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Dissertation DISSERTATION Titel der Dissertation „Vom Schtetl zum Polarkreis. Juden und Judentum in der norwegischen Literatur“ Verfasserin Mag.phil. Dr.phil. Gertraud Rothlauf angestrebter akademischer Grad Doktorin der Philosophie (Dr.phil.) Wien, 2009 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 092 394 Dissertationsgebiet lt. Studienblatt: Skandinavistik Betreuer: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Sven Hakon Rossel Danksagung Alle Menschen, die mich in Österreich, Deutschland und Norwegen bei den Recherchen und der Literaturbeschaffung für diese Dissertation unterstützt haben, hier namentlich aufzuführen, ist nicht möglich. Ich danke hiermit allen für ihre Hilfe. Mein besonderer Dank gilt Herrn Professor Sven Hakon Rossel für die hervorragende Betreuung während des gesamten Arbeitsprozesses. Seine wertvollen Anregungen und seine konstruktive Kritik waren für mich sehr hilfreich. Meiner Freundin Hildegard Truxa, die mir beim Korrekturlesen und bei der Übersetzung ins Englische eine unentbehrliche Hilfe war, und meiner Kommilitonin Melanie Gertheinrich, die das Korrekturlesen des norwegischen Abstracts übernahm, danke ich ebenfalls. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung ........................................................................................................................ 1 2 Vorgehensweise und Methodik .................................................................................. 7 3 Definitionen .................................................................................................................. 13 3.1 Literarische Begriffe ................................................................................................ 13 3.1.1 Definitionen und Kriterien für die Auswahl von Texten und Autoren ............ 13 3.1.2 Anmerkungen zu einigen Textarten ................................................................. 16 3.1.3 Stoff – Thema – Motiv ..................................................................................... 20 3.2 Identität, Alterität, Stereotype .................................................................................. 25 3.2.1 Identität und Alterität ....................................................................................... 25 3.2.2 Stereotype ......................................................................................................... 28 3.3 Juden und Judentum ................................................................................................. 32 4 Juden in Norwegen ...................................................................................................... 39 4.1 Geschichte der Juden in Norwegen .......................................................................... 39 4.2 Juden in Norwegen heute ......................................................................................... 46 5 Juden und Judentum in der norwegischen Literatur – Literaturhistorischer Überblick ........................................................................................................................ 49 5.1 Einleitung ................................................................................................................. 49 5.2 Vom Mittelalter bis zur jüdischen Emanzipation 1851 ............................................ 50 5.2.1 Altnordische Literatur ...................................................................................... 50 5.2.2 15.-18. Jahrhundert ........................................................................................... 53 5.2.3 Die erste Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts ............................................................... 69 5.3 1851-1940. Neunzig problemlose Jahre? ................................................................. 79 5.3.1 Die zweite Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts ............................................................ 79 5.3.1.1 Drama ........................................................................................................... 79 5.3.1.2 Religiöse, wissenschaftliche und „populärwissenschaftliche“ Literatur ...... 80 5.3.1.3 Begegnungen und Erinnerungen .................................................................. 82 5.3.1.4 Die „Großen Vier“ und die Juden ................................................................ 85 5.3.1.5 Karl Herschel – der erste schreibende Jude in Norwegen ............................ 89 5.3.2 Von der Jahrhundertwende bis zum Zweiten Weltkrieg .................................. 91 5.3.2.1 Lyrik um 1900 .............................................................................................. 91 5.3.2.2 Jüdische Autoren in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts......................... 93 5.3.2.3 Reiseberichte ................................................................................................ 98 5.3.2.4 Knut Hamsun und die Juden ...................................................................... 100 5.3.2.5 Prosa von 1890-1940 .................................................................................. 105 5.3.2.6 Drama ......................................................................................................... 115 5.3.2.7 Trivialliteratur ............................................................................................ 117 5.3.2.8 Religiöse, wissenschaftliche und „populärwissenschaftliche“ Literatur .... 122 5.3.2.9 Vorahnungen und Warnungen.................................................................... 138 5.4 1940-1945 Okkupation und Exil ............................................................................ 152 5.4.1 Literatur im Exil ............................................................................................. 153 5.4.2 Literatur im okkupierten Norwegen ............................................................... 157 5.5 Literatur nach 1945 ................................................................................................ 161 5.5.1 Erinnerungsliteratur und Biografien ............................................................... 161 5.5.1.1 Berichte von Konzentrationslager-Überlebenden ...................................... 162 5.5.1.2 Juden im Exil .............................................................................................. 177 5.5.1.3 Verfolgung und Christentum ...................................................................... 187 5.5.1.4 Die Suche nach den jüdischen Wurzeln ..................................................... 188 5.5.1.5 Zwei deutschsprachige jüdische Autoren in der norwegischen Literatur .. 190 5.5.2 Weitere jüdische Autoren ............................................................................... 197 5.5.3 Autoren mit jüdischen Wurzeln ..................................................................... 218 5.5.4 Nicht jüdische Autoren ................................................................................... 232 5.5.4.1 Lyrik ........................................................................................................... 232 5.5.4.2 Drama ......................................................................................................... 242 5.5.4.3 Prosa ........................................................................................................... 244 5.5.4.4 Kinder- und Jugendbücher ......................................................................... 299 5.5.4.5 Wissenschaftliche und populärwissenschaftliche Werke ........................... 309 6 Vergleichende Analyse der Darstellung von Juden und Judentum in der norwegischen Prosa ab 1890 .................................................................................. 320 6.1 Auswahl und Behandlung der Themen .................................................................. 320 6.1.1 Jüdische Geschichte ....................................................................................... 320 6.1.2 Themenkreis Verfolgung, Holocaust und Exil ............................................... 322 6.1.3 Der Nahe Osten – Palästina und Israel ........................................................... 324 6.1.4 Die jiddische Kultur ....................................................................................... 325 6.1.5 Die jüdische Religion ..................................................................................... 326 6.1.6 Die jüdische Identität ..................................................................................... 327 6.1.7 Resümee zu Auswahl und Bearbeitung der Themen ..................................... 327 6.2 Realität oder Stereotyp? Das Bild des Juden in ausgewählten Texten .................. 328 6.2.1 Jude und Fremder? Identität und Alterität ...................................................... 329 6.2.2 Der Jude im Wirtschaftsleben ........................................................................ 350 6.2.3 Die Jüdin als schöne, exotische Verführerin .................................................. 359 6.2.4 Der jüdische Mann als Verführer ................................................................... 365 6.2.5 Der idealisierte, edle Jude .............................................................................. 366 6.2.6 Ahasverus – Der ewig wandernde Jude ......................................................... 367 7 Zusammenfassung ..................................................................................................... 373 8 Quellen ......................................................................................................................... 375 8.1 Schriftliche Quellen ...............................................................................................
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