substance over form. -
The Twentieth-Century Secularization of the Sinograph in Vietnam, and Its Demotion from the Cosmological to the Aesthetic
Journal of World Literature 1 (2016) 275–293 brill.com/jwl The Twentieth-Century Secularization of the Sinograph in Vietnam, and its Demotion from the Cosmological to the Aesthetic John Duong Phan* Rutgers University [email protected] Abstract This article examines David Damrosch’s notion of “scriptworlds”—spheres of cultural and intellectual transfusion, defined by a shared script—as it pertains to early mod- ern Vietnam’s abandonment of sinographic writing in favor of a latinized alphabet. The Vietnamese case demonstrates a surprisingly rapid readjustment of deeply held attitudes concerning the nature of writing, in the wake of the alphabet’s meteoric suc- cesses. The fluidity of “language ethics” in early modern Vietnam (a society that had long since developed vernacular writing out of an earlier experience of diglossic liter- acy) suggests that the durability of a “scriptworld” depends on the nature and history of literacy in the societies under question. Keywords Vietnamese literature – Vietnamese philology – Chinese philology – script reform – language reform – early modern East Asia/Southeast Asia Introduction In 1919, the French-installed emperor Khải Định permanently dismantled Viet- nam’s civil service examinations, and with them, an entire system of political * I would like to thank Wynn Wilcox, Nguyễn Tuấn Cường, Tuna Artun, and Jack Chia for their valuable help and input. All errors are my own. © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2016 | doi: 10.1163/24056480-00102010 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 07:54:41AM via free access 276 phan selection based on proficiency in Literary Sinitic.1 That same year, using a con- troversial latinized alphabet called Quốc Ngữ (lit. -
New Documents on Mongolia and the Cold War
Cold War International History Project Bulletin, Issue 16 New Documents on Mongolia and the Cold War Translation and Introduction by Sergey Radchenko1 n a freezing November afternoon in Ulaanbaatar China and Russia fell under the Mongolian sword. However, (Ulan Bator), I climbed the Zaisan hill on the south- after being conquered in the 17th century by the Manchus, Oern end of town to survey the bleak landscape below. the land of the Mongols was divided into two parts—called Black smoke from gers—Mongolian felt houses—blanketed “Outer” and “Inner” Mongolia—and reduced to provincial sta- the valley; very little could be discerned beyond the frozen tus. The inhabitants of Outer Mongolia enjoyed much greater Tuul River. Chilling wind reminded me of the cold, harsh autonomy than their compatriots across the border, and after winter ahead. I thought I should have stayed at home after all the collapse of the Qing dynasty, Outer Mongolia asserted its because my pen froze solid, and I could not scribble a thing right to nationhood. Weak and disorganized, the Mongolian on the documents I carried up with me. These were records religious leadership appealed for help from foreign countries, of Mongolia’s perilous moves on the chessboard of giants: including the United States. But the first foreign troops to its strategy of survival between China and the Soviet Union, appear were Russian soldiers under the command of the noto- and its still poorly understood role in Asia’s Cold War. These riously cruel Baron Ungern who rode past the Zaisan hill in the documents were collected from archival depositories and pri- winter of 1921. -
Constitution of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Emerika Bluma 1, 71000 Sarajevo Tel. 28 35 00 Fax. 28 35 01 Department for Legal Affairs CONSTITUTION OF THE FEDERATION OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA “Official Gazette of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina”, 1/94, 13/97 CONSTITUTION OF THE FEDERATION OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA - consolidated translation, with amendments indicated - • The Constitution of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina was adopted by the Constitutional Assembly of the Federation of BiH, at the session held on June 24, 1994. It was published in Slu`bene Novine Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine n. 1, 1994. • Amendment I to the Constitution of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina was passed by the Constitutional Assembly of the Federation of BiH, at the session held on June 24th,1994. It was also published in Slu`bene Novine Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine n. 1, 1994. • Amendments II to XXIV to the Constitution of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina were passed by the Constitutional Assembly of the Federation of BiH, at its 14th session held on June 5th,1996. They were published in Slu`bene Novine Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine n. 13, 1997. • Amendments XXV and XXVI to the Constitution of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina were passed according to the procedure in Chapter VIII, finalized on May 8th, 1997. They were also published in Slu`bene Novine Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine n. 13, 1997. PREAMBLE I. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FEDERATION Arts. 1-6 II. HUMAN RIGHTS A. General Arts. 1-7 B. Initial Appointment and Functions of the Ombudsmen Arts. 1-9 III. DIVISION OF RESPONSIBILITIES BETWEEN THE FEDERATION GOVERNMENT AND THE CANTONS Arts. -
A Comparative Analysis of the Simplification of Chinese Characters in Japan and China
CONTRASTING APPROACHES TO CHINESE CHARACTER REFORM: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SIMPLIFICATION OF CHINESE CHARACTERS IN JAPAN AND CHINA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN ASIAN STUDIES AUGUST 2012 By Kei Imafuku Thesis Committee: Alexander Vovin, Chairperson Robert Huey Dina Rudolph Yoshimi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express deep gratitude to Alexander Vovin, Robert Huey, and Dina R. Yoshimi for their Japanese and Chinese expertise and kind encouragement throughout the writing of this thesis. Their guidance, as well as the support of the Center for Japanese Studies, School of Pacific and Asian Studies, and the East-West Center, has been invaluable. i ABSTRACT Due to the complexity and number of Chinese characters used in Chinese and Japanese, some characters were the target of simplification reforms. However, Japanese and Chinese simplifications frequently differed, resulting in the existence of multiple forms of the same character being used in different places. This study investigates the differences between the Japanese and Chinese simplifications and the effects of the simplification techniques implemented by each side. The more conservative Japanese simplifications were achieved by instating simpler historical character variants while the more radical Chinese simplifications were achieved primarily through the use of whole cursive script forms and phonetic simplification techniques. These techniques, however, have been criticized for their detrimental effects on character recognition, semantic and phonetic clarity, and consistency – issues less present with the Japanese approach. By comparing the Japanese and Chinese simplification techniques, this study seeks to determine the characteristics of more effective, less controversial Chinese character simplifications. -
The Japanese Writing Systems, Script Reforms and the Eradication of the Kanji Writing System: Native Speakers’ Views Lovisa Österman
The Japanese writing systems, script reforms and the eradication of the Kanji writing system: native speakers’ views Lovisa Österman Lund University, Centre for Languages and Literature Bachelor’s Thesis Japanese B.A. Course (JAPK11 Spring term 2018) Supervisor: Shinichiro Ishihara Abstract This study aims to deduce what Japanese native speakers think of the Japanese writing systems, and in particular what native speakers’ opinions are concerning Kanji, the logographic writing system which consists of Chinese characters. The Japanese written language has something that most languages do not; namely a total of three writing systems. First, there is the Kana writing system, which consists of the two syllabaries: Hiragana and Katakana. The two syllabaries essentially figure the same way, but are used for different purposes. Secondly, there is the Rōmaji writing system, which is Japanese written using latin letters. And finally, there is the Kanji writing system. Learning this is often at first an exhausting task, because not only must one learn the two phonematic writing systems (Hiragana and Katakana), but to be able to properly read and write in Japanese, one should also learn how to read and write a great amount of logographic signs; namely the Kanji. For example, to be able to read and understand books or newspaper without using any aiding tools such as dictionaries, one would need to have learned the 2136 Jōyō Kanji (regular-use Chinese characters). With the twentieth century’s progress in technology, comparing with twenty years ago, in this day and age one could probably theoretically get by alright without knowing how to write Kanji by hand, seeing as we are writing less and less by hand and more by technological devices.