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Observation of Maritime Traffic Interruption in Patagonia During The remote sensing Communication Observation of Maritime Traffic Interruption in Patagonia during the COVID-19 Lockdown Using Copernicus Sentinel-1 Data and Google Earth Engine Cristina Rodríguez-Benito 1, Isabel Caballero 2 , Karen Nieto 3 and Gabriel Navarro 2,* 1 Mariscope Ingeniería, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; [email protected] 2 Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (ICMAN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; [email protected] 3 Independent Researcher, Guillermo Munnich, 204, Valparaiso 2340000, Chile; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Human mobilization during the COVID-19 lockdown has been reduced in many areas of the world. Maritime navigation has been affected in strategic connections between some regions in Patagonia, at the southern end of South America. The purpose of this research is to describe this interruption of navigation using satellite synthetic aperture radar data. For this goal, three locations are observed using geoinformatic techniques and high-resolution satellite data from the Sentinel-1 satellites of the European Commission’s Copernicus programme. The spatial information is analyzed using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform as a global geographical information system and Citation: Rodríguez-Benito, C.; the EO Browser tool, integrated with several satellite data. The results demonstrate that the total Caballero, I.; Nieto, K.; Navarro, G. maritime traffic activity in the three geographical hotspots selected along western Patagonia, the Observation of Maritime Traffic Chacao Channel, crossing of the Reloncavi Fjord and the Strait of Magellan was totally interrupted Interruption in Patagonia during the during April–May 2020. This fact has relevant repercussions for the population living in isolated COVID-19 Lockdown Using areas, such as many places in Patagonia, including Tierra del Fuego. The study also demonstrates Copernicus Sentinel-1 Data and the relevance of satellite radar observations in coastal areas with severe cloud cover, such as the one Google Earth Engine. Remote Sens. evaluated here. 2021, 13, 1119. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/rs13061119 Keywords: vessel detection; synthetic aperture radar; Sentinel-1; Google Earth Engine; EO browser; Academic Editors: Patagonia; COVID-19 lockdown Panagiotis Kosmopoulos and Nabin Malakar Received: 26 January 2021 1. Introduction Accepted: 12 March 2021 The COVID-19 (coronavirus disease) pandemic spread has virtually paralyzed daily Published: 16 March 2021 life, and the world is facing huge challenges getting back to normal. COVID-19 affects economies, societies and the environment worldwide, in particular, by modifying human Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral mobilization and transportation patterns. The indirect effects on the environment that with regard to jurisdictional claims in this situation is causing on Earth have been recently highlighted by different scientists published maps and institutional affil- throughout the world, as a decrease in air pollution in Europe shown by the European Space iations. Agency (ESA) and in Asia shown by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) [1], decrease in turbidity and a healthy state of aquatic environments as in Venice Lagoon [2] and in the Indian Vembanad Lake [3] or decrease in cities’ pollution due to reduction in automobile traffic [4]. Some of these positive impacts have been confirmed Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. thanks to satellite technology, the only methodology able to provide global, synoptic and Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. mesoscale data in short periods of time. This article is an open access article Monitoring the maritime traffic is key as a socioeconomic and human indicator. Quan- distributed under the terms and tifying these transportation services at local, regional and national scales from space could conditions of the Creative Commons advise on identifying the most affected regions as well as national and international ac- Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// tivities and businesses. One of the affected means of transport has been maritime traffic. creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ This modality is one of the oldest in humanity, and today, it is essential for the transport of 4.0/). Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 1119. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13061119 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 1119 2 of 13 Remote Sens. 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 13 goods and passengers, especially in isolated areas, as are many regions in Patagonia. The maritimeof the big connectivitynorthern and in southern Latin America ice fields. was The affected company by the that state operates of emergency 365 days declareda year in bythis the crossing governments is Transportes in most del of theEstuario. countries This immediately is the safer option afterthe to arrive declaration at Caleta of thePuelche pan- demicas the byalternative the United is a Nations. road of Themore countries than 200 that km, include with a large Patagonia, dangerous Chile stretch and Argentina of more (thanFigure 501 )km were of immediatelyroads in unsafe affected. conditions The connectivity of cliffs next in to the the area road, started landslide to be affectedareas of aftermountain the closure ranges, declared among byothers the Chileanaspects, Governmentwhich makes on the 24 maritime March 2020 option [5] due safer to and the COVID-19faster. pandemic that plagues the world. FigureFigure 1.1. LocationLocation of of the the three three sites sites in in Latin Latin America America evaluated evaluated in this in this study: study: Chacao Chacao Channel, Channel, Reloncavi Estuary and Strait of Magellan, and SAR images displayed for each region. Reloncavi Estuary and Strait of Magellan, and SAR images displayed for each region. TheThe detectionthird case of of ships study from is the space Strait for of maritime Magellan surveillance (Figure 1). and This security is the southern applications sea hasroute expanded in Chile, itswhich use separates due to the mainland worldwide South increase America in maritimeto the north traffic, and Tierra environmental del Fuego surveillanceto the south. and The illegal strait fishing.is considered Traditionally, the most the important identification natural of passage ships by between human ob-the serversAtlantic is and time-consuming Pacific oceans. and Described cannot be 500 conducted years ago on by a the very European large scale. explorer For this Fernando reason, de Magallanes, it is difficult to navigate due to frequent bad weather fronts and Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 1119 3 of 13 the development of algorithms to detect ships from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has increased during the last decades and nowadays is used operationally [6]. This type of radar uses electromagnetic wave spectrum in a range of frequencies between 0.3 and 300 GHz, equivalent to wavelengths between 1 cm and 1 m. This radiation can penetrate the majority of clouds and provides data about the oceanic surface features, waves, currents, oil spills, wind fields and vessel detection at any time of the day [7]. SAR information can be combined with the automatic identification system (AIS) signals to identify ships as routine surveillance. This technology was used to detect ships in the coastal regions of Indonesia [8], Italy [9] and India [10], among others. In our region of study, SAR data for ship detection applications are routinely used for surveillance by governmental institutions as the Argentinean Naval Coastguard, the Argentinean Navy and the Chilean Navy. How- ever, as far as we know, no scientific research has been conducted before with Sentinel-1, which is the aim of this study. Sentinel-1 is the first of the five missions that the European Commission and ESA are developing for the Earth Observation Copernicus programme. Sentinel-1 data are used across many meaningful domains, including maritime activity, sea-ice mapping, human- itarian aid, crisis response, forest management, and flooding, among others. Compared to other ESA instruments, Sentinel-1 provides wide coverage for vessel surveillance with improved revisit times and allows the detection of smaller vessels, such as pleasure crafts. The mission’s ability to observe with all weather conditions, during day and night, facili- tates frequent monitoring, making it ideal for the precise location of vessel activities at sea, and enabling for more efficient and profitable use of other security assets [11]. Sentinel-1 is working in a preprogrammed operational mode and produces a consistent long-term data archive built for applications based on long time-series. Sentinel-1 data availability started in 2014 and continues up to the present. Google Earth Engine (GEE) is a free cloud-based platform for planetary-scale geospa- tial analysis [12], developed by the company Google. This tool can be used for scientific analysis on a petabyte (PB) scale and the visualization of geospatial data sets, both for the public benefit and for commercial and government users. The main benefit of this platform is the data analysis capacity since it stores satellite images, organizes them and makes them available for the first time for data extraction on a global scale, open to the public. The data archive includes historical images that go back more than forty years. GEE also provides APIs in JavaScript, as well as other tools, which were implemented in this study to allow the analysis of many sets of Earth Observation
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