STEPHEN ONGPIN FINE ART

VICTOR HUGO Besançon 1802-1885

Seascape with Ships in Fog

Pen, brush and brown ink and brown wash, with touches of white gouache. Inscribed N° 78 Massin in brown ink on the verso. Inscribed Dessin original de . Ancienne Collection Paul Meurice (Succession Ozenne-Meurice) in black chalk on the verso. 56 x 247 mm. (2 1/4 x 9 3/4 in.)

Provenance Paul Meurice, Paris By descent to his adopted daughter, Mme. Marie Ozenne Meurice Henri Guillemin, Paris and Neuchâtel Anonymous sale, Paris, Hôtel Drouot [Piasa], 13 June 2001, lot 150 Jan Krugier and Marie-Anne Poniatowski, Geneva.

Literature Jean Massin, ed., Victor Hugo: oeuvres complètes, Paris, 1967, Vol.I, no.876 Raphael Rosenberg and Max Hollein, ed., Turner Hugo Moreau: Entdeckung der Abstraktion, exhibition catalogue, Frankfurt, 2007-2008, no.100, illustrated p.174 Florian Rodari, ed., Victor Hugo: Dessins visionnaires, exhibition catalogue, Lausanne, 2008, no.26, illustrated p.41 (where dated c.1856) Felix Krämer, ed., Dark Romanticism: From Goya to Max Ernst, exhibition catalogue, Frankfurt, 2012-2013, no.62, illustrated p.121 Gerhard Kehlenbeck, Victor Hugo: Visions of a Poet-Draughtsman, Hamburg, 2015, unpaginated, no.4.

Literature Frankfurt, Schirn Kunsthalle, Turner Hugo Moreau: Entdeckung der Abstraktion, 2007- 2008, no.100 Lausanne, Fondation de l’Hermitage, Victor Hugo: Dessins visionnaires, 2008, no.26 Frankfurt, Städel Museum, Dark Romanticism: From Goya to Max Ernst, 2012-2013, no.62 Paris, Musée d’Orsay, L’ange du bizarre: Le romantisme noir de Goya à Max Ernst, 2013, no.45 Graz, Bruseum / Neue Galerie Graz, Nach der Dämmerung: Victor Hugo und Günter Brus / After Dusk: Victor Hugo and Günter Brus, 2017-2018.

The outstanding literary figure in 19th century France, Victor Hugo was also an accomplished and prolific draughtsman. He produced nearly three thousand drawings, the principal groups of which are today in the collections of the Bibliothèque Nationale and the in Paris. Although he began to draw seriously around 1825, relatively little of this early work survives and it was not until some twenty years later that he was to develop his distinctive personal graphic idiom. As a draughtsman, Hugo seems to have been most productive during periods when he was writing less, as for example in 1850. Conversely, there are very few drawings from the period between 1852 and 1853, when he was engaged on a spell of intense literary activity. His drawings achieved a height of expression during the years of his political exile from France on the Channel Islands of Jersey, where he and his family lived from 1852 to 1855, and , where he settled in October 1855 and remained until 1870.

Although he often gave drawings as presents to friends and colleagues, and allowed several sheets to be reproduced as engravings, the act of drawing remained a largely private occupation for Hugo. (As he wrote to his friend Paul Meurice - the first owner of the present sheet - in 1863, ‘these scribbles are for private use and to indulge very close friends.’1) For much of his life Hugo’s drawings were known, outside of his family, only to a handful of writers and connoisseurs; the poet Charles Baudelaire, writing in 1859, praised ‘the magnificent imagination that flows from the drawings of Victor Hugo like the mystery of the heavens. I speak of his drawings in Indian ink, because it is too obvious that in poetry our poet is the king of landscape.’2 In the last ten years of his life, however, Hugo drew much less, a decline mirrored in his literary output. The first public exhibition of Hugo’s drawings was held at the Galerie Georges Petit in Paris in 1888, three years after his death, when over 150 sheets were shown.

As a draughtsman, Hugo relied primarily on brown or black ink, with washes applied with a fluidity and transparency that allowed for remarkable tonal and atmospheric effects. His idiosyncratic working methods have been described by his son Charles: ‘Once paper, pen and ink-well have been brought to the table, Victor Hugo sits down and without making a preliminary sketch, without any apparent preconception, sets about drawing with an extraordinarily sure hand not the landscape as a whole but any old detail. He will begin his forest with the branch of a tree, his town with a gable, his gable with a weather vane, and, little by little, the entire composition will emerge from the blank paper with the precision and clarity of a photographic negative subjected to the chemical preparation that brings out the picture. That done, the draftsman will ask for a cup and will finish off his landscape with a light shower of black coffee. The result is an unexpected and powerful drawing that is often strange, always personal, and recalls the etchings of Rembrandt and Piranesi.’3

Another vivid description of Hugo’s working methods was provided by his grandson Georges Hugo: ‘I sometimes saw him drawing: they were only quick little sketches, landscapes, caricatures, profiles drawn at a single stroke, which he made on any little scrap of paper. He scattered the ink haphazardly, crushing the goose quill which grated and spattered trails of ink. Then he sort of kneaded the black blot which became a castle, a forest, a deep lake or a stormy sky; he delicately wet the barb of his pen with his lips and with it burst a cloud from which rain fell down onto the wet paper; or he used it to indicate precisely the mists blurring the horizon.’4 Hugo also experimented with different techniques and media, including inkblots (taches), folded paper, stencilled cut-outs, gold leaf and impressions taken from various objects, including leaves and lace.

The present sheet was drawn during Victor Hugo’s fifteen-year period of exile in Guernsey, when he came to be fascinated by the majestic vistas of sea and sky that he saw around him. His home on the island, Hauteville House, was surmounted by a glass- walled observatory, from where the author could gaze out at the surrounding seas. As he wrote in 1859, in a letter to a friend, ‘I need these periods of rest sometimes in my solitude, in face of the ocean, amid this sombre scenery which has a supreme attraction for me and which draws me toward the dazzling apparitions of the infinite.’ The rugged coastline and rock formations of Guernsey provided Hugo with a variety of dramatic motifs for his drawings. He would spend a considerable amount of time wandering over the island, at all times of the day and night, and took a large number of photographs of the scenery, with the intention of publishing a book of them in collaboration with his son Charles.

Hugo’s favourite subject was always the sea. As Pierre Georgel has noted of the drawings made during his stay in the Channel Islands, ‘his visual world became enriched almost to the point of obsession with the spectacle of the sea. But this grandiose, monotonous horizon never changed. As a result, the graphic work moved further and further away from the real in an attempt to catch the kaleidoscope of sea, rock and cloud, or to reflect the ebb and flow of an imaginary world in which shapes could form and dissolve in an instant.’5 Even after his return to Paris in 1870, Hugo continued to visit Guernsey, and to produce drawings inspired by its bold and dramatic landscape.

The first owner of this drawing was the playwright and novelist Paul Meurice (1818- 1905), a lifelong friend of Victor Hugo. During the period of Hugo’s exile, Meurice looked after his financial and literary interests, and upon the writer’s death was named one of the executors of his estate. Meurice owned a large group of some of the most significant drawings by Hugo, and was responsible for organizing the first exhibition of them, in Paris in 1888. In 1902, he established the Maison de Victor Hugo in Paris, which, together with the Bibliothèque Nationale, today holds the largest collection of drawings by Hugo.

1. ‘ces griffonages sont pour l’intimité et l’indulgence des amis tout proches’; Hugo in a letter to Paul Meurice, dated 6 March 1863.

2. Charles Baudelaire, ‘Lettre à M. le Directeur de la Revue Française sur le Salon de 1859’, Revue Française, 1859, p.524; Quoted in translation in Kevin Salatino, ‘Ego Hugo’, Master Drawings, Winter 2019, p.534.

3. Quoted in translation in Marie-Laure Prévost, ‘The Techniques of a Poet-Draftsman’, in Florian Rodari et al., Shadows of a Hand: The Drawings of Victor Hugo, exhibition catalogue, New York, 1998, p.31.

4. Quoted in translation in Florian Rodari, ‘Victor Hugo, a Precursor a posteriori’, in Rodari et al., ibid., p.25.

5. Pierre Georgel, Drawings by Victor Hugo, exhibition catalogue, London, 1974, unpaginated, between nos. 22 and 25.