А.R.Aldibekova1* , B.М.Sultanova2 , A. Aksoy3 , М.S
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International Journal of Biology and Chemistry 14, № 1, 80 (2021) IRSTI 34.29.35 https://doi.org/10.26577/ijbch.2021.v14.i1.08 А.R.Aldibekova1* , B.М.Sultanova2 , A. Aksoy3 , М.S. Kurmanbayeva1 1Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan 2Institute of Botany and Phytointroduction MEGNR RK, Almaty, Kazakhstan 3Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey *e-mail: [email protected] Comparative study of root, stem, and leaf anatomy of young Sogdian ash trees (Fraxinus sogdiana Bunge) growing in river valleys of the Sharyn State National Park Abstract. The study of endangered relict woody plants is a key component of biodiversity conservation strategies. In this regard, the purpose of the study was to compare anatomical features of the vegetative organs of relict Sogdian ash (Fraxinus sogdiana Bunge) growing in river valleys of the Sharyn State National Park in the Almaty region. In 2020-2021 young individuals of Sogdian ash were sampled, in the valleys of the Sharyn and Temirlik rivers to study, their root, stem, and leaf anatomical features for the first time. The lower and upper epidermis of F. sogdiana leaves were thicker in individuals growing at the Sharyn site than at the Temirlik site. In contrast to that, the thickness of the mesophyll was thicker in leaves from the Temirlik site. The cross-sectional area of the conductive bundles of plants were larger in trees from the Sharyn site. The morphometric parameters of the stem also had different results. The diameter of the roots were twice as large in Sogdian ash trees growing at the Sharyn site, likely due to the growing conditions, since the soil of the Sharyn River valley is meadow, stony and pebbly, compared to the Temirlik River, which is a deposit of red clay mixed with crushed stone and rock remnants. Since Sogdian ash is drought tolerant dry air well, due to its resistance to heat and soil salinity, it can be recommended in order to preserve biodiversity, for landscaping, and for improving ecosystem conditions. Key words: Sharyn National Park, Sogdian ash (Fraxinus sogdiana Bunge), relict, anatomy, morphometry. Introduction Agrilus planipennis, in north America, and the fungal pathogen Hymenoscyphus fraxineus in Europe that The ash tree genus Fraxinus is one of the largest causes desiccation [1]. in the family of Oleaceae. This family contains 27 The Red List of Fraxinus well illustrates tree genera and 687 accepted species names (WcSP, species disappearing around the world at an alarming 2017-World Checklist of Selected Plant Families). rate. These threats may cause rapid population The genus Fraxinus contains 53 species. It also declines in the future. Therefore, it is necessary to contains hybrids and many intraspecific names. evaluate the genus Fraxinus in order to preserve the Plants of this genus grow as deciduous trees and endangered species of these valuable trees. shrubs. They are mainly found in temperate forests In order to ensure the sustainable development and in forests in the northern hemisphere. Several of arid oasis cities, close attention must be paid to species can be found in tropical locations in Central the use of limited water resources. Since urban America, India and parts of Indochina. Two species vegetation uses an important amount user of water, are found in North Africa (WcSP, 2017). Fraxinus urban greening activities must be adapted to local species are widely used, such as for landscaping, environmental conditions. Two introduced urban in the wood industry, and also as a food source for green tree species (F. sogdiana Bunge and Platanus livestock. Although Fraxinus species are often wide acerifolia Willd.) were selected by Chinese scientists distribution range, some species at risk in the wild in China. These species developed certain strategies due to small geographic ranges. Even those that to adapt to arid environment conditions and thus currently have an extensive range are susceptible to consume less water. F. sogdiana has a relatively high invasive pests and diseases, such as the emerald ash, drought tolerance and compared with P.acerifolia, © 2021 al-Farabi Kazakh National University Int. j. biol. chem. (Online) А.R. Aldibekova et al. 81 which consumes less water, so it is suggested when floodplain forest formed by a relic of the Paleogeon choosing urban landscaping tree species [2]. The period-the Sogdian ash (river-loving). It is located in inclusion of ash species in the urban catalog of the Sarytogay tract in the floodplain of the Sharyn tree species for the description and identification River and is currently part of the SHGNPP [18]. of harmful substances caused by pollution makes it The scientist G. E. Grum-Grzhimailo, 1896 notes possible to identify the environmental crisis in cities in his “Description of the way to Western China” that and megacities in the short and medium term [3-5]. the inhabitants of the Turfan valley plant elm, tut, ash F. sogdiana is a vulnerable species, therefore and other trees for shading in the villages and points it is timely and an important first step to prioritize out that ash is locally called “Sharyn” [19]. tree species for conservation efforts to reverse the In 1944, B. A. Bykov states in his article “Relict declining trend of species worldwide. To assess the Chagan forest in the Charyn River valley” that impact of ash shrinkage from Chalara fraxinea, this forest of moisture-loving ash trees (Fraxinus which has already been used to represent the density potamophila Herd) should be preserved as an amazing and size trajectories of pure single – aged stands natural monument. At that time, a whole wood of beech, oak and douglas fir, it has proven its processing plant was working on the basis of these ability to display the size density trajectories for a forests, so he was afraid that the merciless cutting of new species-ash. The widespread drying of the ash ash trees along the Sharyn River would quickly lead caused deviations from the expected particle density to the complete destruction of ash groves [20]. trajectories. These deviations can be used to determine Sogdian ash (F. sogdiana Bunge) is a rare, the additional mortality rate due to Hymenoscyphus relict species with a disjunctive habitat. According fraxineus infection in pure single-aged ash trees. to the literature, in 1926 the natural area of the ash New ideas for studying the inexpensive and highly grove was 1100 hectares in the SNNP “Sharyn”, effective modified adsorbent biochar as a new in 1943 it decreased to 410 ha, and in 1981 biochar to eliminate tetracycline from water [6-9]. increased to 812 ha. Currently, the area occupied by The factor responsible for the higher infestation of F. sogdiana Bunge is 5,014 thousand ha. seedlings, the low water table affected the density of The rarity of the plant is due to the stenotopic natural renewal of ash trees. The direct and indirect nature of the species, high quality wood and intensive relationship between the properties of the soil and economic use. It is included in the Red Book of the the natural regeneration of ash is revealed. The most Republic of Kazakhstan and in the IUCN Red List important factors with the density of ash regeneration (International List of Rare and Endangered Species, correlate the proportion of seedlings, soil pH and 1964) with the category “Near Th reatened” – a CaCO3 content together with soil moisture. This is condition close to threatened. The largest natural important for predicting reforestation and the ability population is located in the Sarytogay tract in the to recover from disturbances caused by H. fraxineus Sharyn National Park. [10]. To preserve biodiversity, Sogdian ash was Fraxinus species are of great interest for forest introduced in the valleys of the Ayak-Sungy and resilience, as they can survive fire or drought by Boroldai rivers in the south of Kazakhstan. Therefore, activating dormant vegetative buds to resume in the modern literature, much attention is paid to the growth. Understanding what factors control the early introduction of this species. On the territory of the growth and survival of these species is essential Syrdarya-Turkestan State Regional National Park, F. for developing strategies to increase the resilience sogdiana forms plantations on an area of 536 hectares. of plantings [11]. The anatomical parameters of Sogdian ash (F. sogdiana Bunge) is a tree 10-15 m the leaves of various Fraxinus correlate with the tall, elongated-ovate or spherical crown, reddish- physiological parameters of the leaves of other brown cracked bark. F. sogdiana lives in floodplains woody plants. Absorbent and transport thin roots and foothills with close occurrence of groundwater with a diameter of less than 2 mm differ greatly in [21; 22]. anatomy, morphology and physiology, as well as in The construction of large dams and the creation their response to environmental changes [12-17]. of reservoirs lead to changes in the natural course of The main botanical feature of the territory of the the hydrological regime and endanger the existence State National Natural Park «Sharyn» in the Almaty of unique floodplain forests of Sogdian ash Fraxinus( region is the ash forest dacha, which was declared the sogdiana), listed in the IUCN International Red natural monument by the Resolution of the Council of List [23]. At present, the risk of degradation of the Ministers of the Kazakh SSR from March 19, 1964. Ash Grove is increasing. The main danger is the The nature monument was created to protect the construction of the Moinak hydroelectric power Int. j. biol. chem. (Online) International Journal of Biology and Chemistry 14, № 1, 141 (2021) 82 Comparative study of root, stem, and leaf anatomy of young Sogdian ash trees ... station, which violates the natural hydrological regime lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, 2-6 cm long, 1b5- of the river and negatively affects the preservation 3 cm wide, glabrous from below, top slightly hairy of the Ash Grove.