Addressing Social and Infrastructural Deficiencies in Villa Salvador-- Part 1

Home , Demographics of Lima, Villa El Salvador

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School of Architecture Dissertations and Architecture Senior Theses Theses

Spring 2014

Ciudad Disidente: Addressing social and infrastructural deficiencies in villa salvador-- Part 1

Victoria Brewster

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This Thesis, Senior is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Architecture Dissertations and Theses at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in Architecture Senior Theses by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CIUDAD DISIDENTE ADDRESSING SOCIAL AND INFRASTRUCTURAL DEFICIENCIES IN VILLA EL SALVADOR TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTION

I. URGENCY

II. CASE STUDIES

III. LIMA, PERU

IV. VILLA EL SALVADOR

V. WORKS CITED

VICTORIA BREWSTER DANIEL KALINOWSKI DECEMBER 9, 2013 ARC 505 - THESIS RESEARCH STUDIO PRIMARY ADVISOR: SAROSH ANKLESARIA SECONDARY ADVISORS: SUSAN HENDERSON, JULIE LARSEN CONTENTION Ciudad Disidente

Within the next twenty years, Providing increased agency the Global South will account through community par- for 95% of urban growth, ticipation in the design and and nearly half of that will be construction processes will within the informal sector.1 encourage residents to be The population living within INVESTED in their neighbor- slums is expected to increase hood’s future. They will be to two billion people by 2030, more likely to focus on the and if left unchecked, it may maintenance and develop- reach three billion by 2050.2 ment of their homes, busi- This extreme growth requires nesses, and public spaces. an URGENT response in order offset its adverse effects Villa El Salvador faces many on the urban environment. of the characteristic chal- lenges of a typical slum. Its Thus far, architects’ interven- periphery lacks proper infra- tions in informal settlements structure as well as social and have focused almost entirely governmental facilities. on designing housing in order to improve the quality of life, ,QRUGHUWRDGGUHVVWKHVHGH¿- and to meet the demands of ciencies, architects are mor- the growing population. This, ally obligated to develop the however, is only a temporary commercial, social, and indus- ¿[LIWKHODUJHUHFRQRPLFDQG trial sectors in addition to the social problems are not ad- residential in order to improve dressed. the HEALTH OF THE CITY.

CONTENTION 5 KEY WORDS Icons

LIVELIHOOD QUALITY OF LIFE The means to support oneself, The standard of living of a given one’s family and one’s community. person or persons.

PARTICIPATION / KIT OF PARTS PARTICIPATORY SLUM A community is provided a kit of Inclusion of non-architects/com- A settlement on appropriated parts to use in order to build their munity inhabitants in the design land, often working outside of the BARRIO homes, businesses, and public process and implementation of a legal system and established The word for neighborhood in buildings. The parts can be project. A collaborative effort societal norms. Spanish. assembled in a variety of ways, between architect, inhabitant, FAVELA and allow for a multitude of and government bodies in order Brazilian term for a slum settle- programs. to create a functional, cohesive ment located on hilly terrain. intervention.

OWNERSHIP The legal relationship between a SITES AND SERVICES person (individual, group, corpo- INCREMENTAL ADDITION Architects in collaboration with GROWTH ration, or government) and an an A community is provided a base government bodies provide basic A term that refers to an increase object. Since the objects of frame or building that allows the services to homes and businesses in the capacity of an economy to property and the protected inhabitants to add to it as their in order to provide safe conditions produce goods and services from relationships are different in every needs change and as they gain for the inhabitants. The communi- one period of time to another. culture, and vary according to the resources to do so. It gives ty can then add to and create their Generally associated with law, custom, economic system, individuals agency and control buildings around the provided site economic growth. and the relative social status of over their homes. and services. those who enjoy its privileges, it is difficult to find a common definition of “ownership”.7

(SUSTAINABLE) GROWTH COMMUNITY DESIGNED / Growth measured in terms of a PROPERTY CONSTRUCTED INFILL INTO A FRAME population’s capability to sustain The established definition of Communities completely design Community members are all of its members’ well beings as property is “something that is and construct their homes, provided a frame that they then it changes over time. Advances owned by a person, business, businesses and public amenities, fill in with any type of program the notion of balance and etc.” or “a piece of land often with often with no help from architects and materials they choose. equality in society. Efficiently buildings on it that is owned by a or government officials. uses human capital and avail- person, business, etc.”8 able resources.3, 4, 5, 6, 7

CONTENTION 7 KEY WORDS Icons

SQUAT The established definition of OCCUPY SPATIAL INFORMALITY INFORMALITY squat (v.) is to be or become a The established definition of The organization of small An urban condition of sponta- squatter or to occupy as a occupy(v.) is to take up (a place resident-built structures around neous growth, unincorporated into squatter. For e ample, “the or e tent in space), to take or social contacts, friends, family, the spatial, economic, and finan- urban poor squat in the aban- hold possession or control of, and the provision of a particular cial systems of a governing doned building”. and to reside in as an owner or service. For e ample, selling municipality. A territory of highly To squat is more commonly used tenant. For e ample, “this chair foodstuffs, street vendors, productive and diversified informally to describe the action is occupied” or “a family occu- tailors, mobile phone kiosks, economic activities that replace of occupying a previously pies this apartment”. printing, or offering e pertise in ta able and regulated forms of uninhabited piece of land or In an informal sense, the word mechanical repair or construc- economy with those of fle ible and , , 3 building. Over time squatters can occupy (v.) refers to the act of tion. As one service comes on negotiated agreements. begin to see themselves as the taking control or residing in a line, other related or support owners of their occupied space. previously unused space. In services will grow, building a Squatting can encourage the many cases, this occupation is network of immediate establishment of permanent or e tralegal. For e ample, “during need-based economic networks semi-permanent residences and the monsoon season, the urban that are directly tied to social businesses and ultimately has poor occupy the abandoned connections and familial the potential to generate commu- hospital”. relationships. Residents typically ECONOMIC INFORMALITY nities. own their own home/business Participating in buying, selling, structure, yet lack any legal and trading of goods or services claim to property that can be outside of governmentally used against a government structured ta regimes. entity, and subsequently lack the right to make physical changes to that property.

CONTENTION 9 URGENCYI

CONTENTIONCOC NTN ENNTIONN 11 URGENCY Role of the Architect

“...At the same time, it is well acknowledged that architects today contribute to only 3% of the worlds built environment.”15 “State and private professions “In the next twenty years subtropical and tropical countries such as architects and engi- will account for 95% of urban growth and a large portion of neers, act as enablers, result- this growth (nearly half) will be driven by non-formal ing in a shift in thinking that architectures...”16 valorizes experience and local know how over technocratic and professionalised forms of knowledge.”14

URGENCY 13 URGENCY Urban Issues LACK OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM UNDEREMPLOYMENT There is immense traffic Economic market can no on main highways that longer provide for, nor serve metropolitan Lima. support increase in In the informal settle- population. ments, few roads are paved, and even fewer are maintained.

LIMITED SPACE FOR CITY RAPID POPULATION E PANSION HEAVY AIR POLLUTION LACK OF RAIN GROWTH Location in a valley, limited Caused by industrial zones 5 humidity throughout Large influ of refugees to the east by the Pacific and burning waste. the year, but receives from the sierras. Ocean, to the west by the almost no rain. Andes.

INFORMAL URBAN PREVALENCE OF INEQUALITY UNCONTROLLED URBAN DEVELOPMENT GANGS Urban elite control much of DEVELOPMENT People settle on the land Gangs are common in the wealth, land and politi- Development of the periph- before it even has been Lima, and are causing cal power. Rural peasant ery without govern- developed, legally have no increasing amounts of population viewed as ment/planner intervention. land titles. violence, particularly in the unsophisticated. informal settlements on the periphery of the city.

DIVISION OF LIMA INTO UNDERDEVELOPED SLUM CLEARANCE 44 DISTRICTS SOCIETAL NORMS INFRASTRUCTURE Massive slum clearance Each with its own mayor 44 Cultural and economic Poverty in poorer areas and and forced relocation of and municipality, segregation stems from slums with little or no residents, often to distant making joint decisions very ideas implanted during access to infrastructure in locations far from employ- difficult. Spanish Colonialism. the periphery. ment and social services.

URGENCY 15 URGENCY Informal Population Growth I

Slums have grown exponen- tially over the past 25 years, L and this trend is only going to continue. “The number of peo- ON ple living in slums might triple by 2050 if no policy framework I is established to address this 17 IL issue” LI I L I L L IL I Today there are almost one billion people in the Global L L South living in slums and in- L LI formal settlements, which are L L I L “characterized by substandard I I I

I I

and/or informal housing, inad- I

L L

I equate access to clean water I

B B B B B and sanitation, and insecure B B

land tenure.”18 “The number of Slum- B

Dwellers is expected to dou-

ble by 2030; slums are now I

L L the dominant form of urban I 2 land use in much of the devel- B

oping world.”19

L I B URGENCY 3 17 URGENCY IQUIQUE Density Area - , 4 km Population - 84, 53 Density - 8 .5 ppl/km INDORE Area - 53 km Population - 3, 7 ,335 Density - 3,7 7 ppl/km LONDON Area - ,57 km Population - 8,3 8,36 Density - 5, 85 ppl/km Mega-cities of the Global CARACAS South are growing exponen- Area - 433 km tially, and their populations are Population - ,4 , now exceeding the available Density - 5,543 ppl/km resources’ carrying capacity. VILLA EL SALVADOR Area - 35.46 km These Mega-cities’ densities Population - 38 ,7 are expected to reach those Density - , ppl/km of the developed world. In PUNE the case of Villa El Salvador, Area - 45 km which follows the pattern of Population - 5, 4 , 68 Lima as a whole, the popula- Density - ,44 ppl/km tion is expected to double NEW YORK by 2030, to nearly 850,000 Area - 5 km Population - ,6 , people, with a density of Density - 7,44 ppl/km 21,250pp/km2, a comparable VILLA EL SALVADOR 3 ¿JXUHWRWKDWRI0DQKDWWDQ Area - 4 . km and already greater than that Population - 85 , of London. Density - , 5 ppl/km There is no longer any more space for horizontal expansion in many of the world’s cities. The only solution now is to increase density through vertical expansion.

There is a sense of urgency unique to the Global South, since unlike the developed world’s cities, they do not have the infrastructural ca- bability nor the available resources to support similar growth.20

URGENCY 19 URGENCY Social Hazards of Slums

Children living in slums face a When exposed to danger in wide variety of social hazards. their own neighborhoods, it is Often they are forced to walk increasingly likely that youth through unsafe areas in order will become involved in the to get to and from school each violence themselves. Being a day. Without after school ac- member of a gang can easily tivities and safe routes home, become a source of income, youth can be caught in the which further encourages FURVV¿UHVRIRUHYHQEHFRPH gang members to drop out of involved in, gang violence. school.

Additionally, young people are Educating children and keep- often left with no safe place to ing them off of the streets play. Their playgrounds com- and in productive after-school monly become derelict spaces programs will allow them to WXUQHGLQWREDWWOH¿HOGVIRU improve their own futures. gang disputes and drug deals. They will have better training, This forces the children to and thus more opportunities to play in the streets, which tend be successful.21, 22 to be unpaved, and perilous EHFDXVHRIERWKFDUWUDI¿FDQG violence.

URGENCY 21 ENTITLEMENT URGENCY GROWTH Community Investment

PRIDE IN COMMUNITY

Giving the people in, a community the opportunity to get involved in the design and construction of their own neighborhood gives them a sense of entitlement and COMMUNITY pride. It is more likely that they will feel a connection HEALTHIER to, and have a stake in what INVESTMENT they have helped to create, ENVIRONMENT and will thus be motivated to maintain and improve their homes, businesses, and public spaces.

Increased accountability will ultimately encourage community growth, both within the built environment and the social structure. ACCOUNTABILITY

MAINTENANCE

STAKE IN SELF COMMUNITY MOTIVATION

URGENCY 23 CASEII STUDIES

CONTENTIONCONTNTENE TIONN 25 CASE STUDIES Participatory Tactics

TORRE DAVID 75 Units ,5 People

“We have a lot to learn from squatter communities - about making due with less, about HI¿FLHQWXVHVRIPDWHULDOV and space. But designers can bring a great deal of exper- tise to the alleviation of slum 6,5 Units conditions, mediating among 6 , People various interested parties and giving spatial form to their ARANYA HOUSING ambitions. In particular, they might be able to facilitate the transformation of vernacular slum typologies directly into st (HIGH - LOW) 21 century sustainable com- PUNE HOUSING munities, with on-site energy 56 Units generation, storm water col- 6 5 People lection, and sewage treatment wetlands.”23 AMOUNT OF ARCHITECT INVOLVEMENT ARCHITECT OF AMOUNT Units 45 People IQUIQUE HOUSING

476 Units ,65 People PREVI E PERIMENTAL HOUSING

AMOUNT OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION CE UE (LOW - HIGH) 27 PREVI Alvarino Lima, Peru INFILL INTO A FRAME Svensons, DENMARK Kisho Kurokawa, Fumihiko Maki and Morales, Montagne Kiyonori Kikutake Atelier 5 Paredes

Charles Correa

Christopher Ale ander, USA

os Luis I iguez de Ozo o, Antonio V zquez Cooper, Carela, Grana de Castro, SPAIN Crousse, Paer, Perez Aldo Van Eyck, INCREMENTAL HOLLAND ADDITION Chaparro, Ramirez, Wyszkowski

SCALE AGENCY OF ARCHITECT Toivo Korhonen, FINLAND Oskar Hansen and Svein Hatloy, Housing, neighborhood The architect provides basic Orrego, Gonzales POLAND

home that inhabitants can add Vier, anelli AMOUNT OF to as their needs change. Candilis, osic, Stirling, Woods, PARTICIPATION Architect leaves quickly after UK FRANCE Miro, Nunez, 2FFXSDQWLQ¿OODGGLWLRQ completion of designs, thus Williams COMMUNITY there is no direct participation DESIGNED/ CONSTRUCTED YEAR between them and the inhabit- Gunther Seninario 1968-1975 ants. This disconnect does not encourage the planned growth Marrari, Llanos Samper, Relsser COLOMBIA ARCHITECT WKHDUFKLWHFWVVSHFL¿HGIRUWKH Various expansion of the houses. AMES STIRLING MATERIALS VALUE OF PARTICIPATION Concrete, etc. - not local The unique additions to each KIT OF PARTS building give individuals TACTIC agency, ownership, and pride Incremental Addition in their own homes.

This UN sponsored housing TYPE OF PARTICIPATION project in Lima, Peru was an Addition to the existing homes INITIAL STAGE FIRST STAGE SITES AND 78 8 experiment in participatory and reappropriation for a vari- SERVICES 8M M design. The architects were ety of programs. RESIDENTIAL SHOP asked to create designs for low income housing that the FRAMEWORK FOR inhabitants could add on to PARTICIPATION over time. They created not 6SHFL¿HGJURZWKRXWVLGHRI INHABITANTS only housing, but an overall original structure. GOVERNMENTT urban scheme for the neighborhood.24, 25, 26, 27 HOW WOULD THE PROJ-

ECT HAVE BENEFITED ARCHITECT FROM ADDITIONAL AR- CHITECT INVOLVEMENT SECOND STAGE THIRD STAGE THROUGHOUT THE INCRE- 84 4M 8M MENTAL ADDITION? SHOP/RESIDENTIAL SHOP/KINDEGARDEN/RESIDENTIAL

CE UE 29 PREVI CHARLES CORREA Lima, Peru ORIGINAL PLANS ( 78) INFILL INTO A FRAME

5 GROUND FLOOR 6

INCREMENTAL ADDITION 4

3 3

FIRST FLOOR

8 TRANSFORMATION ( 3)

COMMUNITY DESIGNED/ CONSTRUCTED

GROUND FLOOR 4

KIT OF PARTS 7

FIRST FLOOR

SITES AND SERVICES SECOND FLOOR

HOUSE RECIPIENTS EDUCATION

. Fernandez 8. Mendoza . amora . Carcamo BUSINESS 3. Espinoza . Sra. Teresa 4. Ramo . Frias WORKSHOP 5. Garces . Linares 6. Villegas 3. Arnao E TENSION 7. La Rosa 4. Castro ORIGINAL RESIDENTIAL

CE UE 31 PREVI Lima, Peru

Kikutake, Maki, Stirling Esquerra, Saenz, Atelier 5 Atelier 5 Van Eyck Korhonen Svenssons Miro-Quesada, Mazzarria, Morales, Correa Kurokawa familia Zamora Samper, Urdaneta familia Ramos familia Carces familia Vilegas familia La Rosa familia Mendoza Williams, Nunez Llanos Montague familia Castro familia Fernandez familia Espinoza familia Frias familia Linares familia Arnao

64m2 81m2 100m2 1978 61m2 2 2 99m 2 100m 2 91m 53m 2 2 81m2 107m2 92m 88m 89m2 1980 2 96m2 150m 109m2 2 73m 150m2 2 2 53m 124m 91m2 107m2

2 94m2 105m 81m2 1985 95m2 2 147m 210m2 2 214m2 2 210m 2 139m 138m2 81m

113m2 1990 115m2 123m2

203m2 127m2 138m2 163m2 1995 112m 2 326m2 2 326m2 146m2 173m

240m2 158m2

173m2

172m2

2 2 309m2 184m 127m

2 191m2 2 2000 216m 166m 352m2 352m2 210m2 158m2

2 206m 2 232m2 168m

344m2 172m2 2003

CE UE 33 IQUIQUE User determined infill Initial Framework e pansion Iquique, Chile Incremental Module INFILL INTO A FRAME

INCREMENTAL ADDITION

SCALE AGENCY OF ARCHITECT Addition of rigid frame allows Re-Developed Framework Multi-Family Residential The architect provides the ba- for structured e panision, as sic home that the inhabitants well as stand alone unit PARTICIPATION can add on to as their needs &RPPXQLW\,Q¿OO$GDSWDELOLW\ change. COMMUNITY DESIGNED/ YEAR VALUE OF PARTICIPATION CONSTRUCTED 2004 Gives individuals agency, ownership, and pride in their ARCHITECT own homes. Alejandro Aravena TYPE OF PARTICIPATION MATERIALS Addition within voids between Concrete Blocks buildings. KIT OF PARTS TACTIC FRAMEWORK FOR Incremental Addition PARTICIPATION Addition within given param- This housing project was de- eters. signed to shelter 100 families legally on the same site which IS THERE A WAY TO SITES AND previously held that many il- BROADEN THE FRAME- SERVICES legally. The design was such WORK TO INCORPORATE that a bare bones structure MULTIPLE PROGRAMS? was to be created and then Addition of new program Future Program ¿OOHGLQE\WKRVHZKRFDOOLW including small business and KRPHKRZHYHUWKH\VHH¿W28 commercial units as well as small scale industry INHABITANTS GOVERNMENT

ARCHITECT

CE UE 35 Principal Road Network ARANYA HOUSING Sites and Services Indore, India INFILL INTO A FRAME

SELF INITIATIVE Users decide how much to build INCREMENTAL ADDITION

SCALE AGENCY OF ARCHITECT KIT OF PARTS Secondary Road Network Housing, neighborhood The architect gives the inhab- Sites and Services itants a basic framework and PARTICIPATION services to build upon using a Volunteer construction, occu- designed kit of parts. SDQWLQ¿OODGGLWLRQ COMMUNITY DESIGNED/ VALUE OF PARTICIPATION CONSTRUCTED YEAR The participation gives individ- STAIRCASE OPTIONS 1995 uals agency, ownership, and pride in their own homes ARCHITECT Balkrishna Doshi TYPE OF PARTICIPATION Addition to the framework us- Sector Network OPENINGS RANGE Sites and Services INCREMENTAL MATERIALS ing a kit of parts. Users choose how to build Primarily concrete, but any- KIT OF PARTS thing may be added on THE INFRASTRUCTURAL BRICK AND COMMERCIAL CORES

TACTIC PROVIDE NECESSARY STEEL Site and Services SERVICES, BUT DOES A KIT OF PARTS HINDER THE RAILING VARIATIONS This design improves and CREATIVITY AND AGENCY RCC SITES AND upgrades an already existing OF THE INHABITANTS? SERVICES informal settlement, as well CHHA A as provides serviced sites FRAMEWORK FOR BALCONY for future development of the PARTICIPATION Service Slots CUSTOMI ATION Site and Services area. It includes the base for Kit of parts with infrastructure. OTTA Users make their own 6,500 homes that residents HOUSE E TENSIONS combination of elements GOVERNMENT are encouraged to build upon INHABITANTS as needed.29 “A kit of meaningful building elements is developed. Form variations on a standardized plan is achieved through permutation combination of ARCHITECT various elements which are to be e ercised by users”

CE UE 37 TORRE DAVID Caracas, Venezuela INFILL INTO A FRAME

INCREMENTAL 4 ADDITION SCALE AGENCY OF ARCHITECT Housing This project was done entirely without the help of an archi- PARTICIPATION tect. While the framework was 'HVLJQLQ¿OO designed by an architect, its COMMUNITY purpose was not originally DESIGNED/ YEAR to house those living in the CONSTRUCTED 1994-present unstable slums nearby.

ARCHITECT WHAT WOULD HAVE Inhabitants of Caracas CHANGED IF AN ARCHI- TECT HAD BEEN INVOLVED MATERIALS OTHER THAN THE ADDI- CMU, recycled materials, etc. TION OF NECESSARY INFRASTRUCTURE? KIT OF PARTS TACTIC ,Q¿OOLQWRDIUDPHZRUN&RP- VALUE OF PARTICIPATION munity designed/constructed Without the participation of all of its inhabitants, Torre David 7KLVSURMHFWLVDQXQ¿QLVKHG would not exist as a settle- housing tower that has been ment. SITES AND LOOHJDOO\RFFXSLHGDQGLQ¿OOHG SERVICES since 1994. Inhabitants use TYPE OF PARTICIPATION WKHXQ¿QLVKHGRI¿FHWRZHU ,Q¿OOZLWKLQDQHPSW\VKHOO as a framework for their own interventions. They have cre- FRAMEWORK FOR ated a variety of programs PARTICIPATION ranging from housing, to User driven design. GOVERNMENT INHABITANTS commercial spaces, to restau- rants.30

ARCHITECT

CE UE 39 PUNE HOUSING 3 HOUSING TYPOLOGIES Pune, India INFILL INTO A FRAME

INCREMENTAL HOUSE A ADDITION Two story home, structured like a 3 story home to ensure safety in future vertical e tension SCALE AGENCY OF ARCHITECT 750 Dwellings, only 156 com- The architect facilitates dis- pleted cussions with the inhabitants in order to create a design PARTICIPATION that is appropriate for their Incremental housing / addition needs. COMMUNITY DESIGNED AND CREATED YEAR VALUE OF PARTICIPATION 2008 - 2011 Community participation al- ORZVIRUDGHVLJQWKDWWUXO\¿WV ARCHITECT the needs of the community. Felipe Balestra, Sara Gorans- son TYPE OF PARTICIPATION The community assists in the MATERIALS design process as well as the KIT OF PARTS Reinforced Concrete, Local DGGLWLRQLQ¿OODIWHUFRQVWUXF- Materials tion. HOUSE B Incremental ground floor, which is left open for either parking or for the family to turn that open space into a shop TACTIC FRAMEWORK FOR ,QFUHPHQWDO$GGLWLRQ,Q¿OO PARTICIPATION into a frame, icommunity 6LWHVDQGVHUYLFHVLQ¿OOLQWRD SITES AND designed/created, sites and frame with community design. SERVICES services USE OF A FRAMEWORK AT Felipe Balestra and Sara A SINGLE UNIT SCALE AND Goransson partnered with A SITE AND SERVICES SPARC as their local commu- APPROACH WITHOUT nity outreach in Pune, India MAJOR DISPLACEMENT OF GOVERNMENT INHABITANTS in order to gain support for THE INHABITANTS. in-situ slum rehabilitation. This slum upgrading system con- sists of rebuilding and gradu- ally improving at scale of the ARCHITECT individual family unit, instead 31 HOUSE C of demolition and rebuilding. Incremental middle floor, to hang clothes or to be used like a living room

CE UE 41 CASE STUDIES Communty Participation Timeline

INFILL/ CONCEPTION PLANNING CONSTRUCTION DESIGN ADDITION

Comparing the stage of the design/build process that the community became involved with each case study helps determine the most effective type of architect / inhabitant interaction

CE UE 43 SCENARIO STEP 5 Architect’s Handbook for Participatory Design Begin STEP 6 locals the neces- Using determined needs, devise sary skills and techniques action and layout of project scenario to construct and maintain Keep the local designers and the project participants involved in design Taught by trained professional and feedback (Local, State or International) Determine a staging system through workshops Hold community workshops/dis- Through horizontal learning, the cussions on project as each locals can teach each other skills stage is proposed The Architect’s Handbook for These steps provide for an STEP 7 Participatory Design takes the inclusive and effective design. STEP 8 Basic most successful steps from They both encourage the use project using with government, engineer each of the above projects of designers in the growth of local laborers and architect supervision Using newly trained local laborers and puts them in a generic cities, as well as the training Negotitate with government and context. of the local population in order and designers strengthens the community - what services are investment of the community in to allow them to be involved in needed/desired the project This creates a simple set of the process. Infrastructure is required for Use trained professionals as guidelines for any designer future urban growth supervisors Distribute services appropiately Determine to what e tent locally hoping to involve a community with the idea of topography, in design / construction to use. produced materials can be access and cost implemented Use traditional building techniques STEP STEP when applicable STEP a population in Enter into Always leave room for ne t’ Plan unit/stage of e pansion need of help with the inhabitants to with the citizens Criteria determine their and the government High density population Meet with community leaders Lack of horizontal space for Hold open public forums according to design e pansion Do not impose your design framework Lack of services ideals/ideas on the community Analyze local ability to generate Lack of access Decide which constituent groups income Lack of safe public spaces to collaborate with Framework of growth addresses issues of e pansion, incremental growth, and customization Once residents have enough funds, they can e pand their STEP 3 STEP 4 neighborhood incrementally STEP Work with local government Determine Assign different types of e pan- at to gain access to all of the project sion/linking regular intervals to assess with the imput of the appropiate to scale of e pansion the success and results of Negotiate with government community Allow for growth of entire the project community with residential, officials to provide reasonably Identify scale of the project Assess the project through all industrial, commercial, transport, priced and accessible water, Identify specific sites phases of construction, and services, and public space sewage system, electricity, waste Identify networks and systems to afterwards check if the original collection work with and link goals of the project were main- Needs and implementation vary Identify program(s) desired tained. depending on site Program should focus on all issues Analyze if the planned framework affecting the area, not just housing for e pansion was successful

CE UE 45 IIILIMA, PERU

URGENCYURURGEG NCN Y 47 LIMA, PERU Expansion of Lima

535 73 86 88 5 36, ,, 45, GROWTH WATER Over the last forty years, Lima Since its founding in 1535, has become an increasingly Lima - the second driest city dense city, with 44 districts in the world - has struggled situated on only 2672.2 km2. with gaining access to fresh Its immediate growth resulted water. The city quickly formed from mass migration of rural around three major rivers - populations into coastal cit- Río Rimac, Río Chillón, and ies.32 Río Lurin - but there are mil- lions of inhabitants who live Lima’s plains, which early on the periphery of Lima with in the city’s life allowed for no access to the rivers.34 3 5 75 rapid horizontal growth, are 3, 3, ,, 3, , now reaching their maximum TOPOGRAPHY capacity, creating a need for Lima’s topography prohibits a 8 increased vertical density. direct link between the upper However, this option is not vi- plain and the coast, dividing able in many of Lima’s infor- the city into two isolated areas mal settlements, which sit on of independent, and compet- unstable soil at the periphery ing economic development. of the city, and do not have skilled laborers to construct large-scale projects.33

3 6,5 , 20303, ,

ERU 49 LIMA, PERU SOCIOECONOMIC LEVELS Social Inequality

Historically, Lima was divided As with the majority of the into two factions, the conquis- world’s cities, the center of tadores, and the natives. The Lima is its wealthiest area urban elite controlled much of where those with power live, the wealth of the nation, land, and the less desirable land LOW and political power. The rural on the periphery is left for the peasant population from the lower classes. MEDIUM LOW Andes were viewed as un-educated and dirty. The stigma The growing gap between the MEDIUM against the natives that grew rich and the poor is becoming from this early inequality has increasingly problematic in MIDDLE HIGH carried through to this day, Lima. Those living in areas on with those with lighter skin the periphery of the city, such POPULATION DENSITY in places of power, fostering as Villa El Salvador, are sepa- continued prejudices between rated from the weathly living the two groups. in the city center. There is little formal government, and The educated elite often see policing in the poorest areas is the less-educated lower class often scarce. as inferior, particularly with regard to their knowledge of The growing density of Lima’s English. Since the education periphery only worsens the systems in poor areas of Lima many issues facing the city. do not have the resources to With hundreds of thousands teach English, the students RISHRSOHOLYLQJLQDFRQ¿QHG PERSONS PER KILOMETER are not granted the same area, it can be incredibly dif- opportunities as their English- ¿FXOWWRFUHDWHKHDOWK\OLYLQJ 4 - speaking counterparts. conditions.35, 36 -

- 6

6 - 65

65 - 3

ERU 51 PERU Education 4 4 6,

5 5,

4, 5

Out-of-school children of prima- 5 ry school age. Male/female is the total number of male/female , primary-school-age children who are not enrolled in either primary or secondary schools.37 Male , 85 Female

45 6 7 8 45

4 Primary School

35 Secondary School

Tertiary School 3 45678

4 .5 “Public e penditure per pupil as a Gross enrollment ratio. Total is of GDP per capita. Primary/sec- the total enrollment in primary, ondary/tertiary is the total public secondary, or tertiary education, e penditure per student in prima- . regardless of age, e pressed as a ry/secondary/tertiary education as percentage of the total population a percentage of GDP per capita. of official primary, secondary, and Public e penditure (current and Primary School tertiary education age. GER can 7.5 capital) includes government e ceed due to the inclusion Secondary School spending on educational institu- of over-aged and under-aged tions (both public and private), Tertiary School students because of early or late education administration as well 5. school entrance and grade as subsidies for private entities.”38 45 6 7 8 repetition.3

ERU 53 VILLAIV EL SALVADOR

CONTENTIONCOCONTNTENENTTIIONON 55 VILLA EL SALVADOR Chronology April 8th, 7 May 4th, 7 May 5th, 7 May 8th, 7 May th, 7 May th, 7 Silently, without warning, at By May 4th, law enforce- General Artolla, Minister of On Saturday, the eve of Over night two other church To end hostilities after a midnight, 8 families armed ment had conducted two the Interior, ordered anoth- the homily for Edilberto leaders were taken by force long and tense meeting with sticks and crude tools unsuccessful evictions of er forced eviction. Violence Ramos, three council to the prefecture for their between the invaders, the invaded the private lands of the new residents . In an ensued, and by the after- members of Christ Church support of the rebels Ministry of Housing, and Pamplona in the Southern act of desperation, the noon, the police had once Parish were arrested for occupying Pamplona. By General Velasco, the Cone of Lima. By morning, authorities blocked off all again left without complet- their actions in the protest. now, there were nearly people agreed to be relocat- the police were contacted resources, including food ing the evacuation . Among Government agents arrest- , invader famlies, a ed. At 5pm that day, Major as hundreds of provincial and water from entering the the carnage, 7 people ed Father Carmelo La number that continued to Ale ander de las Casas migrants joined the initial Southern Cone of Lima in were wounded, 3 Civil- Mazza under the pretense grow by the hour. Bishop ordered the transfer of the invaders. order to prevent the arrivals ians, 57 Policemen and of a meeting with the Bambaren delivered a first group of families to of new invaders one death, Edilberto Prefect of Lima. homily for Edilberto Ramos. Hoyada Baja de la Tablada Ramos, the first martyr of The crowd should not be in 5 army trucks. This Villa El Salvador. The considered invaders, but coastal e panse of desert church protested the seen as founders of new land is the birth place of violence to President peoples and lands. VILLA EL SALVADOR Velasco.

7 7 ,

Villa El Salvador Villa El Salvador ER7 7 57 VILLA EL SALVADOR Chronology 1973 75 1979 8 83 84 The First Convention of Villa El The World Bank agreed to The World Bank allowed Began the construction of The Senate approves the First mayor of Villa El Salvador was held with 700 a site and services project installation of water and asphalt for roads across creation of Villa El Salvador Salvador was elected, delegates and 67 general to provide water and elec- drainage lines across all of Villa El Salvador. as the 4 nd District of the Michel Azcueta. He held the secretaries. The local govern- tricity to Villa El Salvador. Villa El Salvador Province of Lima. first town meeting, and ing organization changed its With the support of SINA- ushered in a time of peace. name from CICA to the MOS, CUAVES negotitated Led to coordination of “Comunidad Urbana Auto- an agreement to receive group and sector leaders to gestionaria de Villa El Salva- underground electrical achieve the community dor” The Self-Managing system. objectives. Urban Community of Villa El Salva- dor (CUAVES) The first meeting of CUAVES was held to plan for structured future urban and community growth.

8 5,

73 35,

Villa El Salvador Villa El Salvador Villa El Salvador ER76 83 88 59 VILLA EL SALVADOR Chronology 1992 2001 2015 Plaza de Solidad, traditional- Water was originally trans- The organizing grid of Villa ly where the town meetings, ported by truck, with large El Salvador is reinterpreted including CUAVES took scale piping introduced in and expanded upon through place. Used as a place for 2001. Many areas of Villa El the construction of infra- mourning after the assassi- Salvador are still un/under- structural and social nodes nation of activist and mother served for basic services. of public interaction.40,41 of Villa El Salvador, Maria 2015 Elena Moyano, by The Shining Path, a terrorist 2010 434,000 organization. 2005 392,390 362,272 2000 1997 319,105 1993 293,710 258,239

Villa El Salvador Villa El Salvador Villa El Salvador 1993 1996 2015 ER 611 VILLA EL SALVADOR Governing Bodies

CUAVES SINAMOS COFOPRI Comunidad Urbana Autoges- Sistema Nacional de Movili- Comisión de Formalización de tionaria de Villa El Salvador - zación Social - The National la Propiedad Informal - Com- The Self-Managing Urban System of Mobilzation. mission on Formalization of Community of Villa El Salva- Informal Property. dor. SINAMOS formed as a governing agency in response to Formed in 1996, COFOPRI CUAVES formed as the self- the large-scale, uncontrolled allowed settlers to acquire governing body of Villa El squatting movements of the land titles with more ease than Salvador after its creation in 1970’s in Lima. had previously been possible. 1971. The body of delegates SINAMOS relocated squat- Although titling still required is headed by an elected may- ters to surveyed plots on the a detailed bureaucratic pro- or with support of community RXWVNLUWVRIWKHFLW\WKDW¿W cess, the fact that the process leaders, commercial investors, within the government’s plan ZDVUXQE\DQRI¿FHGHHSO\ and local community activists. for greater Lima. Through committed to de Soto’s vision Through collaboration they negotiations between the in- meant that settlers often had plan every aspect of the de- habitants and the government, the state government in their velopment and governance of these new communities were corner. One million land titles the city to insure a productive provided with basic services. were granted within the year.42 economic and social basis for SINAMOS gave CUAVES a the healthy growth of the city. legal and political voice.

ER 63 VILLA EL SALVADOR City Planning

V Sector Sector V ZONING Villa El Salvador was con- ceived as more than just a 24 ouses 1 lock residential neighborhood. It was planned to have three major programmatic zones - residential, agricultural, and Sector industrial - which allow for future urban growth using the grid as a framework. Sector V PLANNING Sector Originally, Villa El Salvador consisted of only government produced, surveyed plots - a Sector chalk grid drawn in the sand.

Each standard group of 16 blocks is 400 by 400 meters 16 locks 1 roup V Sector V and is centered around a public plaza, many of which have now fallen into disrepair. This necessitates immediate attention in order to improve the quality of life in Villa El Salva- dor.43, 44, 45, 46 V

V A E SA VA 14 SECT S UST A esidential 33.9 9 esidential Agricultural 14.9 ES E T A Commercial 16 ndustrial 9 24 roups 1 Sector ACUTUA ER 65 VILLA EL SALVADOR Viable Test Site

EXTENDING THE GRID RECLAIMING VILLA EL The population of Villa El Sal- SALVADOR’S PARKS vador has reached its maxi- This test site contains some mum size, and can no longer of the newest and most dan- grow horizontally unless the gerous neighborhoods in Villa density can be altered through El Salvador, and many of its the translation of the grid onto parks have either become the sloped terrain, joining the dangerous because of dete- city fabric with the coastal rioration or violence, and thus edge. Creating mixed use have been gated and closed infrastructural, residential, and off to the public. There are few commercial installations that public amenities in the area, serve as hubs for the commu- and many fewer schools than nity will provide the necessary in the central sectors. resources and motivation for urban growth. This requires an intervention The selection of this area as to revitalize Villa El Salva- a viable testing site for the dor’s parks and return them expansion of the grid is based to the city, while creating safe upon the division and isola- spaces for the children living tion between the historic grid nearby. SOFT POLICING is of the residential/commercial a necessity in this situation, zones and the industrial coast, and it will require extensive and the lack of infrastructural communtiy participation and resources, which hinder interaction with local organiza- PMA development. WLRQVVSHFL¿FDOO\CUAVES. SEC A SC E E UCAT A

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ER 67 VILLA EL SALVADOR Gatedness and Safety

Many of Villa El Salvador’s While these gated neighbor- neighborhoods have turned hoods are often seen as safe to gating their communities in havens for those avoiding order to avoid the danger that getting caught in the middle comes along with their prox- of others’ disputes, employing imity to gang territories. SOFT POLICING techniques such as community watch This gatedness closes off the groups, and protection of pub- public parks to anyone but lic parks will keep areas at risk those living in the surrounding safe. However, this technique buildings, creating an inward- can only function if the entire looking, isolated, and under neighborhood agrees to work utilized public space.47 together to keep their homes safe. Many of these parks have fallen into disrepair because no one will take ownership of them. 48

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ER 71 VILLA EL SALVADOR Crime

Villa El Salvador has a dra- gang meeting spots, they are matic crime problem, par- far more likely to get caught in ticularly with regard to gang WKHFURVV¿UHVRIDQ\YLROHQFH violence, murder, shootings, in the streets, or even become and child abuse. involved in it themselves.

The danger has become so The majority of the violent great for the residents of Villa crimes in Villa El Salvador El Salvador that they have occur in the newest sectors, been forced to gate their which are on the periphery of public parks in order to keep the district. illicit activities away from their homes, thus stripping the 7KHVHVHFWRUVVSHFL¿FDOO\,9 public of an amenity that is VI, VII, and IX, have few or no essential in any dense urban SROLFHVWDWLRQV¿UHVWDWLRQVRU environment - open green government buildings. Addi- space. tionally, since they are newer, the sense of community is Often, the major safety con- weaker than in some of the cern is that of children. If chil- more established sectors. 49, 50 dren are playing in the streets because the parks are gated, dilapidated, or used as

ER 73 VILLA EL SALVADOR Crime

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ER 75 VILLA EL SALVADOR UM E SC S EAC SECT V A E SA VA Education 7 6

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Villa El Salvador’s primary streets and out of trouble, VVVVV V and secondary education while providing them with SECT system is extensive in many knowledge and opportunities of the oldest and most estab- they would not have otherwise lished sectors, but in the new- had. est, periphery sectors, there is an immense gap in the sys- In the entirety of Villa El Sal- tem. Sectors IX, X XI, XII, XII, vador, there is only one higher V and XIV have no primary nor education institution. this is an secondary schools, leaving utterly inadequate encourage- SECT SECT V the children living there with ment for the residents of the the choice of either walking district to continue their edu- VLJQL¿FDQWGLVWDQFHVSRVVLEO\ cation past secondary school. through dangerous neighborhoods to get to school, or not For the majority of Villa El attending school at all. This is Salvador’s inhabitants, mov- a choice that no child should ing away from home to attend SECT have to make. school is not a viable option ¿QDQFLDOO\QRULVWDNLQJ\HDUV After school programs, similar away from time that could be to the already existing Casas spent making money instead de Juventud in Villa El Salva- of studying.51 SECT V SECT dor, keep students off of the

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ER 79 VILLA EL SALVADOR Expanding the Grid

In order to meet the exponen- tial population growth, and address the infrastructural DQGVRFLDOGH¿FLHQFLHVRI9LOOD El Salvador, the city must expand incrementally past the geographic boundaries Existing rid that separate the coast from historic grid. Expansion As one gets closer to the pe- of the rid riphery of the city, there is an increase in crime, decrease in social services and decrease in access to infrastructure. The periphery, built on the steep and un-traversable slopes of Villa El Salvador, is becoming increasingly mar- ginalized because of its inac- cessability.

The goals of extending the grid are to accommodate for the needed room for expan- ETES TAT ST UT sion, increase density, con- The extension of the The grid of the city is The groups themselves nect the coast to the grid of rotated 90 degrees to are split into upper and the city, and provide access grid begins with scaling down the 400 x 400 create ease of access for lower terrances to acco- to social and infrastructural the circulation route modate the slope. The nodes that will be the catalyst meter groups to 100 x between the historic city mixed-use infrastructural for urban growth. 100 meters. This acco- and the coast. nce the and social nodes link the modates the size and new grid reaches the flat multiple levels to promote physical restrictions of coastal plain, it is reorient- a sense of community. the slope. ed to its original formation.

ER 81 VILLA EL SALVADOR Water

Total Amount of Water in the World 1.4x109 km3

“On earth, lack of water In order for future residential, is not an issue; the issue commercial and infrastructural arises from the shortage of development along Peru’s drinkable water. Seventy coast to occur, this infra- percent of the Earth’s surface VWUXFWXUDOGH¿FLHQF\PXVWEH is covered by water, but over remedied. ninety-six percent of this water is undrinkable saline water contained in oceans”52

“1 out of every 6 people living Seawater today does not have adequate 1.365x109 km3 access to water”53 97.5

70% of Peru’s population OLYHVRQWKHDULG3DFL¿FFRDVW where less than 2% of the country’s water resources are located. 98% of potable water in Peru rests on the eastern side of the Andes, away from Total resh Water 54 the developing coast. 6.35x108 km3 2.5

Accessible resh Water 1.27x108 km3 0.5

ER 83 VILLA EL SALVADOR :DWHU,QIUDVWUXFWXUH'H¿FLHQFLHV

A TEMP A TEMP AV 80 A TEMP W 79.0 80.3 79.3 75.9 76.1 71.8 73.0 73.9 73.2 70 68.5 70.3 70.2 71.6 66.8 66.9 66.9 68.2 66.4 65.8 66.4 64.2 64.8 67.1 66.6 62.9 62.6 61.9 64.2 64.1 62.3 59.9 61.5 60 59.4 58.8 58.8 60.1 1.50 50

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UEC SCA CE SUPP WASTE WATE MA A EME T UT TP EPAS ess than half of the resi- ima is the second driest city t is estimated that between Water supply and manage- With a commercialized These nodes of community dents of VES have any in the world after Cairo, with 30 and 40 of water lost ment in most of ima is approach towards water activities, and outlets for access, either by truck or an annual rainfall of less than through the piping system is carried out by a government infrastructure and mainte- future urban infrastructural water pipe, to potable water. 9 mm. t is almost completely a result of leaks and illegal water company, SE APA . nance, communities can development provide the Many people at home or at dependent on the already connections to the system. Electricity is provided by a rehabiliate their unutilized much needed, and hard to work face a lack of clean overexploited groundwater The residents of ima private company, E E E . areas for new mixed use access health services, hygiene facilities. This is and Andean ivers. owever, consume nearly double the 91 of ima s population is infrastructural hubs, which education and infrastructure especially detrimental to much of the water supply is per capita amount of water connected to public water will foster future urban to Villa El Salvador. children and the elderly. contaminated by mining than ma or European supply network.58 development along the activities in the mountains.56 cities.57 translated grid.

ER 85 LATIN AMERICA 800 Plants in atin America Number of IDA Desalination Plants Per Country 5 esalination Plants

VE V EW atin America misses the esalination plants grow- arge cities exist on the publicity that her western ing in number, size and Pacific Coast as a result of counterparts receive for efficiency are supplying the depleting rivers that desalination plants because more and more water with bring water from the moun- of its lack of eye-catching lower energy re uirements, tains to the coast. The large applications . nstead, more attention to environ- desert plains do not receive atin America has an ment and lower cost. 61 rain, despite being in des- advanced desalination perate need of it. The community, based on many To lower desalination of seawater smaller scale applications, energy re uirements and can prove to be beneficial and less widely known cost. to the developing countries. techni ues. Solar energy paired with Chile is known as the desalination ather of Modern esali- The two most efficient nation in atin America for methods of seawater desali- its use of desalinated water nation used in atin Ameri- generated for muncipal ca employ the use of use, military use, mining, loose everse smosis and railways. and anofiltration The first desalination plant membrane built was as Salinas solar technologies.60 desalination plant, constructed in 1878, which operated continuously for about 50 years.59

ER 87 VILLA EL SALVADOR Multi-Stage lash Multi-Effect Mechanical everse smosis Water Desalination Technologies esalination Method istillation Compression Vapor Electrical energy kWh/m3 4-6 1.5-2.5 7-12 3-5.5 Thermal energy kWh/m3 50-110 60-110 one one Electrical e uivalent of thermal energy kWh/m3 9.5-19.5 5-8.5 one one Total e uivalent electrical energy kWh/m3 13.5-25.5 6.5-11 7-12 3-5.5 Multi-Stage lash istillation Steam E ector eating Steam eat Exchanger Saline Source rine eater Water Condensate Water desalination for domes- MULTI-STAGE FLASH REVERSE OSMOSIS Collector tic and industrial use involves Intake Pretreatment the conversion of saline water Seawater enters the intake Incoming feedwater is pre- into a fresh water stream with pump and travels to the brine treated to be compatible with a low concentration of dis- heater through a series of the membranes by removing T 110 C solved salts, and a concen- tubes, which have condensed suspended solids, adjusting trate or brine stream contain- steam on the outside of the the pH, and adding a thresh- Stage 3 Stage 2 Stage 1 ing the remaining dissolved pipes. old inhibitor to control scaling rine Condensate salts from the transformation Stage 1 caused by constituents such ischarge eturn process. 7KHKHDWHGVHDZDWHUÀRZV as calcium sulfate. WRWKH¿UVWVWDJHZKHUHLWLV Pressurization istillate Product Water Desalination Plants require ÀDVKHG6RPHRIWKHZDWHU The pump raises the pressure Product Water Storage vast amounts of energy to vapor (steam) is removed. of the pretreated feedwater to ndustrial operate, and employ a num- 7KHÀDVKHGYDSRULVWKHQ create a pressure differential Use ber of different technologies condensed onto the outside of to force the water through the omestic emineralization/ for saline water treatment. the tubes that feed the brine membranes. Use Stabilization The amount of feed water heater. The condensed steam Separation discharged through brine var- then enters the condensate The permeable membranes ies from 20-70% depending collector as fresh water. inhibit the passage of dis- everse smosis on the type of technology and Stage 2 solved salts while permitting initial salinity of the water.62 7KHXQÀDVKHGVHDZDWHUFRQ- the desalinated product water. Pretreatment igh Pressure ntake tains a higher concentration of Applying pressured feedwater System eed Pump Pump Permeate Regardless of the production salts, and is sent to the sec- to the membrane, results in Cartridge ilter Product Water method, all desalinated water RQGVWDJHIRUIXUWKHUÀDVKLQJ a freshwater product stream, must be stabilized for domes- The second stage is run at a and a concentrated brine re- Membrane Elements tic uses. It is necessary to in- lower pressure/temperature ject stream. ecirculation crease the salinity up to a few WKDQWKH¿UVWLQRUGHUWRORZHU Output Concentrate hundred ppm and to increase the boiling point of the water. The concentrate brine is Saline Source the hardness of the water Stage 3+ partially recylced via the high Water ischarge through the addition of lime, The process repeats, and the pressure pump, and the re- Water Classification ased on Salinity Content sodium carbonate, calcium condensing tubes recover maining brine is discharged. Type Total isolved Solids TS ote reshwater Up to 1,500 Variable Chemical Composition chloride, and CO2. Addition- fresh water from the steam. The permeate or product ally, there may be a necessary Repeat until desired amount water is then ready for storage rackish Water 1,500-10,000 Variable Chemical Composition Salt Water 10,000 Variable Chemical Composition 63 64 pH shift. of water is collected. before distribution or further Seawater 10,000-45,000 ixed Chemical Compostion treatment. 65 Standard Seawater 35,000 ixed Chemical Composition

ER 89 VILLA EL SALVADOR Urban Rehabilitation Proposal

This prototype acts as a node within the urban fabric that re- habilitates the derelict public spaces of Villa El Salvador. The mixed use units address the lack of clean-water infrastructure, create a network of small-scale commercial ventures, and provide a safe space for children to gather and learn. These hubs bring communities together, encouraging residents to have a stake in their neighborhood’s future development. Creating close-knit communities through shared investment, E UCAT AC T these hubs make it possible to expand the grid. They serve as generators of social, infrastructural, and economic networks C MME C A E that can be extended across the entirety of Villa El Salvador. AST UCTU E

ERE R 91 VILLA EL SALVADOR Composite Urban Rehabilitation Proposal

ME AM 4 125 m2 alf of one floor of a plot in Villa El Salvador

Residential Unit 1 | 31.275m2 PA 14,400 m2 2 | 62.5m2 Typical public space in the center of a group in Villa El Salvador The creation of a modular Framework building typology of a 25m x 10m mixed-use Commercialized nfrastructure Unit will rehabilitate derelict community spaces and provide Combining a school, park, much needed privatized and high density homes hygiene/water facilities provides a safe place for combined with commercial children to play and get ventures for maintenance, involved in productive generation of income and activities after school, such community investment. as music, art, or sports. The unit will install into the Additionally, it encourages framework of the grid and the adults in the community create nodes of community to police their own neighbor- which will improve the hood - - in uality of life. The hubs are order to keep their families designed to be expanded safe. upon incrementally and can be used as generators of the grids expansion. ER 93 VIWORKS CITED

GR Y 95 END NOTES 24. ”Favelas.” LOTUS. no. 143 (2010): 86 - 107. 25. Sharif S. Kahatt, “Previ-Lima’s Time: Positioning Proyecto Experimental de Vivienda in Peru’s Modern Proj- 1. United Nations Human Settlements Program, The State of the World’s Cities Report, (London: Earthscan Publi- ect,” Architectural Design, 81, no. 3 (2011): 22 - 25, cations, 2006), 13. 26. Justin McGuirk, “PREVI,” Domus, no. 946 (2011). 2. John Beardsley, “A Billion Slum Dwellers and Counting,” Harvard Design Magazine (2007-2008): 52-59. 27. “PREVI Lima: 35 años después,” ARQ (2005): 72 - 76. 'DQLHOOH)RLV\DQG3HWHU/HH¶VGH¿QLWLRQ $OHMDQGUR$UDYHQD$OHMDQGUR$UDYHQD$UTXLWHFWR³2EUDV+RXVLQJ(OHPHQWDO´/DVWPRGL¿HGKWWS 4.W. Arthur Lewis, Theory of Economic Growth, (London: Routledge, 2013). alejandroaravena.com/obras/vivienda-housing/elemental/.

5. Khalid Malik, The Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World, (New York: United Nations Develop- 29. MIT, “Aranya Community Housing.” http://web.mit.edu/incrementalhousing/articlesPhotographs/pdfs/aranya- ment Programme). 1-Summary0025.pdf.

6. Puma C Samantra, What Helps or Hurts Industrialization: A Rview from Economic History, (CIIDS and IIDS, 7RUUH'DYLG³7RUUH'DYLG´/DVWPRGL¿HGWRUUHGDYLGFRP 2001), 84 - 103. 'DYLG%DVXOWR$UFK'DLO\³,QFUHPHQWDO6WUDWHJ\LQ,QGLD)LOLSH%DOHVWUD 6DUD*RUDQVVRQ´/DVWPRGL¿HG 7.Gustav Ranis, and John CH Fei, “A Theory of Economic Development,” The American Economic Review 0D\KWWSZZZDUFKGDLO\FRPLQFUHPHQWDOKRXVLQJVWUDWHJ\LQLQGLD¿OLSHEDOHVWUDVDUDJRUDQV- (1961): 533 - 565. son/.

8, 9, 10. Merriam-Webster Dictionary, “Dictionary Thesaurus.” September 12, 2013. http://www.merriam-webster. 32. Gustavo Riofrio, “The Case of Lima, Peru” (DESCO, 2002) com/. 33. Ivo Imparto, and Jeff Ruster, Slum Upgrading and Participation: Lessons from Latin America, (Washington, $OOHQ*LOOHUV¶GH¿QLWLRQ D.C.: The World Bank, 2003).

3HFTXHW*DU\7KH)UHHPDQ³3URSHUW\DQG*RYHUQPHQW8QGHUWKH&RQVWLWXWLRQ´/DVWPRGL¿HG-DQXDU\ /LPD(DV\³*XLGHWR/LPD´/DVWPRGL¿HGKWWSZZZOLPDHDV\FRPOLPDLQIRLPSRUWDQWIDFWVDQG¿J- 1995. http://www.fee.org/the_freeman/detail/private-property-and-government-under-the-constitution ures-about-lima

13. B Guha-Khasnobis, R Kanbur, and E Ostrom, Linking the Formal and Informal Economy: Concepts and Poli- 35. Gustavo Riofrio, “The Case of Lima, Peru” (DESCO, 2002) cies, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006). 36. Ivo Imparto, and Jeff Ruster, Slum Upgrading and Participation: Lessons from Latin America, (Washington, 14. John F.C. Turner, Building Community: A Third World Case Book. Villa el Salvador, Atocongo, Lima. Low D.C.: The World Bank, 2003). Income Peruvians Build a New Township, (London: Building Community Books, 1988), 154-160. 37. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Statistics on Peru’s Education System. 2013. 15. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Economic and Social Survey 2013. (United Nations, 2013) p. ix. 38. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Statistics on Peru’s Education System. 2013.

16. United Nations Human Settlements Program, The State of the World’s Cities Report, 2005/2006 39. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Statistics on Peru’s Education System. 2013.

17. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Economic and Social Survey 2013. (United 40. Ivo Imparto, and Jeff Ruster, Slum Upgrading and Participation: Lessons from Latin America, (Washington, Nations, 2013) p. ix. D.C.: The World Bank, 2003).

18. The Challenge of Slums - United Nations Human Settlements Program, 2003. $VRFLDFLyQ$PLJRVGH9LOOD³/D+LVWRULD´/DVWPRGL¿HGDPLJRVGHYLOODLW

19. John Beardsley, “A Billion Slum Dwellers and Counting,” Harvard Design Magazine (2007-2008): 52-59. $VRFLDFLyQ$PLJRVGH9LOOD³/D+LVWRULD´/DVWPRGL¿HGDPLJRVGHYLOODLW

20. Davis, Mike. Planet of Slums. New York, London: Verso, 2006. 43. John F.C. Turner, and Robert Fitcher, Freedom to Build, (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1972).

21. Reinhard Skinner, and Florian Steinberg, “Poverty Alleviation and Children in Urban Latin America: The New 44. Chavez, Roberto. Global Consortium for Incremental Housing, “Incremental Housing: The Past and Future Strategic and Programmatic Framework of Plan,” Children, Youth and Environments, 13, no. 2 (2003): 228-253, 'ZHOOLQJ6ROXWLRQIRUWKH3RRU´/DVWPRGL¿HG$FFHVVHG1RYHPEHUKWWSZHEPLWHGXLQFUHPHQ- talhousing/articlesPhotographs/chavez_Past_Future_Dwelling.html. 22. Alejandro Acosta Ayerbe, and Nisme Pineda Báez, “The City and Children’s Participation,” Children, Youth and Environments, 17, no. 2 (2007): 187 - 198. 7UX[HV(PPHW+DUYDUG*6'³0DSSLQJ9LOOD(O6DODGRU3HUX´/DVWPRGL¿HGKWWSZZZHWUX[HVFRP architecture/mapping-villa-el-salvador-peru/. 23. John Beardsley, “A Billion Slum Dwellers and Counting,” Harvard Design Magazine (2007-2008): 52-59.

GR Y 97 $XVWUDOLDQ*RYHUQPHQW'HSDUWPHQWRIWKH(QYLURQPHQW³'HVDOLQDWLRQ´/DVWPRGL¿HGKWWSZZZHQYL- END NOTES ronment.gov.au/node/22542.

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GR Y 99

REPURPOSING THE GRID SOCIAL AND INFRASTRUCTURAL NODES IN VILLA EL SALVADOR, PERU DANIEL KALINOWSKI AND TORY BREWSTER VILLA EL SALVADOR, PERU IS A RAPIDLY GROWING CITY THAT LACKS INFRASTRUCTURE AND SAFE PUBLIC SPACE. THUS THERE IS AN INTENSE NEED FOR DENSE URBAN GROWTH, INCREASED INHABITANT INVOLVEMENT AND OWNERSHIP OF PUBLIC SPACE. TRANSLATING THE STATIC GRID AND ACTIVATING THE GROUND PLANE WITH A VARIETY OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND SOCIAL AMENITIES THAT ARE HIGHLY FLEXIBLE, WILL BRING INHABITANTS INTO THE UNDERUTILIZED CENTRAL PUBLIC SPACE, MAKING IT SAFER AND MORE FUNCTIONAL.

POPULATION GROWTH

3 3 POPULATION DENSITY IQUIQUE Area - 2,242 km2 Population - 184,953 Density - 82.5 ppl/km2 INDORE Area - 530 km2 Population - 3,272,335 Density - 3,727 ppl/km2 LONDON Area - 1,572 km2 Population - 8,308,369 Density - 5,285 ppl/km2 CARACAS Area - 433 km2 Population - 2,400,000 Density - 5,543 ppl/km2 VILLA EL SALVADOR Area - 35.46 km2 Population - 381,790 Density - 11,000 ppl/km2 PUNE Area - 450 km2 Population - 5,049,968 Density - 11,442 ppl/km2 NEW YORK Area - 59 km2 Population - 1,629,090 Density - 27,442 ppl/km2 VILLA EL SALVADOR Area - 40.00 km2 Population - 850,000 Density - 21,250 ppl/km2 SITE LOCATION PERU LIMA

ANCON

PUENTE PIEDRA RIO CHILLON

VVENTANILLA

LADERAS DE CHILLON

SAN RIO RIMAC JUAN DE LURIGANCHO

CALLAO HORACIO RIO RIMAC ZEVALLOS HUAYCAN

RIO CIENEGUILLA

VILLA MARIA TRUINFO

VILLA EL SALVADOR VILLA EL SALVADOR SECTORS III, VII, IX SECTOR VII, GROUP II

400 METERS