CENSUS OF INDIA 1981

PART-XB SERIES 31

MIZORAM

TOWN SURVEY REPORT LUNGLEI

B.SATYANARAYANA Deputy Director Directorate of Census Operations MIZORAM ~J.a. LIST OF MAps AND PHOTOGRAPHS (ii) FOREWORD (iii) .. PREFACE . (v)-(vi) NOTIONAL MAP OF LUNGLBI TOWN (vii) CHAPTER I Introduction • 1-8 IlHAPlER II History and Growth of the TOWB 9-11 CHAPTER III Amenities and Services-History of Growth and the Present Positi"n • 12-1k CHAPTER IV Economic Life of the Town 19-34. CHAPTER V Ethnic and Selected Socio-Demograpkic C.laara~tori8tici oftke PopulatioR 35-42 CHAPTER VI Migration and Settlement of Families • 43-51 CHAPTER VII Neighbourhood Pattern • 54-56 CHAPTER vm Family Life in the Tows • • • CHAPTER IX Housing and Material Culture • • 63-72 CHAPTER X Slums, Blighted and other Areas with Sub-standard Living Conditions. 73 CHAPTER XI Organisation of Power and Prestige • • 74-82 CHAPTER XII Leisure and Recreation, Social ParticipatioJl, Social Awareness, Religion and Crime • 83-93 OHAPTER XIII Linkages and ContiJl1la • • • • 94-98 CONOLUSION • • • • 99-100 6LOSSARY • 101 LIST OF MAPS'·~ PMOrOGRAPHS

Facing Page

. , , Notional Map of Lunglei town (vii) Baptist Church Serkawn 4 Stteet (one of the business streets of Lunglei Town) ". '. 5 B.s Station (MST) 6 Memorial Stone erected for the memory of the first Baptist Church founded in Mizoram 7,

T~ First Ba.ptist Church BuHdingin Mjz()ralp .. .. " ... " 8 Stone Bridge over Sipai Lui ~O Circuit House 11

Post Office ' 1~

Government High School " 16 Government College 16 Serkawn Christian High School 17'1 Civil Hospital 18 Christian Hospital Serkawn 19<' R;'f.P. Cinema Hall·, '. 84

Town Hall , ..~: Ohikben's Park .. 8S

(U) FOREW()Rb

Apart from the decennial enumeration of population, the Indian Census is steeped in the tradition of undertaking a variety of studies of topical interest. In fact, the publications brought out in connec­ tion with the earlier censuses contained veritable mines of information on racial, cultural, linguistic and a number of other aspects of life of the people of this country. With the advent of freedom, however, the scope and dimension of these special studies had to be restructUled in a manner that would provide the basic feedbacks on the processes of development taking place in different spheres of life of the people especially under planned development. Thus, in connection with the 1961 Census, a massive programme was launched interalia to con­ duct socio-economic survey of about 500 villages selected from different parts of the country. The main objective of this study was to know the way of life of the people living in Indian villages which accounted for 82 per cent of the total popUlation as per the 1961 Census. There was, however, an imperative need to extend the area of the study to urban centres as well, to provide a complete cOVer­ age of the people living in diverse socio-economic conditions. It was with this objective in view ancil­ lary studies on town were launched as part of the social studies programme in connection with the 1971 Census. The programme of social studies taken up in connection with the 1971 census, was continued without any major change at the 1981 Census as wel1. A study on traditional rural based handicrafts was, however, added as a new item under the social study projects of cthe 1981 Census. For the conduct of urban study 64 small and medium towns were selected from different parts of the country following the criteria such as (a) size, (b) demographic features, (c) functional characteristics, (d) specific industry or OCC\.i_pa~ tion dominating the economy, (c) location, (f) concentration of different castes and communities and (g) other social and cultural phenomenon like temple town, health resort etc. The research design, tools for data collection and formats for data tabulation and report writing required for urban studies were originally formulated by Dr. B. K. Roy Burman, the then Deputy Registrar General, Social Studies Division. His successor, Dr. N.G. Nag took considerable pains to revise all the formats to make them more comprehensive. Dr. K.P. Ittaman, the present Deputy Regis~ trar General heading Social Studies Division, coordinated these studies at different levels as well as rendered necessary guidance to the Directorates of Census Operations for their successful consummation. Shri M.K Jain, Senior Research Officer with the able assistance of Investigators, Shri R.K. Mehta and Shri Sudesh Madan did a commendable job in scrutinising the reports and communicating the Comments thereon to the Directorates. I am grateful to all of them. The present report is the outcome of a study on Lunglei town undertaken by the Directorate of Census Operations, Mizoram. I am indebted to Shri B. Satyanarayana, Deputy Director and his colleagues in the Census Directorate for their painstaking efforts in bringing out this report.

:NSWDSLID, V. S. VERMA The 1st of June, ;1988 Registrar General, INDIA.

(Ui)

PREFACE

Modern Census is not merely counting of heads. It aims at presenting a complete statistical pictur. of socio-economic activities of the people and the land. With these objective in view, data were collected relating to social, cultural and economic activities of the people at the time of census count. Attempts are also made to study and to get deeper insight into the growth and functional characteristics of towns which are likely to play an important role in the life and economy oftbe country. During 1971 census, the socio-economic survey was undertaken to study the town characteristics. In 1981 census also the socio-economic survey of the towns was continued. The accelerated pace of urbani­ sation in India compelled the census organisation to undertake more and more urban studies.

In Mizoram, Lunglei town is selected for intensive study as part of the 1981 census programme. This is the first time that the Directorate of Census Operations, Mizoram undertook the town study. This study aims at evaluating the intensity and direction of the socio-economic forces generated by the process of urbanisation and its impact on the surrounding rural areas. The towns in general were selected based on a number of criteria such as demographic features, size and growth rate, ecological pattern, functional typ.;: and density of population. The composition of the ethnic, religious, social and cultural activities were also con~idered. The present volume largely covers the history, growth, morph'llogy, economic fU'1ction, n~ighbourho:>d pattern and as a part of social interaction, the cultural clnracteristics, civic and economic conditions of the people of Lunglei town.

The present study deals with Lunglei town which is one of the most important towns in the southern territory of Mizoram. Lunglei is Class IV town in 1981 Census with a population of ]7,205, and thili town was treated as a census town for the first time in 1971. It is the second largest town in Mizoram. The main objective is to study the demographic characteristics, urban land-use and urban land-scape of the town. The field survey in the town was conducted by the staff of this Directorate under the close supervision of shri Lalbiakthuama the former Deputy Director of Census. The schedules which were designed by Social Studies Division of the office of the Registrar General of India under the expert guidance of Dr. N.G.Nag, former Deputy Registrar General, India (S.S.) were canvassed through personal enquiry. The schedules canvassed are : ~i) town schedule and (ii) household schedule for selected households in the town from different! wards. At the time of town study, fuUest cooperation was received from different households, various institutions and local churches and also from various Government and Semi-Government Offices functioning in Lunglei town. The report is generally based on the information collected through above mentioned schedules and also from Census data. It has further b3en enriched by the results of the discussions held with local village Council and personal interview with the knowledgeable persons of different localities in the town.

I am extremely grateful to Sri V. S. Verma,I.A.S., Registrar General, India, whose incessant encouragement and advice have been responsible for completion of the publication. I am also grateful to Dr. N. G. Nag, former Deputy Registrar General, India (S.S.) and Dr. Ittaman, the Deputy Registrar General, India (S.S.) and officers of the Social Studies Oivi~ion, for their timely guidance and suggestions for improvement to complete the report.

I would like to acknowledge the contribution made by Shri P. Lalnithanga, I.A.S., the then Director of Census Operations, Mizoram who had initiated this project before leaving this organi­ sation to take up the assignment as Deputy Commissioner, Lunglei. During the survey he rendered all possible help and guidance to the staff who had carried out the field survey since he Was the Deputy Commissioner there.

First draft of this monograph has been prepared by Sri Lalhmingthanga and Sri Zothanth­ nama Statistical Assistants of this office under the guidance of former Deputy Director, Shti Lalbiakthuama. This was further revised by me in the light of comments received from Social Studies Division after taking charle from Sri LaJbiakthuama in March, 1988. The field study was (v) ~vj)

conducted by Sri Lalhmingthanga. Srl J. Lalramthara, and Sri Lalbuanga Sailo all Statistical Assistants. Tabulation of the data was undertaken by Sri Zothanthuama. Statistical Assistant and other Computors viz., Sri Saithuama Saiio, 'Sri Saithanthuama, Shri Lalrosanga and Smt. K:.. Laldawngliani. All of them deserve appreciation for their hard work.

Sari Hrangdailova, District Information Officer, Lungl.;:i District, also dese"r\ies' specIal appre­ ciation and thanks for taking the photographs of various places, institutions etc. of Lung'tei toWh included in this report.

I want to place on record the services rendered by Shri P. C. Zirthangmawia tYPtst tit this office who took lot of pains to neatly type 'the draft of this monogral'h.

The conclusions drawn in the report on the basis of the results thrown by the survey··ln'e mainly by the author and in no way refbct the views of the Government.

B. SATYANAaAYANA

Dy. Director of CellSlIS Oper.lions, Mizor-am : )1 (ztlwl.

1-38 R. O. IndialND/89 NOTIONAL MAP OF LUNGLEI TOWN

r .. .. ZOTLANG II. SERKAWN III IOHNUAI IV BAZAR VENa V .. BAWNG !VENG VI ". . ... RAHSl VENG VI! ...... VEN(;lAI VIII CHANOMARY U LUNGLAWN II X . . LUN6LAWN 1 U .. ... SETHtUNHAWN j

( .....OIMJOil _ Po.tlon of lunglci Town .,.-. in Mizoram

ToTlobung

LEGEND

TOWN BOUNDARY WARD BLOCK WARD NUMBER W-Il eLOC" B_2 METALLED ROAD TOWN ROAD BUILDING OF ANY TYPE

HOSPITAL

CHURCH1 MOSQUE CEMETRY •.. RIVERS/ STREAM WATER POINT ... PLAYGROUND MILITARY AREA FOOT PATH RE SERVOIR MARKET JAil .. H Ell PAD

R.. duccd cnd R,drawn by Map s .. ctlon In H" ott1Ce ot the Director of Cllln$US Opuot;ons "":ZOIO," horn the OrlginGI map slJppl!,d by thE DEputy Commlssione' i/c R""'l"IUt Lung'.;.

2-38 R G India/ND/89

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Lunglei is a small and the only town in the Total population district bearing same name situated in the hill range running from north to south direction. On the hill 4. At the 1981 Census, the area of the town range, the town has spread mostly on the eastern was 85 Sq.kms. The total population of Lunglei side, while most of the western parts are cliffy. It according to the 1981 Census was 17,205 persons is one of the 6 towns in Mizoram State. Lunglei comprising 9,372 males and 7,833 females. The den­ Town is located in the south of Mizoram and has a sity of population for this town was about 202 per­ population of 17,205 (9372 Males, 7833 Females) sons per sq.km. ~Decadal variation since 1961 covered in 2887 residential houses as per 1981 census is shown in Table 1.1. Census. This town is spread over 85 Sq.km& area. Table I.t-Population of Lunglei at different Censuses and VlU'iatiOD 2. The town is the Headquarters of Lunglei in Population district. Before 1972 this town was a Sub-Divisional Headquarters and administered by Sub-Divisional Year Popula- Males Females Absolute Percenta- Rema- Officer. This was treated as a Census town for the tion decadal ge de:ca- rks varia- dal varia- first time during 1971 Census. Till 1971, Mizoram tion tion was one of the districts of Assam State. In the year 1972 when Mizoram attained the status of the Union Territory the then Mizo district was divided into 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 three separate districts. Among these three districts, previous Lunglei Sub-Division was converted into 1961* . 3,062 1,708 1,354 "This one of the districts without changing its boundary. was 1971 6,019 3,257 2,762 2,957 96·57 a villa- It is the second largest district in Mizoram. This ge town is connected with the State Capital Aizawl by 1981 17,205 9,372 7,833 11,186 185·84 road on the north covering a distance of about 235 KIDs. In between, another town namely, Serchhip is located and the road cuts across the main town. In the southern side it is also connected with the Density of population southernmost district town of Saiha by road. The roads that are linked to this . town are mostly 5. According to 1981 Census the area of the metalled. town is 85 Sq.km. and density of the popUlation of the town is 202 per sq.km. As mentioned earlier, IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE Lunglei is a new town since 1971 only. In 1971 TOWN census, the area of the whole town was 3 Sq.krns, 3. Lunglei being situated in the heart of the while in 1981 it became 85 sq.kms. During one Union Territory, serves as transit centre. Most of decade it has expanded nearly thirty times. Due to the fast expansion of physical area of the town, the the supplies coming from the State capital are stocked density got reduced though its growth rate of popu· in this ,own and distributed again to the villages lation is high. The density of the popUlation for within the district as well as outside the district i.e. the town at 1971 and 1981 census are presented in those falling under Chhimtuipui district. It also acts the following table. It may be pointed out that no as transport centre for large num:her of passengers slum areas are found in Lunglei town and the living going out from Lunglei and coming in from different conditions of all the people are almost similar. parts of the Union Territory. Thus the sole import­ ance of the town lies in its being as transpqrt centre. Table I.2--Density. ofpopuJatiOfJ of LrmgJei at 1971 and 1981 Secondly Lunglei is not only the district headquarters Censuses but also a commercial centre for the inhabitants of the town anQ the neighbouring villages. Along Year Population Area in Density AizawI-Lung1ei-Saiha road a large number of shops Sq .J(m. and shops-cum-residence are located. Venglai ward formed the focal centre of the town. Almost all the administrative blocks of the town are concen­ 1 2 3 4 trated in this ward. Civil rest house, Post Office, Police Station, Mizoram State Transport Bus Station 1971 6,'019 3 2,006 etc. are also located in Venglai ward. The layout of 1981 17,205 85 202 the town reveals a large concentration of the res; dential localities would have spread around the Aizawl-Lunglei-Saiha road. Most of the localities Source; (I) Census of India 1981. Part II B-Primay Census are directly connected with this road by approach Abstr2ct of Mizoram. lanes. Most roads that run inside the town are mettal­ (2) Census"of India 1971. Assam, District Cer~us ed but are narrow, mostly at the turnings. Handbook, Mizo District.

1

3-38 R. G. India/NlJ/~9 :IICX:::"_-",,:_:_ 2

Topography and physical environment Communication with other places The surrounding areas of the town have most The town is connected only by road communi­ variegated topography among the hills. The hill cation with other towns in the State. It is a deve­ ranges on which the town is located are extremely loping town, and has grown fast during the decade rugged and steep, and run from north to south, with 1971-81. In the 1971 census the total population a tendency to be bigher in the Eastern side and of the town was 6,019 while at 1981 census, it has tapering off North and South. Most of the hills are increased to 17,205 thus showing an increase of of average height of 900 metres. There are deep 11,186 persons. The town is connected to a number valleys also. There are small rivers and streams of important places in the state by road. Buses or criss-crossing the terrains. Nature has decorated the jeeps ply on these roads. Everyday except on Sun­ tropical forests of Mizoram with bountiful flora and day about 8 State Transport buses operate from the fauna. town to different destinations and about the equal number of buses also enter the town from dlifferent Climate places. - 6. The climate of Lunglei is not much different from that of the rest of Mizoram. It is moderately cold and foggy in rainy season. From November to Among these roads Aizawl to Lunglei road is the February the weather is dry and cold with some mist longest and the most useful road that connects the in the morning and night. From March to May town with State Capital, Aizawl. This road passes the climate is moderate and dry. From June to through one town called Serchhip and many impor­ August the southwest monsoon carries much rain. tant villages. The people who are living along this In this period rainfall is very heavy and the mist/ main road are benefitted to a large extent because fog occurs regularly and covers the air heavily of better communications. All the essential commo­ especially, in evening and at night. During this dities are brought to the town through this road. period the climate has moisture. During the months Road communication has improved after the out­ of September and October, the weather is fine and break of political disturbance in Mizoram in th~ this is the most pleasant period in the year. Accor­ year 1966. Prior to second world war, people used ding to records maintained by Deputy Commissioner, to travel from one place to another on horse back Lunglei the average annual rainfall during the year or on foot. Aizawl to Lunglei Jeep road which was is 3178 mm while maximum and minimum tempera­ constructed by the people on voluntary and self-help tures are 30°C and 4.4°C respectively. basis, was opened by the then Prime Minister Shri Jawaharlal Nehru on 3rd April, 1953. As the Flora and Fauna Government of India laUnched projects to coordi­ nate and speed up the road construction activity in There are some tall and big trees growing Mizoram after 1966, the Border Road Development around the town. Due to high growth of population, Board took up the construction of Aizawl to Lunglei the. built up area of the town experienced hOlizontal road and completed in 1971. The other road which growth thereby some. of forest areas cleared for cons­ connects the town is Lunglei to Saiha road. (Saiha truction of the resi(lential houses. There are thick is the District town of Chhimtnipui). Through this forests around the town within a distance of one road only, most supplies from the town are distri­ Kilometre from the boundary of the town. Within buted to the interior villages in the southern part the town there are some banian trees (ficus bengal­ of the district. This road is the most important for ensis), Chilauni trees (Schima Wallichii), Pine trees Chhimtuipui District as well since all the essential (Pinus Khasya) and some fruit bearing tr.ees. commodities are supplied to Chhimtuipui District by According to version of elderly people wild animals means of this road. There are also many other like tigers, bears, etc. were found in Chandmary and roads (Pucca and Kucha) that have given good Rahsi wards of Lunglei town. Presently animals linkage to the tOWD. Besides the motorable roads, like jackal, birds like ducks and snipes, and snakes this town is connected with Kucha foot-path to the are found while peo,.!?le keep domestic animals like interior villages in the district which cannot be goats, pigs, cows and fowls. Most of the households approached through any other means. It is very rear tame animals like dogs and cats. difficult to have access to the town from interior villages and people have to travel on foot even very long distances. Most of the bus services that run Morpbology to and from Lunglei are under the operation of State This town being of the recent origin does not have Government transport authority. The bus services well planned roads and drainage system and earlier operated by State Transport Department cover the this was a village. This was declared as a Census places such as Aizawl (235 kms), Saiha (104 kms), town during 1971 Census. In the absence of drain­ Lawngtlai (84 kms), Tlabung (98 kms), Lungsen age system in the town, many parts of the town are (68 kms) and Haulawng (46 kms) and to these inundated during rainy season. The Local Adminis­ places there is only one service every day. tration Department is making an attempt to develop the drainage system in some parts of the town. Situa­ ted at a hilly place, it is very difficult to connect Besides State Transport agency, private buses one place to another and also to the main road. also ply between Lunglei and Pangzawl as well as Hence large number of steps are to be constructed Lunglei and Hnahthial. These buses operate once in tb~ town t.o connect different low and high levelled in a day except on Sundays. Two local bus services Ilreal! oeprate in Lunglei town. 3

Functional areas Different kinds of meats are also sold in the market. Market days are the busiest days in the town. Most of the ten wards can be differentiated on the basis of functional characteristics. Residential There are two other small market places in the areas cover substantial portion of all the wards. town. These are located in Lunglawn and Serkawn However, in some wards government offices and 'Nards. In these places few essential commodities are commercial establishments are located. Certain wards also sold on every day except on Sunday. In these can be classified as business areas such as Bazar, markets sometimes beef and pork are also sold. But Venglai and Chandmary wards, though some parts of beef and pork are available particularly in the these areas are used for residential purposes as well. morning time, and not usually available at noon. Administrative area In addition to the aforesaid important areas, Lunglei town is the seat of district administration. there are some shops and stalls scattered in differen~ Most of the district level offices are located here. wards. Tea stalls are also available in different The government servants obviously constitute a wards. Thus there is hardly any ward, where a tea mjljor portion of the main workers. Of the total stall is not found. Tea shops and eating houses are main workers of 5746, 4209 persons were engaged more in the bus station are in Venglai ward. in the others services according to 1981 Census. Educational area Most of the important offices are located in Chandmary, Bazar and Venglai wards. In this area, Various educational institutions are located in offices such as Block Development Officer's office, different parts of the town. In Bazar ward the Civil Surgeon office, Veterinary office, Fire Station Government Degree College, Polytechnic Institution, Office, District Economics and Statistics Office, one Deficit High School and three Government Deputy Commissioner Office, Agriculture Office, Primary Schools are located. Hindi Prachar Centre Excise Office, Industries Office. Forest Office and (Private) is newly established in this ward. All these other important offices like SuperintendiJ,J.g Engineer educational institutions are situated in close proximity (P.W.D.), Executive Engineer (P.H.E.) Office, to one another. In Chandmary ward the educational ~xecutive Engineer (Electrical) Office, Co-Operative institutions viz., Government High School, New High Office, Soil Conservation Office and State Transport School and Lunglei Hindi Praehar Samiti are located. Bus Station arc located. These wards can be classi­ This ward can be classified as having the largest fied as Administrative areas· in the town. AIl other nwnber of educational institutions in Lunglei town. wards can be classified as non-administrative area. The teacher.'s training institution is also located in this place. However, these institutions are at a little Industrial area distance from each other. . Being a small town, there are no large and medium size industries. Weaving, Training-cum­ Serkawn Christian High School and one Gov­ p(QQuction Centre is one important small scale indus­ ernment Middle school and two Government Primary try, being ,run by the I;?jstrict Industry Centre. This Schools are located in Serkawn ward. The remaining Centre is situated in Chandmary ward. There educational institutions are scattered all over the are also few other Weaving Training-cum-Production town. The three hostels namely, Polytechnic hostel, Centre in diITe;ent wards such as Bazar and Venglai, teacher's training institute hostel and Government which are run by the private enterprises. There are College hostel are located in Chandmary and Bazar alSo automobile workshops scattered in differen~ wards. wards situated in the central part of the town. But in these areas residential and commercial.houses are Residential area also more in number. There are also some small Notwithstanding few areas in which there is business units like tailoring units, watch repairing marked concentration of offices, educational institu­ shops, and chording units, which are scattered all tions etc., in all the wards of Lunglei there is pre­ over. Fruit canning, furniture workshops, and other dominan~ of residential dwellings. It is interesting cottage industries that are located outside the town to note that lout of 3323 Census houses as per the have also influenced the economic life of Lunglei house listing operations of 1981 census, as many town. On the whole, Lunglei town cannot boast of as 2616 are being utilized for resid,ential purpose, its industrial development, yet it has to do a lot for 134 houses are vacant, other 573 houses are put the economic uplift of the general population. to other uses like shops and other various purposes. But during the enumeration of 1981 census, there Business area were 2887 occupied residential houses. Zotlang, SethIun, Bawng Veng and Zohnuai wards are fun of Small section of the total working force of residential houses only. These wards, therefore, can Lunglei town are engaged in trade and commerce. be consilered as primarily residential areas: In other Though shops and other commercial establishments words, there are some pockets where offices, shops are scattered in almost all the wards of the town, and other institutions are .concentrated. These wards yet there existed only one recognised market which can broadly be termed as partly residential localities. is situated in Chandmary ward. In every week, there are three main market days, i.e. Tuesday, Wards and residential pattern Thursday and Saturday. On these days most of the essential commodities like ready made garments, Residents of Lunglei town are predominantly green and dry vegetables, all kinds of fruits, cloths, of Mizo tribe and belong to Christian Religion. Of shoes and other grocery items are made available. course very small number of non-Mizo people also 4

reside here, who belong to Hindu and Muslim reli­ 1205 persons are classified as Scheduled Tribe. The gions. Mizo form the largest linguistic group. Other remaining 65 persons belong to other communities few linguistic groups such as Nepali, Bengali are of non-scheduled tribe/caste. also found in clusters at different localities. Most of non-Mizo people that live in this town have come 2. SERKAWN: This ward is located at the from other parts of India and are engaged in !rade northern side of the town and situated between and commerce in organised sector. Zotlang and Zohnuai wards. In this ward some important facilities like medical.. and education . are The residential pattern of Lunglei is very much available. A large part of the ward is ~wned by similar to that of other towns in Mizoram. Most of th~ 1;3aptist Mission. As such, most of the Baptist the buildings are single storeyed and of 'Assam bUIldmgs are constructed here. The Christian Type' predominantly found in almost all residential Hospital, Bookroom and main Office of the Baptist areas of Lunglei. Assam type structures generally Church are located here. There are one middle have corrugated galvanised iron sheet roofs, tiled and two Primary schools located in this ward. There walls and wooden plank floors. Flat type buildings are also some quarters for the Baptist Mission Staff. are quite few and are mainly found in the heat of There is a small market in this ward. In thi~ market the town in Chandmary and Bazar Areas. Now a some essential food stuffs are sold througbo\!t the days, people get houses free of cost by the village year. On market days i.e., on Tuesday, Thursday council within their jurisdiction. After its elevation and Saturday beef and pork are also sold. Most of to urban, this power has now been delegated to the the shops/stores are situated along the main road. Deputy Commissioner (Revenue). Road side areas Some old constructions raised by London Baptist which are suitable for business and commercial pur~ Mission are still intact. poses are becoming very costly. Unused vacant plots are still found at the back of most of the houses The houses in Serkawn ward are mostly old Kucha jeep roads. As it is a small town, most of but are well maintained. There are also many buildings have good ventilation and are exposed to buildings that were constructed a few years back. fresh air and sunshine. The Mizo Community is dominated in this ward. According to 1981 Census, this ward has a popu­ Thc civic authorities of Lunglei town have lation of 1,205 persons, comprising of 608 males divided the town into ten wards. All these wards and 597 females. There is no Scheduled Caste have more or less similar conveniences and provi­ population in this ward. The Population of Sche~ SiOD!) although some wards have different densities. duled Tribe is 1108 composed of 533 males and Some characteristics. with special reference to resi­ 575 females. The community details of the remain­ dential pattern and ethnic groups are given below:- ing 97 persons are not available. One of the best High Sch_ools in Lunglei is owned by the Bapti'Jt 1. ZOTLANG: Tliis ward is located at the Mission and. is located in this ward. The water nothernmost part of Lunglei town. The main road storage tank of PUblic Health Engineering Depart~ passes through this ward has an approach road to ment is also located in this ward. The locality/ Haulawng village. It is bounde~ on the south by ward was not included in the town in 1971 Census. Serkawn ward and on the north by Pukpui village. but added to the town area for the first time in Prior to 1981 census this ward was not included 1981 Census. in the town area. Since 1981 census this ward was 3. ZOHNUAI: This ward is a small ward, and added to Lunglei town area. The residential areas located between Bazar and Serkawa ward. The ma.i11 of the town are inhabited mostly by the Mizo com­ road which is running through the Central paJ;"t of munity. The name 'ZOTLANG' means the hill area the town does not pass through this war<}. This or elevated area. 'ZO' means highlander and ward is separated from other wards of the main 'TLANG' means elevated area or hills. Therefofe, town and as such, there is a forest in between this Zotlang means inhabited hill area of Mizo. Most ward and other loc~ities. It is located along the of the people are Christian by religion. Some of the hill slopes. In order to have a good view of this households belong to the migrants from other villages ward, one must look from within the ward itself. of the district. It is vcry thinly popUlated area witb. Although being separated from other wards, the Assam type buildings, having roof made of Corru­ main· characteristics are similar to other wards. In gated Galvanised Iron sheets and floor made of this ward there are one· Middle school and two wooden planks. Households of this locality belong Primary schools. to low income group. The main occupation of the people is agriculture. Only few people depend on There are also new buildings in this ward. ~ost the business and other services. Tbere are two of thc buildings are of Assam type, but there Cl.re Primary Schools and one Middle School within this very few R.C.C. buildings also. During March­ no GovernmeiIt Hospi~al and Dis­ ward. There is April months the inhabitants of this ward keep awake pensary, but there are only few Private Medical till midnight for collecting water supplied by Public Stores. Health Department. This ward is well connected In regard to recreational facilities, there is a by a metalled road to the main road. Population small Public Community Hall inside the locality. of this ward as per 1981 Census is 654, consisting The most important festival in this locality is the of 336 males and 318 females of which 555 belong 'Christmas' which is organised by the local people. to Scheduled Tribe (Mizo). There are only 2 males According to 1981 Census the population of Zotlang belonging to Scheduled Caste and the details· d other is 1,270 out of which 641 are males and 629 are non-scheduled tribe/caste communities are not females. Of the total population of this locality, available. ._ "'.[P.acing-p'age 4

Baptist Church SerkawD (It was originally constructed by the Missionary and DOW the Building is Re-constructed)

3(a}-38 R. G. India/ND/89 · Fac,ing ·page 5]

Street (One of die Business Street) 5 4. BAZAR: This ward is in the heart of (Revenue Department) free of cost. As usual, Mizo Lunglei town and main road runs through this ward. are the dominant tribe in this locality. There are Along this road there arc shops on both sides deal­ also few other communities like Dumka and Hindu ing with all the essential commodities. On the easter,,_ in this area. The street pattern is not well planned side of this ward one road runs from Town Hall to and it runs from west to east on the hill slopes. Kikawn and this place the road cuts the main road Houses are mainly built along the slope of the hill. which runs through the Bazar area. On the eastern Within this ward the internal roads are not good and 'side there is an office belonging to the Co-operation are being developed slowly. In this ward there are Department. Extension of this ward towards west 1037 persons as per 1981 census, out of whom 532 is in progress and new buildings around well planned are males and 505 are females. There are only 2 streets are coming up. In addition to the Mual Lung­ Scheduled Caste persons. There are 947 persons lei Government College which is already thc;:re, the belonging to Scheduled Tribe. new Church called Rinna Kohhran Biak In (Faith 6. RAHSI VENG: This Rahsi Veng is the Church Building) is located here. There is no stich church like this in any of the wards of Lunglei tOW11. oldest locality of Lunglei town located at the north­ This Church is not having its own church building western side of the town and is believed to be the but one of the church members who is greatly first settlement of the Britishers to run the admini5- devoted to this Faith offered his house to this orga­ tration of Lunglei and southern parts of Mizoram. nization for worshiping God and to use as Sunday Although the Britishers came to this Territory prior School Hall. Not far from this Church, a mos'lu,c to 1886, they started the administration from thi!; is located. In this ward, there are important Gov­ place only in the year 1886. At that time the whole ernment Offices, viz., General Manager, District of Mizoram was divided into two sub-divisions, which were placed under sub-divisional officer . tor ~du$tries' Centre, District Information and Public Sub­ R~lations Office, Forest Office and Superintendent administration. At that time Lunglei was one Engineer's (Public Work Department) Office etc. divisional headquarters. Under the sub-divisioll In the middle part of the ward, on the hill top there there were some Circle Interpreters having different is a Polytechnic Training Institute. The only Cinema circles. The circle Interpreters were known as Rahsi Hall in the town viz. Rothangpuia Cinema Hall i\i in Mizo. The sub-divisional officer allowed only the also located in this ward. There is a good play­ Rahsi in this area to settle down, and other people ground, Hostel and other important College buildings who were not Rahsi were clriven away from ~is in this area. Within this ward there are Police area. In Mizo, 'Rahsi' means 'Interpreter' and 'Veng' Quarters, furniture shops and motor workshops. mcans 'Street', Thcrefore, the name of the ward came from Interpreter street i.e. Rahsi Veng in Mizo. But for the new extensions in western' side, ~he The Britishers allowed' other people to settle down ward has mostly old buildings and some of these in this Veng, only just 'a few years before the inde­ old buildings have been remodelled with~R.C.C:· and pendence of India. From that· time onwards other As8allL type. There are one high school, one middle, people who were not of Rahsi, were allowed to school and three primary schools in thm, ward. Roads settle more and more' and it became more are good but not sufficiently wide and are usually popUlous. Till this date some old buildings which narrow in the market areas. were constructed at the time of British rule can be seen in this area. New buildings of R.C.C. roofs Total population of this ward at 1981 Census arc also constructed in this ward. Large number of was 2191 of which 1196 are males and 995 are buildings in this locality are mostly of the Assam feIpale~. Of the total popt$tion,1881 b!!iOllg to type. In this locality there is. a District Jail, which SGheduled Tribe and 2. belong' to. Scheduled Caste is of a recent origin. The government offices in whose name is not available from the records. All this ward are of Public Work Department (Mechani­ t~,e Scheduled Tribe population belong to 'Mizo' and cal'Division) and Publicity (Central) Office. Some the .. castewise details of remaining non-scheduled government quarters are also located in this ward. caste/tribe population are not available. . Therc are two government Primary Schools and one deficit Middle School. In this ward there are 2 5. BAWNGVENG: This ward is situated in Church buildings i.e. United Penticostal Church and the north-western corner of the town with BaZar. Baptist Mission Church. The Baptist Mission Church Venglai and Rahsi Veng as its boundaries. It is not building is constructed in the memory of the Baptist ,"onnected by a good road' with the central part of Missionary, Herbert James Lorrain (Known as Pu the town. There are only two approaches connecting Buanga by Mizo) who came first to Lunglei. the nel'ghbouring wards i.e., from Ve~glai and Bazal. From Yenglai this ward can be approached by foot Good approach roads from other localities are only, while from Bazar ward the Kucha road is running through Bazar ward. The road that leads runlling along the College road. It is a newly fomied to Tlabung passes through this locality. Some of locality, just before the 1981 census. Earlier this the households who are having lands outside this was a village council. One government primary school ward grow rice, vegetables and fruits in their lands and a deficit middle school are located in this ward. for their livelihood. Most of the households are having gardens within three kilometres from the . Almost all the buildings in this locality are of town periphery. In these gardens different ~arieties A.ssam type with very few having R.C.C. roof. [n, of fruits, vegetables etc. are grown. These vegetables some parts of this locality, there are also small and' and fruits are sold in the market. Therefore, the old buildings. Those who are having very old people of this locality eam their livelihood from buildings arc economically weak as compared to their gardens. This ward forms one of the localities ptilQple of other areas in the town. The sites of their where local liquor is made. These local liquors are buildings were allotted by Government of Miz9ram sold within the locality as well as its neighbo_urhQds. According to 1981 Census this ward consists of. tIle wa,.rd rollows the main road of Lunglei to .of 1717 persons comprising 968 males anO few ~eets the bou?-dary of Lunglawn which is located on persons who. do not ~long to Scheduled -Ca§t<:/ ~ts s.outhe~n SIde. The Western side of this ward Scheduled Tnbe and thea. details are not available. IS high. clIff. This ward has comparatively more 7. VENGLAI: This ward is located in the heart pop~atlOn than any other ward in Lunglei. The of the town. Before haying separate identity, this domlUant community is Mizo. There are also few non-Mizo businessmen and government servants. ward W

.Bus StatioD

3(b)-38 R. G . India/ ND/ 89 Memorial Stone erected in memory of the First Baptist Church ill Mizoram 7 communities of unclassified group and one ~rson of In this locality thcre were 2,889 persons, of whom Scheduled Caste. 1596 are males and 1293 females as per 1981 Census. Among these there are only 5 persons belong to Some carpentry workshops are also located in Scheduled Cast~s. this ward. In these workshops wooden fiirnitures like Chairs, Stools, Almirah etc. are made. A 10. Sethian: Sethlun is situated in the southern few motor workshops are also located in this ward. most part of the town and it is the smallest among different wards in Lunglei Town. Only from 1981 9. Langlawn : This ward formed part of the town Census, this locality was amalgamated to the town since the beginning and is believed to be a village area. Prior to 1981 Census it was treated as a vil­ long back. The boundary of this ward starts from lage. The boundary lines of northern side start Falkawn on the north and runs towards eastern side from Assam Rifles Cbeck Gate and runs east-ward till it reaches a stream called Sipai Lui. When the till it meets one small stream (unnamed). Then the tines meets Sipai Lui in the eastern boundary, the line runs south-ward till it meets the boundary of line follows t,he said stream to some distance Theiriat village and meets Aizawl to Lunglei road. towards south and runs west-ward till it reaches From this ward the boundary line goes in an angular the main road of Aizawl to Lunglei r~d. The direction towards north-west till it meets the Assam southern part is bounded by Sethlun loc!!Jity Lun­ Rule Check Gate. This ward is crossed by Aizwal to glawn locality spreads from south to north and there Lunglei road passing through centre. Along this road is a vacant land for house sites where number of most of the houses are built on both sides. The houses can be constructed. But these vacant lands central part of this ward is called Sethlun Kawn. In are owned by the different households of the town. this place some grocery stores and shops are located. Beyond these vacant sites, there is Assam Rifles area There are also a few tea stalls in this place. Most having permanent buildings where the Asam Rifles of the buildings are of Assam type, though in some have check gate at the ward boundary of this area ane! area~ there are a few small thatched houses. There Sethlun. Being the old locali~y, there are still a are only three R. C. C. buildings located in this ward. few old buildings in this ward and new buildings are This ward spreads on the southern side because there also being erected throughout the locality. Most of is no suitable place for extension of the ward in the these buildings are of Assam type. Very few build­ northern side. During the time of survey it was ings are of R. C. C. found that new constructions were coming up. These were mainly concentrated at the northern side. Lunglei and Aizawl main road crosses this ward and on both sides of this road some grocery stores In this ward there is only one government primary are established. A number of stores are also con­ school. The nearest middle school and high school centrated on the hill top of the locality. There are are at Theiriat village. A person who would like also some other shops located on the side of the to have higher eciucation in the middle and high road and are mostly retail shops, selling all kinds of school has to go to Theiriat village or to the_ heart essential commodities. This locality had two sepa­ of Lunglei town, where educational facilitIes are rate identities, such as Lunglawn I and Lunglawn II available. It is not difficult to go to the centre of having separate village councils. But it has been the town, as town bus services are available except on considered as one locality in 1981 Census, for cover­ Sunday. Students of this locality acquired their age. The area of these two parts of the localities education in the government high school' at Chandmary is big but still less than Chandmary ward and the and Serkawn Christian high school at Serkawn. population is also still smaller than that of Chand­ mary. Most of the people of this locality are of Special mention may be made in regard to home Mizo community. Non-Mizo people are serving in gardening. Almost all households of this locality are different government offiees in Lunglei town. There having their own gardens near their houses. In these are two Baptist Church bUildings. gardens some agricultural crops and different kinds of fruits are grown. The yield of fruits is sufficient Majority of the people are engaged in different for family consumption as well as for the market. categories of occupations viz., cultivation, manual Most of the people of this ward are engaged in shift­ labour, government service etc. No high school is ing cultivation. But few people are also engaged in existing in this ward. The nearest high school government service in the town. from this ward is the Government High School at ChanQmary. There are three middle schools and 5 This is unique in Lunglei town. In this ward Primary schools in this ward. Out of this 5 primary the first Christian Baptist Church in Mizoram was schools, four belong to government and one is gov­ established. At the time of survey it is observed that ernment aided school. the memorial stone which was erected near the church building indicates that this was erected in memory of In this locality, some furniture workshops are the first Baptist Church which was first built in established. These furniture workshops generally Mizoram. This memorial stone is till standing which produce items like wooden frame, Chair, almirah, etc. can be seen from the main road. There are also motor repairing workshops in this According to 1981 Census, Sethlun ward return­ locality. In this ward special mention may be made ed a population of 463 persons of whom 231 are about the location of Indian Oil Company agency males and 232 are females. Out of the total popula­ here. It is the only Oil agency in the town. Fiom tion of 463,372 persons of scheduled tribe and the this Oil agency, Mobile Oil, Petrol, etc. are supplied rest belong to other communities. No Scheduled to the town as well as to different patrs of the district. Caste population is found in this ward. 8

Castes and Communities is popular which attracts more number of readers. The church library located at Serkawn is also popu­ Most of the population of the Lunglci town lar for public education. This library can be used belong to Mizo tribe. In aU the localities the 'Mizo' frcely by members of the Baptist Church. There population dominates while non-Mizo people are is one library owned by the local church located at thinly scattered in every ward. There is Scheduled Chandmary ward. This is also an important place Caste population to tune of 15 found ,in wards suc~ for public learning. as Zohnuai, Bazar, Bawngveng, Rahslveng, Venglat and Lunglawn. Clubs Some shops which are established in Lunglei town are mainly concentrated in Chandmary, Ven­ There are only two clubs in Lunglei town such glai and Bazar ward. In this area shops are mostly as officer's club and Police Club. These two clubs located along the main road. Majority of the shop­ are located at Venglai ward. The membership fee keepers are from Mizo tribe. There are also some of Rs. 20/- is paid in the Officer's Club. This is non-Mizos having shops. opened only for government servants holding a gazet­ ted post. There is no membership fee in Police Club, Most of the inhabitants of the town are Chris­ and an official of Police department can enroll into tians by religion. There are some other religious this club freely. groups like Hindu, Muslim, Sikh, Jains etc. But these religious groups have only few persons. Playgrounds IMPORTANT PUBLIC PLACES There are three playgrounds in Lunglei town. Out of the three playgrounds L. D. S. A. (Lunglei Places of worship District Sport Association) playground is the most famous place for playing different games. This As in other towns of the state, the churches and however is mostly used for hockey and football. It other places of worship are one of the most important is located in Bazar Veng. This field is also used public places in Lunglei t?w!l' There are about ~6 as an important place for public functions. It is big and small Churches wlthm the town for worship. generally used on important public functions like the In addition to this, there are a:lso'two places of wor­ Republic Day, the Indcpendence day etc. ship viz., Siva Mandhir and Kali Mandhir. Among the churches, Serkawn Baptist Church and Bethel Baptist Church of Chandmary are the most popular ChildreDS park places of worship in the town. There is only one children Park in Lunglei town which is located at Chandmary ward. It is a very Community /Town hall good place for children to spend their time in pla~­ In Lunglei there is no professional theatre. Two ing different games. But due to lack of many faCI­ community halls and one town; hall are found dur­ lities, it is not fully utilised. ing the survey. The commumty halls are located at Lunglawn and Zotlang wards while, the Town ~all Cinema hall is located at Venglai ",'(trd. These halls are mamly There is only one Cinema Hall known as used for holdi~g public meetings by d!ffe~ent politic~l Rolhangpuia Cinema Hall. This hall is located at parties and dIfferent volu.n~ary orgamsatlons. It 1~ Bazar area. As it is the only Cinema Hall in Lun­ sometimes used for rehglOus purposes as well as glei, it is one of the most important places for enter­ organising dramas. tainment of people in the town. Its total seating capa­ city is 300 which is divided into two categories of Ubraries classes, 100 seats in first class and 200 seats in With the spread of education and a mounung second class. The rate of ticket for 1st class is zeal for more and more learning among the people, Rs. 5/- and for second class is Rs. 4/-. There are libraries have become most important places for two shows daily except on Sundays and public public education. Of the libraries functioning in holidays. Both Indian and foreign films are shown Lunglei town, the District library located at Venglai according to availability of the 1ilm. [Facing page 8

The First Baptist Church in Mizoram (Now most parts are reconstructed)

4-38 R. G. India/ND/89 CHAPTER II HISTORY AND GROWTH OF THE TOWN

Mytli, Legend, or History of the toWII leaving a garrison of one British officer and 212 men of th~ Frontier Police in occupation of Lunglei. It was a village, la1er classified as a town at the 1971 Census, after merging the r,evcnue units of According .to aged persons of tbe town, before Lunglei village and some more rural areas. The Hre British expedition, Descendants of Sailo chief's village Lunglei had strategic position for its location. gran d sons called Rolura reigned different places When the Britishers came to Mizoram, this place around Lunglei. It is difficult to know when was selected as the administrative centre in the {.:xactiy Lunglei came into existence. It is believed southern part of Mizoram and was popularly known that H was in existence with a population consisting 2S Lungleh. According to 11. le~ one Hindu ~of more than 500 households before the advent of priest gave the so called name because of a 'StOne Britishers. bridge which was placed OIl the stream of Sipai Lui in the eastern side of Lunglei. at a ·distance of about Historically Luriglei is believed to be the present 5 kms. In Lushai 'Lung' meft1!lS '$too.e' ilnd 'Lei' Chandrnary w\lrd on the eastern ranges consisting of means 'Bridge'. So the name' Lunglei 'was given to more than 500 households. At that time the chief tAis place on acCO'unt of the storie b;ridge. of this place was known as Sailo Chief Vaisanga, sOn of Lalthuan;ta and the grandson of Lalrivunga. In Early Hi'itory this village there was a stron~ and beroic man from There is no proper historicai record of th~ early the sub-tribe of Mizo Le., Kblangte by name Pachu­ periods pertaining to this town. The history dm aia. The hunters of this village were much interest­ be had only from the British expedition in J871-72. ed in hunting of elephants. It is said that tbey bad In early times tbe people lived in villages, each of killed elephants in large number. The hunters dried which was a separate territory ruled by its own Chief the meat of elephants OVed: the fire in a particular or 'LaI'. Most of the Chiefs belonged ~ &¥,to dan, hill and this particular hill is now known as Sairep which had established itself as the ruling', family aill. At present· 1l big village is situated on this before the British took over the hills, in pursuance hill caijed Sa¥,ep village. 'Sai' means elephant, 'Rep' of hereditary feuds or in retaliation for long stay in means 10a&t. the territory. By that time, there could not exist any permanent villages and people had to shift from ,', In the'present Chandmary ward, which is beIiev­ one place to another by the order, of tha Cbref tlr 'LaI' ,ed ,to be the original residential area of Lunglei vil­ after staying for about three ~to four years in a par- lage, some skeletons, broken earthen pots, broken ticular place. " t. smoking pipes and old shoes were earthed in this ward to testify the old habitations. Legend says that The British expedition did not aim to admi­ the Chief of Lunglei ordered his villagers to shift nister the Mizoram, the then Lushai Hills; The to. other places due to economic reason. So all the main objective was to get at and punish the tribe who 'people of this village shifted to other lllore convenient had raided on Maniarkhal and, East Gachar. It ,places. After seve(aI decades it is believed that was also the aim of the Chittagong force who came people came back to this place for resettling. It is to the sound of the territory through Tlabung (in soqth not possible to trace back when and how they settled Mizoram) to reach the Sailo Chief Satunga, who was again in the former place.. When the British came known to have been involved in the rflids ,Oft West to Miz6ram in 1889 they made Lun.glei as their bead­ C,IJ,char destruction of the Alexandra:eur tea., factory ,quarters and caned Lungleh. In Lunglei, they made an<:' the murder of Mr. Wincheiter, " a fort called ~Lungleh Fort'. After this, the territory remained quiet until the , , Th.e fol1bwing historical liccoUnt of Mizoram bas early part of 1888 when a head hunting party frolll .heen called out from the 1961 District Census Hand the tribe beyond the Ki>ladyne. venture, t:rosSetl' the &lok of Mizo Hills, which was a part of Assam at frontier and committed at murder of a small survey the 1961 Census of India, whi<;~ also illustrates the l'a~ commanded by Lieut. J. F. Steward. So; there importance of Lunglei. occurred a second expedition in 1889. 'The ob;ect of the e~dition was essentially to' prevent raiding. Events connected with the Growth of the town and The primary objective of the force \!VIiS to attaCk correlated changes the village ruled by Saipuhi which I was later named as Lunglei and was selected as the site tor With the independence of India 'lr!d tho form­ an advance post. Lunglei was descril5t!d {l.S a hill ing of a new constitution, the operation of the Pro­ 3,500 feet high anel was inhabitated by a, chi~f nam­ vjnci~r Legislature has been e~tendM to the district ed Seipuia. Be that as it milY,~ by ,the lQth Aprll, , and the Lushai Hills hM unde@M a marked change. H!89, a substantial puni~hment had been imPOSed on Under the provisions of sixth stbednle of the Consti­ the chief. Fort Lunglei bad been established and ,a tlitioh of India. District Council with executive and road constructed. It was possible-' to, withdraw, L~islative powers for managing the internal affairs

9 $--38 R. G. India/ND/89 10 of the tribes, their customs, manners, land rights, There is about 240.80 hectares of land (or primary education, roads etc., was set up in 1952. In about 3% land) under residential use. Residential the south of the district, an autonomous region called area includes both private and government housing, the 'Pawi-Lakher Region' was also set up with a minor roads, isolated local shops, small open spaces council having similar powers within the region. within the residential areas and small workshops and The traditional hereditary chieftainship had been rice mills that are scattered all over the town. Land abolished and the rights and interests of 259 Lushai under public and semi-public use extends to 173.30 Chiefs and 50 Pawi-Lakhe Chiefs had been acquir­ hectares, (about 2.2% of the total area) covers the ed by the Government with effect from 1st April, government offices and educational institutions. 1955 and 15th April, 1956 respectively, and the a.dministration of the land under these Chief~ was Commercial area covers only 10.20 hectares of also handed over to the District/Regional Council. land which constitutes 0.12% of the total land area is put to use of daily markets, main and local shop­ The division of the area into two Sub-Divisions ping centres, etc. remained unchanged. The Lungleh Sub-Division was placed under Sub-Divisional Officer and he was assisted by one Extra Assistant Commissioner. Parks cover only 0.19 hectares. (or 0.002 p. c. There were also Political Assistants for this -Sub­ of the total area of the town). This figure is too Division at Demagiri. When Mizoram attained low in comparison to that of other towns in India. District Status, there was an election of members of Land used under roads comes third in rank after District Council for the first time in Mizoram on residential and public as well as senii-public uses 4th and 5th January, 1952. For the purpose of cf land. This covers 24.00 hectares of land (0.282 p. c.) of the total area. Roads include the small village adriIinistraition in each village, there was vil­ lawns also. lage Council. This started. functioning. in evc~ village 'on the 16th August, 1954. At that tIme Lungiel was also a village consisting. Rahsi Veng, Bazar Land occupied for use in different· categories is Veng and Lunglawn. In respective wards, the shown below: viI:lage councils continued to administer. Categories land use (in hectares) In the 1971 Census,. Lungl~i was treated as 1. Resid::ntlal 240.80 town for the first time. At that time the area was 2. Administrative 149.81 exended and the localities viz., Chandmary and Ven­ glai were included in the town. Though the whole 3.. Educational 23.49 area remained under the administration of Sub­ 4. Commercial 10.20 Divisional Officer, once in every three years, the election of Village Council was held. Even after it 5. Roads 24.00 became a town, it continued' to be administered by 6. Parks 0.19 Village Council treating each ward as a village coun­ cil. On 21st Jamiary, 1972 Mizo· District a~tain­ Vacant land inside the town comes to 7603.87 ed the status of Union Territory with a new name call­ pectares. During the survey it was ascertained that ed 'Mizoram' and ~ere was great change in the field large/~ide vacant lands were acquired by many of administration. The. then one Mizo dis,trict was bousebolds who 'are keeping them vacant. It is divided into three districts. namely, Aizawl, Lunglei ascertained that these households have settlement and Chhintoipui. In each. district, one Deputy Com­ certificates from competent authority. missioner was placed to run the admInistration. In Lunglei one Deputy Commissioner was placed and Rules and Regulations for control of Land use . assisted by Additional District Magistrate, Sub-Divi­ sional Officer (Civil) and Assistant Deputy Commis­ The rules and regulations concerning the con­ sioner etc. All district level offices were also estab­ trol of the land use are issued by. the Revenue lished at Lunglei. At the time of survey, this town department of the Government of Mizoram. Lun­ was divided into 12 wards having their own village glei town Tules and regulations are framed by the councils (though it was divided as 10 wards as at Government of Mizoram ana are enforced by the 1981 Census for the surv,ey purpose). At the 1981 Deputy Commissioner (Revenue Department) as per Census, the town was expanded adding neibouring thf. Lushai Hills District (House sites) Act 1953. villages, viz. Zotlang, Serkawn, Zohnuai, Lunglawn The Administrat,br may, at any time by notifica­ and Sethlun as wards. This addition has opened the tion, declare that any village or a particular locality possibility of further expansion in the north and the is a' protected area where allotment of sites shall be south. done by village Council only with the previous approval of the administrator. This act is applic­ Land lISe Pattern able to the town even today, with some minor amendments; The total land available in the town may be divided into vanous categories-i.e. residential, The Revenue department allots sites for residen­ administrative, educational, Commercial, roads, parks tial, stalls, shops which may include hotels and other and vacant land. According to the survey report business establishments in the town. The authority given by Revenue Department. there is approxi­ issues. temporary pass and follows. it up by Patta to mately 8052.36 hectares of land within the existing allottees if satisfied. The authority has power to town boundaries. But most of the area may be Issue periodic pattas also for gardens witbin the town ~lassified as undeveloped, area. This periodic paUa is only for specific period [Facing page. 10

Stone Bridge over Sipailui (Tile so caned name of Lunglei associated with the b .. idge)

5(a)-38 R. G. India/ND/89 Facing page 11].

Circuit House 11

of time, generally for five years. When this pass is As the town is developing very fast, business invalid, it can be renewed for another peri03 if applied and employment opportunities attract the people from for. The authority reserves fiv~ meters of li)nd on neighbouring villages to migrate into the town, thus both sides of the main road within the town. To increasing its population. Dn account of these fac­ maintain !his rule the concerned department issues tors the price of land in the town is also flslng circular standing that any person who likes to build rapidly. Since, the price of land depends upon its houses near the road, should submit first and ap?1i­ location, different rates are prevailing in different cation to the authority requesting to give permisslOn areas of the towns. Land on the main road and land to build house in his land. ~ This p:rmission for con­ used for commercial purposes is more costlier than struction of house is required for all. land in a corner of the town. . CHAPTER lIt AMENmES AND SERVICES-HISTORY OF GROWTH AND THE PRESENT POSITION A. ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICES, MUNICIPAL with the administration of grLunglei district all the important offices were set the maintenance of the law and order in the district up in Lunglei town. as well as in the town and in his task, he is assist­ ed by a chain of officers. There are a number of All. the offices, both State and Central work Police Stations in different parts of the district which under over all guidance of the Deputy Commissioner. are responsible for the maintenance of law and order As there is no municipal board for the town, the in their respective areas. The town Police Station, Local AdministratiQn department and Revenue and (Thana) only one in the town, is located at Venglai Land Records department with the help of Village ward near Town Hall. Councils are responsible for distribution of hous_e sites and taking care of sanitation of the town. There Public Works Department are 12 (twelve) Village Councils in the town. All public works, previously under the control of the Sub-Divisional Officer are now in a well-orga­ Brief account of some of the most important nised Public Works Department for the whole district offices is discussed hereunder;- under one division. This division is again divided into number of sub-divisions. Execution of the Office of the Deputy Commissioner, Lunglei development works in the town is shared by the The administrative authori.t/y within the district Public Works Departments and the Local Admi~ vests in the Deputy Commissioner, who is also the nistration Department. The construction of roads district Magistrate. The Deputy Commissioner also within the town and linking of road to different parts functions as the leader of the Distric Level Develop­ of the district, is done by the Public Works Depart­ ment Team. As Chairman of the town development ment. Other remarkable jobs executed by the depart­ committee, he co-ordinates the working of the ment are the improvement of local roads and construc­ district offices in respect of the development works. tion of some government quarters in the town. Apart Besides other administrative functions, Deputy Com­ from these development works, the department _has missioner maintains law and order within the town and provided employment opportunities to a large number the district. The office is situated at Venglai ward. of persons on casual basis, which has an impact on The buildings were constructed mostly by the Public the economy of Lunglei. Works Department of Government of Mizoram and the buildings are mostly of Assam type. Public Relations Public Relations Department has assumed an The Deputy Commissioner is assisted by an important place and ha!'l become an effective link Additiona'c Magistrate, a Sub-Divisional Officer between the government and the masses. This orga­ (Civil), and Extra Assistant Commissioner and five nisation, is headed by the District Public Relation Assistants to the Deputy Commissioner, who are Officer assisted by one Assistant information incharge of different branches. In the office there Officer, one Upper Division Clerk and one Lower are six different branches such as, general establish­ Division Clerk, one Regional Wireless electrician and ment, grouping centres, judicial, election, develop­ a Cinema Operator and a few other staff. This ment and circuit house branch. Each of the branches department organises film shows, dramas etc. for is dealing with matters relating to the district. Gene­ mass education. It is the duty of the District Public ral establishment branch deals with general adminis­ Relations Officer to supply the information to the tration and establishment matters of Deputy Commis­ public with regard to employment opportunities, pro­ sioner's office and of different grouping centres of gress achieved by the government and on various the district. The grouping centres branch, deals important events within the district and get published

12 in the news papers. He is also expccied to write 2 3 special [,'atures and articles touching upon not only developmental activities in the district but also the economic, social and cultural life of the people. Col­ 30 Treasury OffiCI) Venglai lecting the information about various programmes 31 M(;)chanical Sub-Division (Public works Raltsi Veng taken up by the government departments is tbus the Dllpartment) basic job of the Public Relations Officer. 32 St atio:'1 Superintendent (Mizoram St- Rahsi Vcng ate Transport) Othec important GOVe.nlIW:Dt offices 33 District Agriculture Office Ven«lai After the formation of a district with the head­ 34 Project Officer's Office Chandmary qnarters at Lunglei, quite a few new departments 35 Block Devclopmen~ Ofr1cer's Office Chandmary have come into existence in this town. Almost all the distrrct level offices are located here; A list of 3Iii District Social Welfare Office Chandmary the offices located in the tOWD. is given below ;- 37 District Animal Husbandry and Ve- Chandm:>.ry terinary Ofrice Sl.,No. Name of 01lice Location (wa.rd} 38 Sub-Fire Station Officer's Office Chandmary 39 Civil Surgeon Office Chandmary 2 3 40 Executive Engineer, Public Her.lth Bazar Engineering 1 SIl11~riatendell.t of Fisheries Veaglai 41 State Bank of India. Venglai a Disitict Indutries C~atre Bazar 42 Sub-Post Office Zo!):ng ~ - District Employment Exchange Venglai 4 Mizoram Home Guard Cbandmary B. NATURE OF FUNCTIONS, PROVISIONS OF AMENITIES WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE 5- S-lbJidiary {nvestigatioon Bureau Chamtm~ TO 6 SUb·!5ivilsionaJ Ollic'Jr, Electrical Ma- Baqr intenance, Sttb-Divisioll' Water supply 7 GQvernment Sales Emporium Venglai The town experiences acute shortage of water a Distri

Conservancy The town is well connected with other impor­ tant places by road. When compared with other Sanitation and conservancy task is the respon­ areas in the country the communication system in sibility of the Local Administration Department. Mizoram is still underdeveloped. This being so, The department constructed public latrines and the town has road connection only with the State dustbins in different localities. There are some Capital and Chhimtuipui District town and Sub­ manual workers as sweepers, besides, the regular Divisional headquarters. During the rainy season, staff. There are 800 pit latrines and 2687 septic the communication with other districts is always tank latrines in the town. To construct the septic blocked for a period of one to two weeks mainly tank latrines the said department gives loan amount­ due to landslides. It may be mentioned that the ing to Rs. 2,000 per household and the rate of popular means of conveyance is bus which is con­ interest is 6t percent per annum. The maximum trolled by the Supply and Transport Department. period for repayment of the loan is ten years from the date of drawal of the amount. The selection While discussing transport and communication, of the applications for the loan is done by the Loan mention may be made regarding the road system Board consisting of Deputy Commissioner (as within Lunglei town. Some roads are not in satis­ Chairman) two M.L.As and nominated Officers factory condition. For instance, the road in Venglai by the Government. Executive Engineer of the and Bazar where, the most important trade centre Public Health Engineering Department is a member is located is too narrow to allow easy and safe and Circle Officer, Local Administration Depart­ movement of both pedestrians and vehicular traffic ment is member Secretary. There were 20 houses of any sort. .tjhere are no pavements and foot-paths without latrine of any type in the town till 1984. inside the town. This leads the padestrians to use Central road for walking in the streets resulting Power in traffic hazards. In addition to this, the new residential areas are fast developing without any The tnwn was electrified in the year 1963 and proper road system. Most of the existing road the agency mainly responsible for providing the junctions/crossings particularly in the busy commer­ service is Publie Works Department (Electrical cial and administrative areas of the town appear to Maintenance). Electricity is the main source for be too small. lighting purposes in Lunglei. Electricity in Lun­ glei town is supplied by the Power House from a Post office diesel engine generator located at Chandmary ward. Lunglei Post Office seems to have bee)! esta­ This diesel engine generator is controlled and blished during 1896. This Post Office covered the managed by the Sub-Divisional Officer (Electrical) whole area of the South of Lushai Hills, the pre­ at Venglai. About 75 percent of the total houses sent Lunglei district and Chhimtuipui district. At in this town are electrified. The quantum of con­ the initial stage there were one Sub-Post Master sumption is 740 K. W. A maximum distance of and one Telegraph Operator. In the entire south 15 Kms from the outer boundary of the town of Mizoram this was the only Post and 'I'elegrapli limit is covered by the Electric Supply. Office. Both the Post Office and the Telegraph office were combined with the office of the Luilglei The bills for the consumption of· electricity are Fort at the· time when it was established. After paid at the Sub-Divisional Officer's (Electric) sometime, Lunglei Fort Office was shifted to other Office, Lunglei at the rate-.of 48 paise per unit for place and so Post and Telegraph Office could func­ domestic consumption as well as commercial pur­ tion independently in the present Venglai ward. Till poses. this date there is no separate Telegrapb office and still it is· .combined with Post Office. The street and road lighting inside the town is looked after by the Public Works Department Due' to partition of India, the telegraph lines (Electric) where as the cost for the street light is from Chittagong to Lunglei via Rangmati, Brikal paid by the Local Administration Department. The and Demagri were cut off. On~ Post and Tele­ duration of street lighting is for 8 hours and total graph Wireless Office was established in September expenditGre for street lighting was Rs. 42 966 1953 connecting Lunglei to Gauhati with the during 1983-84. ' efforts of one Assistant Engineer who came on foot from Aizwal to Lunglei (Spending 8 days) and opened the wireless Station in Post and Telegraph Transpart and Communication compound which continues till now. This Wireless is the main communication from Lungei and The main means of public conveyance inside Chhimtuipui Districts and out-side Mizoram. the town is town bus service. Conveyance such as There is not much improvement in tele-Communi­ bicycle, Jeep/Motor Car, taxis are available in the cation system in- south Mizoram till now. lS

Telephone Sources of finance for the prOVISion of various types of amenities and services The telephone facility was made available in 1972 and its services are limited to the town area As there is no municipal board in the town only. Further it may be stated that Lunglei Tele­ there is no separate fund for construction of build­ phone Exchange is the only Telephone Exchange ings, roads elc. and their maintenance in the town. functioning in the entire southern Mizoram. This But the concerned departments like Public Works Telephone Exchange is located at Venglai near the Department, Power and Electricity department, main Post Office. LocaJ Administration Department, etc. have sanc­ tioned some fund for improvement and mainte­ Some statistics regarding the post and telegraph nance of the town, construction of buildings, town department are presented in the following tables. roads and so on. During 1984-85 the Local Admi­ nisfration Department allotted and spent the funds Table III.1-Sale Pl'oceeds of Postal Stationery 1983.84 as given below

------~------,--_ Post Office Details of Postal Sta­ Number Total sale tionery sold during Proceeus SI Particulars of expenditure Amount 1983-1984 during No. in lakh (in Rupees) 1983-1984 (Rs) 1 Pay and allowances of Staff . 5·47

3 2 Jnprovement oftLunglei Town (Construction -of 5'10 2 4 steps, public la trines etc) with additional fund

LUNGLEI (1) Post card 480 72.00 3 Purchase of truck for sanitation duty . 2·00 (2) Inland letter 39,000 3,650 ·00 4 Energy bjIJg for street light paid to the power and Electricity Department and remuneration of (3) Envelo;Je 40,032 22,020 ·00 Village Council Members . 7·00 (4) Stamp 3,38,724 97,563 ·00 Total 19'57

Table 111.2- Receipt and Issue of Telegrams, Money Orders and Issue of Radio Licence 1983-84 at Lunglei The public works department spent the follow­ ing amounts on items discussed in the statement : Items No. of items Statement of expenditure during the 1984-1988 under Lunglei P.W.D. division, Lunglei. 1. Telegrams No. received 40·80 Sl. No. Particulars of EXpenditure Amount in Lakh No. issued 3360 (in Rupees)

2. Telephone 1. Widening and impovement of Lunglei town No. of connections 130 Roads 12 ·12 2. Maintenance of Lunglei town Road 16 ·12 3. Money Orders 3. Maintenance of vehicles 2 ·46 No. received 16800 4. Pay and Allowance of regllnr Staff 13 ·32 Amoun! Rs. 4,70,861 ·56 No. issued 18600 Total 44·02 <' Amount. Rs. 51,96,861 ·56

4. Radio Licence C. DETAILS OF EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES Domestic 332 There are a number of educational institutions ranging from nursery scbool to degree college in Cornmerci2.l 2 Lunglci town. Most of them are managed and controlled by the Government. Some of the impor­ Source; p()st Master, l~unglie Post Office. tant institutions are discussed here as under :- Fire fightinz: Based on the collected information from the The Sub-Fire Station was established in 1974 district educational officer for 1984, there were 6674 students in all educational institutions composed of and the main function of the department is to 3582 boys and 3092 girls. Also there were 416 extinguish forest fire and use preventive measures teachers to teach in different institutions. composed for fire in the forest and the houses. According to of 246 male and 170 female teachers. the information received from the office of the Sub-Fire Station their activities during the last one Lunglei Government College year were, viz., (l) received four calls to extin­ guish fire of the houses at Bazar, etc. (2) forest The first Degree College was opened at Lunglei fire was extinguished ten times, and (3) received in the year 1964 and was affiliated to the Gauhati ·one -false call. University. However, since July, 1973 this Colle2t' 16

:is affiliated to the North Eastern Hills University, road in an area of 27.5 hectares. Nearly 35 resi­ when this new University started functioning. There dential buildings have already been constructed and is a steady increase in number of students every year. the water reservior of 50,000 gallons capacity is This college was provincialised with effect from 1st installOO. The main building for the institution and December, 1976. It is the only Government college the hostels are t{) be constructed. It is expected in Mizoram. There is a provisi.on of education ill that within three years another two branches of Arts subjects upto Degree level, and in Science Electrical and Mechanical Engineering will be upto Pre--University level only. The medium of started. instruction in the College is in English. In Arts group, various combination of subjects such as, This institution got a grant of Rs. 6 lakhs History, Mizo, Political Science, Economics Edu­ from North Eastern Council which was mainly in the ca.tJon and in Science group, Physics, Chemistry, form of machinery and equipment including teaching Mathematics, Zoology and Botany etc. are taught aids and Library. It has also got Rs. "3 lakhs direct to the students. Most of the students enjoyed tribal Central Assistance. The rest of the grants are scholarship as they belong to Scheduled Tribe. received from the State Goveornment. Most of the buildings are of Assam type which were constructed mainly after Mizoram attained Union Territory status in 1972. The Government of Mizo­ Government High School Lunglei ram sanctioned about Rs. 1 Iakh per year for its The school is one of the oldest educational insti­ buildings. Till 1970 the College received only tutions in the town. It is situated at Chandmary, Rs. 1000 recurring grant in a mpnth from tbe Lunglei. The provision for teaching of Arts and Government of Assam. Most of the expenditure science subjects is available in the school. It was 0.11, buildings and pay of Lecturers, Clerks etc. were established in 1948 as a purely private institution met from Public contributions, donations and income and got recognition in 1950. At that time, the from varietv shows which were held in the town to school was controlled and run by the managing meet the C'ollege expenses. The College is situated Board of School in the town. The school became a at Dubi Mual. At the time of survey, 485 students Deficit school in 1952. 11 was provincialised in were -on the roll of the college. The college' had a 1954. It is co-educational, and at the time of teaching staff of 34. It is a co-educational insti­ survey the students on rolls were 169 (120 males tute. The coIIege has a good hostel building within and 4Q fanales). The staff of the school compis­ the compound accoml1tOdating 40 students, and ed of 16 (14 males and 2 females) trained and there are also 7 (seven) staff quarters. qualified. This school covers Class VII-Class X and the medium of instruction is English. At present Mizoram Polyte£hnic Institution Hindi is included as one of the important subjects. The Polytechnic Institution was opened w\th Many students are coming from various localities the permission from the Government of India in within the town as well as outside the town. 1977. It got permission to start at Aizawl, whereas the Government of Mizoram selected Lunglei for New Activities High School its location. The institution was started in 1981 This co-educational school is situated at Electric at Lunglei Government College campus with in-take veng, Lunglei. It provides facilities for teaching capacity of 60 students against _pro.vision of 1.20, hath Arts and Science subjects. It was established viz., Civil Engineering CO'lfse 60, Mechamcal in 1969 and received recognition in 1971. The Engineering 30, and Electrical Engineering 30. It School is being managed by a private body called was started only with Civil Engineering course. In School Managing Board, which is a pU1;ely local 1984. the first batch of the students numbering 27 one. At the time of survey 5 Teachers i.e. 3 Males passed in the said engineering course. All got and 2 Females were working. The total students employment in 1985. At the time of Survey, there on rolls were 64 of which 37 were Boys and 27 were 135 s.t'udents in the institution of whom 20 were Girls. students were girls. This is a co-educational institution. Christian High School During the survey there were 6 (six) qualified Teachers induding a Principal and a part-time tea­ Another important co-educational High Seliool c.her. There are 8 (eight) vacant posts of Teachers is Christian High School at Serkawn and is managed in the institution. The vacant post of teachers are purely by the Education Board of Baptist Mission, mainly due to non-availability of qualified teachers. Lunglei. It is the only Christian High School in the There are also 3 (three) hostels for the students town as well as in the district. It was established including 1 (one) girls' hostel at Electric Veng. in 1961 and got recognition in 1977 from the These hostels are located in hired private buildings Government of Mizoram. It is an adhoc aided within Lunglei town. There are 72 students resid­ school. At the time of survey, there were 13 train­ ing in the hostels. The institution is now located at ed and qualified teachers, 11 males and 2 females. Bazar Veng, and housed in 8 Assam type buildings The total strength of students was 309 of which constructed by Public Works Department. The 175 were boys and 134 girls. There is provision approxim:lte expenditure for the construction of the for teaching of arts and science subjects. building was about Rs. 10 lakhs. The total floor area of the building is 1000 sq. metres. Girls Higb School The permanent site for this institution is located The Girls High School is sltuated at Chand­ at Hrangchal Kawn along Aizawl to Lunglei main mary Veng and it is the only Girls High School in lFaciHg page 16

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Post Office

6- 38 R. G. India/ ND/ 89 Government High School Government College Facing p({ge 171

> •

Serkawn Christian High School 17

the town. It was established in 1981 having '!'able III.3 -Educational Institutions and students on rolland number of teachers received recognition. It became a delicit aided school in 1983. It provides facilities of teaching No. of studeJits No. of teachers both Arts and Science subjects. At the time of Type of Location survey, there were 97 students on the roll and 7 institution Total M F Total M F teaching staff, i.e. 3 male and 4 female teachers. L1ke- other schools, tuition fee is not charged from 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 the students. The medium of instruction for all Lunglei Gove- Bazar 485 340 145 26 24 2 classes is generally English except for the Mizo in rnment college Veng vernacular spbject. The schOOl provides for the (Dubi- mual) expansion of female education. Government Venglai 169 129 40 16 14 2 High School, Venglai HighSchool. Girls High Chand- 97 97 7 3 4 The High School is situi\ted in Venglai ward School. mary. and was established in 1972. It is being managed Christian High Serka- 309 175 134 13 11 2 by private body called High School Managing SchooL urn Mizoram Poli- Bazar 135 115 20 6 6 Board, Venglai. Most of the Board members are technic Veng. selected from VengIai area. It received recognition in 1972 and became Deficit Aided SChool in 1982. Source : District Euducal ional Officer. (1984). The scbc>ol provides co-educatron.. It provides faci­ lities for teaching in both Arts and Science subjects. D. DETAIIJED ACCOUNT OF MEDICAL FACILI­ At the time of survey, there were 205 students on TIES AND MEDICAL, INSl1TUTIONS roll i.e., 117 boys and 88 girls. Of the 10 teachers At present there are altogether two Hospitals were working in the school, only one is a female namely, Christian Hospital at Serkawn and Civil teacher. Hospital at Lunglei. Christian Hospital, Serkawn is run by the Baptist Mission and Civil Hospital is In addition to these High Schools and lone managed and controlled by the State Government. College; there are 16 Middle Schools and 29 Primary Besides these two Hospitals, there are 5 (five) Schools within Lunglei town. Out of 16 Middle Government Sub-Health Centres located in different parts of the town to get immediate treatnient. Schools, 3 Schools are of Government, 10 Schools Detailed information available from these two are by Semi-government i.e. deficit aided and adhoc Hospitals is given below :- Aidt'd School and 3 Schools are purely on private The Civil Hospital. was established in 1958. At basis. The provisions of' sch6IarSlilps on the basis the time of establishment, the building of the Hos· of merit are existing in all the schools. The medium pital was located at Venglai, below the present Post of instruction is generally in Mizo. Serkawn Middle Office. This hospital has SO Beds. The staff Scbool is one of the ~ldest schools in the town, strength of the hospital when it was established was as follows :- which was established in 1903 by Baptist Missionary. It was taken over by government on 1st November, (l) Doctors • 3 1947 and is known for its studies. The provision (2) Staff Nurses 4 for teaching of Arts and Science subjects is available (3) Auxiliary Nurse Midwives. 1 (4) Dai . 2 in -all the Middle Schools. (5) Peon 1 The Primary Schools are functioning in all (6) Chowkidar t parts of the town, i.e. at least one or two Primary During the first year of establishment there Schools in all the wards. ,Mostly. t1!e Prim.aiY were about 30 out patients. At present the Schools are the institutions of semi~government. Hospital is located in Chandmary ward. It is not The medium of instlruction in Primary School is in known (from the surgeon) as to whe~ and how the Mizo."" building was shifted to this place. Besides the above inf~titutions there are also During the survey the hosptfal had a bed three Hindi Schools in the town located in Bazar - strength of 100 and the staff strength as detailed Veng, Chandmary Veng and College :Road respec~ below:- nvely. These Hindi institutions are government Doctors g aided institutions. At the time of survey, there Nurses. 31 were 303 students on roll, i.e. 135 boys and 168 Non·Medical Staff . 1 girls. There were 16 teaching staff i.e., 13 male TOTAL. 40 and 3 female teachers. It is for co-education. These During 1983-84 there were 56,089 out~patients, institutions are run and controned by the private out of whom 42,067 were from within the town and body. These institutions aim at expansion and the other 14,022 were from outside the town. Alto-­ Use of Hindi language. gether 4195 in-patients were ~iven treatment in t;WS 7-38 R. G. India/ND/89 IS

Hospital, out of whom 2394 were from within the At the initial stag~s the number of workers and town and 1801 were from out&ide the town. Most their designations were as follows .- of the common diseases treated in the hospital during the said period were as follows;- Matron. Auxiliary Nurse Midwife 4 Table Ill.4-Incidence of diseases treated in medical institutions during 1983-84 Pharmacist ------This Hospital is founded by the Baptist Mission­ Number treated Name of diseases treated ary Society, London. Before 1964 all the administra­ ------Outdoor Indoor tion and management of _the Hospital was under the said society. The Society bandIed over this Hospital to the Baptist Church of Mizoram in 1964. The 1. Neoplasms 8 Christian Hospital was established with the following 2. Diseases of the Blood forming organs 622 32 objectives :- 3. DIseases of Respiratory system and (1) To provide health care to the people irres­ Bense organs . 10 pective of Caste, Creed or Sex. 4: Diseases of Respiratory system 494 151 (2) to teach and help the people in health car~ 5. Disease of Digestive system 924 153 for themselves. 6. Disease of Genito-Urinary system 13 80 (3) to participate in government programme of 7. Delivery and complica.tion of pregnancy the family planning, rural health pro­ and child birth gramme, education etc. I. Di~ases of the Skin and cellular tissue 378 (4) to train Nurses and other health workers. lJ. Disease of the Bones and organs of movement 64 8 This Hospital is the only hospital in the Sou­ 10. Congenital Malformation. thern Mizoram having a nursing school. The trained nurses from the school are employed throughout 11. Accidents, Poisoning violence 205 64 Mizoram. '. :r-: I : i . During the survey period the total number of Besides the patients treated indoor and outdoor, beds available for patients was 100. There were the following {jable shows particulars of family wel­ altogether three Doctors, twenty Nurses and three fare scheme provided from the Hospital and its Sub­ Para Medical Staff. During the period of 1983, Health Centre. there were 11,153 out-patients, out of whom '6875 were from within the toWn, 4278 were trom outside Table IU.S-Details offaroily welfare mtlilsures durlngJ1983 tbe town who were given treatment in tliiS Hospital. Again there were 2160 indoor patients, 1602 were In~titution Num· TYI>~ of ~rvices No,. of Persons from within the town and 558 were from outside the ber ,who .availed of town who were given treatment in this Hospital dur­ tlie service during '1983 ing 1982. Most of the common diseases treated in the Hospital a:re :- Males Females Numbet of patio Civil Hospital 1. Sterilization 4 201 ents Category of diseases ----~ SlIb.Health Centres, 5 Z. I.U:.C.D. 40 Indoor Out- door 3. Condoms I. Infective and Parasitic diseases . . 297 253 (a) Users 56 2. NeoplasnB • 22 31 (b) No. distributed 1.810 3. Allergic, Endocrine sygtem Metabolic 4. Oral Pill and Nutritional diseases gil !l32j "':f59 (a) User3 70 4. Diseases of the blood and Blood forming orsans. . ! 40 57 (b) No.of packets distributed 5. Mental, psychoneurotic and personality disorders 3J 4 6. Diseases of the nervous system and sense Source : Civil Surgeon, Lunglei. organs 18 28 Christian Hospital Serkawn 7. Diseases of the Circulatory system 12 17, 8. l>iseases of the Respiratory system 21 29 The Christian Hospital started as a dispensary 9. Diseases of the digestive system 188 293 in 1919 and the building was raised in 1923. In 1957 a resident doctor was posted hence it became 10. Diseases of Genito-urinary system . 31 75 to be known as Christian Hospital, SerkaWli. The Bed strength at the time was 40. Source ' Medical SuperIntendent Serkawn Hospital. [Facing page 18

,...... -. .... r :

_-.

...... ~

Civil Hospifal

7tll)-38 R. G. India/ ND/ 89 Facing page 191

Cbristian Hospital Serkawn CHAPTER IV ECONOMIC LIFE OF THE TOWN btrodudion cultural labour, cultivation and household industry are comparatively low and Lunglei being an urban A. Data relating to economic activities of the people centre is no exception. The occupational structure of is of immense value for studying their socio-economic Lunglei as per 1981 census, reveals that about 27% conditions. The occupational structure of the people of main workers are engaged in agricultural labour, reflects their social, cultural and educational levels. household industry and cultivation while those enga. The higher participation rate reveals the availability ged in other work account for about 73 % of main of greater opportunities of work in these areas or it workers. Tpe economic life of the town does not may also indicate the backwardness of the region reveal special features except that the urban atmos­ which compels more people to work to feed the phere has been thrust on this town being the head­ households. It can safely be mentioned that in an quarters of Lunglei district. area where the population depends largely on agri­ culture, there is a greater participation of all mem­ bers of the household including women and children The following table presents total population, and this reduces proportion of non-workers. In the workers and non-workers by sex in Lunglei town as urban areas, the number of persons engaged in agri- per 1971 and 1981 censuses.

Table IV .1-Total population, workers and non-workers by sex in Lunglei town as pel' 1971 and 1981 censuses

Total population Total main workers Total Doo-workers :Census' Year Total Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females

2 3 4 5 6 1 8 9 10

1981 11,205 9,312 1,83l 5,146 4,633 1,113 11,459 4,739 6,720 (33 '40%) (66·60)

1911 6,019 3,251 2,162 2,339 1,603 136 3,680 1,654 2,026 (38·86%) (61·14)

As seen from the table, the proportion of work­ :u-e in uniformity with the State urban proportion of ers in the total popUlation at 1981 ~nsus has been workers (33.2%) at 1981. Proportion of non-work­ 33.4IffJ while it is 32.6% in respect of survey data ers at 1981 for Lunglei town and from the Lunglei (not presented in the table) for indicating almost simi­ sample study are almost identical, having about 67% lar pattern. But the proportion of workers at 1971 in the total population. census was 38.9% which is higher than that in 1981 census. The decline in proportion of workers at It is of interest to study the pattern of main 1981 is mainly due to change in concept for treating workers at 1981 and 1971 censuses for Lunglei town. a person as workers. Proportions of workers to total The following statement throws lig1!t on the pattern population observed for Lunglei sample study (32.6%) of main workers by sex and age, distributed in varioua and for the Lunglei town as at 1981 census (33.4%) industrial categories at both the censuses. , ...;"'"

19 20 ., Table IV. 2-Distribution of workers of Lunglci town by sex and age in different industrial attegories at tbe 1971 and 1981 censuses

I ------II III IV Cultivators Agricultural Livestock, Fore- ----_--Milling and Lab(Jllters stry, Fishing, Quarryilll Hunting & plan- Age group tations, orchards Total To!almain and Allied population workers Activities Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Mel« Females

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Total 1981 9,372 7,833 4,633 1,113 572 415 400 117 77 5 5 1911 3,257 2,762 1,603 736 511 564 17 2 (J-14 1981 2,981 3,093 11 4 4 2 2 2 1971 1,232 1,208 18 32 18 30 15-59 1981 6,076 4,369 4,465 1,073 525 390 386 108 15 5 5 1971 1,919 1.412 1.535 687 469 518 16 2 60+ 1981 288 344 143 38 41 21 13 8 1 1.971 104 139 50 17 24 16 1 Age not stated at 1!J71 2 3

Source: Part III A & B. General Economic Tables, Mizoram 1981 Census. Horizontal and vertical totals do Dot agree at 1981 ClllSU8 because age not stated is included ill the total.

V VI VII VIII IX ------, Manufacturing, processing, setvi- COIlstructioD Tra,de ClIld Transport, Stor- Other Services cing and repairs C~f(le age&Commu- nications Age group (a) (b) HQusehold Other than IndustrY household industry ------Males Females Males Femalelt Males Females Males Females ---Males FemaJe~, Males FFrrales

1 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Total 1981 24 9 170 31 229 16 288 97 151 4 2,717 413 1971 21 3 34 5 102 5 103 88 51 163 6& 0-14 1981 1 4 1971 2 1S-59 1981 21 9 164 38 220 15 271 9S 145 4 2,651 409 1971 19 3 33 5 100 5 99 87 49 149 66 60+ 1981 2 5 8 1 13 3 6 54 5 1971 2 2 4 1 2 14 Age Dot stated 1971

It is noticed on examination from the table that workers is accounted by the category (IX) other workers in categories I & II i.e., Cultivators and services, which is of the order of 54.5% in 1981, agrioultural Labourers form 26.17 % of total workers while this was only 35.5% at 1971 census. The indicating higher proportion of workers in non-agri­ rema~nitlg categories like h9usehold industry, cons­ cultural activities which is the characteristic of an tructlon,. tr~de and commerce, transport, storage and urban area. At 1971, these two categories account­ communIcations have only few workers engaged in at ed for 46% of t.l:!e workers. The major share in the both the 1971 and 1981 censuses. 21

Looking at the sex-wise break up, male workers It follows from the above table that out of :250 are predominantly occupied in other services, trade households 5 do not have any worker. In each of 99 and commerce, construction, man1!factqrlng other t:han households, only one member is employed, in 81 household industry, transport and eonununicati'ons. households, two members are employed, and in 40 Considerable number of workers are also found in households, three members are employed. Also it cultivation and agIicultural labourer. In caae. of is seen that in 17 households 4 members are workers females, most predominant categories of workers ace and in 6 households, 5 members are employed. One found ~ cultivators, agricultural J@o!!lc::.ts iII. tr~e household each is having 7 and 8 wotkers respective­ and commerce and other services. Looking' at the ly. It is clear that out of 250 sample households, age distribution of workers, we ~d that 95 % and 98% have at least one working member and 2% of 9~.33% of workers are concentrated in the age the households selected have no workers at all. It group of 15-59 at 1971 and 1981 censuses respec­ will however, be wrong to conclude that the sample tively. At 1971 concentration of workors in Agric:ul­ households are self-sufficient in economy. AssbDi­ tural activities was to the extent of 30.62 % among iug the average number of members in a particular males and 75.40% among females while at 1981 this household to be 5, one will find that in 99 ill accounted for by 20.41 % Of male and 46.50% of Irouse­ holds there are only 99 workers while total strength f~male workers. This clearly indicates the de~reasing trend workers in agricultural activities during the of· the households is 395. This simply shows that 71-81 by both t.he sexes. When we look at the other 99 households are dependent upon only one working industrial categories, there is a gr@3t change in ~n­ member each, which is not a healthy indication as centration of workers in other services. 48.79% of far as the depth of employment is concerned. male workers were in other services at 1971 while at 1981 the proportion has been 59.39%. Among female workers it has improved from 9.61% in the To have a more clear view of the situation, it 71 to 38.19% in 1981. Proportion of female work­ is desirable to study the picture locality-wise. The ers in trade and commerce at 1971 was 12.66% number of workers in the households studied by which has decreased to 8.8% at 1981. In QtlJer cate,. locality is presented in the following table: gories like construction, tcansport and communica­ tioJ;ls, male workers are found ill small propor!ions Table lV.4-Workers. and work participation rates by loQaIity while female workers do not contribute llluch.

ClaBsili~on of popnlation into wodleni aad IIOD- No.

Table IVoS-Dlstribution of population by workers and non-workers by age-group, s(x and locality

Workers and non-workers by locality and sex Zotlang Serkawn Zohnuai Bazar Age groups Workers Non-workers Workers Non-workers Workers Non-workers ----Workers Non-workers ----TMFTMFTMFTMFTMFTMFT------M F T M

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Below 20 2 1 1 85 41 44 39 24 15 1 . . 22 11 11 1 18 41 31 20-29 . 19 13 6 19 9 10 10 4 6 11 6 5 4 3 6 2 4 29 20 9 34 11 23 30-49. 27 18 9 12 .. 12 11 9 8 4 4 6 6 25 23 2 7 1 SO-59 . 11833 .. 33222312., 76 6 6 60+ 5 3 2 15 5 10 2 1 5 2 3 2 2 .. 2 " 2 6 6 12 5 1 ------~,~~~-~------~-~------TOTAL . 64 43 21 134 55 79 32 16 16 61 32 29 16 U 3 31 13 18 68 56 12 137 51 80

Workers and non-workers by locality and sex Bawng Veng Rahsi Veng Venglai Chandmary Age-groups Workers Non-workers Workers Non-workers Workers Non-workers Workers Non-workers TM FTM FTM FTM FTM FTM FT M F T M F

1 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49

Below 20 1 1 ., 44 17 27 3 1 2 52 28 24 3 3 56 26 30 5 4 1 121 63 64 20-29. 11 7 4 9 3 6 19 11 8 17 6 11 14 11 3 27 . 8 19 51 39 12 31, 14 11 30-49 . 9 6 3 3 .. 3 13 1 6 4 4 20 14 6 8 2 6 56 41 9 32 5' 27 50-59 . 5322 .. 211925 .. 55'432 8 8 7 1 60+ 1 ., 3 1 2 3 2 1 13 6 1 1.. 6 3' 3 4 4 15 6 9 --~ TOTAL 27 18 9 61 21 40 49 30 19 91 40 51 43 33 10 100 40 60 124 102 22 212 88 124

Workers and non-workers by locality and sex Lunglawn Sethlun All Localities Ale-groups Workers Non-workers Workers Non-workers Workers Non-workers T M F T M F T M F T M F T M F T M F

1 50 51 52 53 S4 S5 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66, 67

2 1 I, 119 56 63 1 23 13 10 19 14 5 645 320 325 Below 20 .. ' 20-29 , 19 11 8 19 7 12 5 2 1 181 120 61 175 67 108 30-49 ' 28 19 9 20 2 18 1 5' 3 3 208 154 54 94 9 85 50-59 . 1 1 3 3 2 62 49 13 31 1 30 .f)0+ 2 2 10 2 8 2 2 2. 28 23 5 83 30 53

TOTAL 58-~------, 40 18 111 67 104 11 9 8 30 14 16· 498 360 138 1,028 427 601 23

A bird's view of the above table reveals that Only localities like Zotlang and Serkawn do not have out of a total number of 787 males, 360 are workers any workers in category of 'employer'. As the sample and the remainin_g 427 are non:-workers. Among study covers different ethnic groups, it is necessary females only 138 out of 738 are engaged in eConomi­ to study the pattern of workers/non-workers distri­ cally productive activities and as many as 601 of buted under different ethnic groups. The following them are in the category of non-workers. On the table shows the distribution of workers/non-workers whole female workers are little mote than one-third by sex and age-groups by different communities. of male workers. When we. look at the localities, We find that there are 4. linguistic groups listed Chandmary and Bazar ~ocalities have female workers in this table. Any Mizo (Lushai) tribe (Scheduled to the tune of 25 % of the male workers. While in Tribe) with a population of 1407 persons forms localities like Zotlang, and Bawng Veng, we notice the single largest tribe in Lunglei town. Other com­ female workers are almost 50% of male workers. munities listed in the table are not found in large In Venglai locality the female workers are 1/3rd of numbers. In most of the communities except Mizo male workers. Only exception is Serkawn where most of the workers are males only. while all females male/female composition among the workers is are non-workers. equal. In general it is noticed that larger concentra­ tion of workers of both .sex is in the age-group 30-49 Looking into the age distribution of workers, followed by 20-29 and 60+ age-groups. There are 73 % of the total non-Mizo male population are a few exceptions to this phenomena. workers concentrated in the age' group of 15-59, while there are no female workers.; A further classification of. workers of selected sample households is presented in the table IV. 6, Among the Mizo, 41.4% of ;male and 19.3% illustrating the locality-wise workers distrib~ed by ; of females are workers. It is noticed at 0.14 age employment status. groups has all non-workers only. In the age group 15-59, 64.4% of the males and' 30.8% of the It is revealed from the above table that the ,females are workers while in the age group 60+ majority of workers (244) fan· in the category of only 38.8% of males and 8.8% of females are employees. The second place goes to cultivators workers. (97). There are 60 family worlf:ers land 71 single workers in all. There are only 22 person.s who can Non.. workel'lS be ca~gorised as 'employer' according to the defini­ Non-workers are those :who are not engaged tion followed for such ciassification. This table also in any economically productive activity, such as gives a broad view of the locality-wise occupational students, housewife etc. Out of 1526 persons covered distribution of workers. We· find that majority of in survey 1028 are non-workers. In other words workers in Chandmary locality came under the cate­ non-workers constitute 67.37 per cent of the popula- gory ,of 'employees', which has also returned by . tion composed of 41.53% males and 58.46% females. the highest no. of employers' in any locality. In A table giving the percentage distribution of male Serkawn locality workers are distributed in two and female non-workers by nature of activities is categories only SueD as employ~es and cultivators. given below;- 24

+ $

00 ... co- r-­ ... -r-­ '10 ... "'I~ \C- ."...

...,.....

..... <::>...

'" ...<:>

l~

N "''''"''"_I~ ~- I ~ ~ M ~ ~ ~ e ~ .~ ~ l~ I­ I

! 25

Table IV. 8-Non-workers by type, sex with percentage of each category to the total non-workers

SI. Category of Persons Males Females Remarks No. non-work~rs (percent to (percent to (pe_rccnt to total) total males) totalfemales)

1 2 3 4 5 6

1. Students 515 (50 :1.0) 271 (63 '47) 244--(4Q,.:60) 2. HO\1sehold duty 223 (21 '69) 15 (3'51) 208 (34 '61) Dependents are children not attenqing sChool or flo persol'l~ permanently disabled from work beclll,lse of illness or old age. ': -'

3. Dependents . 117 (11 ,38) 52 (12 '18) 65 (10 '81) 4. Infants 138 (13 ,42) 62 (14 ·52) 76 (12 '65) Infants incluqe children 0-4 years. 5. :Qlsabled 6 ( 0 :~8) 5 (1.17) 1_( 0 '.17) 6. Retired 25 ( 2 '43) 18 ( 4'22) 7(1'16)

7. V~grJlnt " 2.( 0 -20) 2! 0 ·47) 8. Inl1lates of Institution 1 ( 0 ,10) 1( 0 '23) 9. O'qers .. 1 ( 0 '10) 1 { 0 '23) ------,--~------' TpT.-\L, 10~8 (\00) 4~7 (IQO) • 60~ (100)

The above tabl~.show~ that among non-workers J11iddle levels. Matriculation or Higher SecondarY. 50.09 per cent are students, 21.69 per cent are en­ level is achieved by 8.85% of non-workers while gJlged in household duties, 24.80 per cent are depen­ graduate and above category acqounts -for 0.19 dl'nts ahd infants; and :the rt'SSt are retired persons, per cent. - b~ggers, vagrants, disabled and others. Among non­ '\\Iorl::ing~males 27.1 are .students (63.44%) followed Migration statu~ of workers :!lnd Jlon-workers by M.88 per ceni as dependents and infants while Migratory character of the workers is yet anotJIel' atnong _nop.-working . fe.males the highest proportion ..important aspe,

1-38 R. G. Iodia/ND/89 26

M ~ ,I~ eo'" • M 1'<1' ..... M '" NI~q M .....<:> - ..... '"

00 00 ....o 00 N

.... eo I'" 00 1 ~ N ~ I~ . I"" ..... I!!:: ...... 00

<:> .... -...... , .... 00 '" - '" ~ ~ I: ...... I~ 00 ..,00 .. I I~ J"

.S e~ 27

category mostly coVers the empfoyees of various that represented ate Meghalaya, Madhya Pradesh, public offices. An important reason behind this Bihar, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, West Bengal and mobility may, therefore, be the frequent transfer of Tripura. 51 males and 18 female workers are found the government servants. There are good number of to be living in different districts of Mizoram other persons who have come to this town during distur­ than Lunglei district before coming to Lunglei. The bances from within the state. During political dis­ number of male and female workers who were resid­ tur~ance that arose in Mizoram, people who lived in ing in Lunglei district of Mizoram but outside LUll&­ villages found it safer to live in towns rather than in lei town are 146 and 63 respectively. villages. - Occupational details of oDt-migrant workers In the sample population (according to the place of last residence) there are 3 male workers During the study it was revealed that there are who have migrated from Bangladesh. Also there some out-migrants workers belonging to the house­ are 3 workers (2 males and 1 female) migrated- from holds covered. The following table shows the parti­ Burma. There are also 65 workers consistfug of culars of all such workers, alongwith the descnption 61 males, 4 females who have had their last resi­ of occupation and relationship with the head of the dence in various states outside Mizoram. The states household.

Table IV.lt - Statement liho'll'iIIg the oc:eupatiQllal details of out-migrant workers and their relationship with the head of housebolcl

Number of members (workers) staying outside Lunglei, and who are related to head of house-hold Occupation surveyed Father M{)ther Son Paughter Brother Sister Husband Son's wife Total

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Clerk

Brick layers &, other construction workers. Teacher Cultivators 3 TerJmicians Labourer . Shopkeepers, wholesale &: retail trade 8 UnClassified 1

TOTAL 13 5

From the above table, It IS found that 24 tee family Imembers was 20 during the same period. workers belonging to the sample households are The amount of money sent to the absentee members staying ,outside Lunglei town and are engaged in per household varies between Rs. 1350 and various bccupations. Of them one person is working Rs. 6000 per year while the amount of remittances as clerk, 3 as bricks layers other construction works, received from the absentee members varies from 4 as teachers, 3 as cultivators, one as technician, Rs. 500 to Rs. 800 per household during the same 3 as labourers, 8 as shop-keepers, and one as un- period. It is clear that more money was sent from 'elaf)sified worker. It may be added here that the the town to various other places, as compared to the total number of family members staying outside was amount that was received from other places to the 106 consisting of 24 workers and 82 non-workers, sample households. thus indicating that 22.64 per cent of the total persons staying outside the town are workers. Num­ ber of female workers is small. The absentee mem­ Occupation and mode of transport bers belong to 72 households and it may be pointed . out that only 13 households received remittances The type of occupation, mode of transPort from the absentee members during the year pro­ to place of work and time taken to reach the same - ce~ding the. d~te _gf .sut:\'ey. - Qn _the other hand, the by selected households is shown in the follo\Vf.gg -Immber of households sending money to -their absen- table. 28

------..------Transport to place of work and time taken to reach on foot by ~us By Bike ------,------Tetal Type of occupation 30 mi- 30 mi- I-II More Total 30 mi- 30 mi- I-I! More Total 30mi- 30mi- 1-1 t More Total Work· nutes nutes hours than nutes nutes hours than' nutes nutes hours than . ers or to lit or to lIt or to lIt less hour hour~ less hour hours less hour hours

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 17

1. Unskilled 25 4 2 31 2 33 2. Skilled and manual 40 41 3 44 3. Lowest professional and administrative (e.g. Pri­ mary teacher) 45 3 49 8 8 57 4. Small business 85 86 5 5 1 92 S. Highly skilled and super· visory (manual) • 4 4 2 2 6 6. Clerks and shop assis­ tants 36 38 10 10 48 7. Intermediate professional and relatedposts,secon- dary teachers. 22 23 2 2 26 g. Medium business. 3 3 1 2 5 9. Higher professional and salaried posts 23 24 4 4 28 10. Owners of factories and large 11. Cultivators 17 22 13 43 95 2 2 91 12. Beggers and prostitutes ., n. Pensioners and retired . personnel • ,4; Unclassified. 51 2 53 9. 9 62 15. Non-worker

TOTAL 351 30 ~2 44 447 47 49 2 2 493

Among the workers in small business group, There are 13 cultivators who spent l·lt hours the highest number are going on fOQt to their place on foot for reaching their place of work from their Qf work within 30 minutes or less, and their number residence and 1 skilled and manual and 1 clerk and being 85. Next comes lowest professional service, shop assistant also spent one to 1 t hours for going who are walking on foot to their place of work on foot to their place of work. There are also two within 30 minutes or less. The least number who members each in unclassified and unskilled manilal are .going on foot to their place of work within 30 in this category. Again there are 43 cultivators minutw or less are the medium businessmen who are spending more than 1t hours for reaching their plaQC5 ouly fuur. But there are 51 in the unclassified or work on foot. There is one member from workerl group and these could, not be classified as one type of lowest professional and adminisu-ative (i,e. primary of pccupation because it is combined with nwnber teacher) who spent more than 1t hours for reac.hial of workers Who are not included in any type of his place of work on foot. . occupation category listed in the table. . Among the workers who are going by Bus to . Workers who· Me walking on foot to their place theIr places of work. spending 30 minutes or lOSt of work for more than 30 minutes to one hour are .cl~rks and shop1! assistants form the largest uouP cultivators numbering 22 who form the largest group WIth 10 members. Next comes unclassified Workfl1'6. in the category. Next in order comes unskilled The~e . are .8 members of lowest profeSllional a*t workers numbering 4. The least in. this category admIlllstrattye category' who spent 30 minutes Or of mode of transport are from small business, higher le~ for gomg to th~It places of work from tll.it prefcllsional and salaried· posts and Intermediate pro­ reSIdence. Small busU\essmen numbering. 5 also used fe.anal and related posts, secondary teachefs and Bus for going to their. places of work and spend • kS:, and shop assistants, one each in these pro­ less .than 30 m!nutes.· Another 2 wukiUed, 2 •• fessionS'. nl~tec ,PJ;OfesslPnat and, related· posts" 2' ~va.t.QR; :2 skilled. (ll1anuat) and 2: cultivators are spending Table IV.13-I.ocaIity-wise number of ~ ..Wt ..... each sex 30 JP.inutes or less for reaching their place of WOR ployed and the population in roealiey and by bus. Number_ of T&tal Total 'population hoosl'hoIds Locality house- with a.t Ie4st holds Person Males Females one unem- Among the workers -mentioned in the above ployed table, most of them are going to their places of work Oll foot and their number is 447. Only 49 workers 2 3 4 5 6 a.re using bus while only 2 workers are using bike. Zotlang 36 198- 98 100 ~5 Serkawn 15 93 48 45 15 Snking employllllellt Zohnuai 1 41 26 21 Bazar . 32 205 113 92 24 Persons seeking employment are classified in Bawng veng 14 8-~ - 39 49 14 te.ttns of households they are found and the lacality Rahsi veng 22 {40 70 70 21 to which they belong. The information is presented Veng1ai. 22 143 73 70 19 in the fonbwing tame based on sample study of the Chandmary 56 336 190 146 43 selected 250 bousebolds. Persons seeking employ­ Lunglawn 38 229 107 ment are also presented by age and locality in another 122 38- Sethlun . 8- 47 23 24 7 ~~.

Table IV.l4- Persons seeking employmeat by age-group aJd Joeality

0-14 15-24 25-34 Total Locality ------P M' F P M F -----p M F P M P

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Zotlang • 4 2 2 5 3 2 Serkawn 1. Zohnuai • Bazar S 3 2 5 3 2 Bawat' ''W!Uir 2 1 2 1 RlIl\si veJli 2 1 1 2 1 1. Venglai • 6 4 4 6 2 4 Cband~,. 10 5 5 10 5 5 () LlUl~lawn 11 5 11 6 S Sethturl TOTAL 41 21 20 42 22 20

Fmm the above tables, we fin~ that there are fur~iture . for the households is mostly made. The 217 households with at least one unemployed person mam fim~~ed products include chairs, tables, cots and the total number of persons seeking employment etc. ])urillg that year, about 50 chairs, 70 tables are 42, only. Out of 42 persons there are 22 males and cots were manufactured on average by each and 20 females seeking employment. The percen­ establishment. . Besides, other furnitures like tage of persons seeking employment to the total almirahs and dressing tables in large numbers were IlOO..:ww-kerS i» about. 4 per cent. manufactured., ~~e ~roprietors had reported that shortage of electrICIty In the town was the main pro­ B•• 'PABIl.ISHMHNl'S INCLUDING MANUFAC­ blem for less pro~u~iQn. On an average, 7 work-en 'WRING, (jOMMERCIAL BANKING, MONEY were engaged daily In the furniture workshops. LENDING, CRn FUND AND OTHER (ii) Motor Workshops ESTABUSHMENTS . . There were three workshops that were scattered There are few small scale manufacturing indus­ ill different parts of the tOWIi. One is at Bazar Veng tries in Lun~lei town. It has not made much head­ and the other two are lOcated in Rahsi Veng and way so far as. the industrial developm.ent is. ~ern­ Lunglawn localities. _. Out of these, one motOl' work­ ed' and the el!:lstence of large or medlUm SJZe tndus­ sho_p located ~n Rahsi Veng is owned by government trtes, are conspicuonsly absent. while the other two are owned by private parties. !here w~re seven and nine workers engaged daily SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES ill two pnvate workshops respcctively" The w<;>rkshops (i) Fumiture Wo.rkshops generally use' power generated by dIesel engmes and power supply is !lot ayailable at day time. Power At the time of' S1U'lTe¥ there were only 6- fum.i­ supply through diesel )~_ nQt sufti~ to mn _tM tum; wmft.aops in the'toWA .. and tQeso workshops, wor1:shops and Ac"1ec they ar~ fa~ina problema. 3(')

and for purchase of machinery etc. The state bank also deals with government transactions. This bank There are ten printing presses in Lunglei town is situated at Venglai, and it was the only bank which. are located in different parts. Among these available at Lunglei town as well as for Lunglei printing presses, Mizoram Baptist Church Press is district at the time of survey. the biggest and the most popular press in Lunglei town. No government press is located here. All the At the time of survey, 31 employees were work­ presses are owned by private parties. These printing ing in the bank. The employees consisted of a machines are manually operated due to non-availa­ Manager, Cash Officer, three Junior Officers, a head bility of power supply. Number of workers vary Clerk, Cashiers, Clerks and Peons etc. The working in different presses. In Baptist Church Press, there hours of the bank are from 9:45 A.M. to 4:30 P.M. are mOre than 19 workers, on the other hand, Leit­ without an interval on all working days except on langpui press located in Chandmary locality has only Saturday when the working hours are from 5 workers. At least 5 workers are required daily 9: 45 A.M. to 1: 15 P.M. The bank remains closed in any press. on every Sunday and other bank holidays.

Ice Factory The details of deposits, number of accounts and amounts deposited in respect of fixed, savings and There is one ice factory found in Lung]ei current accounts for the year 1983-84 are given during the time of survey. In this factory different below. kinds of ice-creams are made and it is located in Chandmary ward. This is a household industry and Table IV.IS-Details of banking business at Lunglei with State there are no paid workers. Bank of India

Category of account Year Number Total amount Bakery of deposited accounts There is only one bakery in Lunglei town which is located at Chandmary locality. From this bakery Rs. P. different varieties of bread are manufactured and are then supplied again to different parts of the town. Fixed deposits 1983-84 23.6 38,97,221.62 There are 7 workers in this bakery. Their problem Saving accounts Do. 1646 95,33,079.08 is less supply of f!lel. The workers have to work all Current accounts Do. 364 55,74,954.19 days round the clock in order to meet the increased demand. Others Do. 202 3,55,830.00

Blacksmitby C. AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE, LAND, There is only one blacksmithy in Lunglei town. LIVESTOCK AND OTHER RESOURCES, LAND From this industry different items like dhoe hoe REVENUE/LAND TAX AND OTHl!:R axe, etc. are manufactured. This blacksmithy is' locat~ PARTICULARS cd in Chandmary locality. Only two workers are employed in this. The main problem faced by the Agriculture and horticu~ture played an impor­ industry is lack of demand. tant role in the economic life of the town. The method of cultivation around the town is same as in the whole of the State which is called shifting BlUlking facility-State Bank of India cultivation (jhum) . The selection of jhum is done with the arrangement made by the village council The branch of State Bank of India was estab­ with the approval of Deputy Commissioner. lished in the town during 1976 only, with its head office at Shillong, Meghalaya. Apart from banking facilities, it also provides financial facilities to busi­ Besides, having an agricultural land for using nessmen as well as to the cultivators. The loans are in shifting method of cultivation, there are some being granted to the cultivators for promoting culti­ households having gardens or agricultural lands vation, agricultural marketing and also to the edu­ nearby the town which are allotted by the Revenue cated unemployed in various schemes, such as shops, and Land Settlement department. carpentary, workshops etc. The business community also avails of the banking facilities. In order to Details regarding the ownership of agricultural/ beltJ . the technically qualified pe:rsons, the bank horticultural land by: the sample households at the provides . finanCial facilities for setting up new units time of· survey -are presented· iii -the tOUowlng··table: 31

Taltle lV.16- OMenhip of agrieulturalJlIortladtural land, with Its loeatiOll ill relation to the resldtlllft of tile houseltold and locality

Total No. of No. of house- Number of household having agricultural or horticultural land Average siu Locality households in holds owning ------~ - --~~~ ~-____--.{-- - -- (hectares of the sample agricultural or Adjoining the Within distan- within distan- More than 4 agricultural horticultural house ce of 1 km ce of 2-3 kIns kms from land Por land inside or from house from house house household) adjoining the town

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Zotlang 36 26 8 16 2 1.16

~kawn 15 7 3 3 0.53

Zohnuai 7 3 2 0.54 Bazar . 32 6 2 3 2.60 Bawng veng . 14 0.13

Rahsi veng 22 10 3 3 3 1.25 VeQgiai 22 4 1.09

Chandmary 56 22 10 7 .5 1.06 Luuglawn 3S 16 4 6 2 4 0.87

Sethlun 8 7 3 3 2.20

TOTAL 250 102 21 47 20 14

The main crops that are grown in their land by livestock reared in the town as per the sample study the households are shown in the following table. shown in the following table. T.ble IV.17- Mainerops grown, quantity produced, consumed Table IV, 18- Practices of animal bnsbandry on the basis of by the households owning land sample survey

Names of main No. of Total Total Total Description of livestock Number of Total number and poultry households reared crop~ cultivated house- yield consump- marketing holds in kgs tion in crop in rearing cultivat- kgs kgs ing 2 3

1 2 3 4 5 dogs 5 I~ hen 163 2,951 Banana 21 23,720 9,840 13,880 cows 13 118 cats 2 4 Tea 4 285 155 130 pigs 50 103 goats .5 12 Pineapple 29 7,133 3,600 3,533 hares 1 3 Rice (paddy) 13 9,800 9,800 Nil TOTAL 239 3,215 Orange 15 2,910 615 2,295 3 720 640 80 Most of the household' reared cattle and hen Lemon in the town, and small quantities of milk and eggs Guava 6 270 195 75 are' sold to the public which meets the limited re­ quirement of the people. Sick animals are treated Mustard 2 500 200 300 by 'the animal husbandry department in the town. The registration fee is collected by the Local Ad­ Mangoes .5 5.50 550 Nil ministration department for animals, which is (i) for cows Rs. 5 per adult head per annum and (ii) for pig Rs. 2.50 per head per annum (for minor). Livestock Land Revenue Most of the households keep at least one or the ether kind of livestock at their households to • As discussed earlier, the Revenue Department meet their requirements. The most pop'ular kinds of collects some amount of money [rom various 'ervices 32

«h#akih' (Zetem like 'Zortrni tal{) Rs. 2/- per house.. 4 hold per year. House pass fee of Rs. 5/- for each 2 3 b.ouse site is c911~cted besides fee for settlement of landl according to the location of the housesite. RS. IU!"AIL­ (i) Tailoring. ~- Bazar 1 The Revenue department also receives house (Contd.) broydering. Venglai jl,OO,OOO.OO rents from the occupants of hazar sheds and stalls clearing Chandmary in the town. Total revenue received during the year 1984-85 was Rs. 2,OO,520.95p. 3. 'Construction : {a) Buildingmaterjals Buar } 1,30,000.00 Chandmary D. TRADE & COMMERCE (b) Water supplyand Ven.!dai } 70,000.00 Wholesale as well as retail trade is carried out Sanitary goods Bazar in this town. Whole-sale trades relates to food and 4. Ilou.rehold goods : grocery articles, cloth, construction materials, educa­ (a) Metalic utensils Bazar } 1,OO,ooe.00 tional accessories and other consumer goods. Mostly and other wares Venglai Whole-sale dealers are located in Bazar, Venglai, (b) Earthen pots Bazar 70,000.00 Chandmary and Electric veng localities. Retail shops (c) Crockery & glass Bazar ") are spread over most localities. The volume of wares Chandmary >1,00,000.00 estimated whole-sale trade is to the tune of Rs. 30 Venglai J lakhs while the retail trade transaction is to the tune (d) Furniture & Car­ Venglai I of about Rs. 20 lakhs. The details are presented in pentry Chandltlary }- W.OOO.oo. Tables IV.19, 20 and 21 in appendix. Serkawan J (e) Sheet metal arti- Bazar veng 70,000..00 Tab!, IV.19- Details (If establislunents dealing with trade and cles colWl1erce in Lunglei town (f) Plastic & Rubbers Bazar l 30,000.00 Venglai J (g) Ornaments, Bazar } 20;000.00 Lewlof Trade and Commerce: Area Approximate Jewellery & Venglai distrib'Jtion Genq:al type of esta­ where volume of Goldsmithy (agencies b'ishment in broad mainly con­ ar.nual wh:>lesale c.,legories with refe­ centrated trade as 5. Other consumer goods: /retail rcnce to commodities estimated in demand with from sales (a) Other items of Chandmary '\,1,30,000.00 general merchan- Bazar J dise e.g. Station- nery, Uinbrella, 1 2 3 4 buttons, c~· metics etc. (b) Shoes Bazar. ~ 00 Rs. Venglal ~ 1,00,000' Chandm"tryJ WHOLE­ (1) Food and grocery Bazar 1 articles Venglai >- 7,00,000.00 (c) Others (Miscel­ Bazar ") SALE Chandmaryj laneous house­ Venglai } 70,000. 00 hold goolls) Chandmary J (2) Cloth Chandmary 7,00,000.00 (3) Construction mate­ Chandmary 4,00,000.00 6. Medical: Serkawn I rials. Chandmaryj4,oo,OOO.00 (4) Other consumer Venglai 1 Bazar goods Chandmary ~8,OO,OOO.OO Electric j 7. Educational : (5) Educational Chandmary 4,00,000.00 Bazarveng Books & Publication Venglai I _ Chandmaryj2,OO,OOO. ()O Bazar RETAIL 0) Food & grocery articles : 8. Recreation & Hobby: (a) Foodgrains Chandmaty "1 Bazar p,70,OOO-OO (a) Light refresh- All iocalitY}l,OO,OOO.OO Venglai J ment like pan, in town (b) Fish, meats Eggs. Chandmary l70,OOO'OO biri, Cigarettes VengJai f etc. (c) Wgetables & Chandmary 1.80,000.00 (b) Sport goods Shops Venglai } 50,GOO.GO fruits Bazar f Chandmary (d) Milk In all 10- 30,000.00 (c) Photographers Bazar ") calities and Photo Venglai r 70,000.00 (e) Ba~ry Chandmary 40,000.00 materials CbandmaryJ (f) Gl'OCCCY Chandmary 1 Venglai >-80,000.00 9. Transport : Bazar ) (a) Cycle and Repairs Bazar } 40,000.00 2. Cloth: Chandmary (a) Miscellaneous & Bazar 1 Textile. Venglai >- 70,000.00 (b) Alltomobile part 8azar II ,00,000 . 00 Chandmary J & repair Chandmary f (b) Ready made gar­ Bazar 1 (c) Petrol pumps and l.,unglawn 2,60,000.00 ments Venglai jl,20,OOO.00 -other oils Chandma,ry 33

New Hotel.-This hotel is situated in Chand· 2 3 4 mary ward in Target Bazar and was established in 1978. Its building is of Assam type and single storeyed. The location of this hotel is favourable 10. Tools, equipments. for good business. The link road connecting Aizawl electric goods and to Lunglei passes through this area. Both vegetarian machinery: and non-vegitarian meals are served in this hotel. (a) Agricultural tools Chandmary }80,000.OO It has both lodging and boarding facilities. The meals and implements Bazar are served during 7:30 A.M· to 9:30 A.M. and (b) Items of particulars Nil 5:00 P.M. to 7:00 P.M. trade There are six rooms in this hotel, each room (c) Watches and Venglai I . accommodating 2 beds. There are no single rooms repairs Chandmary ~1,20,OOO.00 Bazar J available. Only one bathroom is provided for the use of all the customers. There is also one separate 11. Others (specify by latrine having two compartments. Ten rupees per broad headings) : bed per night is charged and Rs. 10/- per head is (a) Hair dressing Venglai I charged per meal. The hotel has electric facility but saloon Bazar ~ 10,000.00 no ceiling or table fans have been provided in the Chandmary J rooms. Simple cots serve as beds and no modern (b) Washing, dyeing Bazar L 20,000.00 furniture is made available to the customers. The and dry cleaning Venglai J rooms are not well-ventilated and lack natural light and air. Stainless steel and aluminium utensils are being used for cooking and serving food. Hotels Chhingi Hotel.-This hotel is situated in Venglai The customers are generally travellers who halt ward near transport bus station and this was started here on their way to different parts of Mizoram, while some of them are on a business visit. The during the year 1977. Both vegetarian and non­ duration of such stay in this hotel is not much. The vegetarian meals are served in this hotel. The per­ present owner of this hotel is a local person belong­ sons staying in this hotel are not required to take ing to Mizo scheduled tribe. The building and the meals compulsorily from the hotel itself like in some housesite is owned by the hotel owner. The daily hotels. The meals are served during 8.00 A.M. to income of this hotel is around Rs. 60/-. 10.00 A.M. and from 5.00 P.M. to 7.00 P.M. It may be mentioned that bar facilities are not available in the hotel. The building has three floors of which Tea Stall.-There were 58 tea stalls at the time groun~ floor and first floor are being used for lodging. of field survey. Of these ten were located in Chand­ Dorm!tory and double rooms are available having a mary ward, 8 were in Venglai, 5 were in Lunglawn, capaclty to accommodate 30 beds. The second floor 21 were in Bazar ward, 1 was in Sethlun, 3 were is used for serving food and the customers take meals in Zotlang and other 10 were in Serkawn ward. Tea in this flooT. The owner of the hotel is also living stalls are available in each locality. Large number in this floor. The hotel consists of 10 rooms 6 of tea stalls are concentrated in Bazar area. Among single rooms and 4 double rooms. Besides this there ten localities, it is found that only one tea stall is is a large and wide dormitory accommodation more available in Sethlun ward. Locational factor deter­ than 16 beds. Though the hotel has electricity mines the number of customer per day, e.g., the facilities, ceiling or table fans have not been provided smallest locality of Sethlun which has one tea stall in the rooms. Simple cots serve as beds and no has on an average 20 customer per day. Again on modern furniture is available for customers. The the otber hand, the bazar ward which has 20 tea cbarges for dormitory, single room and double room stalls has on an average 32 customers per day in each are Rs. 8, 10 or 15 per day respectively. The rooms tea stall. are not well furnished and lack natural light and air. The bathrooms and latrines are not attached Most of the tea stalls have come into existence to the rooms. Aluminium and steel utensils are after 1966. Tea stalls are being kept clean. Besides being used. for cooking and serving foods. tea, cakes, bread etc., are stored in air tight almirahs. Most of the stalls are provided with benches and The customers are mostly travellers who halt on small tables. Generally, 50 paise is being charged their way to different places. There are also few for a cup of tea and the same price for a piece of government servants staying in this hotel paying cake or bread. For serving tea, glass cup is used Rs. 250/ lodging charges per month. The charge for and for cooking stainless steel utensils are generally a meal in this hotel is Rs. 10/-. Average income used. For boiling water charcoal is used in almost per day is about Rs. 300/-. all the tea shops.

The owner of this hotel belongs to the Mizo Sweet meat shop.-There are altogether 39 sweet scheduled tribe. From the beginning the hotel meat shops in the town. 12 shops are located in building is owned by the present owner. No servant Bazar, 9 are in Chandmary, 6 are in Venglai, 8 in is engaged by the hotel but the owner manages this Lunglawn, one in Sethlun, 3 in Zotiang. It is seen with the help of his family members. It is expected that the sweet meat shops are also spreading through­ that the hotel may be able to progress further due to out the town. In every shop, all kinds of eatables the efforts of the owner. and sweets are sold. Number of customers per day

9-38 R. G. India/ND/89 34

vary according to the location of shop. All these Both these restaurants are good. The accom­ sweet meat shops are located in small buildings. modation and the arrangements for supply are suffi­ cient to meet the demands of popUlation of the town. Restaurant.-There were altogether two restau­ They are selling all the eatables items in these rants in the town as noticed during the survey period. restaurants. One is located in Venglai ward and the other is in Bazar ward. Restaurant that is located in Bazar E. MARKETS AND FAIRS ward attracts large number of customers per day There are only two markets in the town and than the one located in Venglai ward. While the these are located in Serkawn and Bazar localities. restaurant at Bazar has on an average 100 custo­ These are mainly concerned with vegetables and mers per day, the restaurant at Venglai has on an meat. There are about 20 shops each in these average 40 customers per day. Between these two two markets. These shops are located in Assam type restaurants, there is wide variation in number of stmctures. The details of these markets and the arti­ customers and this may be due to the availability of cles supplied by these markets are presented in Table varieties of eatable items, provision of good furniture supplied by these markets are presented in Table and the location etc. IV.20, and 21 in the appendix.

Taltle lV. 20 S~ial particulars about mllr)(eting

Name of the market Type of establishment & where housll Approximate Hours of Remm-ks including commodities With reference to the main commodities number of marketing for which the market is paTtl­ dealts with shop keepers cularly reported and also whe­ ther it is regulated market.

2 3 4 5

1. Sobji B:J.zar (Vegetable MQrket) Located in 9 houses which are mainly 20 Nos. 5AM8AM Not regulated m9.rket Rnd vege­ Serkawn. of A~sam type (3 hrs.) table are mainly sold here.

2. Lllnglei sobji Bazar 14 Nos. of' ordinary buildings with cor- 18 nos· SAM9AM Regulated market. Green ana regated sheets used for roof fmd w!111 (4 hours) dry vegetnbles, meats, Ere mainly inside to e2.ch buildings. In all the sold here. Marketing days ia building there are platforms where the a week are Tuesday. Thursday seller sits. and Saturday.

Table IV.2t Special particulars about supply of vegetables, eggs, lIteats, fish, 1l)i11c, firewood etc. from Ilutside the town

Name of commodity Approximate daily arrival Areas from where obtained and situded at Method of distance transport

Vegetable 1--2 trips of tTuck 70 kmJ within Lungl,!j district Truck & jeep Eggs 1-14 trips in jeep 415 kms outside Lunglel district (Assam) By truck Meat 82 kgs per day 100 kms within Lunglei district By road Fish. 20 kgs per day Lunglei district (l0 km) Truck Milk 200 Iitres per day Within Lunglei town Truck

Firewood 533 quintals per day ~O kms within Lunglei

There are no fairs that take place in the town. constmcteq by Re,-enue Department. The expendi­ From the above table it can be seen that there are ture for the improvement during 1984-85 and for two markets or bazars in the town in having ·23 minor work on the Lunglei market was Rs. 1.50 hazar sheds in which 38 shops function every day. lakhs. The total revenue receipts by the department Most of the commoditips are coming from outside for the same period from rents of bazar sheds, pass the town. The market places or bazar sheds were fee, licence fee etc., amount to Rs. 2,00,520.95. CHAPTER. v ETHNIC AND SELECTED SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POPULATION A. ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF THE of religious groups viz. Muslims, Buddhists and POPULATION Sikhs are mostly from different parts of tl!e country and also from neighbouring country of Bangladesh Religious Composition in search of better business opportunities. According to 1981 Census there are 17205 persons in Lunglei town, composed of 15013 Chris­ RtlitiOO"'wise popfllatlon in Sample Households tians, 2040 Hindus, 105 Muslims, 31 Buddhists and Selected sample households numbering 250 cover 16 Sikh's. Christians form 87.2 % of the total popu­ a popUlation of 1526, consisting 1414 Christians, lation of the town, followed by 12% Hin'dml, and 99 Hindus, and 13 Muslims. The following table ,60% Muslims. The remaining 0.2% of popUlation shows the religion-wise popUlation in sample house­ is accounted by Buddhists and Sikhs. These people hold;s by locality. Table V.l -Religion-wise population (in sample bouseholds) by locality

Religion Locality _.. -- ...... His\\\ia Muslim Christian Total ~.-.. ~--- -~--- House- Popu· House;. Popu- House- Popu- House- Popu­ holds laticm holds lation holds iaticm holds latioll 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1. Zotlang 36 198 36 193 2, Serkawn 15 9], 15 93 3. Zohnuai 1 41 1 47 4. Bazar 8 38 1 5 23 162 32 211'5 5. Bawng Veng 14 88 14 SS 6. Rahsi Veng 22 140 22 llf() 1. Venglai 1 3 21 140 22 l41 8. Chandmary 12 53 2 8 42 210 56 1IS6: 9. Lunglawh 38 229 33 2%9 1(". Sethlun 8 47 8 ,(1 ----- TOTAL 21 99 3 13 226 1,414 250 1,526

As seen from the table, Hindu and Muslim Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and others population is very small and is confined to only th'ree localities viz., Bazar, Venglai and Chandmary (a) Scheduled Castes.-As per 1981 Census, area, while Mizo (Christian) population is well dis­ there are only 15 persons of Scheduled Castes form­ tributed in all areas of the town. ing only 0.09% of the total population in Lunglei. The following table presents the caste-wise popula- Mother tongue 1ion of scheduled castes in Lunglei by sex. In Mizoram, most of the population is Mizo (S.T.) and they speak Mizo (Lushai) language. Table V. 3 - Distripution of scheduled caste population in There are some persons speaking other languages at Luilglei town by caste and sex as per 1981 CensUs their household level. The figures available from the tnwn study regarding the mother tongue of popu­ Sl. Name of Scheduled Total lation are presented below : No. Caste Person table V. 2- Mother tongue of the bouseh&lds including thOSe Male Female belonging to Mizo (S.T.) as )leI'the survey data Popnlation who speak 1 2 3 4 5 Mother tongue P M F Hira 3 2 1 Lushai (Mizo) 1,414 698 716 Muchi 6 6 Bengali 101 80 21 Hindi 7 5 2 Unclassified 6 6 Nepali 4 4 TOTAL 15 14 TOTAL 1,526 787 739

35 36

(b) Scheduled Tribes.-Majority of the popula­ Table V. 4-Distribution of Scheduled Tribe population in Lunglei in 1981 Census by tribe and sex tion in Lunglei town belong to Scheduled Tribe and; form 86.38% of the total town population as per SI. Name of Scheduled Tribe Total No. Person Male Female 198i Census. Of the Scheduled Tribe population, 2 3 98.6% belong to Mizo (Lushai) Tribe followed by 4 5 Pawi tribe with 0.9%. The remaining 0.5% of the 1. Any Mizo (Lushai) Tribe 14,661 7,296 7,365 2. Pawi 129 61 Scheduled Tribe population is composed of tribes 68 3. Chakma 37 25 12 like 'Chakma', 'Lakher'. Any 'Naga', 'Khasi', 4. Lakher 14 10 4 'Jaintia', 'Sinteng', 'Pnar', 'War', 'Bhoi', 'Garo', 5. Any Naga 11 7 4 6. Khasi, Jaintia Sinteng, Pnar, 'Dimas a' , 'Kachari'; and including any 'Kuld' tribes. War, Bhoi 5 3 2 The distribution of various scheduled tribes is given 7. Garo 3 2 1 in the following table. 8. Dimasa, Kachari 1 1 9. Any Kuki Tribes including 1 1 TOTAL 14,862 7,413 7,449 Tb.e following table presents the loc_,lity-wise distribution of Total SCjST popUlation of Lunglei town's at 1981 Census Table V.S-The Ward-wise distribution of total population of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in Lunglei town as per 1981 Census Total Population Scheduled caste population Scheduled tribe population NlIlIle of ward Person Male Female Person Male Female Person Male Female 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Zotiang 1,270 641 629 1,205 594 611 Serkawn 1,205 608 597 1,108 533 515 Zohnuai 654 336 318 2 2 573 275 298 Bazar. 2,191 1,196 995 2 2 1,881 927 954 Bawng Veng 1,037 532 505 2 2 947 460 487 Rahsi Veng 1,717 968 749 2 2 1,535 813 722 Venglai 1,777 1,072 705 2 2 1,280 640 640 Chandmary 4,002 2,192 1,810 3,492 1,762 1,730 Lunglawn II 890 483 407 2 2 778 406 372 Lunglawn I 1,999 1,113 886 3 2 1 1,691 839 852 Scthlun. 463 231 232 372 164 208

TOTAL 17,205 9,372 7,833 15 14 14,862 1,413 7,449 1 be following table sets out the total popula­ Houseless and Institutional Population.-Accord­ tion covered in 250 sample households by localities ing to 1981 Census there is 375 houseless population classified by Christians, Hindus and Muslims. There in Mizoram. But in Lunglei town there is no house­ is no Schedulcd caste population in the sample. Of less popUlation. In Mizoram there is 17,318 insti­ the total population of 1526, as many as 114 belong tutional popUlation and of this, 1476 persons are in to Christians (Mizo) and the rest 112 persons belong Lunglei town. This means that 8.52 per cent of the to Hindu and Muslim groups. total institutional population in Mizoram is in Table V. 6-Distribution of Sample population in sample house­ Lunglei town. holds by locality and religion Disabled population by type of disability.­ Name of locality Total Total Chris- Hindu Muslim According to 1981 Census there is disabled popula­ No. of popu­ tian popula- popula­ tion of 1547 in Mizoram. Of this 198 are found house- lation (S.T.) tion tion in Urban areas of the state. In Lunglei town there hold popu- lation are 25 disabled persons and of this 15 are totally dumb, 5 are totally blind and 5 are totally crippled. 2 3 4 5 6 B. DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION 1. Zotlang 36 198 198 Before discussing the aspect of population 2. Serkawn 15 93 93 distribution, it may not be out of place to discuss 3. Zohnuai 7 47 47 the customs relating to marriage among the Mizos, 4. Bazar 32 205 162 38 5 who form more than 90% of the sample popula­ 5. BawngVeng 14 88 88 tion covered!. 140 140 5 6. Rahsi Veng ~2 .. , Marriage 7. Chandmary 56 336 270 61 8. Lunglawn 38 229 229 Polygamy and endogamy, apparently indigenous 9. Venglai 22 143 140 3 to Mizo though not strictly in vogue, have been 10. Sethlun 8 47 47 practically replaced by monogamy and exogamy res­ ------pectively. The marriage ceremony is comprised of TOTAL 250 1,526 1,414 99 13 western and local customary practices. The largest 31 number of marriages are between the ages of 16 to the District Council by an enactment where by the 20 years for girls and 21 to 30 years for boys. The "Will" of diseased may be held valid. families are patriarchal and inheritance is by the youngest son ( ultimogeniture) . A slight change was Age, Sex, and marital status introduced by the British by recognising the eldest Sample population covered in the survey is son as heir to the Chief System in 1955-56. A pro­ classified by age, sex and marital status and is pre­ gressive change along this line was introduced by sented in the table below : Table V.7...... DistributioD of population by age, sex and marital status Marital Status and Sex Age Group Never married Married Widowed Separated Divorced Unspecified Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 15 0- 4 76 88 76 88 5- 9 90 61 90 61 10-14 78 84 78 84 15-19 90 90 7 90 97 20-24 86 64 13 35 2 1 1 101 101 25-29 53 23 32 37 2 1 6 86 68 30-34 8 4 43 34 1 3 1 54 40 35-49 1 7 98 82 3 5 1 1 4 109 99 50-59 1 49 33 6 2 1 50 43 60---:>69 4 24 20 6 7 2 31 33 70+ 16 9 6 14 22 25 Age not stated TOTAL 488 427 275 257 15 35 6 6 2 14 181 739 As seen from the table, age distribution of the that this ratio is 62.7% which is almost similar to sample population reveals that 31.3 % of the total the state urban ratio at 1981 which is 62.25 %. sample population is in the younger aged groups, i.e. in the age group of 0-14, while the aged popu- It is noticed that all persons of less than ~20 lation (Le. 60+) forms 7.3% of the total sample years of age are never married, but for the 7 females population. The remaining 61.4% of the population in the age group of 15-19 who are married. This is the age group 15-59. LOeJking at the dependency clearly indicates the absence of child marriages. ratio, i.e., ratio of population in the age group 0-14 There are 32 persons of age 30+ who remain Ull- and 60+, to population in 15-59 age group, we find married. Table V.8-Distributiou of sample population by age, sex, literacy and educ:ation 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-34 35-49 50+ E.:lucational Level MalesF~~ M~~-;i; Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Illiterate 2 2 1 3 1 4 6 8 36 Literate (without cduca­ tionallevel) Formal Non-Formal . 15 50 15 16 3 3 7 2 9 11 2 11 15 34 Primary 13 9 48 50 17 20 7 21 30 28 22 33 32 24 Middle 14 18 60 63 62 39 42 38 41 32 32 7 Matriculati(m/Secondary 'iJ 9 11 29 29 23 11 8 8 Higher Secondary/lnter- mediate/Pre-University . 1 S 9 8 4 9 1 2 Non-Technical diploma or certificate not equal to degree . Technical diploma or cer­ tificate not equal to degree Graduate degree other than technical degree • 2 13 2 12 2 s Past graduate degree other than technical degree 6. 1 2 Engineering and Technology Medicine Agriculture and Dairying Veterinary Teaching Other TOTAL 90 61 18 84 90 97 101 101 140 108 109 99 103 HU -r­

.,..., v

I~ -00

00 o

r-

-..,

-00

-00 39

This table shows that out of 1526 persons of 13.1 % between 25-29 years. Lastly in tne {lge the sample, there are 1297 literates indicating the group 55+ there are 79 marriage males and 66 proportion of liierate as 85 % . When compared to married females. Of them 27.8% of males had literacy rates of Mizoram state and Lunglei town their age at marriage between 20-24 years, 31.6% at 1981, this rate is higher Mizoram state and Lung­ between 25-29 years and 21.5 % had between 30-34 lei town have recorded literacy rates of 59.9% and years. In the case of females, 25.8 % of them had 74.1'70 respectively. In the sample population of their age at marriage between 14-19 years, 47% 1526, 9 males and I female have ~ttained post­ between 20-24 years and 16.7% were married at graduate degree other than technical degree, while the aged of 25-29 years. 32 males and 5 females have attained graduate degree other than technical degree. None have acquired As seen from the table, it is difficult to esta­ any technical or non-technical diplomas not equal to blish any relationship between age at marriage and degree. There are 126 males and 133 females who educational levels, both in the case of males and are literates without any educational levels. There females. Irrespective of literacy standards attained, are 169 males and 185 females who have studied major portion of males and females had their age at upto primary while 257 males and 197 females that marriage around 25 + and 20+ respectively. Only have attained middle school level. There are 74 interesting thing about the married is that in males males and 69 females who have done their matricu­ only 3.3% of the married are illiterate while among lation while 25 males and 15 females have completed females about 12 % of the married belong to this higher secondary standard. There are no technical category. graduates in the sample population at Lunglei.

Inter-religion & Inter~~aste marriages Age at Marriage and trend As studied in the households of town Survey, Age at marriage is a very important index to inter-religious and inter-caste marriages are not pre­ indicate the growth of population. The following valent in this society and no sueh case was noticed table presents age at marriage for both sexes in in any of the households. qumquinal age groups, cross classified by the present age of married ones in broad age groups. Since most people in the sample population are Mizo (S.T.) who Widow re-marriage belong to Christian religion, the comparison with In the sample households, there were 50 other religions has not been attempted. widowed, 3 (3 females) in the age group 25-34, and 47 (15 males and 32 females) in the age group 35 As seen from the table, of the 299 married and above. Of them only 3 widowed males in the males, 125 (41.8%) have age at marriage below age grOlJP of 35 and above, got remarried, while 24 years while among married females numbering none of widows have got married. 312: as many 246 (78.8%) have ~ge at marriage below 24 years. 58.2% of ~amage males .and 21.1% married females have their age at mamage Divorce and re-marriage of after the age of 25 years. Only 1 female in the The remarriages of divorced and sep.~r~~q are present age group of 25-34 got married below 14 not uncommon in Mizo community, which is the y~ars of age. It is interesting to 1~)Ok at the ~resent most predominant community in Lunglei town. It age of married people cross classified by theIr age j~ noticed during the survey, that 28 persons, 8 males at marriage. and 20 females of different age grolJps were either separated or divorced. Of them 6 males and 5 There are only 13 married males in the age females got remarried. The table presented below group 15-24 is age at marriage was be~ween 20-24 through Ught on the re-marriages of divorced and years of age· Also there fire 38 marfled femalef separated by age (lnd sex. whose age at marriage lie in the age group 14-24. In the age group 25-34, there are 72. married males Table V.ll...:.....»fvorced/Separated remarriage by age of becoming and 83 married females. Among males, 40.3 % had Divorced/Separated and caste/tribe community. their age at marriage between 20-24 years while 41.7% hnd their age at marriage around 25-~9 years. No. of reporting No. of remarriage Similarly among females, 35 % had theIr age at to have become of those who marriage around 14-19 years. 41 % had around 20-24 divorced/separated become divorcedj years and 18 % had their age at marriage between at age of separated at the age of 25-29 years. In the age group 3~-44 years, there Cast/Tribe are 76 married males and 64 marfled females. Of Community Below 25- 34 Below 25- 35 these, 39.5% of males had their age at marriage 25 34 and 25 34 and between 20-24 years, 42.1% between 25-29 years. above above In the case of females 34.4% of them ha

Edncation and Religion parts of the country because of the efforts by the Christian missions in this part of the country. The As discussed the sample study mostly covers following table presents the sample population above the predominant community in Lunglei viz., Mizos 5 years, who were studying in educational institu­ (Christians) and it is clearly noticed that the literacy tions compared with those not studying by age, sex level of population is very high compared to other and religion. Table V' 12-Sample population by age, sex and study in Educational Institutions by Religion

Total Number studying Number not studying Religion Age Males Females Males Females Males Females

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Christian 5- 9 85 58 85 58 10-14 73 84 69 79 4 5 15-19 88 96 67 76 21 20 20-24 90 98 37 34 53 64 25+ 293 294 8 2 285 292 Muslim 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 1 25+ 3 3 Hindu 5- 9 5 3 4 3 1 10-14 5 3 2 15-19 2 1 1 1 20-24 10 3 1 9 3 25+ 56 14 56 14

It is evident from the table that Christians Most of the population covered belonged to (Mizo) are in large numbers in the sample, while christian religion. In the age group 0-14, we find muslims and Hindus are every few in number. It is 56.67% of males and 61.67% of females are literate noticed that 89.8% of males and 89.5% of females while in the age group 15-59, the proportions litera~e of age group 5-19 are studying in institutions, while among males and females arc 98.64% and 95.26% 88.3% males and 90.8% females of age group 20+ respectively. Among Muslims, 100% are literate are not studying. This indicates the change in the whilt: among Hindus, in the age group 15-59 literates present out look towards education from that of 20 are composed of 92.31 % of males and 90.91 % years back. of females. Population in other age groups is not significant and hence the literacy proportions are not discussed. The data presented in the table indicates Educational level of population covered in the survey the distribution of literates in different educational by religion levels. It is interesting to note that among the Mizo (ST) who are christians, there are 34 males and 5 The following table reveals the educational levels females who have attained graduation and above of population covered in the survey classified by levels, while among the Hindus these 7 males and religious groups and by age and sex. 1 female in this category. Table V . 13--Distdbution of Population by broad age group, ex caste/tribe/community and educational level Educational Level Religion Caste/Tribe/ Broad age Total Community Group Illiterate Literate Primacy Middle ivfatri. Higher Graduate Post without cula­ Secon­ degree Graduate Educa- tion/ dary/ other degree tional Secon­ Interme­ than tech- other level dary diate Pre­ nical than tech- Univer­ degree nical sity degree 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Christian Scheduled Tribe 0-14 Male 231 77 83 59 12 Mizo Female 227 87 64 58 18 15-19 Male 440 6 17 96 203 62 22 25 9 Female 443 21 46 121 171 65 14 4 60+ Male 27 5 5 6 8 3 Female 23 19 2 2 41

TaW. V.13-CMcld.

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Muslim 0-14 Male 3 2 Female 15-59 Male 8 3 4 Female 2 2 60+ Male Female Hindu 0-14 Male 8 2 2 2 2 Female 10 5 4 1 15-59 Male 65 5 11 7 25 7 3 7 Female 11 1 2 2 2 3 1 1 60-1- Male 5 3 Female

Mother tongue and Educational score In order to know the level of literacy of persons with different mother tongue, a method of score as The following table sets out of the information given below has been adopted. For this purpose on mother tongue and its average educational score children belonging to the a~e group 0-4 were ex­ per head among the sample households of different cluded. All literates of dtfferent levels are given mother tongues. different scores as given below. The cumulative score of all literates, both males and females was Table V.l4-Mother tongue and educational scon then divided by total number of literate persons, males and females respectively, to obtain average Average educational edU(lational score per head for total literate persons, score per head mal¢s and females. Various scores allotted for Mother tongue Total Male Female different .educational levels are as follows :-

Mao 2.04 2.18 1.89 Educational level Score :Bengali 1.99 1.97 2.06 Nepali 2.16 2.12 20.5 Illiterate o Bibltri 1.83 2.25 1 Literate without levol primary IV junior ba&ic 2 Alfamese 1. 75 2.95 Middle 2 Matrk:u1ution or higher secondary . 3 Technical diploma or certificate not equal to degree 4 It is seen from the above table that the educa­ Non-technical diploma or certificate not equal to tional scores of males are higher than that of females degree 4 in the sample population except for Bengali and Graduate degree other than technical degree 5 Nepali communities. In case of the people whose Technical degree or diploma equal to degree 5 mother tongue is Bengali, the female educational score Post-graduate degree other than technical degree 5 is higher than of males. It is clearly seen that the Post-gradl1ate technical degree 5 educational score of sample population is not high, the highest being Nepali where the score is 2.16 and Ph. D. or equivalent 6 this represents the attainment of primary or junior basic or middle level. People whose mother tongue The following table provides information about is Mizo, have almost the same education'al level as sample population, whose mother tongues are of Nepali. The speakers of remaining mother tongues different and who have knowledge of subsidiary have attained scores equivalent only to literate with- languages and the average educational scores attained out level. . by ~hem. ' .

Table V . 15-Knowledge of subsidiary languages and average educational score Number of persons Average Educational Score Mother tongue Subsidiary Language Person Male Female Person Male Female 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. Mozo All Subsidiary Language 661 405 256 2 ·16 2·19 1·94 English 304 188 116 2 ·18 2·32 2·4 Hindi 215 115 100 2·81 2·89 2· 7 Bengali 6 3 3 1·90 2·23 1· 5 French. 2 1 1 3·5 5·00 2·00 Lakher. 7 3 4 1·85 1·6 2·00 Nepali . 1 1 2·00 2·00 Matu 1 5 1·00 1·00 HlO Burmese 2 1 1 ·67 2·00 1·00 Tuikuk. 1 2·00 2·00 10-38 R. O. India/NO/89 42

Table V.IS-Collcld.

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

2. Bengali English 11 9 2 3 ·46 3·40 3·52 Hindi 79 65 14 1·95 2·11 1 ·83 Assamese 4 4 2·00 2·00 3. Nepali . Hindi 19 17 2 1 ·46 1 ·80 1 ·12 4. Assamese Hindi 1 1 2·00 2·00 5. ~ihari . Hindi 2 2·00 2·00 2·1»

The above table shows that the survey covered Non-Enrolment in Schools 1526 population and most of them being Mizo, The age 6-14 years have been taken as the used Mizo language as their mother tongue. The school going age for the purpose of discussion on above table indicates that out of population of 1526, 522 persons also have the knowledge of subsidiary the non-enrolmcnt in schools. In the sample house­ languages. There are 316 persons having the know­ holds, out of 168 males and 145 females of school ledge of English as their subsidiary language and going age, there are 14 males and 2 females who their average educational score is 2.8. 176 persons could not attend the school or discontinued after have knowledge in Hindi as subsidiary language and attendance. The following tables shows non-enrol­ their average edu::ational s~ore is 2.59. There arc 6 persons) who ha\.'e working knowledge of Bengali ment and discontinuation after attendance in school as their subsidiary language and their average edu­ by the school going children at different ages from cational score is 1.90. 4 persons have knowledge 6-14. of Assan'ese language and their average educational score is 3.00. There are again 2 persons (1 male Children consisting of two males and one female and 1 female) who can speak French and their of age 6 never attended the school because of all average educational score is 3.5. There are 7 persons ill-health and family problems. Similarly 4 male who have knowledge in Lakher as their subsidiary children each at the age of 7 and 8 did not attend language and their average educational score is 1.85. the school due to family problem and ill-health. One female has the knowledge of Nepali language ,md her educational score is 2.0. One male and 5 Even at the age of 12 and 13, 3 males children did females have knowledge in Matu language of their not attcnd the school because of the reasons men­ average educational score is 1.0. Two males arid tioned earlier and oIlly one male child discontinued one female know ·Burmese and Tuikuk languages after attendau_ce in school because of family pro­ respectively their average educational score 2.0 each. blems. CHAPTER VI l\1tGRATION AND SETTLEMENT OF FAMILIES Introduction Tabie VI l-Collted

Migration relates to shifting of residence by the 2 3 4 people from one place to another place, generally involving change of residence from place of origin, Other State of country to the place of destination. Migrants are usually Meghalaya 19 ]0 9 classified in relation to the place of birth and place Arunachal P!"ades~ 1 of last residence. Bihar 11 9 2 Assam 58 44 14 After Mizoram attained Union Territory status, Tdpura 3 3 Lunglei town gained importance as a commercial­ Madhyil Pradesh 1 cum-transport centre with the introduction of better West Bengal . 11 9 2 communication system with other places within the Otlier COIlf/try .' district as well as outside the district. This became (a) Burma 5 2 3 distribution centre to the different parts of the district (b) Bangladesh 5 3 2 as well as outside the district. Large number of people from the adjoining areas migrated to the town to start tradc and business and make a liveli­ TOTAL MIGRANTS 780 405 37S hood. GRAND TOTAL 1,526 787 739 Out of the total 250 selected sample households, 55 households (22% of total households) were non­ The above table reyeals that out of total persons migrant and their place of birth and place of in s.,:}ec:ted salflple, households, 780 persons consist­ last residence were Lunglei town itself, whereas 195 ing of 405 males and 375 females are migrants to households (78 %) were migrated to the reference Lunglei town. Their birth places are also detailed.' town, Lunglei. Among these migrant households, majority of them have come from within the district . Of t~ese .780 migrants.475 persons had their birth places within the district of Lunglei composed of Lunglei. of 228 males and 247 females. Also 191 migrants Migrants according to place of birth are from other districts of Mizoram, viz., from Aizawl and Chhimtuipui districts, consisting of 95 males and The following table gives the population of 96 females. Of these 191 migrants, 86 have come migrant households by sex and details of the origin. from rural areas and 105 from urban areas of the districts to Lunglei. Of the remaining, 104 migrants Table VI. 1 Population by sex of the migrant households with their place of birth. (77 males and 27 females) are from different states of this country while the balance of 10 migrants are from other neighbouring countries, viz., Burma and Migrant population Place of birth Bangladesh. Among these migrated from other Persons Male Female states Qf tp.e country, largest number of migrants i.e. 58 persons are from Assam, the neighbouring state. 2 3 4 The remaining 46 migrants are from Meghalaya, r 746 382 364 Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Tripura, Madhya Pradesh Lunglei town and West Bengal. Within the Lunglei district other 475 228 247 than Lunglei town Migrants classified by place of last residence and Other districts of the state : duration' of residence in the town Aizawl district (Rural) . 39 16 23 1t is of interest to study the duration of stay at (Urb'n. lOS 53 52 the town of survey of migrants by their last residence. The following table presents the migrant populatiOQ Chhimtuipui district (Rural) . 47 26 21 by sex and duration of stay at the town of survey (Urban). classified by their status of last residence.

43 44

Table VI .2-Migrallts clalSifie4 by sex and place of lut residence and duration of stay in Lunglei

---~-~~--~ Duration of residence in the town Place of last residence of migrants Less than 1-4 5-9 10-19 20 j­ Total 1 year years years years years M F M F M F M p. M F M F

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13

1. Within the State of Mizoram (excluding Lunglei town) (1) Lunglei district (Rural) . 3 24 35 49 73 96 107 58 2'J 228 247 (2) Aizawl district (Rural) 2 4 3 6 11 4 5 5 16 23 (Urban) 19 20 12 15 13 8 9 8 53 52 (3) Chhimtuipui district (Rural) 5 2 7 8 8 9 6 2 26 21

2. Other States (1) Madhya Pradesh 1 1 (2) Meghalaya 2 2 6 6 2 10 9 (3) Assam 12 4 10 6 12 4 10 44 14 (4) Bihar 4 3 9 2' (5) Arunachal Pradesh 1 1 (6) Tripura 2 3 (1) West Bengal 9 2 9 2

3. Other Countries (1) Bangladesh. 2 3 2 3 (2) Burma 2 2 3

TOTAL 4 63 66 85 107 158 150 98 48 405 375

It is seen from the above table that 780 persons outside Mizoram, as well as from other countries are t-ave migrated to the town from within the state, as fou}ld who have come less than a year back. - well as outside state and from outside the country. Majority of the migrants staying in the town are of Workers ~d non-workers according to maia activity more than 5 years duration. Migrants from outside classified by place of last residence the country though small in numbers, have come her-e ten years back. Only 0.64% of the migrants The. following t~ble classifies the working:md non-w?rkmg populatIon by sex, by their last place have duration of stay in the town for less than one of reSIdence. year. Migrants whose stay has be~n between 1-4 years constitute 16.53% and duration of stay bet­ Table VI.3-Working and Non-working population by sex, ween 5-9 years. have been completed by 24.61 % by tllek last place of residence. of the migrants. There are 39.48% of migrants sta.ying in the town between 10-19 years while those Worker Non-worker completed the duration of stay for 20 years and Place of last residence P M F P M F above from 18.71 %. It is also found from this table that 61% of 2 3 4 5 6 7 the migrants from Lunglei district (Rural) to this Within the district of town have completed duration of above 10 years. Lunglei (Rural) 209 146 63 266 82 184 (oonsidering upto 20+ years). But in the case of migrants from Aizawl district (Urban) above 64% in Aizawl district 43 30 13 101 39 62 of them have come to the town less than 10 years in Chhimtuipui district 26 21 S 21 5 16 in other states of the back. All the migrants from West Bengal (11 country 65 61 4 39 16 23 persons) are in the duration category of 10-19 years, while the migrants from Assam (58 in number) stand in other countries 6 5 4 4 distributed almost equally in all the categories of durations of stay except in less than 1 year category. TOTAL 349 263 86 431 142 289 Interestingly none of the migrants from the states 45

It· is evident from the above table, that· there Table VI'4-Mignmt bePsehoWs by size dl$slfied by ~ of birth of heads of too households. are 349 workers and 341 non-workers among the migrants to Lungiei, forming 44.7% and S5.3% Households by nos. of membeni ill households respectively to the total migrant population. Out of Place: of birth of the total migrant workers, 209 (about 60%) have head of household 6-9 10+ Total come from within the district of Lun~i i.e. from 2 3 5 6 (Rural), 43 (12.3%) from Aizawl distriet, 26 ------._--- (7.5%) from Chhimtuipui district 65 (18.6%) from Born outside the %) town but within different parts of the country, and 6 (1.7 from the district 2 43 67 15 127 other countries. Other districts of the state 17 20 5 42 Looking at the migrant non-workers, we find Other states of the 23 that there are more than workers in the case of country 2 16 4 Outside the country 1 1 3 migrants from within Lunglei district (Rural), and Aizawl district while it is otherwise in respect of TOTAL 4 77 92 22 195 migrants from Chhimtuipui district, other states of ----~--- this country and other countries. From the above table, We notice that of the 195 migrant households, 4 (2.1 %) are single mem~ ber households, 77 (39.5%) households have 2-5 Migration status of the members of the households by members, 92 (47.2%) households have 6-9 mem­ the place of birth/last residence of head of bers, and 22 (11.3 % ) households have more household than 10 members in them. Also about 65% of the households of different sizes, are I_!ligrant from within Selected 250 households that were covered the distrlct where Lunglei town is located. Only through the household schedule, reveal that 55 house­ 34.8% of the households are from outside the dist­ holds, (22 %) originally belonged to the town rict, state and the country. 21.5% of the migrant households are from the other districts of Mizoram Lunglei and their forefathers were also born in the and thus 86.6% the migrant households in this town town, while 195 households, (78%) were migrated are from within the state itself. Only 13.3% of from various parts of this country and other neigh­ them are from outside the state. bouring countries. The following table gives an idea Households by longest stay of any member about number of migrant households in relation to Following table presents the households (by the place of birth of head of households and also different sizes) by duration of stay at Lunglei, classi­ the size of the household. fied by last residence in rural as well as urban.

Table VI. 5-Housellolds by IIIUDber of _mberl, migration sttrms of hetld of the household and duration of stay of any member of the house­ bold who lias stayed the loagest fD the present resideDce.

Nqrnber of households where the migration status and place of last residence of head of household and duration of stay of any member of the household .

Number of Non- Migrant households members migrant Born Last residence in rural area and duration of Last residence in urban area and duration of and residence (year) residence (year) Last resi- Less 1-5 6-10 11-20 21+ Total Less 1-5 6-10 11-20 21+ Total deftce titan yrs yrs yrs yrs than yrs yrs yrs yrs in town 1 yr 1yr

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Single 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 3 2 2 3 6 4 5 4 14 2 4 4 8 2 1 8 3 14 3 3 2 8 5 10 4 7 9 20 2 Z 5 Z 11 6-7 17 3 3 31 14 St 6 , 12 8-9 9 9 10 6 26 2 1 4 10-12 2 4 5 6 16 4 5 13 & above

TOTAL 55 a 27 ~ 44 147 14 14 11 9 48 46

As seen from the table, among the migrant. •. Of_ the": ~migrants. whose _place of birlll is bouseholds 27% are long standing i.c. stayed morel LungJei district· (Rural), 40.2% of them have than 21 years at Lunglei, and of them, 83% are migrated to this town from their places of birth migrants from rural areas and 17% from urban while 59.8% of (hem have come from other places are~s. Of the migrant households from rural areas, than their places of birth. Even among the migrants 36.1 % of the - household~ -of family size 1-5 mem­ front other distric's of Mizoram 37.7% of them have bers, 52.3% of the households of family size 6-9 come to this town directly from their place of birth, members, and 11.6% of the households of family while 62.3% of them had migrants from other size 10 and above members, have spent different states. In this case, 77% of the migrants have periods at the place. Similarly of the migrant house­ directly from their place of birth to this town while holds from urban areas, 56.3% of the households of\ 23 % of them hayc come from a different place other family size 1-5 members, 33.3% of the households than their place of birth indicating that they had of 6-9 members, and 10.4% of the households of already migrated to a place from their place of birtb, 10+ members are found staying in different dura­ before migrating again to Lunglei town. Migrants tions in this town. from other countries have equal contribution to these two situations. Last residence as related to place of birth Migration stages of households hailing from outside Table showing the details sample migrant popu­ The table VI. 7 illustrates the details of lation by their last residence as related to their res­ households migrated, giving the period when migrated pective place of birth is furnisned below: as also the stages in which migration has taken place. Tilb1e VI' 6-PJacc of last residence of members of migrant bouse· holds as related to the place of birth, by sex. Of the total migrant households consisting of 195, as many as 101 (51.8%) have migrated prior Place of last residence to 1965, while 63 (32.3%) have shifted to the Place of birth - --~------Total Same as place Different from town during 1966-1970. Only 23 (11.8%) and 8 of birth place of birth (4.1 %) households have migrated during 1971- Male Female Male Female 1975 and after 1976 respectively. Of the 127 households that have migrated to 2 3 4 5 6 the town from within the district, 64 households Lilnglei district : (50.4%) have come prior to 1965, 53 (4U7%) (Rural) ;0,7 104 141 143 475 have migrated during 1966-70. Only 4 and 6 house­ Aizawl district: holds have come during 1971-75 and after 1976 (Rural) . 4 7 12 16 39 respectively. It is clear from the above that migra::. (Urban) 24 25 29 27 105 tion of households was conspicious upto 1970 only Chhimtuipui district ; and after 1971 extent of migration to Lunglei . (Rural). 5 7 21 14 47 from within the district has been negligible. This Other states : is similar in respect of those from other districts of Meghalaya 6 3 4 6 19 the state, and other countries and we notice that An.lnachal Pra. migration of households after 1971 has been of a desh small order. Only in respect of migrants from other Assam . 43 12 2 58 states, We find most of them have come after 1971, Tripura. 3 3 Bihar 6 2 3 11 though some of them have come during 1966-70 Madhya Pra- and prior to 1965 also. desh . West Bengal . 5 2 4 11 The table VI.7 indicates that out of the 195 migrant households, lOS (54.35%) have directly Other countries: Burma. 1 I 1 2 5 come from the place of ongm. 45 households Bangladesh 2 1 1 I 5 (23.08%) have migrated to this town from a different place other than their place of origin. 20 . TOTAL ]84 164 221 211 780 households (10.25%) were migrating to the town in three stages while another 24 households . Of the total migrant population of 348 (12.30%) dU11e to the town in four stages. persons .(184 male and 164 females) have the last place of residence as the place of birth only. That Chamcteristic of the place of origin of migrations and means, 44.6% of th..: migrants have come to this reasons for migration towndirectly fr()l11 their place of birth. The remain­ The table VI.8 sets out the place of origin ing 432 migrant persons forming 55.4% have their of migrant households, the time of migration and place of last reside~e other than their birth place. reasons for migration. 47

0'" ~~ ... ", .....=­ '"

00

00 48

Table VI.8-Broad category of plate from where the hOlll>eholds hails time and reason for migration

Number of households migrating because of Broad category of place from where Time of Remarks the household hailed migration Employ- Eco- Politi- Edu- Reli- Mar- ment nomic cal cation gion riage distur- bances

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Same district (Rural) Prior to 1966 28 23 11 1· I ·This house- 1966-1970 6 5 41 I hoM migrate to Lunglei to 1971-75 1 1 1 administer bap- 1976 & later 2 3 tism to his children and Aizawl District Prior to 1966 7 12 settled down here. (Rural-IS households &. Urban -17 house- 196~1970 3 holds) 1971--1975 3 1976 and later Chhimtuipui district Prior to 1966 2 3 1966-1970 (Rural-l0 households) ]971-1975 1976 & later Meplaya (Rural) Prior to 1966 196~70 1971-1975 1976 & later Madhya Pradesh (Rural) Prior to 1966 1966-1970 1971-1975 1976 & later

Bi~r (Rural) Prior to 1966 1966-1970 1971-1975 2 1976 & later

Assam (Rural) Prior to 1966 3 1966-1970 1971-1975 10 1976 & later.

Weat Bensal (Rural) . Prior to 1966 2 1966_1970 1971~1975 1976 & later

Tripura (Rural) . Prior to 1%6 1966-1970 1971-1975 1976 & later Arunachal Pradesh (Rural) Prior to 1966 1966-1970 1971-1975 1976 & later Burma (Rural) Prior to 1966 196~1970 197]-1975 1976 & later

»ugladcsh (Rural) Prior 10 1966 1966-1970 1971-1975 1976 & above ------49

Of the 195 migrant households, 54 households Table VI.9-Contd. left the place of origin for reasons, of employment, 72 households for economic reasons, 47 households 1 for security during political disturblilnees, 17 house­ holds for educational purposes, and the remaining 5 Three stages Villages-village-small town- households, 2 for religious purposes and 3 due to referent town Village-small town-small town marriage reasons. Of course timing of this migration referent town 1 varies in all these migration streams. Village-small town-medium There are 127 migrant households originating size town-referent town from the rural areas of Lunglei district (where Village-medium town-medium Lunglei town is located). Of them, 64 have left town-referent town their places of origin prior to 1966, and 53 have left Small town-small town-small during 1956-1970 the so called period of distur­ town-referent town . 1 Village-village-village-referent bance in Mizoram. Only 10 households have left after town 12 1971. This clearly shows that most people had left Village-small town-village- their places of origin during 1966-1970 and prior referent town 1 to 1966 in pursuance of their employment, economic Village-viIJage--city-referent and political reasons. Among those migrated from town within this district,. the largest number of households. Village-village-medium town­ viz., 43 have left their places for security reasons referent town during the political disturbances during 1966-70. Four stages . Village-village-small town- -small town-referent town 1 . Of ~he .32 migrants households, hailing from Village-small town-small town Aizawl· distnet, 10 have left their places of origin for -small town-referent town 2 reasons of employment, 16 for economic reasons Village-small town-medium­ and the remaining 6 for other reasons. medium town-referent town Village-medium town--city- . Sim~lar.ly o~ t~e 10 households originating from medium-referent town . . 1 Chhimtmpul dlstnet 3 households have left their Medium town-city-city-me­ places of origin for employment reason, 4 for eco­ dium-referent town . nomic reasons, the remaining for other reasons. Town of all size-village-me­ dium-medium-medium­ There are 26 households belonging to other referent town . states and neighbouring countries, and of them 20 Small town-small town-village have migrated (majority of them during 1971-1975) small town-referent town . for economic reasons while 4 have come due to em­ ViIlage-village-vilIage-smaIl ployment reasons. The remaining have migrated for town-referent town 8 reasons like education and religion. Village-village-small town­ small town-referent town 4 Characteristics of the places of successive migration Village--city-city-small town referent town 1 As already discussed, of the 195 migrant house­ Village-City-town-small town holds, 106 have come to this town directly from the -referent town place of origin and the remaining 89 households had Village-medium town-village e~I?erienced ~uecessive migration indicating the pJaces -small town-referent town vl~lted by mlgrants before finally settling down at Small town-medium town-vil this town. ' ' :, lage-small town-referent town 1

Table VI. 9~Stages of migration by the migrants to Lunglei TOTAL • 195 town-survey data Among those who had successive migration, 45 Stages Characteristics of the places involved in Number migration in succession of households have come to Lunglei, in two stages, 20 house­ households in three stages and 24 households in four holds stages. The details of stages have been clearly shown in the table. It is interesting to note that 35 2 3 households of the 45 migrated in two stages, have moved from rural to rural and have come to this One stage Rural-referent town 75 town while the remaining 10 households have moved Urban-referent town 31 to this place from an urban area though in their Two stages Village-village-referent town 35 first leg of migration they had mostly mqved from Village-small town-referent rural areas. town 7 Village-medium size town-refe. Among the 20 migrant households who exp~ rent town. 1 enced three stage migration, 12 households have village-city-reference town passed through rural areas in sueeessiOli before finally Small town-small town-refe­ reaching this town. The remaining households have rent town. varied experience such as rural-rural-urban, ruraI­ urban etc. 11-38 R. G. India/ND/89 50

Also there are 24 households that have gone of the 32 households 5 households have been resid­ through four stage migration. Of them 8 households ing in town for 5-9 years, 7 households have been had in succession mral migration for 2 stages and in living in the town between 10-19 years and the the third stage they had moved to an urban area and other 20 are here since more than 20 years. There then migrated to this place. The remaining 16 are 28 migrant households having property at a dis­ households had varied experiences of moving from tance between 51-100 Ions. Out of these 22 house­ rural, and urban parts in different combinations. holds have been here since more than 20 years. There are as many as 106 households coming There are 12 households having property at a to Lunglei directly from the place of origin. Out of distance of 101-200 kms from where migrated. Of these 75 households were migrated from Rural and these households 5 have been residing for 10-19 the other 31 are from urban areas. years while 6 have been living for more than 20 years. There are 26 households migrated to the Property at the place from where Migrated town from a distance between 201-500 kilometres Out of the total migrant households, there are and of these households 10 have been living here 119 households (61.03%) who are having property for 10-19 years and 13 more have been here since at the place from where migrated. The following more than 20 years. There is only one household table shows property at the place from where migra­ migrating from a distance of more than 500 kms who ted by distance of the places and duration of stay of has been here for 10-19 years. head of households in the present residence. It is evident the above that largest number of Table VI.IO-Number of migrant bou~eholds owing property at migrant households having property elsewhere are the place of origin by duration of residence at the those who lived for more than 20 years at Lunglei present place of residence and the distance of the town. place of origin Out of the total household having property at Distance of the place Total Numbers of housch()lds having the place from where migrated as many as 68 house­ from where migrated property from where migrated who are residing in the present holds did not make any arrangement for supervising residence. the property they left. 6 households have made Less 1-4 5-9 10-19 20+ arrangement wi~h the relatives for sharing products than 1 years years years years year equally. Other 45 households have given the owner­ ship right of the property to their relatives. 2 3 4 5 6 7 . __ ..... _------Help received from various sources during migration 10 or less 9 6 3 11-20 11 2 3 6 It was reported during the town study that 31 21-50 32 5 7 2') households received help from co-villagers (who are 51-100 28 1 5 22 staying at Lunglei) and relatives at the time of 101-200 12 1 5 6 migration. Out of these, 6 households received help 201-500 26 3 10 13 from co-villagers, and 25 households received help 501+ from relatives. Table VI.ll-Help received from co-villagers and relatives at the TOTAL 119 12 37 70 time of settlement by tbe migrant bOJBebolds classified by place of birth The above table reveals that there are 9 house­ Place to which Total Nature of help No. of household holds having property at the place of origin before the Households No.of receiving for migrating from less than 10 Ions. Among these 9 belong house­ holds Less 1-3 4 households, 5 households ,have been residing in the than months months present place of residence for 10-19 years and ano­ one and month more ther 3 households for more than 20 years. From a distance of 11-20 kms,. 11 households who have 2 3 4 5 6 property are migrated to the town and from among (I) Voluntary help these households, two households have been residing Born outside the 31 2 5 town but within (2) Accommodation 3 7 6 for 5~9 years, 3 households for 10-19 years, and 6 the district (3) Cash and kind more households have been living in the town for (Lunglei) (4) Clothes & food 3 3 more than 20 years.

There are 32 migrant households having pro­ TOTAL 31 7 15 9 perty at a distaqce of 21-50 ~ms to the town. Out 51

Of the 31 migrants households from within the district. 33 households from Lungeli (rural) and 5 district, who needed help, 15 had received help in households from Aizawl district faced financial pro­ different ways for 1-3 months and another 9 house­ blems and of them 20 from Lunglei and all 5 from holds had help for 4+ months from the time they Aizawl have reported facing the same problem still. migrated. 7 households received help for less than Close relations at the place of origin a month. Majority - received help in the form of accommodation. Out of the total migrant households found in the survey S5 households have their close relations living in places from where migrated. In other The above table indicates that 25 migrant house­ words 28.2% of the migrant household have close holds to the town from Lunglei district receIved help relations at places f~om where they came. The fol­ from relatives. Out of these, 5 households received lowing table presents the number of households by voluntary help for 1-3 months and one household the duration of stay at the place of migration, cross received help i~ terms of cash and kind for less than classified· by the frequency of visits to their close one month. 12 households received help for accommodation for different spells ranging from less relatives. than a month to more than 4 months. Again 7 house­ Among the members household who visited close holds received help with clothes and food from rela­ relatives, 11 households visited father, 27 households tives, one household for less than one month, 3 visited their unmarried sisters, 8 households visited households for 1-3 months and another 3 households their mother and six households met their sons. for a period of four or more months. Migrants from other parts of the state, country as well as other So far as visits to close relations by the family countries did not receive any help. members of migrant households are concerned there arc 3 households whose duration of stay at Lunglei is Problems faced during or after migration upto 4 iears visited their close relations at the place of origin. Out of these 3 households 2 households There are 48 migrant households who faced visited close relation more than once and another problems during or after migration. Out of these, 43 household more than 6 times. Nine households of households hail from rural areas of Lunglei district, S-9 years duration of stay have reported to have visi­ 5 households hail from Aizawl district. ted dose relations viz., one household visited close relations 1-3 times, 3 households visited 4-6 times Table VI.12-Problems faced during or after migration by place and 5 households more than six times. In case of from where the household ~ails 29 households of 10-19 years duration of stay in the town, one household did not visit their close relations, Place from where Problems the household Remarks 9 households visited 1-3 times, another 9 households hails Description No.of No.of house- house­ visited 4-6 times and 10 households visited more than hold holdS six times. 14 Households who had close relations at who for faced which the place of origin and staying in Lunglei town for still more than 20+ years, visited their close relations in conti­ nuing different frequencies. Of these 14 households, 4 households visitec,l1-3 times, 2 households visited4-6 2 3 4 5 times,' and 8 households visited more than six time. ------~--~ --_-_ It is also clearly seen that migrant households visited Same district (i) Financial 33 20 None of other their closest relatives like, father, mother, son, ~n­ (i.e. frbm Lunglei (ii) medical 2 migrant house- married daughter and sister etc. Rural) (iii) amenities 3 3 hold reported (iv) house site 5 2 any problems. Unit of migration Aizawl district (i) financial 5 5 It is interesting to study the pattern of migrating households as to how they migrated initially. The TOTAL . 48 30 following table throws light on this aspect. Unit of migration has been divided into three categories viz., The problems faced by migrant households are only male working member of the household migrat­ classified as financial, medical, amentities and house ing, entire family of the migrating household moving sites. Most migrants faced financial problems. Very to the place of migration, and others members of the few of them faced other problems. Of the 48 house­ family moving only after the male working member holds who faced problems, 43 belonged to Lunglei has migrated first. This information is further erosl (rural) and the remaining 5 belonged !o Aiza~l classified by religion, caste. or C?OlllDlllllity. . . - - 52

,.>oj'" Ol'" g: ~e

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Table VI.I4-Unit of migration by place of last residence and religion or community

Unit of migration of households Place of last residence Religionfcaste/tribe/community Total members Male All at Male of house- working a time working holds members member only first followed others

2 3 4 5 6

Lunglei district Christian/any Mizo (Lushai) tribe 125 24 76 25 Lunglei district Hindu/Bengali 2 2 Aziawl district Christian/any Mizo (Lushai) tribe 31 9 12 10 Aizawl district Muslim/Nepali 1 1 Chhimtuipui district Christian/any Mizo (Lushai) tribe 10 8 2 Arunachal Pradesh Christian/any Mizo (Lushai) tribe 1 1 Assam Hindu/Bengali 11 5 5 1 Assam MuslimjNepali 2 1 1 West Bengl! Hindu/Bengali 2 1 Tripura ,Hindu/Bengali 1 1 Meghalaya Hindu/Bengali 3 2 Madhya Pradesh Hindu/Bengali 1 Bibari Christian/Bihari 2 2 Burma Crirstian/any Mizo (Lushai) Tribe 2 2 Bangladesh Hindu/Bengali 1

TOTAL 195 44 110 41

The table reveals, that of 127 migrant households were Christian families while there was only one Mus­ from within the district of Lunglei (Rural), 78 lim family. households brought their families along with them, while in respect of 24 households only male working From Chhimtuipui distirtct, 8 out of 10 house­ members have moved out. In the case of remaining holds migrated moved with entire family and all the 25 households, other family members followed after 10 households belonged to Christianity. the male working member has first migrated. Among these 127 households, 125 belong to christian (Mizo Among the 26 migrant households migrating ST) community while 2 others were Hindu (Bengali). from other states and neighbouring countries. 12 Of the 32 migrant households from Aizawl district, households moved with entire family, 11 households 12 households have moved with their families in res­ had only their male working member migrated and in pect of households only male working member migra­ the case of remaining 3 households, families followed ted and the remaining 1 0 household~ migrated with the male working member who moved first. Of the male working member first followed by the family. above 26 households, 19 belong to Hindu, 5 to Chris- . Of out of the 32 households from Aizawl district, 31 tian and 2 to Muslim religion. . CHAPTER VII NEIGHBOURHOOD PATTERN

Introduction ZOTLANG: This locality is situated in the nor­ thern part of Lunglei town and can be reached by The word neighbourhood may be defined in the Haulawng approach main road. In the north it different ways, i.e. in terms of physic~l entity as. a is bounded by Pukpui village and in the south by particular region or a ~roup .~f a neighbou~s ~Itb Serkawn ward. In the west it is bounded by Vanhne varied cultural and socIal entItIes or a combmation village and in the east Tlawng river. The name Zot­ of both. The last one is the aspect we are concerned lang was derived from the past as the place where here. It is a group consisting of persons who live most of the inhabitants are predominantly of Mizo. together in close proximity ?f each other not o~ly According to one interviewee aged 40 years, the name physically attached but withm the bonds of sO':lal Zotlang was derived from the people of predominantly and moral bindings. If there are persons who l~ve Mizo inhabited area. According to another interviewee within a particular region but they do not recognIse aged 50 years the name Zotlang came from the hill any social and moral customs in between them, they area or elevated area and the inhabitants are predo­ do not constitute a "Neighbourhood". What they form minantly Mizo. Hence, 'zo' means highlander and is only a physical set of persons. Also the persons 'Tlang' means elevated area of hills. Then Zotlang mutually attached and having close association in means inhabited hill area of Mizo. terms of social life amongst themselves, but very much away from one another without any proper pbysical The individual interviewees included 14 males link, cannot be grouped together to form a 'neighbour­ and 1 female of which 9 persons were aged between hood'. Thus by neighbourhood we mean places in 35 to 49 years and 6 persons were aged 60 years and close proximity wherein persons ~iving tog~ther share above. In regard to their educational levels, as many their joys and sorrows. In thc light of thIS, the sur­ as 12 Matric and above standard, while 2 persons are vey of neighbourhood pattern of Lunglei town was illiterate. All of them have been residing in this loca­ conducted as a part of the intensive study of town. lity for more than 12 years. There are 12 workers The town Lunglei is small both in terms of its and 3 non-workers among the interviewees. Out of area and population. The question of the absence of 12 workers, 5 are cultivators, 1 is a carpenter and physical contact in between the persons li,:ing in diff­ another 6 are government servants and in respect of non-workers 2 are retired personnel and 1 is doing erent localities of the town does not anse. If the household duty. people of the town desire to see t.heir ffiends ~nd rela­ tions residing in any of the localIties even dally, they The most important religious festival celebrated can easily reach their destination either by the trans­ in the locality is Christmas, which falls on the 25th port available or by foot. Therefore, the mode of December every year. Under the management of movement of persons residing in the town does not Zotlang Baptist Church Committee, every household come in the way of maintaining proper neighbourhood makes financial contribution according to the ability. and naturally the idea of physical link in between the The amount is collected for christmas feast. On persons of one region to another is most important Christmas day, people take active part in prayer, in case of this town for studying neighbourhood pat­ singing etc. Apart from this the people of this loca­ tern. What is actually concerned here is the social lity also observe 'Good Friday' and 'Easter Sunday', and cultural life of the people at one place and their in the month of March and April every year. New participation in the activities of people residing in year day is also celebrated like ~hristmas day. All other places. As a matter of fact, it is noticed at the interviewees have participated in these festivals the time of interview of a few people of this town, for cooking, preparation of feast, etc. that people try to participate and cooperate in the cultural, religious and social activities in general, con­ The interviewees purchased the required com­ sidering the whole town as one unit. Leaving few modities mainly from outside the neighbourhood. cases, majority of the interviewees living in different There are few grocery stores where rice, edible oil, localities of the town made a mention of the fact that soaps and salt are sold. The interviewees normally buy people of this town generally remain in touch in some these commodities from those stores. There are two way or the other, with the persons living in and out­ Primary schools in this locality. For higher education side their places. the residents have to go to other areas of the town. Only health sub-centre facility is available in the loca­ Identification of neighbourhood and their charac­ lity. The locality has community hall and playground teristics but these are not used by interviewees. Out of the number of distinct areas in the town, SERKAWN: This locality is situated in the five were selected for study of the neighbourhood pat­ northern side of Lunglei town. Its boundary in the tern. These are located in different parts of the town. north starts from Baptistma lui and runs through They are Zotlang, Serkawn, Bazar, Venglai and Lamhnai lui. In the south it is Kikawn starting from Chandmary. Aituilo lui and meets with Nghasih lui. In the east

54 55 it is Zehnuai that runs through Public Works Depart­ rate without educational level, while two have the level ment road and in the west it is bound with Vanhne of matric and above standard. village boundary. The name Serkawn is derived from the area where people found wild lemon/citrus fruits There are some government offices located here. in abundance. Hence, 'Ser' means Lemon and 'Kawn' The only training, institute in Mizoram,. ie., the Poly­ means shallow valley on the top of hill-range. As such technic training institute is located in this locality. Serkawn means the place of abundant growth of wild Many business places likely tea-stalls, shops etc. are lemons in the shallow valley on tbe top of hill-range. found in this area. Most of the buildings are of This locality is the headquarter of Baptist Mission Assam type and few R.C.C. buildings are also found. Church and all the Baptist Missionaries settled there. Bazar veng is the commercial and business centre In this locality 11 persons were interviewed who of the town. Except fish and meat, all other essential belonged to any Mizo (Lushai) tribe (Christian). Out commodities are available here. To get meat and of the total interviewees, 5 were government servants, fish, people have to go for about half-a-kilometre as 2 were cultivators, another 2 were doing household these commodities are not sold in this area. Educa­ duties and 2 persons were retired persons. These tional facilities from Primary and upto College level interviewees included 8 males and 3 females. The are available for the people of the locality within their educational levels of interviewees were, one illiterate, neighbourhood. Regarding the medical facility there 9 literate without educational level, one upto matric is only one health sub-centre dealing with preventive standard and another 2 matric and above. Of them. care and first aid. People avail medical facilities out­ one stayed in the town for 4-9 years, and 10 persons side the neighbourhood in Serkawn and Chandmary stayed. for more than ten years. localities. The only Cinema hall in the whole of Lunglei town is located in this locality. There are one The locality is predominantly inhabited by playground and one library located in this ward. These government servants, besides some doctors and small facilities are availed by all the interviewees as well as businessmen. This area has much similarity with the town people. Zotlang and is an elevated hilly area full of vegetation. In this locality there is Kali Mandir, the building Most of the buildings are of Assam type. It is of which is of Assam type. On an average there are sparsely populated area without any problems of about 250 devotees on important festive occasions. drainage. In comparision with other localities, there is better facility of water supply, because near and VENGLAI: This locality is in the central part around this place perenial brooks and springs are loca­ of Lunglei town, surrounded by prominent localities ted. There are high cliffs on the western side of the loca­ such as Bawng veng and Rahsi veng in the north. lity. It is transversed by main road and Lunglei town Chandmary veng in the south, Bazar veng in the east buses .are playing throughout it regularly. The general and Sazaikawn in the west. The western side of this atmosphere is good and healthy. There are some locality is also bounded by Tlabung road. The name grocery shops where people can buy rice, salt, sugar, Venglai means 'centrally located area'. 'Veng' means pulses, vegetables, edible oil and kerosene oil. For area for lo~a!ity and 'lai' means central part. 18 per­ occasional meat and fish requirements, people have sons compnsmg 16 males and 2 females were inter­ market facilities within the neighbourhood. For regu­ viewed, of whom 3 persons were in the age group of lar supply of meat, fish, clothes, ready-mad~ garments, 20-34 years, 10 between the age of 35-39 and 5 building materials, electrical goods and spare parts persons in 60 above of age group. All the interviewed etc., people have either to go to Bazar veng (nearest) belong to any Mizo (Lushai) tribe and followers of or Target Bazar at a distance of 1-2 km. Educational Christianity. Interviewed persons are engaged in dif­ facilities upto high school are available in this locality, ferent occupation,. 8 are government servants one as the best known high school being Serkawn Kristian cultivator, 2 as contractors, one as high school tea­ high school, situated in this locality. All the infor­ cher, 2 each as businessmen, non-workers and re­ mants are availing these educational facilities. There tired respectively. 14 persons are literate without is a christian hospital in this locality, which is availed educational level, while the remaining 4 have matrie by inside as well as outside the neighbourhood. ~nd above level bf education. The duration of stay ~n .the town for 2 persons is 1-3 years, for 5 persons BAZAR: This locality is situated almost in the It IS 4-9 years and for the remaining 11 persons it is main central area of Lunglei town through which the more than ten years. main road passes. This locality is bounded in the north by Serkawn locality, in the south by Venglai . Almost all the government offices existed in Lung.. and Chandmary localities and in the west by Rahsi leI tov:n .arc ~ocated in thi~ locality, such as Deputy veng, Vai veng, Kikawn lui and hounded in the C?m~lSSlOner s office, electnc Office, Superintendent of east by Sepui lui. 15 persons (14 males and 1 FIshenes office, Employment exchange, Mizoram Home female) were interviewed in this locality. The age Gua~d office, subsidiary Investigation Bureau, District groups of the interviewees were as detailed viz., one SoldIers Board office and District Social Education male in the age group of 20-34, 6 males in the age office, etc. group of 35-59, 7 males in the age group of 60 and ~er~ are . many grocery stores and stationery above, and the other one female below 20 years. 3 shops I~slde the 10~ality. The. ?eople of this locality persons have duration of stay for 4-9 years and 12 can avaIl ~ll. essentIal commoditIes from within. Most persons for 10 years and above in the town. Of the of '. th.e bmldlngs are of Assem type and few RC.C. interviewed 9 are government servants, 3 are non­ bwldmgs do exist. Ready-made garment shops, workers and the others are retired. There is one illi­ sweet-~t ~h~1?s and tea-stalls are existing in large terate person, among the interviewees, 12 are lite- number. CircUlt houses <\ry locateg within this veng. 56

There arc two medical 'stores, and hence people many government servants and ~private businesSJllell can easily get their medicinal requirements. For are inhabited here. Over and above this, some con~ Major surgery and treatment the local people get tractors, teachers and small businessmen are also facilities from civil hospital, which is located in found in this locality. Recently, ~_some well to do, fami­ Chandmary ward as well as Serkawn Kristian Hospi­ lies have started constructing RC.C. buildings for tal, Serkawn. 'Educational facilities from primary level better living and to let out some portions. Maximum to high school level can be availed from within the number of houses are of Assam type. Few houses locality. have an open space in front. G()vernment offices like Sub-Division Education officer's office, IRDP office, Town hall is situated in this locality, where people District Social Welfare Officer's office, sub-fire station often hold public meetings and for preaching the Gos­ and Civil Surgeon's office are located in this locality. pel. Also official meetings and staging of drama and plays are occasionally held here. There is a There is one bazar called target bazar where ground for playing lawn tennis as well as an indoor rcady-made garments are mostly sold. There is stadium fm badminton. Officer's Club and Police another market known as new market also in this area. Club are also situated in this locality, and the inter­ From these places people of the locality call buy viewees have no access to these places. essential commodities. All the 23 interviewed are availing market facilities within, their neighbourhood. CHANDMARY : The locality is situated in a For educational facilities,. this locality has good pros­ place where Assam Rifles firSt used to have firing pects, having 4 primary schools, 4 middle schools and practice. The site for target firing range is covered two high schools. Teachers training Institute and by this locality. As such, the name Chandmary was Lunglci Hindi Prachar Samithi are also situated derived from 'Firing area or range'. The origin of this within the locality. For college education the people word Chandmary is not known but it is certainly not had to avail from other localities. found in Mizo language. Medical facilities can be availed from the Lunglei The locality is bounded in the north by Venglai Civil Hospital which is situated in this locality. Of the and Electric veng, in the south by Lunglawn locality interviewed, 16 persons were availing this facility from in the east is surrounded by Sihplli If Ii upto NglUJsih Chandmary hospital, while the other 6 were availing lui and in the west by Tlabung Road along the town the same from outside the neighbourhood. There is boundary till it joins Lunglawn. This locality is on also a veterinary dispensary for treatment of livestock the slop~s of hilly-range spread from west to east. etc. inside the locality. There is a children park in this 23 persons are interviewed of whom 4 persons are locality which is. used by the children of this locality in the age group of 20-34, 16 are in the age group as well as from outside. There is no playground or of 35-----:,59 and the other 3 are more than 60 years of a community hall within this area and people of this age. Of them, 4 are contractors, 3 are businessmen, place have to avail these facilities from outside the 2 are high school teachers and 11 are government neighbourhood. servants, one each as retired person, non-worker and carpenter. Out of the total persons interviewed There is Shiva Mandir in this locality where 10 are found to be literate without educational level, Nepali people worship Lord Shiva. and the other 13 have attained the level of matric and above standard. The duration of stay in the town for In all the neighbourhoods, the cultural, social and the interviewed persons is varying viz., 3 haye stayed religious activities are the similar. Festivals like for 1-3 years, 4 for 4-9 years and the other 16 for Christmas are enjoyed with singing, listening to the more than 10 years. words of God, community prayers and the feast. All of the interviewed in the neighbourhoods have partici­ Chandmary is the long standing and congested pated in these festivals and enjoyed alongwith 1\11 area among the different localities of the town and others. CHAPTER VIII FAMILY LIFE IN THE TOWN Introduction 144 out of 250 households covered in the study This chapter is devoted to a study of the various can be categorised as large slzed with more than 6 aspect, of social and cultural life of the people in the members on an average. town as reflected by their caste_, social customs, be­ liefs and practices of the life cycle. Mizo society is a well-knit organisation and Composition of Households members of each household of both sexes are united with a spirit of co-operation. Family life is smooth The following table shows the nature of compo­ and the father is the sole authority in the family sition of Households: though each and every member has his or her assigned duties. The mother also occupies a position of res­ Table VllI.2-Nature of Composition of Sa;l;)Je Households. pect and she is the mistress o.f the house. Men and women enjoy equal status in the family as well as Nature of Composition Number in the SOCiety save for the inheritance of property of House­ where the youngest son inherits. hold

J oint family system exists in Mizoram, so also in -----"------"----- Lunglei town. For the purpose of this study 'joint 2 family' means a household whose related or un­ related members live under the same roof and Adult male and female and minor male/female 190 take their food from a common kitchen unJess the exigencies of work prevent them to do so. Adult malt: and female 41 Most of the families follow joint family system. Adult males only . 15 The family is usually of the simple type consisting of husband, wife and their unmarried children. Generally, Adult females only 2 the youngest son who being the inheritor of the pro­ perty brings his wife and stays alongwith his parents. Adult mab and minor anuior fem~le Nil But in SOme cases, the married son so long as he has Adult female and minor male and/or female 2 not been able to set up a house of his own,. stays with his pareillts together with his wife and children if any and also alongwith his unmarried brothers and sisters. In some cases there may be more than one TOTAL 250 married sons who live together with their wives and children in his parental house. It is only for short time that the married sonS with their wives and child­ From the above statement, the composition of ren are allowed to live in their parent's house. family members as adult male find female and minor Household by number of members male/female is the largest having 190 households. The size of household by number of members as This is followed by the type of composition of adult revealed from the survey is as follows : male and female, having 41 households. There are Table VIII.l-Distribution Qf households by nllDlber of 15 households with the type of composition as adult members. males only while there are two households having no Size of household Number of Total male member. (No.of members) house- popu_ holds lation 2 3 Nature of relationship of members to hea!l of house­ hold 5 5 2 6 12 On the basis of type of composition/relationship 3 24 72 in a family P. Kolenda has arranged the households 4 30 120 5 41 205 as different types of households. This pattern has been 6-7 SO 520 followed to classify the households covered in the 8-9 39 312 study. The following table shows the nature of rela­ 10-12 23 253 tionship of members with head of household and 13+. 2 27 migration status of households. TOTAL 250 1526 _--"------" .---- Note : Minor,-upto 14 years of age .

57 12-38 R. G. Tndia/ND/89 58

Table VIn. 3-Distribution of households by naiurlJ of relation of As shown in the above table, there are five members to head of household and migration status of head of household. single member households, and two households com­ posed of only wife and husband. 87 households are Nature of relation of members to head of Namber of households household wherl) )1ligration status living with their spouses, unmarried sons and daugh­ of head of household is ters, 24 households are living alongwith spouse, mar­ Non-Mi- Mi- Total ried son and sons' wife with or without unmarried grant grant sons and daugllters, 7 households are living with 2 3 4 spouse, married brother, broth«r's wife, married son, 1. Self 4 5 son's wife with or without unmarried sons and daugh­ 2. Self, Spouse 2 ters. 6 households (baving male persons as the head 3. Self, Spouse, unma,rried sons and dau· of household) are living with unmarried son/daugh­ ghters . 20 67 87 ter. 5 households (female as head) are living with 4. Self, spouse, married SO"l and .Son's wife with or without unmarned unmarried son/daughter. 8 households are living sons and daughters 7 17 24 alongwith spouse, with or without unmarried son/ S. Self, spouse, ~arricd brot!ter,. brot.h­ er's wife, married son, son s WIfe with/ daughter and widowed father. 4 households are living without unmarried sons, or/and with spouse with or without unmarried son/daughter 4 7 daughters 3 and widowed mother. 4 households having male as 6. Self (male), unmarried son/ daughter 5 6 7. Self (female), unmarried son/ daugh­ the head of household are living with unmarried bro­ ter 3 2 5 ther/sister, 8 households are living with spouse, un­ 8 Self spouse with/without unmarried married son's daughter and mother. 13 households . so~/ daughter and widowed father 2 6 8 are living with spouse, unmarried sons/daughter and 9. Self, spouse with/wi~hout unmll;rried son/daughter and WIdowed motner 4 4 widow mother/sister's daughter. 24 households are 10. Self (male), unmarried brother! living with spouse, sister/married sons/daughter or sister 3 4 daughter's daughter. 12 households are living with 11. Self, spouse, unmarried son's daugh­ ter, mother 2 6 8 unmarried son's or daughter/son's wife, daughter's 12. Self, spouse, with unmarried s,ons/daugh­ son and son's son. 10 households are (male as ter and wido~ mother/sIster s daughter 13 13 head) living with unmarried sons/daughter, married 13 Self spouse, sister/married sons/dau- daughter and husband. Besides, 20 households. are . ght~r/daughter's daughter . 5 19 24 14. Self/unmarried son:s or dauphter/ living along with their spouse, unmarried son/daugbter, son's wife, daughter s son, son s son . 11 12 daughter's son, unmarried sister and daughter, whereas 15. Self (male), unmarried sons/daughter, 1 household is living with brother's wife, married son, married daughter and husband . 9 10 son's wife with or without unmarried son and daugh­ 16. Self, spouse, unmarried s0J?/da~gh­ ter, daughter'S son, unmarned sister ter. One household is living with mother and son and and daughter . 20 20 another household is living with mother, brother and 17 Self (male), daughter's husband/ dau- wife. . ghter/daughter's son . . 3 5 8 18 Self married brother, brother's wife, . ma~ied son, son's wife with/without unmarried son/daughter . -9. Self, brother and son Also from the above mentioned table, we .find O. Self, mother, brother and wife . that 195 households are migrant out of 250 households TOTAL 55 195 250 and 55 households are non-migrant. Composition by Country, State, religion, caste and language: The following table sets out the information on composition of households by caste, language, state, religion etc. Table VIII.4

Migration status of head of No. of Caste/ Tribe Religion "Langtlage Country to State to household house- which which hold belongs belongs 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. Non Migrant 5S Any Mizo (Lushai) tribe Christian Mizo India Mizoram 2. Migrant- (a) Same district (R) 125 Any Mizo (Lushai) tribe Christian Mizo India Mizoram (b) Same district. (R) 2 Hindu Bengali India Mizoram 3. Other District~ of the state. (i) (a) Aizawl Dist. . (R) 15 Any Mizo (Lushai) tribe Christian Mizo India Mizoram (b) Aizwal Dist. (U) 16 Any Mizo (Lushai) tribe Christian Mizo India Mizoram (c) Aizwal Dist •. (U) 1 Muslim Bengali India Mizoram (ii) (a) Chhimtuipui Dist. (R) 10 Any Mizo (Lushai) tribe Christian Mizo India Mizoram 59

Table VIII 4-Collld 2 3 4 5 6 7 4. Other States : Arunachal Pradesh (R) 1 Christian Mizo India Mizoram Assam (R) 1 Hindu Assamese India Assam West Bengal (R) 1 Hindu Bengali India West Bengal Bihar . (R) 2 Christian Bihari India Bihar Assam (U) 2 Muslim Bengali India Assam Assam (U) 10 Hindu Assamese India Assam West Bengal (U) I Hindu Bengali India West Bengal Tripura (U) 1 Hindu Bengali India Tripura Meghalaya (U) 3 Hindu Khasi India Meghalaya Madhya Pradesh . (U) Hindu Hindi India Madhya Pradesh 5. Other Country (a) Burma N.A. 2 Any Mizo (Lushai) tribe Christian Mizo Burma Not known (b) Bangladesh N.A. 1 Hindu Bengali Bangladesh Not known 250 N.A. : )lot available. It is seen from the above table that most of migrated from Burma and Bangladesh respectively, the migrant households hailing from all parts of who speak Mizo and Bengali. the state, belong to 'any Mizo (Lushai) tribe' of Type of Household.-On the basis of type of Christianity. There are only 2 non-Mizo households of Hindu and Muslim religions that have migrated composition/relations in a family, P. Kolenda has from within . the state. Regarding the language arranged the households in 12/13 types of house­ spoken, these two non-Mizo households speak holds. These types of households have been pre­ Bengali while all others speak Mizo. There are 18 sented in the following table. This table also shows households belonging to Hindu religion hailing from the distribution of households by educational level otber states of the country and they speak different languages like Assamese, Hindi, Bengali and Khasi. of head of household and type among the 250 selec­ 2 Christian households and 1 Hindu household have ted households of Lunglei town.

Table VIII. 5-Distribution of households by type aod edllClltionallevel of head of households

Number of households where Educational level of head of household is

Type of household Illite- Literate Below Primary Middle Matric Diploma Degree Total rate without Primary & certi- & level ficate above

10 8 52 28 12 3 6 121 Nuclear 2 1. 6 6 6 Supplemented nuclear 5 2 7 23 56 2: 1 2 6 3 2 14 3. Sub-nuclear 2 2 1 5 4. Single person . Supplemented sub-nuclear 1 1 1 1 5 5. 1 1 5 Collateral joint 1 2 6. 2 7. Supplemented collateral joint 8. Lineal joint 9. Supplemented Lineal joint 10. Lineal Collateral joint suppl'emented Lineal Collateral Joint 11. 1 6 2 3 1 14 12. Widow/Sis~r / Son and Daughter's Sister Widow{Son/Son's wife with son/son's daughter 1 2 3 4 11 13. 2 14. Widower/wife mother/Son & Son's wife with Son and daughter. 2 Head with brother 15. 1 1 2 16. Head with unrelated . . Head with Brother and Unrelated 2 2 17. 2 lIead. son with unrelated 18. 1 19. Head. wife son with unrelated Self, Mother, Brother, Brother's wife 1 1 20. 1 1 Self, Brother, Son 21. 1 1 2 22. Self Son with unrelated ...• (Male), Brother, Father Brother's son and 23. Self' Brother's wife with daughter 1 1 24. Self (Male), Brother. Brother son TOTAL 13 15 20 97 47 29 5 24 150 60

Among supplemented nuclear family, t~e.re are 6 times in a year. Ali these househplds.. ,,:,et'e 56 heads of households, out of whom 5 are Illiterate, migrants. Out of 54 households, 39 have .VIsited 2 are literate without level, 7 below Primary, 23 the rural areas just to meet friends and relations, 3 Primary, 3 Middle, 6 Matriculate, 1 Diploma & persons visited to mourn the relative's death,. 8 for Certificatc holder and 6 persons are Degree holders official works and the other four have not gIven the and above. purpose. There are 14 households of sub-nuclear families, The members staying ~ rural areas are, how·, out of whom one head of household is illiterate, 2 ever, maintaining links with the households. They below Primary, 4 Prlmary, 3 Middle, 2 are Degree are also receiving remittances (rom their rela~ives holders and above. and in this context 46 hOUJieholds have recelved remittances from their relatives in rural. Besides. There are 5 single mcmber households of whoJ? the relatives from rural areas are visiting the town as 2 heads of households are illiterate and one of Pn­ frequently as possible. All of them are. al~o main­ mary level. There are 5 supplemented sub-nuclear taining contacts through postal commUlllcatlOn. families where each of the heads of household attained the literacy levels of primary, middle, matri­ Some salient feature of Mizo family life are pre­ culate, and diploma or certificate respectively while sented below: one head is illiterate. There are five collateral joint families out of Salient features of Mizo society which one head is illiterate, 2 are below primary 1 primary and 1 matric. (i~ Classes Society: The beauty of the society lies in the absence of class, caste or social disparity There are only 2 heads of households of supple­ which is inherited from their traditions, customs mented collateral jcint families, out of whom one is coming down from immemorial. Admidst all round of primary level and the other is matriculate. changes that are taking place today, the rudiments In the catcgory No. 12 'others' who are not of the society practica!!Y remain intact. covered in S. No. 1 to 11, there are 42 heads of (li) Tlawmngaihna: The main beauty of the households, out of whom one is illiterate, 3 are society manifest itself in the traditional practice of literate without level, 1 below primary, 11 primary, "TLA WMNGAIHNA" and untransable term mean­ 8 middle, 8 matriculate, and 10 are Degree holders ing the obligation on everyone to be unselfish and and above. to help others. Something like the code of 'Dharma'. From the above discussion, out of 250 house­ One is bound by his code of HTLAWMNGAIHHA" holds, 13 heads of households are illiterate, 15 are to be kindly, unselfish and hospitable. A man must literate without level, 20 below primary, 97 primary, try to help others in distress, must never desert a 47 middlc level, 20 matriculates, 5 deploma & certi­ companion on any occasion and must vie with ficate holders and 24 persons degree holders and others to excel in sport and other activities or in above. hospitality, and in every walk of life must, at any rate in theory, consider others first. Members staying outside, and nature of link with household by education and nature of activity.-The (iii) Sickness and Death: The social equality of following tables (VIII.6 and VIII.7) illustrate the the people is best seen in times of sickness and death relationship of mcmbers of the sample households where equal assistance are given by the society irres­ who stay outside Lunglei by their educational levels pective of poor, destitute and well-to-do persons. In and nature of activity. case of sickness and death if the victim happens to stay in a village other than his or her own, it is Out of 105 family members staying outside, 36 obligatory on the part of the village youngmen to persons are sons, 25 are daughters, 5 are brothers brt:ak such news through special messengers and 3 are sisters, 5 are mothers and 5 are fathers. (HZualko" as locally called) and also cary the body The remaining 26 persons come from other different on improvised stretcher up to their village boundary. categories of relatives represented in small numbers. It is the duty of the next village to receive the Of these different relations living outside. 86.7% body at their boundary and carry the body to the of them have studied above primary level including village next to his and so on till the body reaches all other higher attainments. his or her own village. By doing this it is a Household members of sample survey number­ demonstration of "Tlawmngaihna" which they all want ing 81 non-workers are staying outside and belong to perform. to different categories by nature of their activity viz. students, doing household duties, undergoing train­ When death occurs the relatives and all. other ing, seeking job, dependents etc. Of them 67 per­ folk in town or from villages gather together to sons (82.7%) belong to categories of students and watch by the dead person and console the bereaved engaged in household duties. The remaining are family. If burial ceremony is not performed on the found in other categories as detailed in the table. same day, the young people kcep awake (locally called Rural linkage "Mitthi Lumen") throughout the night. It is obliga­ tory on the part of the youngmen to dig a grave free Out of the 250 households surveyed, only 54 of cost, which task they perform cheerfully. At the visited rural meas such as 16 households visited 1-3 time of digging the grave, anothcr fun game, a bit times in a YC:lf, 14 houscholds visited rural areas 4-6 to show "Tlawmngaihna" the spirit to vie with others times, and another 24 households visited more than in excelling performance in work is ensured, as 61 ! .;: '" I"~..c:._ '" i t- I ~ - I~ ~ I <1 '0 ! bO '" I I~ I I~ .-< Ia.'" &1~ '" A~

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every one tries to hold the shovel (Khodali) to per­ will get virtually belongs to the father until such form maximum work. One can hardly do the digg­ time as the youngest son married. If a person dies ing for more than two minutes as others would not having no male issue, his property passes !o the allow him to do it. In this way, grave digging which widow and the daughters have a share of it. But if is about six to eight feet deep is done without much the widow re-marries, her daughters will leave her loss of energy. Deeper graves are prepared for the and go to their father's nearest relatives and the young people than for the old and the minor. In widow has also to part with her deceased husband's this way special honours are given to the young irres­ property. In some cases the fa1#J.er may make his pective of their social and economic status. choice during his life time amongst his sons or daughters who would inherit the property and the The young women on the day of funeral collect choice or will, once made by the father remains a few pieces of firewood from each of the neighbour­ valid even after his death. ing houses and donate the same to the bereaved family for use during the mourning period. Due to the socia-economic development and Inheritance of Property better living standards of the people new ways of life have crept into the Mizo society making the urban As has been mentioned already, the youngest people ready to absorb the good and to ignore which son inherits the property and as such he is the only they no longer like to observe in modern society. A one among his brothers and sisters who is to look change is not only inevitable but also desirable. But after his parents in their old age and also his brothers in general, Mizo Customary Laws play a vital role and sisters so long as they remain unmarried. The till now and even in the court of Laws. In fact, to property inherited by the youngest son may include put in brief, in all cases of inheritance of property such immoveable property as land and house. the legal heir first makes an application to the magis­ Other moveable property such as clothes, money, trate of District Council court claiming that he agricultural implements, ctc., are divided equally or she is the legal heir. The magistrate of the among the other sons. Daughters get their mother's Court issues notice in favour of the applicant which property such as her clothes, ornaments etc. Property is published in the prominent local newspapers giving such as land is divided among the married sons who 30 days time for near and close relatives for claim­ are to leave their parents' house after their marriage, ing property. If no complaint is lodged during 30 though the largest share is usually kept for the days from the date of such notice, the court issues youngest son. The share which the youngest son "Legal Heir Certificate " to the applicant. CHAPTER IX HOUSING AND MATERIAL CULTURE

Housing plays an important role in the social Concentration of different ethnic group life of man whether it is in rural or urban. H. 1 table which was prepared on the basis of Houselist According to survey report, there are five form at 1981 census presents data on use of census different linguistic groul's in the town such as Mizo, house. According to houselisting operations preced­ Bengali, Hindi speaking, Nepali and Assamese. Many ing the 1981 census enumeration, there were 3323 of them believed in Christianity but there are also census houses in Lunglei town of which 2616 were some who believed in Gods and Godess like Siva, used for residence. But at the time of 1981 census Kali, etc. Christianity constitutes 92.66% of the enumeration the occupied residential houses were population covered, while Hindus form 6.49% and 2887. Muslims account for 0.85%. Almost all the house­ holds belong to schedule tribe community who speak The following table provides the number sample Mizo language. Therefore, the town study shows households in census houses covered in survey and that majority of the people are from any Mizo their locality with population and average size of the (Lushai) tribe. It is noticed that 250 sample house­ household. holds were selected from the 10 localities of the Table IX. I-Locality-wise distribution of housebolds and popu­ town. The Mizos concentrated in all the different lation as per sample stydy. localities of the town. Assamese, Bengali and Hindi speaking people are living in three localities namely, Sl. Name of ward No. of Population No. of Chandmary, Venglai and Bazar veng. Besides No. households person per these groups, there are a few Nepali who are household permanent residents of the town and are concem­ 2 3 4 5 trated in Chandmary and Bazar areas. The non­ Mizos belonging to other states who have migrated 1 Zotlang 36 198 5·50 to the town to take up other government employ­ 2 Serkawo . 15 93 6·20 ment or for running some petty shops. 3 Zohnuai . 7 47 6·71 4 Bazar veng 32 205 6·41 Floor position in town 5 Bawogveng 14 88 6'29 Out of 250 households studied, 217 households 6 Rahsi veng 22 140 6·36 are living in the ground floor, 22 households are in 7 Venglai . 22 143 6·50 the 1st floor 9 households are in the 2nd floor and 8 Chandmary 56 336 6·00 only 2 households are in the third floor. During the 9 Lunglawo 38 229 6·03 survey none of the households reported any incon­ 10 Sethlun 8 47 5·88 veniences regarding living in different floors. The town is located in a hilly region, where Average size of households in different loca­ housing pattern is very much different from that in lities varied from 5.50 to 6.71 persons. Chandmary the plains. The atmosphere is good, but mostly locality covering a population of 336 in 56 sample windy. The drainage system is Dot good. Initially households is the highest ward covered for the study. the town had no proper plan, but it is being gradually This has recorded 6 persons per household in the modified and developed. The specification of floor size composition of a household in the locality. position of houses is given in the following table. Table IX.2-Positioa of hOllses of sample households with, f'lference to floof by locality

Locality Floor in the buil- No.of sample Number of households where houses are at ding Ground/1st/ hOUl5eS 2nd/3rd Ground floor 1st floor 2nd floor 3rd floor

2 3 4 5 6 7 Zotlang Ground 34 34 1st 2 2 Serkawo Ground 14 14 3rd 1 Zohnuai Ground 7 7 Bazar Ground 29 29 1st 2 2 2nd Bawng veng Ground 14 14 Rahsi veng. .Ground 22 22

63 64

Table JX. ~-Contd.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Venglai Ground 10 10 1st 7 ,., 7 2nd 4 4 3rd Chandmary, Ground 51 51 1st 1 2nd 4 4 Lunglawn Ground 29 29 Jst 9 9 Sethlun Ground 7 7 1st 1

Ground 217 211 Total. 1st 22 22 2nd 9 9 3rd 2 250 217 22 9 2 -~-----~--~--~------~------Material of floor, waIl, roof~ ceiling, door and windows Material of ceDing: Only 56 households have Of the 250 households studied, all of them ceiling under their roofs. There are 11 households live in separate houses with compound. The life in who used bamboo and wood for ceiling, while 28 different localities and types of buildings they use have used plywood. 17 households are living under are similar. No household is found to face any pro­ tiled ceiling. Only 2 households used cloth, one blem in Lunglei regarding house. But as it is hilly household made ceiling with lenoleum. region, many of the buildings are single storeyed. Doors and windows: Most of the houses studied Most of them are erected at the side of main road used wood frame with glass for doors and windows. or at the top of the hills. Type of roof used is of But there are also some households who used other Assam type to prevent damages from storm. Mate~ types of materials such as corrugated iron sheets, rials used mostly for the buildings are G.C.I. Sheets, wooden plank and bamboo. sawn timber, tiles, cement and glass etc. The mate~ rials used for floor, wall. roof, ceiling and doors and Number of rooms: The table IX.4 illustrates the windows are given in the table IX.3 households occupying number of rooms by localities. Maierial of 11001': The availability of materials In 250 households, 1526 persons are living in is important to decide the shape and type of build­ 972 rooms with an average of nearly 2 persons per ing. The bulk of houses are built with a material room. There are 7 households with one room each, of sawn timber for fioor. Trees covered almost all where 30 persons stay. These 32 houses with two the town areas and hence sawn timber is available rooms each in which 162 persons live. Three and used mostly as fioor. According to the town roomed houses are 92 in number with 533 persons, study out of 250 households, there are 164 house­ four roomed houses are 43 with 261 persons, and holds that have used sawn timber for floor, whereas five roomed houses are 40 with 258 persons. There only 6 households used bamboo. Bricks or stones arc 19, six roomed houses in which 130 persons live, are not used for floor. Like other towns in Mizoram, while seven and eight roomed houses account for Lunglei also gets cement from other states and a1so 6 each in which 55 persons and 51 persons respec­ from Aizawl. Therefore 76 housholds used cement tively live. There are three houses with nine rooms for floor while only 4 households used mud. in which 14 persons live and 2 houses of eleven rooms each where 12 persons live. Materials of wall: Almost all who are using timber for floor are using tiles for its wall. Less It is also interesting to study the number of number of household used other materials. Out of persons accommodated per room in the sample 250 households 50 used bamboo, 8 households used households. There are 4.3 persons per room in one wood; another eight households used burnt bricks, roomed houses, 2.5 persons per room in two roomed 9 used corrugated iron and other metal sheets and houses, 2 persons per room in three roomed houses 14 households made the walls with cement con­ and slightly more than one person per room in create. 161 households used tiles. houses of 4 to 8 rooms. In 9 and· 10 roomed houses, there are two rooms available for each Material of roof: Metal sheets are mostly used person. It was observed that in large sized Douses, for the roof in the town, as such. 213 households used there were less number of persons and hence the corrugated iron and other metal sheets. One house­ hold used Asbestos cement sheets. Re-inforced availability of more accommodation. cement concrete is used only by 15 households. The table IX.4 . relates the households classi­ Thatch and grass are not used by any. Burnt bricks fied by nature of composition, and occupied number and grass are used by 21 households. of rooms by them. 65 .. ~ <'I,

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The position of availability of rooms Was also ing of 194 persons had five or more roomll to examined keeping in view the n~ber of married live in. couples living together with other members aged 5 and above. There are 161 households which Eight households with 59 members had three had only one married couple. Out of these, 22 married couples. These households had other households consisting of 110 members, were with­ members aged 5 and above also. One household out any members aged 5 and above. One such each consisting 10 and 7 members had three and household consisting 6 members had only 1 room four rooms respectively to live in, 6 households to live in, 4 households with 19 members had two consisting of 42 persons had 5 or more rooms to rooms at their disposal, 9 households with 45 live in. There are 49 households of other different members had three rooms to live in, 4 households classifications such as separated and widowed and consisting 28 members had four rooms to live in, others aged 5 and above, widows without couple, 4 households with 14 members had 5 or more single person, widower without couple and females rooms to live in. 138 households consisting of with children. These 49 households are com­ 924 persons had other members aged 5 and above posed 171 members. Out of these 3 households living with them besides the married couples. Of consisting of 10 members had one room to live in, these, 3 households consisting of 14 members had 8 households consisting of 27 persons had 2 rooms only one room to live in, 17 consisting 98 persons to live in, 30 households consisting of 106 perons had two rooms to live in, 50 consisting of 377 had three rooms at their disposal, 6 households persons had 3 rooms to live in. 29 consisting of consisting 23 persons had four rooms to live in and 179 persons had four rooms at their disposal. 39 another 2 households consisting of 5 members households consisting of 256 members had 5 or had 5 rooms to live in. It is thus found that more rooms to live in. in quite a few houses there is no privacy. . Floor space: The position of per capita floor There are 33 households with two married space available in the town has been analysed. couples. Of these three consisting of 21 mem­ In the following table, it is noticed that out of bers were without other members aged 5 and 250 sample households, 2 households with 17 above. Two such households consisting of 12 members occupy one or less than one sq.. metre members had 2 rooms to live in and 1 household space per capita. 8 households with 50 persons baving 9 members, had six rooms to live in. The occupy between 2-3 sq. metres of floor space per remaining 30 households having married couples, capita. 4-5 sq. metres of floor space per capita is consisting of 241 members had other members occupied by 57 households composed of 374 persons. aged 5 and above also with them. Out of these 11ouseholds occupying 6-9 sq. metres of per capita one household consisting of 6 members had two Ibor space are 60 with 401 persons. 55 householQs rooms to live in. 2 consisting of 15 persons had with 303 population have 10-15 sq. metres of floor three room to live in, 3 consisting of 26 persons space and the rest 73 households are living ~ the hl!d four rooms to live in, 24 households consist- floor spaee of 16 and above sq. me~res. i

Table IX. 6-Households classified by locality and per capita Ooor space

lor less sq. 2-3 sq. metres 4-5 sq. metres 6-9 sq. metres 10-14 sq. metres 15 and above metre sq. metres Locality ----..1.-- ______No. of No. of No. of No. of No.of No. of No. of' No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of house- mem- house- mem- house- mem- house- mem- house- mem- house- mem- holds bers holds bers holds bers holds hers holds hers holds hers

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Zotlang 1 6 12 83 6 34 9 3S 8 40 lerkawn 1 9 1 6 1 7 5 36 3 16 4 19 Zohnuai 3 17 3 24 1 6 Bazar 1 8 1 9 9 70 2 19 4 26 15 73 Bawngveog 2 18 2 15 7 33 3 22 Rahsi veng 2 9 8 60 4 27 3 15 5 29 Venglai 4 25 5 38 5 32 8 48 Chandmary 1 8 7 56 15 92 8 57 25 121 Lunglawn 2 12 8 49 15 105 11 53 2 10 Sethlun 1 6 3 18 2 12 2 11 Total 2 17 8 50 52 374 60 401 55 303 73 381 bulk of the households have amenities separately. Amenities: Some of the sample households are The following table reveals the availability of the llot having certain amenitie~ whereas some house- L amenities by different households in different loca- Aoldl are .harinl them with otllet· !!ouseholds. The lities. 69

<'1 .... N ...... \o"'O~ (I ... ~ .. C\ ~oS",-oS ::s"CI0'0 .-=;... !'Il" O..d..c: - 'E .a

l:.;e t- V) -.!'Nt-"""" N.... 1 0 > "'" Zl! -

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M 1.0 M r- ..., N .,., ...... ~ .,., .... bD ~S~ §~ '" N '" '" .S ..c:-ii-5 0 - ~ !'Il O..d..c:° - ,13 t>O' "CI.!1j.!3 ~» N N .... ""';\OMVMM '0 ~ ~ c-:§ ... ~ 8 ::Ea h o~ 00<:: := til I ...... _ :::: B 10~Z..c: , o \..o,UCl.l 0...... 'M ""' M 00 J :;.;3 (L) :g:2 .5 i}3'~~.8.8 OIl 00 .... r- 0- N V) .,., ~ .~~£ a- N N "'" M ~ .,., ..... ~ '" c, ..... E E lII"o:!., .... - - ~ '" OIl t Q oc "'- 1 ~~ to: oS'" ~'""CI r- i 'j:-5.... 0 '0 ~ !'Il o.a..c: ~ s0 OIl i 0 .9 I I>l 'D c:7\r- .... N N \0 \0 00 f-o .,. \C} N ..., <'1 N .., >!'il ""... '" i =uri., ... ~ CI'I\C N ~~ '" ..,. '. !'Illio-,=..Qls~!~ <>II .~ , » Ie .,., r- M ..,. M \0 00 ..... ~ N .,.. .. '" ...... '" '" J :! "'8-1 ... <>II ...! N ~.= ... 70

All households have the amenity of separate kitchen. 231 households out of 250 have the bath 2 3 4 5 6 room facility exclusively while lone household is sharing with others. The remaining 18 households \ englai Less than do not have the bath room facility at all. 226 house­ year holds have the lavatory exclusively while 17 house­ 1-4 years 4 2 2 holds share this facility with others. 7 households 5-9 years 3 3 do not have the lavatory facility. Most households 10-;- years 15 11 3 viz. 217 of them do not have separate drinking water -_------facility not share with others. Only 33 households Chandmary Less than have this facility separately. In the case availability year of water for washing, 35 households have this sepa­ 1-4 years 12 5 5 2 rately while 215 households share this facility with 5-9 years 13 9 2 2 others. 169 households have electricity supply 10! years 3] 23 6 2 separately while 59 households do not have. 22 households share this facility with other households. Lunglawn . Less than year Tenural status: The following table presents the 1-4 years 2 tenural status of households covered in sample study, 5-9 years 4 3 by the duration of stay at the present residence and 10 : years 32 28 3 by localities. Sethlun Less than Table IX.-8-Houscholds classified by locality, duration of stay year in the present residence and tenural status. 1-4 years 5-9 years Locality Duration of Total Number of households 10-! years 8 8 present No. of living in houses residence house which are TOTAL. Less than holds year Owned Rented Allot­ 1-4 years 13 6 ted 23 .. 5-9 years 31 25 4 2 2 4 5 6 10+ years 196 170 17 9

Zotlaoli Less than 1 year ALL DURATIONS 250 208 27 15 1-4 years 5-9 years The above table shows that out of the total 250 10+ years 36 36 households, there are 208 living in their own a~d 27 households living in rented hO)lses, while 15 house­ S.rkawn Less than holds live in allotted houses. year . The households who own houses have usually 1-4 years separate house with compound. Most of the hou:ae­ 5-9 years 1 1 holds who are living in rented and allotted bou~s 10' years 14 12 are generally government servants. But some house­ Zohnuai Less than holds who are living in allotted houses are aot gov­ year ernment servants. These people generally work 1-4 years voluntarily in religious institutions. 5-9 years 1 1 The town study reveals that there are 23 house­ 10+ years 6 6 2 holds who are residing in the present residence bet­ ween 1-4: years ana of these 13 households have :Bazar Less than year their own houses, 6 live in rented houses and 4 in allotted houses. 1-4 years 2 2 5-9 years 4 3 1 There arc 31 households who ha.e lived in the 10+- years 26 19 5 present houses for 5-9 years and out of these 25 households _are haying ,their own ho,uses, 4 house­ Bawnli veng Less than holds live in rented itnd 2 in allotted houses. year. 1-4 years 1 There are 196 households whose duration of 5-9 years 3 3 stay in the present residence is 10+ years and of 10+ years 10 9 th~se 170 households are having their own houses, 17 households live in rented houses and 10 house­ Rahsi veng Less than holds are Hvipg. in l¥lotted houses. year . Existence of furniture: The town study shows 1-4 years 2 2 lhat there is no household which is not having any 5-9 years 2 2 furniture. Out of total 25 households, 226 house­ 10 years 18 18 holds are having chairs. There are 249 hOU4eholds 71 h~.Bg Oil ta.bl!e, all'd._~ 81 households havlng diwan. lLJ\ds ,m~:.. ,' having dressing tab.le., The~ .art. U T~: ~ .. j8:il .honSliliolds having a Cot and 15 honscholds having benches. hQ.Us.~oords· are having a Niwar Cot. There are 89 hoos{;}hokis having A~mirahs. 63 households are The following table presents the data on exist~ having waJ.ldro,be aoo 40, households are having boxes. iag furniture by duration of stay at the place of· resl~ 38 lwuseltdds are baving stool and only three house- dence by sample h~lusehold~ : Table IX.9-Existence of furniture ill households by duration of stay in present residence (Sample suney) t . DUJ;attwl of . Total No. of Number of Househ{}ld having

-- - --~------.---.---~---. ls.tayin,~~t No. of hov- -..-~- ~------~-~ .. ----- . l'e8idcnce house" seholds Chair TabJe Diwan Cot Niwar Almirah W ..rd- Boxes Stool Dressil'g ~oh- ";f holds n(,t Cot robe table cbes. having furni- ture

~', 2 3 4 5 6 7 ~ 9 10 11 12 13 14 Less than 1 year 1-4 years 23 19 25 8 15 7 1 2 3 1 5+ years 227 207 224 79 167 14 82 62 38 35 3 10

----- .. ---.------.-.. --.------~--.,.---. . _._--- ALL DURATION 250 226 249 87 IH2 15 89 63 40 38 3 11

There are 227 households who are staying at aluminium and stainless steel. Aluminium has been the :Dresent residence more than 5 years. Of these. returned as one of the most used metals for cooking there are 207 households having chair, 224 are having as well as for serving. As a result of changing way table, 79 have diwan, 167 having Cot, 14 households of life, the traditional utensils are being replaced by with Niwar Cot, 82 households with almirah and modern utensils. Aluminium and clay have gained 62 households with wardrobe, 38 households with important place and the same are being used in boxes, 35 households with stool, 3 households with almost all the households for serving food. Stainless dress,ing table and 10 households with benches. Othcr stecl is also used by 19 households for serving food. furniture like sofa-set, reading table and dining table The modern articles like pressure cookers are used are not in existence with the present sample house­ by almost all the households. The following table holds. shows the number of households by locality and utensils used by them for cooking and for servina Utensils: Most utensils used in cooking by the etc. town dwellers of sample survey consist mostly of Table IX.tO-Material of which Utensils are made that are used by sample housebolds by locality

Total No. Number of households where cooking Number of households where utensils Locality of house- utensils are made of for serving food are made of holds Aluminium Clay Stainless Aluminium Stainless Clay steel steel 2 3 4 5 678 Zotlang 36 36 35 Serkawn IS IS 15 Zohnuai 7 7 7 Bazar 32 30 23 Bawngveng. 14 13 13 Rahsi veng 22 22 14 2 6 Venglai 22 19 2 19 2 Chandmary I • 56 43 13 24 18 14 Lunglawn 38 38 31 5 2 Sethlun 8 8 6

TOTAL 250 231 2 17 ------187 27 36 Presence of luxnry and costly goods going in for the latest blessings of science and techno­ With the passage of time, there has been an logy. Some articles like, wrist-watch, radio etc. improvement in the living standards as well as eco­ which a few decades ago were considered to be nomic condition of the people of the town. As a beyond the approach of common man, have now result of this change, they have started purchasing become the most ordinary goods of day to day use. the article of comfort and luxuries. The availabi­ H will be seen that out of the total number of lity of luxury goods in a number of sample house­ 250 households, wrist-watches are possessed by 227 holds prove that people have by and large started households, table clocks in 51 households, radios in 72

140 households, televisions in 14 households, tape­ out that the only kind of ornament used by lIleD recorders in 97 households, sewing maohines in 87 folk is wrist-watch. But wrist-watch is very popular households, gun in 17 households and cameras in among men folk as well as women folk. Thero is 15 households. Items like motor-cycles' bicycles, no special dress for men for special occasions or light motor vehicles and guitars are, however, pre~ent festivals. The only special dress for men is coat. in a smaller number of households. Nect-tie is also used. They put on the best dress on festive occasions. Women's dress look more Dre.u and ornaments typical than men. Women's dress generally consists At present, the dress of both males and females of blouse, mizo cloth (puan, especially woven by i'l identical with the western style. Specially, females hand), skirt and shoes. Some young girls wear pure are after the fashion of western dress. Men's dress western dress like long pants, miniskirt, etc. Women generally consists of shirt, pants and coats. Shoes look more decorative than men. Many of them put are alsl) not lost sight of. On special occasions or on finger?rings, ear rings etc. women are found of when ,,(tending church service a new and rather clean different kinds of cosmetics like, face \lowder, cream, garments are used by them. Men, very rarely use lipstick, eyebrow paint etc. any kind of ornament. From the survey, it is found CHAPTER X SLUMS, BLIGHTED AND OTHER AREAS WITH SUB-STANDARD LIVING CONDITIONS

During the survey of this town, it was found standard living conditions are found. All the loca­ that there were no slums hence no information could lities are similar in regard to the standard of livin, be collected about this aspect. Howeevr, no sub- of the people,

73 14-38 R. G. IndialND/89 CI{APTB8. XI. OB.GANlS.IION OF POW~R AND PR£ST.lGE " . Lunglei in the true sense is the mouth-piece of iuenci~ and its candidates have lost to the people .tb~ district politics. From the beginnin~, Lunglei conference party. Shri Thansiama Khiangte of the ~P9uq::d some poljtical ].eact\!IS of high r:epute. In pFJit,Y Lost to Shri Lalhmingtbanga of People Con­ the last ministry headed by Brig. T. ~o. one .f~J;e~ Wlri.Q.g the 1979 Assembly elections, and Cabinet Minister Mr. Lalhmingthanga, holding fin­ Shri Lalduhawma of the Congress (I) party lost to ance portfolio hailed from Lunglei town. From Shri Lalhmingthanga during the 1984 Assembly the general observation it has been noticed that the elections. At the two Assembly elections the margin people of Lunglci arc politically very conscious. All was much, though at the last Assembly elections the the political parties have their sub-headquarters here. margin was less. History of each of the political parties collected As mentioned earlier there are altogether 10 during field survey is discussed here under. village councils in the town and the total number of There are altogether four political parties in members are 59 and out of this the Congress (I) Lunglei town viz., People Conference, Mizoram Con­ party has 24 members. These Council Members are gress (I), Mizo Convention and Mizo Peace Forum. elected by the people once in three years in every These parties are having their district level offices in ward. the town. The Mizo Convention Party has its district office The sub-headquarters office of the People Con­ in Venglai Ward. This office was established in ference is located in Venglai Ward. This office was 1981. This party is a new party and was formed established in 1975 and it has been functioning since in 1981. During the survey period the party ~as a then. According to the sub-headquarters General total strength of 2,500 members according to the Secretary of the party, the number of its members party General Secretary. In the last assembly elec­ stood at 4,000. The party membership fee is 50 tions, the party placed its candidate Shri H. Van­ paise and is open for all. The party bas been plac­ thuama, and the candidate lost to Shri Lalhming. ing its candidates for the local assembly constituency thanga of P. C. party. Basic membership is open and its candidate succeeded at the last two assembly to "all. There is neither membership fee nor annual elections. At the previous Ministry formed by the fee, and if a person enrolls his name in the party Peoples Conference, Shri Lalhmingtbanga of the he is reckoned as member in the party. party, was thc Cabinet Minister. Mizo Convention Party's main aims and objec­ In all the ten wards, there is a village council tives are to settle the Mizoram political disturbances each, to look after the local administration covering and bring back peace and to maintain national inte­ the aspects of sanitation, local disputes etc. In these grity. In the Lunglei town, the party has two village councils, there are altogether 59 (fifty-nine) members. council members only. Out of these 59 members the People Conference The Mizo Peace Forum is also having its office Party had 33 members. in the town located at Chandmary Ward. According The Mizoram Congress (I) district office is to the General Secretary of the party there are 800 located at Venglai Ward. This office was established members in ihis party in the town. At the last in the town during 1960. According to the General Assembly elections in 1984 the party candidate Mr. Secretary of the district Congress (I) Committee, Chawngzama lost to Mr. Lalhmingthanga of People there are 3,000 members in the town. The party conference party. Basic membership can be seemed membership is open to all who have faith in the by all. There is no link to any association or caste policies proclaimed by the party. After enrolment, or community to this party. The aims and objec­ one has to remain as a primary member by pa'yi,!tg tives of the Party are to support peace settlement Re. 1/- for membership. After being a primary beiWeen the Mizo Nation?l Front (MNF) and the member atleast for one year, at the discretion of Government of India within the framework of the the executive of the party he can be made an adive Indian Constitution. The party did not have a member. council member in the town. The Congress (I) party has been regularly The following table gives the details of the placing its candidates for the local Assembly consti- last elections in Lunglei town: 74 75

fable XI. 1. (a) - Voting bebabviour of the population during the last assembly elections-1984

Name of the Con­ Name of the Candidates contested No. of No. of Votes polled Nanie of the succesful stituency Regd. valid votes by each . ca11didates voters polled candidate

1 2 3 4 5 6'

7th Lungiei La~ingthanga (fq 6,893 5,os9 2;)55 Lallnnfugthanga (pet) Lalduhawma (Cong) 6,893 5;089 1,849 H. Vanthuama (MC) 6,893 5,089 1m Chawngzama (MRF), 6,893 5,089- J10~ Sill Tawipui . Z. D. Sangliana (Cong I) 2,527 1,887 '19 Z~ D. Sangliana (Con,.) R. Romawia (MC) 2,527 1.887 2tl L: H. Calmawia (PC)" 2,527 1,887' 379 B. Lalchungnunga (Ind). 2,527 1,987 404 K. Hrangthankima (MPF) 2,527 1,887 112.4

The election results of 1977 and 1980 elec­ and 1980, Mizoram had ortly one' Lok Sabli"a: seat,. tions are presented in the following tables. At 1977 as this w~s. t~e Union Territory at that time. - , .. , . .. . Table XI. 1 (b) - R~ults ~f Election to the Lok Sabba-1977, Mizoram Parliamentary constitueney\

JIolame of.~arliamentar:t : Name of COl~t~t~ ~idates : . No. of No. of Vote wIled Name: of the suecesfW constItuency Regd. valld votes by each candidate voters candidate

1- 2 3 .... 5 6 Mihlram H. C. Bawichhuaka (MU) 204,480 100,725 8,5~4 Dr. R. Rothuama (PC) 204,480 100,725 53,3~0 Dr. R.,Riothuadi&' C. L. Ruala (National Cod'gress) 204,480 100,725 37,3.2 K. Sanglianchhungi (Ind). 204,4110 100,725 1,4.9

Table XL l(c) - Detidiled results of Elections to the Lok Sab~ 1980, Mizoram Parliamentary constitueo(!g

!'fame of Parliamentary, Name of cOhtesth1g caiUl.ldate!' No; of' No.O{va- Vote wlle4 Name of the suc~ful cci~stitutlncy lid votes by dach candidate ~~ poHed' candidate:

}:, 2: '1 4 5 6

Mi~ram Dr. Rothuama (SC) 130.795 128,321 74,480 Dr. Rothuama Brig. Vankunga (PC) 23()I795 128,321 53,81n

It is ,seen from, tIie abeve tables. tliar in tw.o 6 (s4)' oftiaiaI member~ of the town c0mntit&e ~aflim1int,~ty Electio,ns:- Dr~. Rothuanm .d~e~,ted hlil' are selected frOln-' different offices. The non-official f1V~S; Dunng 1977. Pcu;liamentacy I;!ection Of. meJji~er~ ar~ se1ectoo fro~ cliff~rent political parties RoJb.uama contested as represeutative of Peoples Con­ functIOnmg m the t~~ns.. DP;'-'lllg field survey it' ~ fer¢nce party, though in 1980 geqeral elections, he found that four polItICal :paIjtIeS represented in the contested. as independent candidate. membership and these f~ur members are one eath from, Peopl~ Conferenee'; Cong (I), M. C. and Cilti.c~AdnUnistration , M.P~F. The other' remaining two non-official lfieni­ 'tliere are two €onllniitees, statttrory oomm.itt~ bers; are selected frop! prqmirlent citizens of the td'Wln. (Vlllage Councll) and non-statutory committee (town committee) for the administration of the town. But The village councils h~e been composed of t1!e: two' committees have iit~pendel1t' fUnctions. members acoording to tM number of houses in· a villa~/ward., TIle memtlers of village council shall The town Committee as existed in Lunglei is ,bet t(lected d~p~n(jing on the number of houses in a composed' of the followin'g 'official and' riori-officia1 village/ward, viz., for Villages or wards not exceed­ members such as : ins 100 (hunprl;d) houses) there shalf be three (i) I)eputy Commissioner Chairuran e~ed mem~ers and one' noblinated member. EVety (ii) Circle Officer, Local: Adminis- VIllage councd has a secretat1y appointed by me ttatii>rl ITepartment' . Member Secretrary government: on the .recommendation of the Village (iii) 6other. official members' and 6 Council President, DO!F()Bicial members, and fUnctions according to the Mizo District (Administration of town There are 10 Village' Cduncils in Lunglei toWll committee) Act, 1955. rep.resenting. one each for: the ward, composed ~f 76

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59 members in all. The tenure of the office ()f tlie 3. Bazar: All the selected respectable persons council is for three years. Once in every three are government servants in ~his. ~eighbourhood, except years, the election to the V.C. members is held, one religious worker. 15 mdlvlduals were asked m and political parties existed in each locality placed this locality to name 5 (five) most respected pers~ns their candidates and contested the elections. At the of their locality. The particulars of the persons With time of survey, it was found that thirty three village their scores are given below :- council members belonged to People Conference The first place has been obtaine~ by Mr. _Yan­ party, 24 to Congress (I) and 2 to Mizo Convention nghaka with a score or 6 out of 15 pomts. He is not Party. well educated and has studied upto Class VI only, but he is working as a Head Clerk in the on~ of th~ ~ov­ The previous table details the information about ernment offices at Lunglei. Mr. Lalawla, Prmc~pal the most respected persons in the neighbourhood. Lunglei Government College has scored 5 (five) pomts Five most respectable persons and secured the second position. He is Master'~ degr~e holder in Science with many years of expenence ill First of all, it may· be mentioned that aU tbe teaching. The third position. goes to Mr. F. L~iming­ respectable persons listed were reported by respon­ thanga with a score of 3 pomts. He has studIed upto dents and most of them were Christians in each of Matric and is working as Sub-Divisional Officer in the localities. The table placed above gives iridivi­ Public Works Department. The fourth place has been dual score at the locality level and not at the town shared by two persons baving scored 2 poi~ts each. O~e level, as reported by the interviews, assigning dif­ of them is Mr. Ramhluna Hnamte, He 1.8 Master ill ferent ranks for the choicest. The particulars of the science and is working as Lecturer in Lunglei Govern­ persons with their scores are given below in descend­ ment College. He is also a good singer and composer ing order. of many songs. Another one is Rev. K. Lallung- . muana, Pastor in Serkawn Baptist Mission. He is a 1. Zotlang: K. L. Rokhumli B.A., :B.T. Printi-: graduate 'in Arts and Theology. pal High School has obtained the first place among 4. Venglai: 18 individuals were interviewed in the five most respectable persons of this neighbour­ this neighbourhood and all of them were engaged in bood. 15 individuals were interviewed in this neigb­ private sector. The particulars of the five most res­ bourhood and Mr. Rokhuma scored 13 points out of pected persons of Venglai neighboUrhood are given 15 for the first place. He is religious man. here under :- o • ~ • • • ~ The second position has been" shared by Mr. Lal­ Mr. Rothangpuia, Contractor as well as business­ sawia, having scored 11 points out of 15 for the se­ man has obtained the first place with a score of 9 cond work. He is a graduate in Arts, and he is em­ (nine) out of 18 points. He is the richest person in ployed as teacher in High School. the neighbourhood as well as in the towu. He has studied upto Matric and also owns a Cinema Hall in The third place has been secured by Mr. C. Lal­ the town. The second place has been shared by two kunga, with a score of 8 points, who studied upto persons having scored 7 points each. One of them Matric and is working as Head Teacher in Primary is Mrs. Chalnawni, a Contractor. She is the only School. woman selected as respectable person in Lunglei towu. The fourth place has gone to Mr. Taikhuma a But she is not well educated and has studied upto Non-Worker and Mr. R. Malsawma L.D.C. having Class III only. L. P. Thangzika also sored the same scored of 7 points each and they have studied upto points as Mr. Chalnawni. He is also a contractor and Matric. well educated. Mr. Thanseia and Mr. T. Nghakliana have scored 6 2. Sel'kawn: 11 (eleven) individuals were inter­ points each and have shared jointly the third positiem. viewed in this neighbourhood. The remarkable fea­ Mr. Thanseia of Class III is a contractor, whereas Mr. ture in this locality is that, most of the selected res­ Nghakliana is retired, he is graduate in Arts. pectable persons were religious men. They are gra­ duates and above in theology except Dr. Lallawma, 5. Chandmary: 23 (twenty three) individuals who is a medical practitioner. " were interviewed in this neighbourhood and all of them are well educated and holding different jobs, but one Dr. Lallawma have scored 9 points out of eleven' ()f them. is retired. points and secured first position. He has studied Mr. Lalzawnga, a religious man has obtained the upto M.B.B.S. and he is working as Medical Superin­ first position among the dwellers of this neighbourhood. tendent at Serkawn Christian Hospital. The third He is a graduate in Theology and is working as Pastor place has been shared by Dr. C. L. Hminga of M:A., in Chandmary Baptist Church. He has scored 10 B.D., Ph.D. who secured 6 points. He is widely (ten) out of 23 points. The next in order of score is travelled and has got. Doctorate Degr~ from U.S.~. Mr. J. Buana, a businessman. He is very popular in Now he is working as the General ~ecretary of Zoram the town because of his close association with people. Baptist Mission. The second place has been shar~d He has studied upto Class VI and has scored 9 points. by Rev. Thanchungnunga of B.D. with a score of The third rank was obtained by Dr. Sangzuala who is 5 points. He is also working as Se~retary, Zorapt a Medical practitioner, with a score of 6 points. He Baptist Mission. The forth position has been shared is working as Doctor in Christian Hospital at Serkawu. by 2 (two) persons having 4(four) points each. One The fourth place has been shared by Mr. F. Biakliana, of them is Mr. Z. D. Rongura, Assistant Principal B.A. having scored 5 points, and he is very much in­ of Teacher's Training Institute. He is a graduate in terested in the social activities. The fifth place is Arts and Theology. The man obtaining a score equal given to Mr. Thanseia, a well educated person and to Mr. Z. D. Rongura is Mr. S. H. Luaia, a retjred has Master's Degree in science. He is working as Pastor of Baptist Mission. Principal at Lunglei Polytechnic College. 72

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...... , ...... - ~J ....~~ u ~~ 80 The following table details the information about points. As mentioned earlier Mr. Ramhluna has Mas­ the most influential persons in the neighbourhoods. ter's Degree in Science and is working as Lecturer in Lunglei Government College. The second place has As in the previous table, the above table provides been shared by 3 persons Me. Lalhmingthanga, Ral­ information about the selected influential persons. The zuala and Chawnghmingliana with a score of 2 points interviewees arc Christians (Schedule Tribe, Mizo). each. One of them Mr. Lalhmingthanga is working as The particulars of five most influential persons of the Sub-Divisional Officer in Public Works Department and different neighbourhoods are given below:- has passc;:d in Matriculation examination. Another two are working as Lecturers at the same college and 1. Zotlang: Zotlang is one of the five localities, their educational level is also same, i.e., Master's De­ selected for the purpose of canvassing the neighbour­ gree in Arts. They enjoy such an influential position hood schedule and fifteen individuals were asked in because of their high education and politeness. Mr. this locality to name five most influential persons of Thiankunga, Circle Education Officer, takes the last their locality. position with a score of lout of 15 points. He is also well educated and a graduate in Arts and Education. Mr. F. Sangliana, Contractor has obtained the first place among the five most influential persons of 4. Venglai: In this neighbourhood, 18 indivi­ this neighbourhood. He has scored 9 out of 15 points duals were interviewed to name 5 influential persons. and is not well educated as he had studied Class V The first position has been shared by two persons, only. The second place is shared by R. Laltluanga, one of them is Mrs. Chalnawni of Contractor who is Headmaster, Pukpui High School with a score of 8 not well educated. She has good contacts with politi­ points. He is a graduate in Arts and Education. The cal leaders. Another one, is Me. V. Thangzama, who third place has been shared by Mrs. Biakmawii who is working as Additional District Magistrate. He is is not well educated and has studied upto Class VI. a graduate in Commerce and is very interested per­ But she is able to enjty such an intueneial person from son in Music. The second place has also gone to two females in this locality. The fourth rank was obtained persons, with a score of 4 points each. One of them by Mr. C. Kapthuama with a score of 5. He is a is Mr. F. pazawna contractor who has studied upto private carpenter and engaged on his workshop. The Class X. The other one is Me. V. Suakbuanga who is 5th score has been obtained by F. Aithanga, who is a Master's of Arts and is working as Lecturer in Lun­ an accountant and graduate in Arts. glei Government College. He is a knowledgeable man and enjoys· good influence among his fellowmen. The 2. Serkawn: The selected five most influential last one is secured by Mr. F. Saithanga, Teacher ()f persons of Serkawn neighbourhood are well educated. Middle School with a score of 2 out of 18 points. He They are all graduate and above. Their particulars are has studied upto P.U.C. and bas great experience in given under here :- teaching. 5. Chandmary: In this neighbourhood, the Dr. Lallawma topped the list with a score of 7 number of interviewees is 23 which is more than other out of 11 points. He is working as Medical Superin­ neighbourhoods. After conducting the enquiry, a Tank tendent at Serkawn Christian Hospital and has Master's score was given in resect of all tbe persons, reported Degree in Medicine. He is able to enjoy such an in­ as most influential persons. The particulars of the per· fluential position because of his skills and politeness. sons with the highest scores are given below :-- The next place has been sbared by two persons, hav­ ing scored 5 point each. They enjoy such an influen­ Me. Pakunga a business man has scored the high­ tial position as they arC religious men and well educat­ est number of points which is 10 out of 23 points. He ed. One oUhem is Dr. C. L. Hminga, has Doctorate is not well educated and studied upto Class VII orly Degree in religious theology and Master's Degree in but has a good contacts with the officials of vari.JlIs Arts, who is working as General Secretary of Mizo­ public offices. The second place has been contained bv ram Baptist Church. The other is Rev. Thanchung­ Doctor Sangzuala with a score of 9 points. He has nunga is also a graduate in Divinity who is working a good experience, which has made bim popular through­ Secretary Zoram Baptist Mission. out the neighbourhood. The third place has been ob­ tained by Mr. V. Thangzama, Additional District Ma· The next place has been contained by S: H. Luaia gistrate, who according to the respondents is said to a retired Pastor with a score of 3 points. After retire­ be knowledgeable and helpful. The fourth position ment from Pastor of Serkawn Baptist Church, he has with a sco~e of 5 points,. has been obtained by Rothu~ been continued as a church member because of hi~ ama who IS a graduate m Arts and Education and is good sermon and sincerity. Mr. Z. D. Rongura has working as High School Teacher. The fifth place is secured the fifth position with a score of 2 po\nt~. possessed by Mr. Vanchhuma, who has studied upto He has got good contact with the' influential persons Class VI only but he is working as a Primary School of the town and is a ~raduate in Arts and Theol<;>g}'. He~d Teacher. It is interestin.g to note that though he IS not well educated, he enJoys esteemed position 3. Bazar: Fifteen individuals were interviewed among his neighbours. in this neighbourhood and the interviewees named all After ascertaining five most respectable and five government officers as influential. Their names, oc­ most influential persons in the neighbourhood, an at­ cupations and scores are given below:- tempt was made to find out five most respectable and five most influential persons in the whole town. For Mr. Ramhluna Hnamte has scored the highest tbis purpose also 82 individuals representinl! all the number of point among the five most influential persons five localities were interviewed. The results of the in BaZ!tf locality. But he has scored only 3 out of 15 interview are presented in the following tables. 81

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15-38 R. O. wdia/ND/89 82

Five most respectabl, persons of the town Five most inftuential persons of the town : : It l1ppears from the' given tables that :Some' per-: :The - following statement shows the names in sons who have obtained high score in one n,~ighbour­ order of the merit ranking of the five most influen- hood have scored very low in the other neighbour­ tial persons of the town as a whole. .. hood. The following statement shows the actual score obtained and the merit ranking of the five most res­ Name Score Rank pectable persons of the town as a whole. 2 3 Name :Score Rank Mr. 1. Buana 27 2 3 Mr. Z. D. Sangliana 19 2 Mr. Rothangpuia 14 3 Mr. j. Buana 29 Mr. F. Pazawna 10 4 Dr. Lallawma 28 2 Mr. V. Thangzama 7 5 . Mr. Y" Tpangzama 23 ~ . Mr. 'Rothlmgpuia 22 4 It 'may be noted' here that three out of five Dr. C.L. Hminga 16 5 names appearing as the most influential persons of the town are same as that of tbe names of the five most : respectable persons. Mr. J. Buana has scored the highest points i.e. 29 out of 82 interviewees .. He has good cont~ets with The first rank has been obtained by Mr. J. political leaders and many government officials. He Huami who has been favoured by 27 interviewees is known for his social service. He has studied only out of a total 82. Incidentally, he has topped in upio Class VI but is engaged in. business. both the categories by achieving the. highest poSition as the most respectable as well as the most influen­ The second position has gone to Dr. Lallawma tial man of the town. with a score of 28 points. He is known for his good The second position has been obtained by Mr. character and good services. He has scored the high­ Z. D. SangIiana with a score of 19 out of 82 points. est points in Zotlang neighbourhood but did not seore He is now the sitting Congress (I) M.L.A., with ;my points in Serkawn neighbourhood. The other three excellent char~cter. He is graduate in Arts ~nd )oc~ities gave him lo~er rankings; is a knowledgeable man. The third place was bagged by Mr. V. Thangzama, The third rank has been secured by Mr. Roth­ !Who has scored 23 points out of 82. As he is a Ma·· angpuia one of the richest persons in the town with gistrate, he commands an inlportant position in social score of 14 out of 82 points, while he got the f()urth life. Also he is a very religious man with good cha­ place as the most respectable person in the town. racter and truthfulness and has won his felbwmen. The fourth place has gone to Mr. pazawna Mr. Rothangpuia, the richest man in the town, with 10 points who is contractor and has studied UJ?­ secured the fourth position with a score of 22 out to Matric. His name appears from the two locali­ of 82 points. His sound economic position and ties and his social activities and helpful nature has helpful attitude towards people earned hjm respec­ raised him to this position. tability in the town. The fifth place has gone to Mr. V. Thangzama, ·Fifth position goes to Dr. C.L. Hminga who Additional Djstrict Magistrate with a score of 7 lcored 16 out of 82 points. He is a Master's Degree points. His name appeared as one of the five most .in­ ~older in Arts, and has Doctorate Degree in Divi­ fluential persons in two localities where the survey hlty. He is known for his knowledge in religious was conducted. He has attained the third position i.ctivities. and good oratory. as the most respectable person in the town. CHAPTER XII LEISURE AND RECREATION, SOCIAL PARTICIPATION, SOCIAL AWARENESS, RELIGION AND CRIME

Introduction ~urma and Aizawl, opened training centres as part Like in most other towns of the state, in Lun­ tI~e employment. Many young boys learn this art glei town too, the recreatian and leisure time has a Wlth great enthusiasm and with keen interest. Young direct relationship with the occupational pattern of people are fond of music and singing songs with gui. tar. T~ere i~ ha~dl~ any young person who cannot the .population. Majority of the workers are engag­ play gUItar WIth smgmg songs. The only movie they ed III the category of 'Other Services'. - Generally, the working hours in Lunglei town are between 9.45 can enjoy and witness is in R.T.P. Cinema. Here A.M. and 4.30 P.M. Also, they have half working maximum patrons are young people. day on every Saturday. Young boys and girls are . The town does not have many recreation cen­ playing various games whereas most of the elders may tres as it is a small town. The note-worthy recrea­ be seen reading books. The last but not· the least tional centres are as follows :- is a discussion about the politics in Mizoram because it was declared as disturbed area earlier. The em­ PAJIKS, PLAYGROUNDS AND STADIUM ployees do not have enough time to spare for Some leisure and recreation. But their relationship with . P~ks: Ther7 is only one park in Lunglei town, others is kept cordial and their spare time is spent whIch IS l

. Both y~)Ung. and old ~en and women enjoy PI.ayground.: There are three playgrounds in VIZ., therr past time In many dlfferent ways. Evening Lunglel town playground of Lunglei District time and holidays are utilised for gardening, gossi­ Sporting Association, Chandmary field, Playground of ping, visiting relatives, and evening walks inside the Zotlang. The first one is located at Bazar area where­ locality by young and old people. Since Lunglei town as Chandmary field is at Electric area, and the last is district headquarters, many important administra­ one is located at Zotlang area. These three play­ tive -offices and welfare centres are situated. Due grounds ~re used by young people of different clubs, to these reasons, the town is predominantly inhabited school chIldren etc., for playing mostly of football and by government servants. Both male and female play hockey. - important role in offices and .few house-wives do household duties. Frequently different offices ar­ Stadium: There is only one Indoor Stadium in range group picnics at their respective favourite spots Lunglei which is Deputy Commissioner's Indoor like gardens, valley of brooks, rest houses, commu­ S.tadiurn. It is located at Deputy Commis'; nity halls etc. Many of thcm visit their relatives sJOner's Complex of Venglai area. Both table tennis or arrange get together within their locality and and badminton can be played in this stadium. It can be used by all who are interested in tablc tennis and neighbourhood on holidays. badminton. Cultivators, gardeners after completion of Jhum cultivation work, gather around the hearth discus­ CINEMA HALL AND PROFESSIONAL THEATRE sing about their fields and crops and the prospects Cinema ball: There is only one Cinema hall in of the coming harvest. After harvesting, their at­ ~u~glei ,town, which is RothanlWuia cinema hall. It tention is divested to hunting, fishing and visiting IS sItuated at Bazar area. It was established in 1977. relatives outsid'e Lunglei town. by Mr. Rothangpuia. Its walls are constructed with Businessmen, contractors, teachers and workers re-inforced cement concrete and corrugated galvanis.. of priva~ firms after completion of their normal work ed sheet is used for its roof. Floor space of the attend meetings to discuss the recent economic and hall is 70' x 40: and p~ojection length being 35 m. political happenings in Lunglei town, Aizawl and The total seatmg capaCity of the hall is 300 ( 100 Sbillong etc. in first class and 200 in second class), The charges for first class is Rs. 5 and for second class is Rs. 4 Boys usually spend their time in the afternoon in per ticket. There -are -two shows daily except on playing football and hockey. Both games are very Sunday and on religious occasions and government popular in Lunglei town, specially hockey which is holidays. Both Indian and foreign movies are screen­ a favourite game among Mizo. Even boys of 8 or 9 ed here. years old play hockey. Whereas girls normally help their mothers in sewing, knitting and doing petty Looking from a distance, the building looks like household duties, chores, etc. Martial arts are very an incomplete c.ons~ruction, beca~lse the building is popular among the young people. Few people who not properly mamtamed. There IS no other Cinema aave gatheredJ practical knowledge in this art from hall for public entertainment. .

83 84

Mads: There is no professional theatre in The Central Library is flnanced by Baptist Lunglei town. But there are halls which are main­ Church of Mizoram, whereas Chandmary Baptist tained by public and government. There are three Church's Library is financed by Chandmary Baptist halls in the town. One is Lunglei Town Hall and Church independently. Most of the books in the~e the other two are community halls. Lunglei Town libraries are in English and a few books are also In Hall is situated at Venglai area. The other two com­ M~o language. Books in Hindi or other languages munity halls are situated at Zotl,_ug and Lunglawn are also available in this library but are very few in areas respectively. All are seml-pucca buildings. numbers. Lunglei Town Hall was established in 1959 and the Community Hall of Zotlang was established in 1982 Distrid Library: Being the headquarter of a while the hall at Lunglawn was established in 1979. district there is a District Library in Lunglei town. There is no restriction for the use of the all by the It is situated at Venglai locality and was established public various organisations and political parties. in ~975. There are five employees 'Working under Tll~ nature of uses of these halls are as follows :- the control of one Libratian. Tbe Library is run (1) for holding public meeting under the Education Department of Government of (2) for preaching Mizo.r;am. (3) as a political platform At tae time of survey, there were 430 members, (4) for organizing drama/plays. and each member has to pay annually Rs. 5 as mem­ CLUBS AND LIBRARIES bership fee. This is a puWic library run by tile gowrnm~nt and is open to all. It is not associated Clubs: At present the town has only two clubs, with any particular tribe or caste. Anybody can known as Officers' Club. These two clubs are situa­ be enrolled as a member by giving Rs. 5 as member~ ted at Venglai area, which were established in the ship fee. H . a person becomes a member, heJshe year 1983. Membership to Officers' Club is practi­ can get the books issued from the library, 10r a cally restricted to the government officials of gazet­ period of 10 days. After due date, tbe borrower te(l rank and Rs. 20 is charged for every member has to return the book, and if one does not return towards enrolment fee. Membership of police club by due date a fine of 10 paise per day is charged. is open for all policemen without any fees and this On the other hand the borrower could also renew ~lillllQt be \l,tUised by outsiders. the date for another period. The aims and objectives of Officers' Club are to maint&m. better cooperation between officers and The main object of this library is to improve also to promote games and sports as one of its activi­ knowledge of the readers by providing diJIerent kinl;is ties. The Police Club is established to promote bet­ of books and to encourage reading habit. Tlttl ter understanding and cooperation in the Police orga­ libtary is open between 9.30 A.M. to 4.30 P.M. It oisation and also to promOte games and sports among consists of various books which have been collected tbe polic:e as one of ns activity. The above two clubs from different parts of India. At the time of survey are very popular in the town and its members gene­ tbere were 3891 books available in the libJ:ary ra,lly participate in every tournament within the town excl~ding journals and periodicals. . ~veryday' ap~. and outside as well. Some of the members are very proxlmately about 50 persons VISlt the libra.ry. good players in football, badminton and tennis etc. Everyone can read any of the books in the libral)!' reading room but only a member can take the ~ U_ies: As Lunglei town is the headquarter outside.. Discipline is strictly maintained in the ball. Q,f Baptist Church in Mizoram, and it has a library ~d "Central Library of Baptist Church of Mizo­ ram" which was established at Serkawn ward in The 'library is open for all castes and tribes. 1969. Any person who is a member of Baptist There are nO branches of this library in other places Church can use this. This Library is established in the district. The library serves the town area (or tlw improvement of Christian ed\l£ation. mostly. Library timing are from 9.45 to 4.00 P.M. Sports townaments : Lunglei town has very gcx>d every day except Sunday and auspicious days for clinmtic condition for the sport lovers and any Christians. 'The Library is located in a good tournament is very popular for public recreation. building, with provision for a, reading hall with Some sports and games were organised in the tow•. some tables and chairs. The approximate number EM: books in the Library are as follows: Among the sports, football and hockey are the (1) On Social Problems . 30 books most popular in the town. There used 110 be :olofe, (2) R~ligjous Books 100 books than 4 tournaments organised every year. As it is (3) Childre.n s,tory Books. 50 bOOkS a small town, all the participants and spectators are (4) Drama, Biography. Journals 70 books mostly from tbe town or from within the district. Lunglei district Sport Associations ground is the ouly (5) Political BQoks 100 books gfOtlnd where the ma~ games can be played. Chandmary Baptist Church also esltablished There is one Tennis Court in the town on which i~ Library in. 1984 at Chandmary w~d. This J.B. Tournament and Republic Day tournaments are t.ibrary served the whole Baptist Church of Lunglei organised every year. The notable competition in ®.trict. The ainIs, objectives and its activities are Looglei town is badminton competition on state the same as the Central Library at Serkawn. The le.vel. This is played in Deputy Comtttissioner"s­ average number of visitors at the library is 5 per day, Indoor Stadium. The participants are usually from where .-bout 60 books are made available. different parts of the State. lFacing . 'Page 84

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Town Hall

R.T.P. Cinema HaD

J 5(11 ) -38 R. G. India/ ND/ 89 Facing page 85]

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Children' Park...... , New ...../MIp+ti IIHI ,.... fAIIwe ... adMty The following table indicates leisure time acti­ .. vity of workers in the town by age and sex. OUt News papers, magazines etc. are the important of 498 total workers 416 have leisure time activity means of tllMS' media, because of inadequate com­ in the sample population. This means that 23.53 mm:dcatiott facilities in Lunglei. There are 16 dally percent bad leisure time activity among tbe working news papers, 12 weekly, 3 fortnightlies and 7 sample population. There are 38 different leisure monthly magazines available in the town. Names time activities on which the workers are engaged. Out of these leisure time activities largest number and number of News paper and Magazine are given of workers are spending their leisure t~e in house­ in appendix Table XIT.4. hold duties gardening and reading.

Table Xll.l-LelsuRl time ac:tirities of workers in the town by age and sex. '~

51. Description of Leisure Age and sex No. time activities 0--14 15-24 4!-S9 &0+ p M F p M F p M F P M F P M F

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

5 5 2 2 !~.~"" ft" j I' 2. ColleCting Fire wood 2 3 2 3. RoaJ»iJlg 11 11 8 8 3 2 1 .... ,~ c. 22 12. 10. ~!> 6 111 17 6 5 1 5. Omununity Affairs 7 5 ••, 3. 3 3/ 1 1 ,,~ ; 2 6. Drinking Liquot: , .. 7. Chul\:h activities 1 t. GardeftiDg • 2 2 26 19 7 21 19 2 3 3 9. Household duties 12 5 7 50 IS 32 16 8 8 2 2 1O~ Reading and ~dening 1 1 11. liunting 4 4 8 7 1 llt,~inS'fuM~ • 1 13. Playing and fishing l4, Sport &; Gardening l~ . Maytng Hocbly 4t food:>all 16. Playing ,uitar 11. Studying 18. Weavillg & Knitting 1 1 19. Religious affairs :J 2 1. J 2 20. Political affairs 5 5 21. pla}ling H(K)key ~ ,~l ~~vttle!l 5 5 14 14 4 3 2 2 v.., KlJittinl ' 6 6 24. Playing plIlllS 2 2 6 25. Visit to liriend 1 2 2 1 26. Cooking :} 3 2 2 27. Fishing I 1 2&. Rome affairs 6 6 5 5 1 29. Games and sports. 2 2 3,0.. R~l ct ,Wl'it~ 1 ~1. Playing L'lwu Tennis I r >2. Pla,ying Badminton 3,3. Playing footba,ll 1 1 34. H~hold affaim 8 4 4 17 6 11 4 3 35. MU'ic . 2 I lit . h1nti:l.g } 37. Carpentry 1 38. Weaving 86

RELIGIOUS INSnrunoNs AND RELiGlOUi hUiked .. go to "Mithi khua" (Hades, the abode of departed lance to the Mizo "TLAWMNGAIHNA.". 'T1aw­ or literally, dead man's village). All mortals after mngaihna' plays an important role in the Mizo death, were supposed to transverse the road on the society. Tlawmngai persons were regarded wLth way to the spirit world. On passing through "Rih admiration. TIawmngaihna, represented the 'Mizo Dil" (Rih lake) about 3 miles with the Burma border Code of morals. So -when the Missionaries preached on the opposite side of Champhai town, they would the Gospel, it fitted well with the ethos of the Mizo. climb up the "Hringlang Tlang" (a mythical mountain Further Jesus' appeared to them as an ideal f.(Qm which the departed spirits look back and view 'Tlawmngai' person. So they did not have any with longing the world of D1an which they have left hesitation in accepting Christianity. behind). On reaching "Lungloh T ui" {a mythical spring beyond Hringlang TIang they drink the water According to the early Mizo religious customs, and lose all their longings of the earth correspo~ing women were not allowed to take part in the perfor­ to the Greek Lethe). They also pluck and wear mance of religious sacrifices. Since' Christianity "Hawilo par" (small creaning balsam) in their hair preached. equality of the sexes before God, it moti~ and ears and after that they will have no desire to vated both the sexes specially the women embrace return and look back. Then they come upon "Pawla Christianity. " "Kawtchhuah" (entrance to Mr. Pawl's village) where Pawl a inspects all the spirits or departed souls With the assistance of Missionaries, many could holding' his fearful bow. (The Mizo pronunciation complete their general education and other training of Pawl and St. Paul is identical but this is mere which enabled them to get employment. Mission coincidence). He hits all the spirits except the workers, received ~alaries for their services. So "Thangchhuah" and the 'Hlamzuih" (death while in within a short til11e, non-Christians found that infancy). His forceful and poisonous pellet would Christians had special authority and status in the cause fatal injury for a period of six complete years. society. They also realised to take up Christianity On top of this, such spirits whom he hiit, would go and to leave the practice of offering sacrifices and to '''Mitthi khua" where they would encounter various other things connected with the traditional religion. hardships for all time to come. "Hlamzuih" (dead In this way they were attracted by the idea of status. while in inanfcy) are given a fowl's egg in each hand and money. to roll before it, as a guide to the spirit world and a little of its mother's milk to use it as food on the The Missionaries used to deliver long speeche~ journey and grain of rice as a substitute for louse to while preaching the Gospel and used to sing gospel bluff Pawla nupui (wife of pawla) who would ask all songs without drinking "Zu" (alcoholic drinks) that the 'Hlamzuih" to search for lice in her hair. was alien to the Mizo. Their belief was that with­ "The Hlamzuih" and the "Thangchlu.4ah" will go to out drinking "Zu" singing was impossible. But "Pittl1'tJl", where they wiI.l forever be fed with ready when they !laW the missionaries sin, witbout drinkin: &7

"Zu" they were really moved. This also has und~t -:the ~hurch integration pl'Ogramme,. the ~uteJi attracted tnem -to Christianity. adrmmstratton .was passed 011 the local brganisatiO.lls viz., The Presbyterian Chuch Synod, Aizawl and Above all, the most important aspects that Mizo Baptist Church Assembly, Serkawn. infiuenced and transformed Mizo are detailed here : The Missionaries proclaimed that Jesus Christ Brief information on various Church orga­ was the only son of God, whom God had sent to the nisations: earth to save all mankinds from their sins, and (1) The London Baptist Mission operated in whosoever believed in him will not perish, but the Lunglei Sub-Division (now Lunglei have eternal life. Through him one could go to District) with its headquarters at Serkawn, heaven. Jesus himself said, "I am the way,' the Lunglei since 1903. They formed the truth and the life, no man cameth unto the father, second biggest denomination and run a but by me" (St. John Chapter 14.6). All those Hospital, and now a Bible School Central who come to the church service wanted to go to Library, Book Room, Press and Christian heaven. As they found that accepting Jesus Christ High School at Serkawn. There~ are 15 as the son of God and the saviour of mankind was (fifteen) Baptist Churches operating in an easy and sure way to go to heaven without hesi­ Lunglei town now. tation, they embraced Christianity. Others also (2) The Salvation Army Corps has been opera­ followed their example. So within no time, the ting all OVer Mizoram since 1916 with its whole population of Mizoram embraced Christianity. headquatrers at Aizawl. Lunglei citadel While presenting Christianity, the Missionaries (Hall) is the only Salvation Army Church as far as possible, used words which were used by operated in Lunglei town now. tht; Mizo in relation to their old religion. For (3) The Rtman Catholic Mission has been example, Pathian was given as the equivalent of operating mainly in the Aizawl District God. 'Sakhua' was used for religion. Zawlnei. was since 1916 with its headquarters at Aizawl. used as the equivalent to Christian prophet, the Recently they also established bne school word "Chibai" as the equivalent to pray or to wish"_ and convent at Lunglei Town. Secret The concept of Holy Ghost and Evil (Satan) Spirit Heart Church is the only Roman Catho­ fitted well with the Mizo concept of good and evil lic Church operated in Lunglei town now. spirits respectively. To wean the Mizo from their (4) The United Penticostal Church has been faith in the power of evil spirits, the Missionaries operating since 1947 all over Mizoram with proclaimed that the Holy spirit was stronger than its headquarters at Aizawl. There are Satan. Whatever was done in the name of the 9 United Penticostal Churches in Lunglei Holy spirit it was emphasized could not be un­ town now. done by the evil Spirits. They were told that if they could please the Holy Spirit, then there (5) The Seventh Day Adventist Mission ope­ was no necessity to offer sacrifices to the evil spirits rates all over Mizoram with its headquar­ to appease them. They were also told that they ters at Aizawl. There are three Seventh could dispense with the costly and time consuming Day Adventist Churches in Lunglei town sacrifices to the evil spirits by embracing Christianity, now. as . the Holy spirit was stronger than the evil spirit. The Mizo would have realised that this was a good In Mizoram majority of the population is bargain and hence embraced Christianity. Again Christian. Similarly, in Lunglei town also there arc the old practice of curing ailments, diseases, etc. only 600 peI;sons of non-christian population out of involved heavy expenditure to the performer. But total population of 17,205. There are 2 Hindu by embracing Christianity, they could get cheap and temples in the town and the rest of the places of handy medicines more effective than the sacrifices worship are Christian churches. During late 19 that they practised before. So many {>Oar people century, a Chri.JStian Missionary belonging American found it worthwhile to embrace Christianity and did Baptist came to preach the Gospel in Lunglei and so without the slighrest hesitation. within a few years, missionaries turned almost all the Mizo people as Christians in the district. It Christian Missions Operating in Lunglei appeared from the town study that all the non­ Christians in the town are non-Mizo. The list 9£ Rev. William Williams, Welsh Calvinistic all the churches, temples etc. and their particulars Missionary from Khasi and Jaintia Hills first visited are given in table XII.S at appendix. the land in 1891, and returned immediately after reaching Changsil (Lungpher Dawr) only. There­ Brief description of Churches etc. after, two pioneer Missionaries, Rev. J. H. Lorrain (Pu Buanga) and Rev. Savidge (Sap Upa) came in 1. Baptist Church, Setblun : This church ] 894 and left in 1897. Their work was carried on building is situated in Sethlun locality, it is the bv the Welsh Calvinstic Missionary, Rev. D. E. Jones oldest church building in Lunglei town and also the (Pu Saphluia) in the same year. The two pioneer first Baptist church which ever built in the southern Missionaries came back in 1903 and operated in part of Mizoram. It is mentioned in the other the Lunglei Sub-Division as sponsored by the London chapter that this church building was the first Baptist Baptist Mission. These were the pioneer christian Church established in southern part, and the same Missions that operated in the District and their that indicates this was erected within its compound. eontributions in the field of education is indeed The 'original' building was' established in 1903 and praiseworthy. Immediately after the illdependence, . that original oue is reconstructed with R.C.C. and 8i

~. r,~f ja G.C.L SAeet. n. pmoipal diety of thll ttMt XII. I ~~ is God adlUS Christ). The church is run fsy tali local church conunittee. The chutth members No. Type of Crime Chal­ Jailed were 400 and the average devotee became 300 in (Nos.) every service. 2. Zotlaog :Baptist ch1ll'Ch, Zotiang: The church 1. Criminal constln-acy 1 1 was established in 1927. It is not known the building i. Motor accident (ordinary) 10 5 struttutl!! Ilt the time' of established and located in 3. Motor accldelit (ratal) 3 ZUUang locality. At present the building is Assam 4. Attempt to murder 3 2 t,ype ItrUctute. Thete are 1,107 members out of this S. Attempt to suicide. 1 650 petsM9 devotees as an average. Arrangement 6. GI'\lvious hurt 9 9 and control is under the local church committee 7. Forgery 4 Chairman, Vice Chairman, Secretary, 4 oollllisting 8. Assait/criminal foree AsSt. Secretary, Treasurer and other committee 8 Ii U1!imbers. 9. KiilnappiJig/abduotion 3 a 10. Rape . 11 9 3. SerkaWn Baptist Church, Serlmwn : This 11. UnnatUral offence 1 1 by church was established in 1927 Robert Arthington, 1~. Extortion 1 1 the missionary who came from America. Its ori­ 13. Robbety mnal building the structure was Assam type. This 1 1 church building is located in Serkawn locality. This 14. Theft . 39 30 loottIity 'is. the headquarters of the Baptist Church 15. Burgiaty 8 4 of Mizoram, as such all important mission (church) 16. Criminal breach of trust and criminal buildings are located such as Hospital, quarters, this-apPl'optiation . 17 13 11. Culpable Hljtnkide not amounting to office and Book room. When the missionary came mUrder . . . . . 1 to Lun~ei they set their headquarters at this place. 18. M.N.F. cases 21 Hence,' the building of the church is also western type. 8 At the time of survey, the original building is recon­ 19. CoUnterfeit COin/currency notes structed, by RC.C. Principal deity and function 20. Abetlnent Of offenee punishable with is the same as the previous churches. Thete are 856 death or imprisonment ror life • , members, out of this 490 are average devotees. 21. Others 21.5 21.5 1. Sb'a MandlUr: This Mandhir is located at Quthdrnary locality and was established in 1982. 'fOTAL 316 WI;J8 It established by the Nepali organlsation to Sou~ce : Supetlntendent of Police Lunglei District, Lunglei. worship lord Siva. The structure of the building is of Assam type. The principal deity is Siva. The Other particulats of deviant behaviour can be Mltllagemellt is run by Siva Mandhit Samithi. The seen in two cases, one a suicide case of hanging and total membership of this mandhir is 300. the ot]ler self killing by bullet shot. 2. Kali Mandhir: This Mandhir is located at During 1983 ca5les were registered against drun­ Bazar locality. It was established in 1934 by ken in which 130 cases were ended in conviction. In Bengali speaking people to worship Goddess Kali. these 130 cases, 262 persons were sent for triall The structure of the building is of Assam type. The and 9ut of that 255 persons were convicted by the Mandhir is run by Kali Mandhir Committee having court. otl\Ce bearers like Chairman, Vice Chairman, Secre· tary, Treasurer and other committee members. Particulars of criminal cases filed in the courts There are 3DO members who are considered as during 1983 are given in the following statement: devotees. Table XII.3 : Details of criminal cases in 1983 ------C:lime . Type of criminal Number Number cerried Number Number In early times, every village in Mizoram bad cases insti- over for ending ending tuted in con- as ac- a Chief with supreme power, who could punish any­ during More 1~2 Less viction quitted body ,who disobeyed the rule of the village. Because the than yrs. than a of this the Lunglei town did not have much law and year 2 year order problem. But, after independence the autho­ yrs. rity/power of the chief was abolished. The power - ..--.~--~- ._._--_- 2 3 4 5 6 1 and authority of the chief was taken by th'e District ------Council autonomy. With an increase iIi population, Robbery the law and order problems started showing an up­ 1 ward trend. Butglary 6 6 6 Theft 36 32 4 'there is only one Jail known as 'District Jail Extortion . 1 2 12 196 209 Llitrglei' in Lunglei District, Which is located in the M.N.F. 17 town. The district has also 4 Police stations and all Other charll:s 245 the criminal cases during 1983 were registered in the$e police stations. TotAL lM TIle table given below shows tbe type Of cases repln"ed aud fined during 1983. Souree : l~ieilil De~. Luapi town. 19

List of News Papers and Ust of Churches. ~tc. (Stranger's Dance), "Cheraw" (Bamboo Dance), are given in Appendix. "Chain, etc. are in progress now as compared with the iItitial stage of revival before. The psychological Social life complex which loomed large mainly among the edu­ clUed, peopl¢ till recent past-"that aftytiirlg. abifat The social life of the people is prompted by tle Mizlo> is baf' is- boool'Iling It thing of the past the pattern of the economic activities, the religious now. Younger generation are geared to value and belief and influence and the internal social forces. love their traditions and customs, a bealIhy sign. as Marked chang~ have taken place with the adYellt desi.rted by tIte govlmlment. The fltree prin~ of the British followed by the religious CQIlversions cultural festi..,als are (1) Pawl Kut (Fesitval liela into Christianity and the present day economic after the harvests in Decemb'er), (2) Mtfli Kilt tfhc development. festival held in honour of the head at which the first fruits of Maize and other vegetables are pr(l~a­ The rapid spread of education, t~e . imp'tWed ted held in the month of September) and (3) C'hap­ means of communication and the emergence, of the ew Kut Uhe spring &mrival between the cutting and Mizo dialect (Dt1blian Dialect) as a lingua kanca, burning of the JhUlll held in March) are still being offers hitherto unknown facilities for wider contacts, remembered. Oi all thtl above mentioned festi.vals resulting to appreciable social cohesion. The Chap char Kut is prominent, still observed and cele­ Christian doctrine has set upon them a new motal brated in Lunglei town every year and even declared code and a new wtlook of sooial life as W'cll. The by l'be gevernment as holiday for this- feStival. social barriers withi.n and without are grlldually removed. Christmas and New Year day are the most popular religiOUS' fustival's observed' in t'b.e town.. FestiTafs G€>od FJtiday and, Easter' ar.e the gther· fW{;'. bnpor­ ~t religious days obseI:Ved in MWMIam~ TJaeir Much of their tradit.ioaal festivities and> other heretofore cultural outlook which met crisis after merry-makings are given up as a result of religious the religious conVersion, is being recOnciled with conversion. However, love for their. revival in the the wider outlOOk taken by the Churclr' ill' which form of cultural encouragement are markedly seen they, gradually support the resurgence of bladitional witk· the younger generation. Dances like t'Khullam" dances, songs, arts and festivals.

16-31 R. G. India/NO/89 APPEND.JX (te Chapter XlI)

Table ~U.4 :-TabJe showing the Newspapers by language, place of publication and by number in ,2 3 4 5 circulation WEEKLY 51. Name Language Place of Number 1. Zoen Mizo Lunglei 1000 copies No. publicativn circulated 2. Khawvel. Mizo Lunglei 2500 copies 3. Hnam Damna. Miw Lungiei 600 copies 2 3 4 5 4. Makedonia Mizo Langlei 5200 copies 5. Desterte Mizo Lunglei 600 copies D.<\ILY 6. Horeb Mizo Lunglei 400 copies 1. LeitLngpui Mizo and Lunglei 1500 copies 7. Zalenna. Miw Lunglei 130 copies English 8. Hriatna . Mizo Aizawl 300 copies 2. Jupiter Mizo Lunglei 1500 copies 9. LeIte Mizo Aizawl 650 copies 3. Chhim Arsi 'Mizo Lunglei 1500 copies 10. Sun Megazine English Delhi 10 copies 4. ChhimEng Mizo Lunglei 1000 copies 11. Aizawl Mizo Aizawl 10 copies 12. Zoeng copies 5. Zo .. wi Mizo Lunglei 900 copies Mizo Aizawl 450 FORTNIGHTLY 6. Zomawi Mizo Lunglei 900 copies 1. Enlu Mizo Lunglei 1000 copies Mizo Aizawl IS copies 7. MizoArsi 2. Runmawi Mizo Lunglei 400 copies 8 ..Tawrb Bawm • Mizo Aizawl 18 copies 3. Huapzo . Mizo Lungiei 250 copies ,9.,' Chawrpial Mizo Aiz .. wl 6 copies MONTHLY 10.. Hunthar Mizo Aizawl 16 copies 1. Thalai Kantu . Mizo Lunglei 1200 copies :11. 'Romei Mizo Aizawl 35 copies 2. Thuhrjltu Mizo Lunglei 430 copies 12. Tlangau . Mizo Aizawl 100 copies 3. Kohhran Bang Mizo Lunglei 3050 copies 4. Thalai Kawmtu Mizo Lunglei 300 copies 13. Statesman English Delhi 1 copy S. Kristian Tlangau Mizo Aizawl 66 copies 14. Injian Express English Delhi 1 copy 6. Zawalbuk Mizo Aizawl 20 copies 15. Times of India English Delhi 8 copies 7. Meichher Mizo Aimwl ISO copies 16. Harhna • . Mizo Aimwl 17 copies 8. Lalpa Grape Huan Miz:o Aimwl 7 copies

90 91

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g ... '"- -;~ S::s -~.. f'l 'g>-at_ • ..; Q, ~d~§.g - -~,:! CHAPTER XIII LINKAGES AND CONTINUA

General demographic and economic ch8l'8£teristics located in the southern part of the state and is wen of the district connected with state's capital (Aizawl) by' a 'moto­ Lunglei is the second largest town in Mizoram rable routet- state in terms of size of population, which is also the district headquarters of Lunglei district. It is The following statement shows particulars of the only urban area within the district. The town is 12 villages situated around Lunglei town:-

Table Xm.1-Particulars of 12 "illages situated around Lunglei.

Name of the transport road Name of villages and their locational distance from Lungl~i Withing 5 kms Withing 10 kms Withing 15 kms Withing20 kms 2 3 4 5

Lunglei - Aizawl road . Theiriet Hrangchal- Lungpher vety Khankawan(Z) kawn farm Lungiei - Haulawng road Pukpui Kawmzawl Zobawk Saza I.B. Lung1ei - Lawngthlai road SJUrep Thaizawl Lung1ei - Tlabung llauruang Lungiei - West Bunghmun road Vanhna'L',

Particulars of the villages situated at different dis­ village was grouped with Lunglei. But. after SOIlle­ tances and different directions time there was a notification from government of Assam for resettlement of village people to their Theiriat: Theiriat is a big village with an area old place. Thus most of the people were shifted of 3 sq. kilometres which is situated at a distance of back to Pukpui village. It is e1ectricfied since 1979. 2 kilometres south of Lunglei town. The total popu­ lation of this village according to the 1981 census Kawmzawl: This village is situated at a dis­ is 1408 persons, out of this 729 are males and tance of 8 kilometres north of Lunglei. The total 679 are females. During 1971 census this village population at 1971 census is 12 out of which 7 are had a population of 1155 and recorded a growth males and 5 are females. The .total households are rate of 30.56% during 71-81. This village is con­ only fouf (4) in numbers. nough the population nected to Lunglei by town bus service. This village of the village is small, its area is big. Most of the was formed long back and has important amenities village area is occupied by military personnel. One like, 3 Primary schools, 1 Middle school, 1 High military belipad is also located here. No amenities school, Post office and Primary Health Centre. Most are available at this village. Most of the marketing of the villagers are scheduled tribe. Their literacy facilities are availed from Lunglei town. This village percentage is 76. Because it situated very. near to is a newly formed one after 1971 census. Lunglei, all the necessary materials, goods vegetables. etc. are mostly bought from the market of Lunglei Hrangchalkawn: Hrangchalkawn is situated at town. There are also few grocery ,stores in the distance of 10 kilometers south of Lunglei town. village. It is an electrified village for the last 6 years. This village was formed after 1971 census, having an area of 2.5 square kilometers. The population of the village is small compared to its area. The Pukpui: Pukpui is a small village situated at reason is that most of the families possessed large a distance of 5 kilometres north of Lunglei. It has gardens and the, houses are built along the main a total area of 1.5 square kilometres, with a total lOad from Lunglei to Aizawl. The village has a population of 799 only of whom 424 are males and population of 109 persons composed of 57 males 375 are females. During 1971 census this village and 52 females as per 1981 census. Their literacy did not exist. The village is connected with Lunglei rate is 74.11 % . The village has only one P'runary town by bus service. The main conveyance of the school. But all other amenities are availed only local people is only bus. But most of t~e .pe.Qple from Lunglei. It is an electrified village. The prefer to go on foot to Lunglei town as It IS very Aizawl-Lunglei road passes through this village near. Amenities available at this village are, a and the villagers avail town bus services bet\\veen Post office one Primary school and a Middle school. Lunglei and Zobawk. Most of the houses are of Kacha type. There is onr: Primary Health Centre located here. Pnkpui was Lungpher Vety Farm: This village is small in uninhabited village in 1971 census, because there size with an area of 0.5 square kilometres having a were disturbances (political) in Mizoram. So, this population of only 53 persons at 1981 ',census.' 23 94 95 of them are males and the rest 30 are females. This was uninhabited in 1971 census. But belore 1981 village is situated at a distance of 12 kilometres census, the village is re-occupied by its previous south of Lunglei. It is connected to Lunglei by inhabitants. town bus service. The village came into existence Hauruang: Hauruang is a big village witlt an after 1971 census and there are no amenities availa­ area ef 3 sq. kilometres and situated 15 kilometres ble in the village. All the amenities and facilities towards the west of Lunglei. The total population are to be had from the neighbouring villages as well ef this village at 1981 census is 897, of whom 472 as from Lunglei town. This village is known as are males and 425 are females. The population of Lungpher Vety Farm, because the Vety department the village at 1971 census was 1189. This village cultivated some plants obtaining large part of lands has almost all the amenities which are generally in this area. The original name of this place was required in big village grouping centre. There are named as Vety farm. So now it is known as Lung­ three Primary schools, one dispensary, one cemmu­ pher Vety Farm. nity health centre and a Pest Office. As explained earlier group centres experienced fall in population .Zobawk: This is a thickly populated village during 1981, because some population of other with an area of 3 square kilometres. Zobawk village villages was shifted to' their own village after 1971 is situated at a distance of 15 kilometres south of census. .,~,! Lunglei. Lunglei-Aizawl road runs through the According to 1981 census, there are 377 workers, Village. The total population of this village accor­ ferming a proportion of 42.02 percent to the total ding to 1981 census is 2068 persons, out of whom populatien, of whom 35.67 percent are engaged in 1029 are males and 1039 are females. This village cultivation and 6.35 percent in other services. The had a population of 2880 at 1971 census. Most of literacy percentage of this village population is 68.22. the people belong to schedule tribe community. The There is good linkage with the town, as the road literacy rate achieved by the village population is between Lunglei and TIabung passes through the 72 percent. The proportion of main workers to village. There are also seme grocery steres in this total population is 32.30 percent. The village is village. It is an electrified village. under the administrative control of Administrative Khankawn (Z): Khankawn (Z) is the smallest Officer. This village has the facility of good water village among the villages situated around the supply, which is available from a distance of 2 to 3 Lunglei town with an area of 0.25 square kilometres kilometers in the east, through a stream which runs and a population of only 5. It is situated at a dis­ during the rainy as well as dry seasons. This stream tance of 20 kilometres nerth of Lunglei. Through water is pumped to the village through pipes. At this village, the main read is connected to Aizawl. the village periphery, the water is stocked in a tank This is a newly sprung village at 1981 census. as planned by the Public Health Engineering Depart­ ment. From this tank water is again distributed to Of the total populatien of this village at the different places in the village. Water points are 1981 census, 3 are males and 2 are females. arranged at different places in the village at an There are only two households in the village. Even approximate distance of every 300 metres. The situateq on the main road, the village is yet to village has been electrified by the Diesel Engine expand. No electricity is available. For all ameni­ Generator. The village is connected to Lunglei ties and facilities· the people depend on Zobawk and tewn by bus service and the bus runs thrice every Hnahthial villages and Lunglei town. day except on Sunday. Zobawk village is the most Saza I.B.: This village is small with an area of develeped village among the villages situated around 0.33 sq. kms. It is situated at a distance of 16 kilo­ Lunglei. The amenities and facilities available are, metres east of Lunglei. According to 1981 census one Middle school, one high scheol, three Primary there are 11 persons in this village. All of them schools, a health centre and a Post Office. There are male werking persons. The village was ori­ are also some permanent grocery steres. The ginally knewn as Saza, but inspection Bungalow was ,decline in populatien during 1981 was due to out lecated later and it was knewn as Saza I.B. When migration of peeple of different villages who had there wcre no metorable roads in Mizoram, the come here before 1971 due to' disturbances and left Inspection I Bungalews were erected throughout the place after 1971. Mizoram by Assam government at an approximate di~tance of every 32 kms for use by government Sairep: Sairep is a small village with an area of servants on tour. Therefore reaching every I.B. 1 sq. km. The tetal population of this village is 104 means a day journey by feot. In each of the persons out of whom 55 are males and 49 are Bungalows, one chewkidar was placed to look after females. This village is situated at 15 kilometres the building as well as the guests. east of Lunglei tewn. Primary school is the enly There are no amenities available in this village. amenity available in Sairep. Other amenities are All amenities are to be had from the neighbouring to be availed from the neighbouring villagell and villages and Lunglei town. The village is on the Lunglei town. The communication from the town road to Thcnzawl from Lunglei and as such, it has is not good as there is no good linkage. TO' go to good linkage with Lunglei tewn. It was uninhabited Sairep from Lunglei town, it is necessary to follow at 1971 census, as the village was grouped with Lunglei to Lawngtlai road upto 10 kilometres and ether places due to political disturbance in Mizoram. beyond tbis it is necessary to go on feot more than 5 kilometers from the main road. During the dry Thaizawl: The village Thaizawl is not big in season the village can be approached by Jeep. Due size with an area of 0.5 sq. kms which is situated to the political disturbances, the people of this at a distance of 20 kms seuth of Lunglei. This village were shifted to other villages, and as such it village is connected with Lunglei town. by Lunglei~ 96

Lawugtiai road. A"ording to 1981 census, this 2 3 4 ~ village consisted of 208 persons of whom 125 are -----_-._ .. "---~ males and 83 are females. Only oue Primary school 3. Sairep N.A. 104 4. Hauruang . 1,189 897 -292 -24.56 is located in this village. All other amenities are Between 15-20 kms to be availed from other villages and Lunglei town. I. Saza I.B. N.A. 11 Out of the total population of 208, 174 are from 2. Vanhne(L) N.A. 2.87 scheduled tribe. Proportion of main workers to the 3. Thaizawl N.A. 208 total population is 41.27%. The literacy level 4. Khankawn(Z) N.A. 5 ---~---- .. --.------~----. __. according to the 1981 census is 67.00 percent. Population figure of nine (9) villages namely There are no grocery shops located here. For all Pukpui, Kawmzawl, Hrangchalkawn, Lun~er Vety amenities e,ltcept Primary school, the villagers have Farm, Sairep, Saza IB, Vanhne (L), ThalZawl and to depend on other neighbouring villages and Khankawn (Z) were not available in 1971 census. Lunglei town. The village is still unelectrified. Out of these nine villages Sairep, Saza m, Vanhne Most of the people are dependant on agricttlture. (L), Thaizawl and Pukpui were uninhabi.ted villages There are few employees who come from outside. in 1971 as the villages were grouped/shifted to the Vanhne (L): Vanhne (L) is a small village with nearby villag~s. But before 1981 census, t~e villagers an area of 0.5 sq. kms and is situated at a distance had resettled in their old villages. Besldes these, of 16 kilometres east of LUllgiei. This village is there were other four new villages namely connected by motorable road from Lunglei town. Hranchalkawn, Kawmzawl, Lungpher Vety Farm, According to 1981 census the village consisted of Khankawn (Z) that sprung up subsequently. 287 persons including 163 males and 124 females. In 1971 census there were only 230 villages in This village has oIlly two amenities vi~, one Primary Mizoram whereas, there are 736 villages in 1981 school and one Community health centre. The census. Due to the political disturbances in 1966 village is electrified for the last 5 years. Most of most of the villages were grouped into a village for the people in this village are of scheduled tribe. The security reasons and were called village ProteCted literacy level of the poplation is 62.36%. No and Progressive Centres (V.¥.P.). This being so, market is available and the people of this village most of the villages were deserted and uninhabited. have to visit Lunglei for marketing. The village is Among those uninhabited villages some villages having a good linkage with the town and hence there were oCcupied again by the old villagers before 198, is no difficulty for marketing. The villagers visit census and some new villages were also sprung up Lunglei town early in the morning to sell some before 1981 census. Out of 12 villages around Vegetables and return to the village in the evening Lungiei, three villages namely Theiriat, Zobawk and nfter purchasing goods. OUt of 287 persons, 55.40 Hauruang were also known as grouping centre of percent form main workers. 37.63 percent of popu­ V.P.P. centres. lation depend on cultivation. The rest are engaged in other activities. There are three new villages around Lunglei town. During the survey it was reported by the Growth of population villagers that the reaSQIl for the fonnation of new The growth of population i~ one of the major villages was mainly due to economic hardship of factors in determining the urban impact of these certain people in the town and as such they had to selected villages situated around Lunglei. The fol­ starCiiew villages. lowing statements prepared from the Census data shows the decennial growth rates of cCltain villages. Two villages namely Zobawk and Hauruang had shown decrease in population during the decade Table XIll.2-Dccllnnial population variation in the selected villages 1971-81. It was belieVed that thc people of these villages were always harrassed both by the security Name of village Population Absolute Percen------~--- variation tage and MNF personnel. Therefore, people felt safe to 1971 1981 variation live in town thim in the village and were migrated 2 3 4 5 to the town for security reasons. ------~---- With .5 'kms from LUhglei From the analysis above, it can be concluded 1. Theiriat 1,J 55 1,408 ·/-253 -; 21. 90 that proximity of these villages from Lunglei town 2. Pukpui N.A. 799 has little impact on the growth of population of the Between 5-10 kms town. 1. Kawmzawl. N.A. 12 2. Hrangchalkawn . N.A. 1D9 Occupational pattern BetweerllO-15 kms Occupational classification of w()t~ing popula­ 1. Lullgphar Vety Farm . N.A. 53 tion of those selected villages as per 19S1 census hi 2. ZObawk 2,880 2,068 -812 -28.19 presented in the following statement, 97

Table xm.3-0ccupational distribution of population in neigbbouring villages of Lunglei.

Name of the selected village Distan\:<: from Percentage to total pooulation Lunglei M,W. C AL HHI O.w. 2 3 4 5 6 7 Thl(iri..t Less than 5 kms 38 '00 26·00 0·64 11·36 Pukpui -Do.- 46·43 37 '43 9·00 Kawmzawl. 5-lOkms 67'00 41'66 25·34 Hrangchalkawn -Do.- 30'27 22·01 8 ·26 Lungpher Vety Farm 10-15 kms 36·00 36·00 Zobawk -Do,- 32'30 25·48 6·82 Sairep -:00.- 40·38 38'38 2·00 Hauruang -Do.- 42·02 35'67 6·35 Saza IB 15-20kms 100·00 100·00 Vanhne -Do.- 55 -40 37 ·63 17·77 Thaizawl -Do.- 41·00 27·00 14·00 Khankawn(Z) --00.- 20·00 20'00

M. W ...1,1 I N J b.·s, c= '..~uLiv. tl}, s. AL=Ag~icul.ucal l",b"ur HHI=Hom>e_lo d Industr), OW=Ol. e, worker. It has also been found that the percentage of From the above statement it is found that there working population to the total population of. those is no direct relationship between literacy level in the ~elected villages is not uniform. Some of the VIllages villagf's around Lungki and the distance from them !>iluated far away from Lunglei have better percen- to Lnnglei. The places nearer to the town have not tages of working population than those villages shown higher literacy rates compared to those loca- which are in closer vicinity of the town. Though ted far away from the town. The highest literacy the conveyance facilities to and from Lunglci for rate among these villages is in Sala IB, where all most villages are available this has not resulted in persons are adults as well as workers. Among the noticeable increases in the participation rates of vi i luges situated around Lunglei town, the lowest working population. literacy rate is noted in respect of Khankawn where The highest percentage of working population it is 40%. This village is situated far away from to the total population is in respect of Saza IB. AI> Lunglei town. As mentioned earlier this village is it appears in the above statement, the proportion a I,CW village which sprung up just before 1981 cen- stands cent percent, meaning that all the people of sus. No amenity is available in this village. As such this village are workers and all are adult persons. the people have to depend on their nearby villages On the other hand the lowest proportion of working and town for all amenities. Cultivation is their ponulation to the total population is in respect of main occupation. Khankawn (Z) where the ratio is 20%. This village is a new village which has sprung up just before Comparatively the heterogenerity of popUlation 19fsl census. There are only 2 households in this by ethenic group which is one of the factors in village. In due course this village may also reach determining the trend of urbanisation is mainly tht' stage like other selected villages in regard to found in Zobawk, Theiriat, Hauruang and Saza IB. wurking population. Businessmen and other workers of different commu­ Persons literate and proportion literate are nities are found in these places. They are respon­ mcsented in the following table in respect of the sible to a great extent in changing the economic 12 villages in the neighbourhood of Lunglei town status of these places. as per 1981 census. Another important criterion of urbanisation is Table XIII.4-Literate persons and Literacy rates in the selected villages around Lunglei. the existence of permanent shops and grocery selling centres. Among these 12 villages crossed by the Name of the Literate persons Literacy rate ( %) survey, the'Lungpher Vety Farm, Saza IB, Kawmzawl village Per- Males Fema- Per- Males Fema- and Thaizawl are not having any amenities and sons les SOnS les these villages are mostly dependent on the nearby villages and the town of Lunglei. These villages 2 3 4 5 6 7 are having a good linkage with Lunglei. Postal faci­ Thairiat 1070 548 522 76·00 75·17 76·88 lity which is reckoned as one of the mo~t vital means Pukpui 527 302 225 66·00 71·00 60·00 of communication is available only at four places, Kawmzawl 7 5 2 58·33 71·43 40·00 namely Zobawk, Theiriat, Pukpui and Hauruang. Hrangchalkawn 81 42 39 74·34 73·68 75·00 The remaining 8 villages have still retained the Zobawk 1489 788 701 72·00 67 ·58 56·47 rural characteristics thougb situated nearby Lunglei. Lungpher Vety 35 18 17 66·03 78·00 56·65 Farm Regarding the educational facilities four vi1lage~ Sairep 73 39 34 70·19 70·90 69·39 namely Lungpher Vety Farm, Saza IB, Thaizawl and lIauruang 612 340 272 68.22 72.03 64.00 Kawmzawl are not having educational facilities. Saza IB 9 9 81 ·81 81 ·81 The other remaining eight villages have at least a Vanhne 179 108 71 62·36 66·25 57·25 Primary school and in two places like Zobawk and Thaizawl 143 92 51 67·00 73.00 61 ·44 Theiriat, there arc High Schools and a Middle schools Khankawn(Z) 2 1 1 40·00 33·00 50·00 respectively. 98

The land utilisation pattern is one of the most these areas as most of this areas are still basically important criteria to assess the impact of urbanisa­ rural. tion. From the survey it has been found that forest lands are available in all of the selected villages. The villages have their own village councils to Agriculture is the most important occupation in all administer the local disputes and to distribute land these villages and people are solely dependin'g upon to the cultivators by a system of lots. Every year they agriculture. The cultivation is shifting cultivation prepare ballot paper according to the size of house­ which is also called jhum cultivation. Every year hold in the village. The villagers gatber togetber new sites are selected for jhum. Trees and bamboos in one place and the village Council member prepares are cut down and dried up during winter. In the list of numbers for lots according to the house in month of MarchiApril every year these are burnt the village, to be drawn by each household for up. After that seeds of vegetables,~ paddy etc. are himself/herself. They are to choose the site of sown g~ne_rally in the month oeMay. When the jhum according the number they have got in the paddy and vegetable crops are in progress it is raffle. A person whose raffle number is one, have needed to clear the weeds during rainy season till all a right to select first, and the person whose raffle vegetables and paddy are collected from the jhum. number is two will follow and so on and all the Clearing weeds takes a period of three to four bouseholds in the village will complete site sele<;tion months. In the month of November, the paddy for their jhum in a day. In this way, the 'Jhuming' begins to ripe and the harvesting work is usually system IS popular in the villages which are situated done i..'1 this month. It is the most happiest period around Lunglei town. Therefore, the people of the for the cultivators. When the. harvest is over the surrounding villages to Lunglei town being still people plan to start new jhum at a new site. Thus rural are yet to develop and progress towards there seems to be no impact of urbanisation in urbanisation. CHAPTER XIV CONCLUSION

Lunglei town is one of the six towns of Mizoram undertake improvements in many fronts. Internal at 1981 census and falls in the size class of towns roads still require a lot of attention for improvement with a population of 10,000-19,999. It has popu­ as several parts of the town still do not have approach lation of 17,205 and it ranks the second biggcst facilities. The internal roads in these areas are town of the state. It is only town in the district vcry narrow and kucha in shape. Electric poles are of Lunglei. Since the British first entered into needed at a number of sensitive points to enable the Mizoram (Mizoram is formally known as Lushai people to walk safely during the night time. Some Hills), Lunglei town has remained as one of thc streets still gi,ve a dirty look and the conservancy important headquarters for the British. The town work needs to be gearcd up. still enjoys more importance since it is the district headquarters. Though it is linked with other towns The g'~nei'al atmospherc of the town is quitc of thc district, it has not established closed inter­ calm. Crime rate is very low and there are no action wiih other towns of the State. The town depends strains hc:tween the people of different communities upon the surrounding rural areas for its requirements and faiths. People have cordial relationship with of fire-wood and other products. By itself, it serves thei.r neighbQurs and they extend help to each other as the main market for rural areas. Most of the in times of need. With the development of national commodities of daily use are generally supplied to highway, the town is steadily exposed to the out­ the rural areas from Lunglei town. ~ide world. Economy of the town is also e,xperien­ cing structural changes as government undertakes Lunglei enjoyed the status of the town from more development works in the town in different the 1971 census onwards. There has not been any fields. Economically better off persons are showing change in the functional character of the town during keen interest towards horticulture and they are that decade (1971-1981). Tn some cases agricultu­ having land to develop apple, and orange gardens. ral or horticultural land is owned by the town Shopkeepers are taking every care to modernise their dwellers but it provides livelihood to a very small shopping activity by installing decorative show cases. fraction of the population of the town. Major part The spread of higher education i.s contributing to of the working force is engaged in the secondary and out-migration of persons of the town in search of the tertiary sectors. better prospects for jobs.

There is no big industry in the town or so to Lunglei, though a small town of recent ori~n say within the whole district to provide employment attracts largc number of migrants from the adjoinmg to the people. There are a few household industries rural areas. Opening of new offices has provided an in the town and of these carpentry and tailoring esta­ opportunity to the educated persons of rural areas blishmcnts are quite prominent. Animal husbandry to migrate to this town. There is no big factory in too is very popular in Lunglei town. Most of the the town and 'even the small scale industries in h?useholds are, however, keeping pig and poultry Lunglei are so small in number that they have no bIrds for domestic use. In short, the town has capacity to' employ large number of workers. Most typical urban characteristics, though in some of of the small scale industries are household industries the aspects like practice of customs traditions and and almost all of them are being run by the family manners etc., the town has considerable similarity wo~kers. Trade and commc::rces has not expanded with rural population. Thus there is no clear cut as It should have been. Some Tlew shops and esta­ difference between dress, food habits, availability of blishments are coming up but most of them are amenities and standard of living of the town dwellers single worker establishments run by mostly the town and the villagers. dwellers and also the in-migrants to town from rural for business purposes. Transport and communica­ The town committce has becn functioning in ti·on sector too presents a promising picture as it is the town since it was declared as urban. The com­ government undertaking. Road constructions taken mittee has :made efforts to improve general environ­ up by Public Work Department are on the increase mental conditions of the town, in collaboration with in volume which resulted an increase in the number different departments who are responsible for its of workers. Taxies are not used in the town at development and improvement etc. Internal roads present and there is not much scope in the near have mostly been widened, tarred and drainage future. This being a hill town, there is no chance system improved by the Public Work Department. for any manpulled vehicles and animal driven carts, Street lights have been installed by Local Admini­ etc. In the decade 1971-81, of course, there has stration Department. Water supply schemes have been a marked increase in the popUlation of the been dealt by Public Health Engineering Department town but it was mainly due to the extension of urban and a number of conservancy staff have been appoin­ limits of the town with the inclusion of some rural ted by Local Administration Department to keep areas into the urban unit. By addition of Serkawn the t~n neat and clean. But the town has yet to 7.ohnuai. ZotJang, Sethlun and Bawng ven, wards,

99 100 the population of the town has increased cOnsi­ town are out-dated and were constructed according derably. In fact, these wards are expanding very to the old requirements and plans. These houses rapidly and have better chances of further expansion. are mostly built in the traditional style and are largely On the other side, with the construction of govern­ devoid of amenities like sanitary fittings, bath-room ment buildings in Venglai located in the main centre etc. Some of the persons are however, trying to of the town, more and more new settlers are being rebuild and reshape the old houses so as to give them attracted. New shops and others commercial esta­ a modern look. Of. course, the newly constructed bliihments are also coming up in different part of houses are following the modern architecture and the tOWD. layout plans. When we look at the housing conditions in the town, one finds the density of the houses in the Social change appears rapid almost in all walks heart of the town has reached almost the optimum of life, be it housing, choice of leisure time activities, point leaving very little scope for further expansion. residential pattern, occupational patterns or general Chandmary, Vanglai, Bazar areas are also fully way of living. Old social values are being over­ packed up with houses and have very little space for powered by the new ones and caste system is not in further constructions. Most of the buildings have operation. From the ancient time to this day there either been reconstructed or have been remodelled. had never been any class system and community Second point which requires a mention is the housing distinction and the people of different faiths and pattern is that the majority of the houses in Lunglei beliefs are living together peacefully. GLOSSARY

Cb,apchar Kut Lushai (Mizo) Spring festival Pialral Lushai (Mizo) paradise Chai One kind of Mizo dance Pu Vana Heavenly god Cherraw Bamboo dance Puan Loin cloth Chibai . To shake hands with Rahsi Interpretel Falkawn A Place whet e trap is set to Rinna Konhran Faith Church building catch wild animal/bird Biak In Hlamzuih Illfant dies soun after birth Rep Toasted Hringlang tlang The name of mythical mountain Rih dil . Rih lake (a lake which situated on the way to paradise from on the way to Lushai paradifte). whieh the departed ~pirit look Sakhua . Religion back a view of the longing the Sethlun Ka wn The place where mithun was world of man once kept Kawn Range Ser Lemon/any cytrus fruits Kikawn Parrot range Sipai lui Military stream (the so called Khuallam stranger's dance name was given to this stream because where the military first Khuanu A poetic name for god settled) Khuavang • The name of guardian spirit Sai Elephant Lai Central/Middle Sihpui lui A spring hounted by evil spirit. Lamhnai lui A stream located at a short Thangchhuh Highly honoured-men who distance killed many wild animals with a Lal Chief possesion of gleat wealth. Lei Bridge Tlawmngaihna Selfless help offer to others Lungloh tui Lathe Tui Water Lang Visible Upa Elder Mimkut Lushai (Mizo) festival in honour Vanchung Ilula A fairy lady of heaven of dead Vanhrika Heavenly massenger Mitthi khua Dead-man \illage Veng Locality /street Mitthi lumen To hold a wake all ni!rht with a Zo High land/hilly area dead person ~ ZotIang An elevated hill range Nghasil1 lui Nghasih (namt of a fish) stream Zawlnei. Prophet Pathian. God Zoramchhiah . Zoram Tax (a tax collected Pawl a nupui wife of Mr. Paul within Mizoram) Pawla kawtchhuah Entrance/exit to Mr. Paul Zu Fermentec. liquor prepared from Pawl Kut Lushai (Mizo) harv<.:st fe:.tival rice Pheichham One-legged bles,ing spirit Zualko Messenger

101 OMGIPN-S8-38 R.O. India (ND}J89-;2S-9-90-300