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Panorama Megacities Project Document REGIONAL PANORAMA Latin America Megacities and Sustainability Ricardo Jordán Johannes Rehner Joseluis Samaniego Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) The present document was prepared by Joseluis Samaniego and Ricardo Jordán, of the Sustainable Development and Human Settlements Division of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), and by Johannes Rehner, professor at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile. Its preparation formed part of Risk Habitat Megacities, a joint project of ECLAC and the Helmholtz Association, represented by the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) of Leipzig, Germany. Production of the document benefited from support from the Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association and the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) and the Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development of Germany. The following persons contributed to the preparation of this document: Sebastián Baeza González, Jorge Cabrera Gómez, Maximiliano Carbonetti, Dirk Heinrichs, Paula Higa, Jürgen Kopfmüller, Kerstin Krellenberg, Margarita Pacheco Montes, Paulina Rica Mery, Iván Moscoso Rodríguez, Claudia Rodríguez Seeger, Humberto Soto and Volker Stelzer. The authors wish to express their gratitude to the following people for their critiques, comments and revision of the document: Jonathan Barton, Klaus-Rainer Bräutigam, Ulrich Franck, Tahnee Gonzalez, Andreas Justen, Henning Nuissl, Gerhard Schleenstein and Peter Suppan. Special thanks are owed to Courtney Yarsley and Roxanna Hernandez for the final review of the text. The views expressed in this document, which have been reproduced without formal editing, are those of the authors and do not necessarily, reflect the views of the Organization. LC/W.289 Copyright © United Nations, December 2010, all rights reserved Printed in Santiago de Chile – United Nations ECLAC – Project Documents Collection Regional Panorama Latin America: Megacities and Sustainability Table of contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................. 9 I. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 11 II. Theoretical concept and methodological approach ............................................................... 13 A. Urban trends in metropolitan regions of Latin America .................................................. 13 B. Methodological approach ............................................................................................... 15 1. Selection of case studies ........................................................................................ 15 2. Definition of the metropolitan cities areas .............................................................. 15 3. Indicator set and data presentation ........................................................................ 18 III. Comparative sustainability analysis ....................................................................................... 23 A. Human life ...................................................................................................................... 26 1. Satisfaction of basic needs and extreme poverty ................................................... 26 2. Education ................................................................................................................ 30 3. Housing .................................................................................................................. 33 4. Minimization of environment-caused adverse impacts on health .......................... 36 B. Natural resources ........................................................................................................... 41 1. Water consumption and wastewater treatment ...................................................... 41 2. Water pollution ........................................................................................................ 44 3. Energy and electricity consumption ........................................................................ 46 4. Solid waste production and management .............................................................. 49 5. Motorization and transportation .............................................................................. 52 6. Air pollution and emission of green house gases ................................................... 55 7. Land use and green areas ..................................................................................... 59 C. Social resources ............................................................................................................. 62 1. Social cohesion ...................................................................................................... 62 2. Preservation of cultural heritage and diversity ....................................................... 63 D. Equal opportunities ........................................................................................................ 65 1. Income concentration ............................................................................................. 65 2. Gender issues ........................................................................................................ 67 E. Productive potential ........................................................................................................ 70 1. Development of human capital and knowledge ..................................................... 70 2. Development of man-made capital ......................................................................... 71 3 ECLAC – Project Documents Collection Regional Panorama Latin America: Megacities and Sustainability IV. City profiles ............................................................................................................................... 75 A. City profile: Bogota ......................................................................................................... 75 1. General data ........................................................................................................... 76 2. Poverty, social segregation and integration programs ........................................... 80 3. Water pollution and sewage treatment ................................................................... 88 4. Transport infrastructure and sustainability ............................................................. 91 5. Green land and urban biodiversity ......................................................................... 93 6. Conclusion of Bogota: challenges, risks and obstacles ......................................... 94 B. City profile: Buenos Aires ............................................................................................... 95 1. General data ........................................................................................................... 95 2. Financial crisis and poverty .................................................................................... 98 3. Periurban growth and urban infrastructure ........................................................... 102 4. Waste collection and treatment ............................................................................ 105 5. River pollution ....................................................................................................... 106 6. Conclusion Buenos Aires: challenges, risks and obstacles ................................. 107 C. City profile: Lima .......................................................................................................... 108 1. General data ......................................................................................................... 109 2. Extreme poverty ................................................................................................... 113 3. Economic development and the labor market ...................................................... 114 4. Water quality management and health in Lima .................................................... 117 5. Solid waste management ..................................................................................... 119 6. Urban transport infrastructure .............................................................................. 119 7. Conclusion Lima: challenges, risks and obstacles ............................................... 121 D. City profile: Mexico ....................................................................................................... 122 1. General data ......................................................................................................... 122 2. Water quality and management ........................................................................... 126 3. Air quality and the Proaire program ...................................................................... 128 4. Urban transport ..................................................................................................... 131 5. Protected natural areas, green areas and biodiversity ......................................... 134 6. Conclusion Mexico: challenges, risks and obstacles ........................................... 135 E. City profile: Santiago de Chile ...................................................................................... 136 1. General data ........................................................................................................
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