Ingvardson 2017 Attractiveness of Public Transport Systems in a Metropolitan Setting Phd Thesis
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Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Oct 06, 2021 Attractiveness of public transport systems in a metropolitan setting Ingvardson, Jesper Bláfoss Publication date: 2017 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Ingvardson, J. B. (2017). Attractiveness of public transport systems in a metropolitan setting. DTU Management. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. 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Attractiveness of Public Transport Systems in a Metropolitan Setting PhD thesis Jesper Bláfoss Ingvardson December 2017 ATTRACTIVENESS OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMS IN A METROPOLITAN SETTING PhD Dissertation Jesper Bláfoss Ingvardson Department of Management Engineering Technical University of Denmark Supervisor: Professor Otto Anker Nielsen Department of Management Engineering Technical University of Denmark Co-supervisor: Associate Professor Sigal Kaplan Department of Management Engineering Technical University of Denmark & Department of Geography Hebrew University of Jerusalem Kongens Lyngby, December 2017 Preface PREFACE This PhD thesis entitled Attractiveness of public transport systems in a metropolitan setting is submitted to meet the requirements for obtaining a PhD degree at the Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark. The PhD project was supervised by Otto Anker Nielsen, Professor at DTU Management Engineering, and co-supervised by Sigal Kaplan, Associate Professor at DTU Management Engineering and The Department of Geography, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The thesis is paper-based and consists of the chapters listed in the tables of content, which include the papers listed below. Paper 1: Ingvardson, J. B., Jensen, J. K., Nielsen, O. A., 2017, Analysing improvements to on-street public transport systems: a mesoscopic model approach. Published in Public Transport, 9 (1), 385-409. Based on conference paper: Ingvardson, J. B., Jensen, J. K., Nielsen, O. A., 2015, Mesoscopic modelling of on-street public transport. Proceedings of the Conference on Advanced Systems in Public Transport (CASPT 2015), Rotterdam, Netherlands, July 19-23, 2015. Paper 2: Ingvardson, J. B., Nielsen, O. A., Raveau, S., Nielsen, B. F., 2017, Passenger arrival and waiting time distributions dependent on train service frequency and station characteristics: A smart card data analysis. Re-submitted after first round of review to Transportation Research Part C: Emerging technologies. Paper 3: Ingvardson, J. B., Nielsen, O. A., 2017, Effects of new bus and rail transit systems – an international review. Published in Transport Reviews, 38 (1), 96-116. Paper 4: Ingvardson, J. B., Nielsen, O. A., 2017, How urban density and network topology influence public transport ridership: Empirical evidence from 48 European metropolitan areas. Submitted to Journal of Transport Geography. I Attractiveness of public transport systems in a metropolitan setting Paper 5: Ingvardson, J. B., Nielsen, O. A., 2017, Satisfaction and public transport use: A comparison across six European cities using structural equation modelling. Submitted to Transportation Research Part A: Policy and practice. Paper 6: Ingvardson, J. B., Kaplan, S., Nielsen, O. A., Di Ciommo, F., de Abreu e Silva, J., Shiftan, Y., 2017, The Role of Satisfying Existence, Relatedness and Growth Needs in Commuter Modal Use Frequency. Re-submitted after first round of review to Transportation. Based on conference paper: Ingvardson, J. B., Kaplan, S., Nielsen, O. A., Di Ciommo, F., de Abreu e Silva, J., Shiftan, Y., 2017, The Commuting Habit Loop: The Role of Satisfying Existence, Relatedness and Growth Needs in Modal Choice. Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board (TRB) 96th Annual Meeting, Washington D.C., USA, January 8-12, 2017. Acknowledgements ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I would like to acknowledge the Danish Metro Company (Metroselskabet I/S) for making this PhD project possible. A special thanks goes to Head of Analysis and Passenger Economics, Jesper Overgaard and Head of Plan and Development Nina Kampmann for believing in the project. Together with the study group in Metroselskabet they contributed with valuable input and discussions during the past three years. I am very grateful for my main supervisor Professor Otto Anker Nielsen and co-supervisor Associate Professor Sigal Kaplan. During the entire project they have provided help and feedback on small and larger things related to the PhD. Without your help and guidance this project would not have been possible. I am deeply thankful for this. In May 2016, I visited Floridea Di Ciommo in Barcelona to collaborate on a satisfaction survey. To Floridea, thank you very much for hosting me and for the good collaboration on the project and the paper. I would also like to thank João de Abreu e Silva and Yoram Shiftan for their help in finishing the paper. I am already looking forward to continue working with you on other projects starting in January 2018. During the Danish Winter 2016-17, I spent four months in the Chilean Summer visiting Professor Juan Carlos Muñoz and Assistant Professor Sebastián Raveau at the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. To JuanCa, I am thankful for kindly hosting me during those four months, showing great hospitality and for discussions on my project. To Sebastián, thank you for the great collaboration and feedback on my project throughout my stay, and afterwards. Also a big thanks to the big group of students for making me feel welcome at the department. I hope to come back to visit soon! To my colleagues at formerly DTU Transport, presently DTU Management Engineering, I owe sincere thanks for contributing to a great workplace. I am grateful for the vast amount of knowledge spread throughout the corridors which is readily available just by knocking on the door. Many interesting ideas, fruitful discussions and interesting perspectives have helped form my thesis, which I owe a big thank you for. But in times of frustrations and when everything was unmanageable it was at least equally important to be among great colleagues which I consider friends. Thank you for all the water cooler talks! Finally, I would like to thank my friends and family for their understanding during the past three years when I have often prioritised my PhD, especially during the second half of 2017 where it has been difficult to get my full attention. I look forward to being able to spend more time with all of you! Jesper Bláfoss Ingvardson, December, 2017 III Attractiveness of public transport systems in a metropolitan setting IV Summary SUMMARY Attractive public transport systems are essential for ensuring mobility in metropolitan areas as urbanisation continues to put pressure on the increasingly congested transport networks. It is therefore important to design attractive public transport systems which appeal to not only captive, but also choice users if public transport is to accomplish its share of transport growth. This requires a system that meets the expectations of the travellers in terms of providing a competitive and attractive service, which is traditionally associated with expensive metro systems. However, cost-effective systems such as Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and Light Rail Transit (LRT) have become increasingly popular alternatives for relieving congestion and creating attractive public transport in medium- sized cities or corridors where metro networks are financially infeasible. The objective of this PhD study is to create a better understanding of the determinants of attractiveness of public transport systems in an urban setting. Due to the width of the topic, this thesis includes six individual contributions, which seek to analyse public transport from different perspectives. However, all studies focus on how to ensure attractive public transport systems as perceived by both passengers at the individual level and for society at an overall level. This includes comparisons across the main public transport modes, namely BRT, LRT and metro or heavy rail systems, to contribute with insights on possible differences, which is especially important when considering the large differences in construction costs. The analyses performed as part of this thesis can be divided into three research areas within the overall theme, namely i) public transport operations, ii) effects of implementing the systems on a larger scale, and iii) the main determinants of travel satisfaction. The first part contains a two-fold analysis of specific aspects related to public transport operations. The first study analyses on-street public transport systems, i.e. BRT and LRT, with the objective of evaluating design elements and implementation. These systems comprise many design elements ranging from infrastructure elements, e.g. partly segregated bus lanes or fully segregated busways,