DOCSLIB.ORG

Oral Manifestations in Drug Users: a Review

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Oral Manifestations in Drug Users: a Review J Clin Exp Dent. 2020;12(2):e193-200. Oral manifestations in drug users Journal section: Oral Medicine and Pathology doi:10.4317/jced.55928 Publication Types: Review https://doi.org/10.4317/jced.55928 Oral manifestations in drug users: A review Federico Cossa 1, Alessia Piastra 2, Mª Gracia Sarrion-Pérez 3, Leticia Bagán 4 1 Student of the master of Implantology at the Universidad Europea de Valencia. Graduated in Dentistry at the Universidad Europea de Valencia 2 Student of the master of Endodontics at the University of Valencia. Graduated in Dentistry at the Universidad Europea de Valencia 3 PhD, Associate Professor. Faculty of Health Sciences. Department of Dentistry. European University of Valencia. Spain 4 PhD, Titular professor. Faculty of Health Sciences. Department of Dentistry. European University of Valencia. Spain Correspondence: Universidad Europea de Valencia Paseo Alameda, 7 46010 – Valencia, Spain [email protected] Cossa F, Piastra A, Sarrion-Pérez MG, Bagán L. Oral manifestations in drug users: A review. J Clin Exp Dent. 2020;12(2):e193-200. http://www.medicinaoral.com/odo/volumenes/v12i2/jcedv12i2p193.pdf Received: 24/06/2019 Accepted: 08/01/2020 Article Number: 55928 http://www.medicinaoral.com/odo/indice.htm © Medicina Oral S. L. C.I.F. B 96689336 - eISSN: 1989-5488 eMail: [email protected] Indexed in: Pubmed Pubmed Central® (PMC) Scopus DOI® System Abstract Background: In the dental environment there is not much talk about the oral manifestations resulting from the use of drugs, because in general the issue of drugs is a very difficult subject to deal with. Therefore, the objective of this work is to understand what are the most obvious manifestations in the oral cavity and as the dentist can detect them. Material and Methods: In order to carry out this bibliographical review, a scientific article search was made by consulting the PubMed database. The abstracts were read to recruit only what was consistent with the chosen topic. Results: The 23 sources of information affirmed the relationship between a bad state of general health, and more in the specific, bad state of oral cavity. Conclusions: The most relevant manifestations were: decay, loss of teeth and precancerous lesions. These manifes- tations were present in most of the cases studied. All this is a consequence of the drug and the lifestyle acquired by the drug users studied. Key words: Drug, caries, meth mouth, periodontitis, xerostomia. Introduction To date, drug abuse is one of the world’s most devasta- In 1992, the WHO defined drug addiction as “a state, ting health problems, the root cause of risky behaviors, psychic and sometimes also physical, resulting in the violence, and social problems (2,3). interaction between a living organism and a drug, cha- Globally, it is estimated that a 275 million of the adult racterized by behavioral and other responses that always population aged 15-64 years used drugs at least once in include a compulsion to take the drug on a continuous or 2016. Some 31 million of substance abusers, are esti- periodic basis in order to experience its psychic effects, mated to suffer from drug use disorders. Opiates, such and sometimes to avoid the discomfort of its absence. as heroine and opium, are the substances that cause the Tolerance may or may not be present (1).” highest negative health impact; however, cannabis re- e193 J Clin Exp Dent. 2020;12(2):e193-200. Oral manifestations in drug users mains the world’s most widely used drug, by an estima- latal perforation”, “oral health”, “dry mouth”, “caries”, ted 192.2 million people, amphetamines are still in se- “cocaine”, “heroine”, “methamphetamine”, “cannabis”, cond place with an estimated 34.2 million users, cocaine “marihuana”, “periodontal disease” and “dental disea- users amount to nearly 18.2 million worldwide, and se”. These keywords were combined with the boolean approximately 19.4 million people have used opiates. operators “AND” and “OR”. Estimated figures of drug use in Europe in 2017 show Review articles, clinical trials, comparative studies and 24 million adults aged 15-64 years used cannabis, 3.5 cases series were included, as well as systematic reviews million cocaine users, an estimated 1.7 million amphe- and metanalysis. tamine users and 1.3 million are estimated to have used With the words we have chosen and the filters, we have opiates. found 194 articles. Of these, we have eliminated they Many drug users tend to be polydrug users, making the also included drugs such as alcohol, medication, and to- entire drug-use scenario rather complicated. bacco. The most common method of using cannabis is by smo- We drew on information from 23 articles to complete king it mixed with tobacco; health problems may in- our work, in addition to 4 booklets by UNODC (Uni- crease with the use of higher potency cannabis products, ted Nations Office on Drugs and Crime) and EMCDDA especially those with high concentrations of the psy- (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Ad- choactive component, tetrahydrocannabinol. Common diction). The selection process is illustrated as a PRIS- physical health problems include chronic respiratory MA flow diagram, (Fig. 1). symptoms or mental health problems, such as cannabis dependence and psychotic symptoms. Results Snorting cocaine is common, however, marginalized Of the 23 articles, 3 were used only for introduction and users are more likely to inject it or smoke crack cocaine were not included for the results, for the results of this (4). Cocaine stimulates the dopamine system, inducing review we have selected 20, of which: 2 retrospective a feeling of euphoria and arousal (5), the most severe cohort study, 3 reviews, 8 cross-sectional study, 1 pros- complications are seizures, hemorrhagic and ischemic pective cohort study, 1 retrospective observational case, strokes, myocardial infarction, aortic dissection, rhab- 1 systematic review, 3 pilot studies and 1 comparative domyolysis, mesenteric ischemia, acute renal injury, study. multiple organ failure, and fast destructive processes in Of these articles, 3 speak only of cocaine, 1 speaks only the midfacial region, and is important the differential of heroin, 1 of cannabis alone and 9 of methamphetami- diagnosis with these other diseases like Wegener´s gra- ne alone. The remaining articles have been divided in nulomatosis, NK/T cell lymphoma, infections and other mixed drugs: 3 articles bring together heroin, cocaine neoplasias (4,6). Cocaine use during pregnancy increa- and cannabis; 2 articles put together cocaine and canna- ses the risk of a foetus with a cleft palate (5). bis; 1 articles talk about heroin and methamphetamine. Amphetamines may be inhaled or injected, smoked, The main characteristics of the different articles are de- swallowed as a pill or dissolved in a drink (7). These tailed in table 1, 1 cont., 1 cont.1. substances produce an intense rush of pleasure, a sen- se of euphoria and a general state of dehydration (8,9). Discussion People who inject drugs (PWID) are more exposed to in- It is difficult to identify and isolate the root causes of fectious diseases such as HIV, hepatitis and tuberculosis, oral diseases among addicts, since they show a variety of accidental overdose, and anesthesia complications (10). unhealthy behaviors. Poor oral hygiene, increased sugar Drug abuse has both direct and indirect consequences intake, and inappropriate nutrition, life style and limited for oral health; the associated complications may result education do not favor the proper use of dental service from direct exposure of oral tissues to drugs during smo- (2). king or ingestion, biologic interaction of drugs with nor- The authors showed the oral side effects of cannabis: mal physiology of oral cavity, and the effects of drugs on periodontal disease, xerostomia, increased risk of decay, the brain and on systemic functions (2). erosion of enamel due to cannabinoid hyperemesis, pul- The aim of this bibliographic review is to explore the pitis, increased risk of candidiasis, leukoplakia, precan- lesions that may appear in the oral area as a result of cerous lesions and oral carcinoma (2,11). substance abuse, focusing on the most commonly used Thomson et al. (12) observed that cannabis smoking drugs nowadays. was a risk factor for periodontal disease among young adults. One or more periodontal sites with a 4 mm or Material and Methods greater loss of clinical attachment level (CAL) reached In this bibliographic review research was carried out 29.3% at 32 years of age. on PubMed for articles published from 2006 to 2018, Users with high exposure present 7 times greater the the keywords being: “drug abuse”, “side effects”, “pa- risk compared to none users, of developing periodontal e194 J Clin Exp Dent. 2020;12(2):e193-200. Oral manifestations in drug users Fig. 1: Flow diagram. disease. The periodontal effects of tobacco smoke are also observed a decrease in salivary flow, although they thought to occur via the systemic effects of nicotine and emphasize that determining the real cause of this disor- other toxic constituents on immune function and the der in this type of patients is complicated as they are inflammatory response within the periodontal tissues. polydrug users (1,14). Cannabis contains more than 400 compounds, the cons- Mateos Moreno et al. (1) also detected a reduction in the tituents are similar to tobacco those have been reported buffer capacity of saliva in the drug users analyzed and to carry systemic health risks and have histopathological an increase of Streptococcus Mutans and Lactobacillus effects that are similar to those of tobacco smoke (12). in the saliva of individuals addicted to substances. This Also the study by Gigena et al. (13) revealed that ado- data does not comply with the results of Gigena et al. lescent consumers of cannabis and cocaine have a higher (13) who did not find xerostomia and any decrease in risk of developing periodontal disease, only 20% of con- the buffer capacity in the sample of addicted individuals sumers had periodontal health.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Your Mouth on Meth
    Common Ingredients in Meth Manufacturing The com mon ingredients used in making methamp hetamine and listed below are very acidic: ■ Antifreeze ■ Battery acid ■ Drain cleaner ■ Hydrochloric acid ■ Lantern fuel ■ Lye ■ Muriatic acid ■ Paint thinner ■ Red phosphorus found in the strips on match boxes ■ Over-the-counter cold medicines that contain ephedrine Mix these together and you have some caustic stuff. Meth users can go from having healthy teeth and a sparkling smile to losing their teeth in a very short time period. For most, dentures D M are the only option. D , n e l l A These dangerous chemicals can also make you h t i feel like there are bugs under your skin, causing d u J you to scratch yourself to the point that you : o t o have bleeding sores on your face, arms and legs. h p Health Care for the Homeless Clinicians' Network Your Mouth on P O Box 60427 | Nashville, TN 37206 Phone: 615 226-2292 Meth [email protected] | www.nhchc.org One Big Problem What You Can Do What You Need to Know While methamphetamine is very damaging to ■ Do not use methamphetamine or other the body and brain, it also destroys teeth. An drugs. unhealthy, unattractive mouth makes it difficult ■ If you’re already using, call the agency Meth, Speed, Ice, Chalk, Crank, Fire, Glass and to feel good about your appearance, socialize below for help getting off drugs. Crysta l are street names for the drug and find a job. ■ Instead of drinking sodas, drink plenty of metha mphetamine.
    [Show full text]
  • Methamphetamine Abuse and “Meth Mouth” in Europe
    Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2015 Mar 1;20 (2):e205-10. Meth Mouth in EU Journal section: Medically compromised patients in Dentistry doi:10.4317/medoral.20204 Publication Types: Review http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.4317/medoral.20204 Methamphetamine abuse and “meth mouth” in Europe Carlo De-Carolis 1, Geraldine-A. Boyd 2, Luca Mancinelli 3, Stefano Pagano 1, Stefano Eramo 1 1 DDS. Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences-School of Dentistry- University of Perugia, Italy 2 Language Centre (CLA), University of Perugia, Italy 3 Geology Department, University of Dublin, Ireland Correspondence: School of Dentistry, University of Perugia Strada vicinale delle corse 60180 Perugia, Italy De-Carolis C, Boyd GA, Mancinelli L, Pagano S, Eramo S. Methamphet- [email protected] amine abuse and “meth mouth” in Europe. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2015 Mar 1;20 (2):e205-10. http://www.medicinaoral.com/medoralfree01/v20i2/medoralv20i2p205.pdf Received: 28/05/2014 Article Number: 20204 http://www.medicinaoral.com/ Accepted: 16/10/2014 © Medicina Oral S. L. C.I.F. B 96689336 - pISSN 1698-4447 - eISSN: 1698-6946 eMail: [email protected] Indexed in: Science Citation Index Expanded Journal Citation Reports Index Medicus, MEDLINE, PubMed Scopus, Embase and Emcare Indice Médico Español Abstract With easy chemical synthesis from its precursor, methamphetamine (MA) is now widespread in many countries. The abuse of methamphetamine is associated with several negative effects on health, because MA is a neurotoxin and a dangerous central nervous system stimulant. It changes levels of neurotransmitters in the brain, releasing dopamine and inhibiting nor epinephrine uptake which increases sympathetic nervous system activity and can lead to cardiac arrhythmia, hypertension and tachypnea.
    [Show full text]
  • Risk Factors for Temporomandibular Disorders Among Amphetamine Users in Indonesia
    Pesquisa Brasileira em Odontopediatria e Clínica Integrada 2019; 19:e5261 DOI: http://doi.org/10.4034/PBOCI.2019.191.142 ISSN 1519-0501 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Risk Factors for Temporomandibular Disorders among Amphetamine Users in Indonesia Inge Paramitha1, Ira Tanti2, Laura S. Himawan3 1Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia. 0000-0002-0072-379X 2Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia. 0000-0002-0119-3153 2Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia. 0000-0002-6331-5160 Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: Dr. Ira Tanti, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jalan Salemba Raya no.4, Jakarta Pusat, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia. Phone: +62 8161164801. E-mail: [email protected]. Academic Editors: Alessandro Leite Cavalcanti and Wilton Wilney Nascimento Padilha Received: 03 April 2019 / Accepted: 09 September 2019 / Published: 24 September 2019 Abstract Objective: To determine the possible risk factors for temporomandibular disorders (TMD) among amphetamine users in Indonesia. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 152 male amphetamine users, aged 18-45 years, who were undergoing rehabilitation. Data were obtained from medical records, questionnaires, and clinical examinations. Data obtained from medical records included age, gender, duration of amphetamine use, duration of rehabilitation, and psychiatric status. Collected data were analyzed using the Chi-square and logistic regression tests to identify correlations between TMD and bruxism, oral habits, tooth wear, duration of amphetamine abused, and duration of rehabilitation. Results: TMD was found in 84.2% of amphetamine users, with clicking being the most frequently reported sign (72.4%). Tooth wear (72.4%), oral habits (60.5%), and bruxism (56.6%) were also frequently found.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies of Synthetic Particles and Nerve Endings on Mass
    STUDIES OF SYNTHETIC PARTICLES AND NERVE ENDINGS ON MASS TRANSPORT AND KINETICS AND INHIBITION OF THE DEGLYCOSYLATED DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER By VERONICA MANLING CHIU A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY Department of Chemistry May 2012 To the Faculty of Washington State University: The members of the Committee appointed to examine the dissertation of VERONICA MANLING CHIU find it satisfactory and recommend that it be accepted. __________________________________ James O. Schenk, Ph.D., Chair ___________________________________ Herbert H. Hill, Jr., Ph.D. ___________________________________ Chulhee Kang, Ph.D. ___________________________________ Barbara A. Sorg, Ph.D. ii ACKNKOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to start by thanking my committee, Drs. Jim Schenk, Herb Hill, Chulhee Kang, and Barb Sorg for their support, encouragement, and guidance. I am especially grateful to my mentor as well as my friend, Dr. Jim Schenk, for the infinite support, patience, and encouragement. Jim, you allowed me to learn, think and find answers on my own, but at the same time you provided help whenever I needed it. You also encouraged me to believe who I am. You taught me how to write a scientific paper and allowed me to write in my own words. You also provided me much help with giving presentations, which I am still learning about. In addition to science knowledge, I learned a lot from you on cooking, food, American culture, and arts. I really enjoyed the time when we gathered and shared food, and of course, your food is always so tasty. I know I am going to miss it! I also enjoyed our talks, and I never met a person who has as much knowledge as you do.
    [Show full text]
  • SAID 2013 Literature Review
    2013 SAID Literature Review – Annual Seminar Philadelphia, PA 2013 ANNUAL SEMINAR PHILADELPHIA, PA Special Care Advocates in Dentistry 2013 Lit. Review (SAID’s Search of Dental Literature Published in Calendar Year 2012*) Compiled by: Dr. Robert G. Henry Dr. Douglas Veazey Special Acknowledgement to Ms. Sandy Challman who provided computer support, literature searches, and collecting and compiling the final articles which are seen here. Without her help and support this review would not have been possible. 1 2013 SAID Literature Review – Annual Seminar Philadelphia, PA Recent journal articles related to oral health care for people with mental and physical disabilities. Search Program = PubMed Database = Medline Journal Subset = Dental Publication Timeframe = Calendar Year 2012* Language = English SAID Search-Term Results = 2,933 Initial Selection Result = 682 articles Final Selection Result = 144 articles SAID Search-Terms Employed: 1. Intellectual disability 21. Protective devices 2. Mental retardation 22. Moderate sedation 3. Mental deficiency 23. Conscious sedation 4. Mental disorders 24. Analgesia 5. Mental health 25. Anesthesia 6. Mental illness 26. Dental anxiety 7. Dental care for disabled 27. Nitrous oxide 8. Dental care for chronically ill 28. Gingival hyperplasia 9. Self-mutilation 29. Gingival hypertrophy 10. Disabled 30. Glossectomy 11. Behavior management 31. Sialorrhea 12. Behavior modification 32. Bruxism 13. Behavior therapy 33. Deglutition disorders 14. Cognitive therapy 34. Community dentistry 15. Down syndrome 35. State dentistry 16. Cerebral palsy 36. Gagging 17. Epilepsy 37. Substance abuse 18. Enteral nutrition 38. Syndromes 19. Physical restraint 39. Tooth brushing 20. Immobilization 40. Pharmaceutical preparations Program: EndNote X3 used to organize search and provide abstract.
    [Show full text]
  • The Significance of Illicit Drug Use to Dental Practice
    Article ID: WMC00455 2046-1690 The Significance Of Illicit Drug Use To Dental Practice Corresponding Author: Dr. William Maloney, clinical associate professor, New York University, 345 East 24th Street, 10010 - United States of America Submitting Author: Dr. William J Maloney, Clinical Associate Professor, New York University, 345 East 24th Street, 10010 - United States of America Article ID: WMC00455 Article Type: Original Articles Submitted on:28-Jul-2010, 04:15:06 AM GMT Published on: 28-Jul-2010, 07:20:26 AM GMT Article URL: http://www.webmedcentral.com/article_view/455 Subject Categories:DENTISTRY, DRUG ABUSE Keywords:drug abuse, dental practice, cocaine, marijuana, methampetamines, meth mouth How to cite the article:Maloney W . The Significance Of Illicit Drug Use To Dental Practice . WebmedCentral DENTISTRY, DRUG ABUSE 2010;1(7):WMC00455 WebmedCentral > Original Articles Page 1 of 7 WMC00455 Downloaded from http://www.webmedcentral.com on 22-Dec-2011, 05:49:23 AM The Significance Of Illicit Drug Use To Dental Practice Author(s): Maloney W Introduction extensively in the scientific literature to describe the devastating, yet predictable, dental effects of methamphetamine use. The buccal smooth surfaces of the teeth and the interproximal surfaces of the Dentists encounter a wide array of individuals anterior teeth are affected by decay in presenting for various professional dental services in methamphetamine users (3,5,8-14). Other oral their dental practices on a daily basis.Regardless of findings in methamphetamine users include clenching the geographic location of the dental practice or the and grinding of teeth (15), tempromandibular disorders socio-economic status of the patients, each dental (6), xerostomia, and poor oral hygiene (8).
    [Show full text]
  • AHEC Course Listing Use the Search Function to Look for a Course
    AHEC Course Listing Use the search function to look for a course. Multidisciplinary Approach to Complex Restorative Dentistry Faculty: Ryan Cook, DDS, MS Time: 3 hrs Complex treatment plans require a multidisciplinary team approach to maximize therapeutic outcomes. Treating patients utilizing a multidisciplinary approach not only optimizes patient care, but also enhances a clinician’s diagnostic skills. This presentation will review the fundamentals of a multidisciplinary approach and illustrates how state of the art technology can supplement these fundamentals resulting in clinical excellence. Multiple and single unit restorations will be discussed from the treatment planning phase to final restoration in a step by step fashion that allows for easy assimilation into everyday practice. Target Audience: D, H, A AGD: Academy of General Dentistry Codes: Course Objectives: 1. Understanding restorative options in fixed prosthodontics and implant dentistry 2. How diagnosis, treatment planning and initial patient presentation effects: a. Final abutment selection b. Cost c. Esthetics d. Implant selection and location e. Occlusal scheme f. Type of final restoration g. Periodontal- Restorative Interface 3. Simplifying impression techniques 4. Ortho-Perio- Restorative factors that influence treatment outcomes 5. Understand the importance of treatment sequencing in multidisciplinary care. 6. Understanding how digital dentistry enhances communication. Teeth or Implants: An Evidence Based Approach to Treatment Planning Faculty: Ibrahim Duqum, BDS, MS Time: 1.5-2 hrs Should I restore this tooth or extract it and replace it with a dental implant? This is a frequent question that dentists encounter on daily basis when evaluating broken and compromised teeth that require root canal therapy, post and core foundations and external coverage restorations.
    [Show full text]
  • Addiction and the Use of Illicit Drug Use-The Oral and Dental Effects
    DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2018.05.001137 William J Maloney. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res ISSN: 2574-1241 Mini Review Open Access Addiction and the Use of Illicit Drug Use-The Oral And Dental Effects *William J Maloney, DDS Clinical Associate Professor, New York University, USA Received: May 25, 2018; Published: May 30, 2018 *Corresponding author: William J Maloney, DDS, Clinical Associate Professor, New York University, USA Abstract The power of addiction must never be underestimated. Addiction is the key element in an individual’s seeking and use of illicit drugs despite the knowledge of the potential harmful consequences. The dentist must be aware of the many oral and dental manifestations of the use of various drugs. Also, the dentist must be aware of the potential systemic manifestations of drugs such as heroin, cannabis, methamphetamines and cocaine in order to make the proper modifications to ensure the safe and effective delivery of dental treatment. Introduction disease and xerostomia [2]. Xerostomia, along with poor oral hy- Safe and effective dental treatment is the goal of all dental pro- giene and bad diet, lead to the high incidence of caries, which are seen especially on the smooth and cervical surfaces of the teeth. assess the medical status of the patient. For those patients who fessionals. In order to provide this treatment, the dentist must first Periodontal disease is more prevalent in the heroin abuser than in state a history of illicit drug use, the dentist must continue to pro- vide an assessment of the patient’s drug use and the effect it may be having on the dental and oral health of the individual and whether nonusers.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Drug Abuse on Oral Health
    Review Article DOI: 10.18231/2455-1732.2018.0016 Effects of drug abuse on oral health Deepmala1,*, Shweta Bali2, Meenu Taneja3, Priyanka3 1PG Student, 2Professor & HOD, 3,4Reader, Dept. of Periodontics and Oral Implantology, Santosh Dental College & Hospital, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India *Corresponding Author: Email: [email protected] Abstract Drug abuse is one of major global concern among the social and medical ills of the twentieth century. Substance abuse ranks as one of the devastating and costly affairs in a present situation. These addictive drugs stimulating the brain, flooding it with neurotransmitters like dopamine which induces adaptive changes in the brain so that drug abuse may become compulsive for them. Thus drug abuse affect systemic as well as the oral health. This article discuss about the various drugs of abuse and their effect in the oral cavity along with the careful management of these addicts in the Dental clinic. Keywords: Hallucinogen, Cannabis, Narcotics, Addiction, LXE. Introduction occur. In heroin abuse, increased numbers of decayed, The use of illicit drug has increased worldwide. missing and filled teeth can be detected in the mouth. According to UNO (United nation office) on drug and Marijuana abuse can lead to acidic erosion of enamel crime 243 million people age (15-64yrs.) are users of caries due to cannabinoid hyper emesis in which illicit drug.1 Substance abuse is on rising trend more frequent episodes of vomiting occur. These patients common in males then females. WHO (World Health also develop dental caries, inflammation and Organization) estimated that 2 billion people hyperplasia of gingiva, uvulitis, leukoplakia, oral consuming alcohol and 76.3 million people have papilloma, and tongue carcinoma.
    [Show full text]
  • Review Article Prevalence and Etiology of Oral Diseases in Drug-Addicted Populations: a Systematic Review
    Int J Clin Exp Med 2018;11(7):6521-6531 www.ijcem.com /ISSN:1940-5901/IJCEM0075796 Review Article Prevalence and etiology of oral diseases in drug-addicted populations: a systematic review Dongliang Sun1*, Tao Ye1*, Pengcheng Ren2, Shibin Yu1 1State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P.R. China; 2Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P.R. China. *Equal contributors. Received March 11, 2017; Accepted April 26, 2018; Epub July 15, 2018; Published July 30, 2018 Abstract: As a global social problem, drug abuse is a serious public health concern. Epidemiologic research reveals that illicit drug use influences the genesis and progression of oral diseases. Indeed, oral diseases are among the most frequently reported health problems among drug abusers. Herein, we reviewed the prevalence, disease fea- tures and etiology of dental caries, periodontal disease, oral mucosal diseases, xerostomia, bruxism and jaw clench- ing, tooth wear, orofacial pain and temporomandibular disease (TMD) in the setting of addiction. Keywords: Illicit drugs, addiction, oral health, dental caries, periodontal disease As a global social problem, drug abuse increas- The real number of drug addicts in China was es social and economic burdens, crime rates, estimated to be more than 14,000,000 at the unemployment, and threatens public safety. At end of 2014 [7]. present, cannabis (marijuana) and metham- phetamine (Meth) are the most commonly used Oral health is an integral part of general health. illicit drugs worldwide [1], followed by opiates, Poor oral health has been linked to mortality, hallucinogens, cocaine- and amphetamine- coronary heart disease, poor nutrition, speech type stimulants, and various club drugs [2].
    [Show full text]
  • Recognizing the Oral Manifestations of HIV/AIDS
    Recognizing the Oral Manifestations of HIV/AIDS A Guide for Dental Health Providers HRSA Grant # H4HA00060 The following document contains updated information regarding current concepts of HIV disease, and information about recommendations for HIV testing. The content of this document can be used by dental and other health care providers for training. Dental management of HIV infected patients does not differ from that of non-HIV infected patients. Most treatment can be performed by general practitioners. No special facility or equipment is required. “Standard Precautions”*(CDC,2003) have been proven to prevent the transmission of HIV and other infectious diseases in the dental office. HIV infected patients who require specialist care should be appropriately referred according to the same referral protocol as for the non-HIV infected patient. HIV-related oral conditions include bacterial infections, fungal infections, and viral infections. Additionally, HIV infected persons often present with medical problems resulting from HIV- related immune suppression, drug therapy and co-morbid conditions and diseases. A comprehensive medical and oral health assessment is an essential component for safe and appropriate oral health care. Early recognition and intervention for opportunistic infections (OIs) can significantly reduce morbidity and improve the quality of life for patients infected with HIV. What is HIV? HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus . HIV affects specific cells of the immune system, called CD4 cells, or T cells. Over time, HIV can destroy so many of these cells that the body can’t fight off infections and disease. HIV can cause AIDS if left untreated. As a result, people with AIDS develop serious opportunistic infection(s) and cancers.
    [Show full text]
  • You May Find This Hard to Swallow…
    ________________________________________ It’s cheap, it’s dangerous and has Texas law enforcement and drug counselors scrambling to stop it and youngsters eager to share it. What is it? A new heroin-laced powder known as "cheese." So far the problem seems to be isolated in the Dallas, Texas school system. However, with its ease to make and inexpensive price tag as bait, Alabama law enforcement along with drug counselors, school professionals and parents should be alert to the possibility of local infiltration. Cheese is a tan powder made mostly from acetaminophen and diphenhydramine HCL — the ingredients in Tylenol PM — with a little heroin mixed in. Authorities say samples confiscated in Dallas have been laced with up to 8% heroin. The Tylenol and heroin are crushed together and typically folded into notebook paper. A quarter- gram sells for $5, with a single hit usually selling for $2. This "lunch-money" price tag allows for younger children to afford the new danger. In fact, Dallas officials have reported users as young as middle school age. The highly-addictive "cheese" creates euphoria, disorientation, lethargy, sleepiness and hunger, according to police. They go on to add that withdrawal symptoms may appear as soon as 12 hours of discontinued use. Users told police that the after- affects, including headaches, chills, muscle pains and anxiety are so severe that they often return to using the drug within one to three days as a way to avoid dealing with the agonizing symptoms. You May Find This Hard To Swallow… Chewing tobacco or snuff is placed in the mouth to be chewed and sucked in order to extract the tobacco juices.
    [Show full text]