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UDC: 572. 02(22) Title: Insula: international journal of isl.

Cat. no: 211537 Date: 08 Apr 20 Subscription no: l Note: (. (2^^3|

l TER1 ATIONAL JOURNAL F ISLAND AFFAIRS

SPMNG 1992 YEAR l No. l -* (GTU...DU) ç^-^. ^. ^ ItàBana rAmbiente t(^JL^^ -* Tk--*. &L ^0 T? n^îQ -^ ^GTC^C^^^^JL^)? ntents iE Tl l THE Rff 18 US

Editorial Culture an£ Dr. Pier Giovanni d'Ayala "^.. Kno^^ PARIS07 SP - FRANCE Popular use of Médicinal Bibliothèque News fi"om thé Islands Plants in thé and tfae World Maltese Islands 34 Guido Lanfi-anco Croatian Islands at War 4 Nenad Starc Seamen, thé Island and tke Faith: thé Eynnpte Japon: Thé Renwte Islands of Ouessant 36 Development Act 10 Françoise Pérou Shigeyoshi Wake Library Traditwnal System of Thé Seychelles- A plan for Management Development 14 in Nicobar Islands 4l E-mail : library@unesco. org Nina Tômudd G. Prakash Keddy Tel.:+33 (0)145 68 03 56/60 7, Placede Fontenoy75007 Paris, France Thé UNESCO Progmmnie: Tke Aivhipelago of Finland: Satellite Monitoring between Two A/vhetypes 45 Sea-level Rise 17 Errka J. Maula

Insula's Page 48 Dossier: Global Warming News troïxi MAB 49 and Sea-level Rise Book Reviews 50 Contributions 52 Within thé framework of thé Mediterranean Spécial Programme for Action Thé Pivblems of Atoll States: Meeting thé Thrvat (MEDSPA),promoted by thé European Community - Général Directorate for thé of Global Wanning 19 Environment - two significant projects hâve been implemented over thé last John ConneU Front Cover: two years. An old map of thé islaivls of Giiadehupeand Marie Gahnte Does thé Sea-level Rise? y:ïX3!-^ywi:. \ Thé Presidency of thé Région of Sicily commissioned substantial réclamation Science uersus Fears 26 work on thé coastal area of thé Egadi Islands and, in particular, thé cleaning up and restoration of certain areas of natural beauty of thé Island of Insula's Guest ^^^^-^fei',. \/' Marettimo, which had been drastically polluted by thé deliberate dumping of An Interview with Federico r\ r-Aîfê^ills&- ' hydrocarbons in thé sea. Mayor, Director-Général ^. !^ÏSSS^^S3^.\ UNESCO 29 At thé same time, effective coopération between thé Région of Puglia and thé ^^. ^^S^^^ A'!^\^ '^Jt'^..'s^-'-... :.^-"' ./'. l \ \ Comune of thé Tremiti Islands has allowed for completion of thé reorganization Islanders at Work of thé system of solid waste collection, transport and treatment in thé arcipelago, a task which included thé intégral land réclamation of thé dumping Thé Sait Gar-deris - sites throughout thé whole territory. a Disappewing Art 31 Pier Giovanni d'Ayala ® 1S \8L Islanders at Work

International Journal d'tor'a of Island Affài

Spring 1992 Pier Giovanni d'Ayala a new Journal is ready for thé printer, those who hâve ontributed to it sometimes expérience a twinge of uneasiness. Does it reaUy satisfy thé nods whi.ch first prompted Editorial thé idea of laimching it? Is it as goodas might As to thé other two questions raised above, thé Board be expected, considering thé means and efiforts frank answer is that fhis issue is only partly devoted to its production? Dos its treatmeut suoessful, but l am confident that thé experi- Editer: hâve thé universality of approach that is de- ence gamed in preparing it under aU sort of Pier Giovanni d'Ayala manded by an International Journal? constraints includins i.ime, wiU constitute a Co-editor: valuable asset foi thé forthoming issues. Lino Briguglio Thé answer to thé first question would appear Editorial Assistant: to be positive. Almost two décadesof research Let .us however ome to thé ore of our présent Marie-France Baud and experiment in matters related to sustain- endeavour. In a world in which islands hâve able development of islands, onducted under been onsidered as a kind of irrelevant mythol- Srientific advisory committee: thé aegisof UNESCO'sMan and thé Biosphère ogy for neo-Rousseauists, paradises of un- Prof. Péter Serracino In^ott, Malta Prof. G. Prakash Reddy, India Transporting sait Programme (MAB) which supports this Jour- touched nature where to consiune updated Prof. IBroshi Kakazu, Japan nal, hâve contributed progressively to create a dreams about good and evU, it is clear that Prof. Patrick Niuui, Fyi world-wide network of scholars from aU disd- islanders nowadays wish to hâve a word to say. Prof. WiUiam BeUer, USA plines, institutions, decision-makers and fi- Their realities and their life are weU beyond Prof. Harry Cooossis, Greeo nally island people who now feel that thé time mythologies and much doser to hardship than has corne for a ÛTiitful dialogue among aU to poisoned ftziit of paradise. those consideringislands and their progressas a shaod héritage. This Journal wishes to touch upon thé real PiAUshed by thé Intemationa] Sdentific problems of islands and to open a fonun where Coundl for Island Development with thé When organizing thé "Islands 2000" Intema- thé word of one islander can be exchangedwith support of UNESCO in collaboration with tional Conférence in Taormma-Giardini (Sic- thé hopes of another islander weU beyond thé thé Foundation for International Studies, 1992, Une of his horizon. Malta. ily) in May thé International Sdentific Counal for Island Development(DSTSULA) sent Produod by Formatek Ltd., Malta out a questionnaire to potential partidpants Thé authors represented in this issue are in- asking them if thé idea of an International deed ontributing to thé vast contemporary Material appearingin this jouma] cannot Journal of Islands Affairs was a usefùl one and debate on environment and development with be published without thé prior permission rf so, requesting suggestions onoming pos- a welome emphasis on thé human side of de- of thé Editor. sible ontents and thèmes to be treated. We velopmentand culture. We wish to deepen were astonished when we received some seven such an exploration of thé island microcosm hundred answers most of them positive and with thé help of aU our readersso as to repro- For aubsCT-iption,information and suggestions rich with predous advios. duce m thé next issues their own acount of please write to: insula, their reflectionsand experienos. It is hoped Such a response plaod on thé shoulders of a that this Journal wUl stmiulate such contribu- c/o Division of Ecol<^icalSciences 7, Hace de Fontenoy few of us, hère at INSULA's headquarters,thé tions and so enrich fhe exchanges of knowl- 75007 PANS burden of preparing and launching thé first edge £ind expérience between cultures and FRANCE Cndits for Photos: issue of thé Journal. peuples {rom aU islands of thé world. Tel: 33 l 45 68 40 56 Babic - page 5, 6 ; Wakc - Page 10; UNESCO - page 15 ; Brigand - pages 36, 38, 39; Fax: 331 40 65 98 97 Jacana - p&ge 27; d'Ayala - pages 2, 32, 33. insu a News fiwm thé Islands and thé World News from fhe Islands and tfae World

tion decreased to 165,624. To- structiire of thé eonomy while on thé Croatian islands. In 1961 wards thé end of thé World War II immense régional and urban they decreasedto 139,491 and in Croatian Islands at War and right afler it some islanders problems caused by such policy 1971 to 127,063. In 1981, with left thé northem islands, but thé remained hidden. Thé famous 112,208 inhabitants, thé islands An Agony in thé Adriatic main reasons being économie, Socialist tendency to equalize were less populatedthan m 1857, with thé Americas and AustraUas people and nations was impUritly thé year of first onsus in thé Nenad Starc thé main destinations. Thé first extended to régions no matter Adriatic. census in thé soaaUst era was how différent. Production quo- made in 1948. It showed that thé r ^ tas, prios, taxes, aid ..., every- Vital statisticsgive a picture of a he Adriatic sea takes a very lie mside thé January isotherm of Austria, Italy and finally Yugo- island population was already thing that was launched from thé dying archipelago. Birth rates down to 151,835. small part of thé Planet's waters. 6°C. Except for a couple of vo1- slavia. Until very reontly they ontre was equally aimed for thé ranged from 10 to 15 per thou- plains and thé coast, thé sex Even in thé Mediterranean where canic islets they are ail charac- were constantly a part of some for for sand, and until recently, thé seri- it takes 4.6 peront of thé water terised by hardly 5% of agricul- much larger state, often an em- It is hard to say whetherthis gen- cities and thé villages, thé moim- and thé âge stractures were con- and islands. surface, it is no more than a bay ture soi!. Thé coasts are as di- pire, that never paid them much eral departiu-e would hâve tains thé ously unbalanod. Thé âge oefE- tinued in thé absence of Social- cient defined as thé ratio between with maritime features that do verse as can be. ClifFs, rocks, attention. It was not on1y this This tumed thé island decUne thé number of inhabitants aver not distinguish it from other small pebble and sand beaches, shal- lack of attention that caused slow ism. It did, however, and stayed on Croatian islands fi-om 1945 till seas. What makes it spécial, low bays and deep inlets are found island development in thé Adri- into an agony. Centrally deter- 60 years of âge and thé number of 1990. It introduced thé belief that however, are its islands. There everywhere from Kvamer islands atic, however. mined prios of grapes, wine and popiilation under 20 is usually history can be directed and accel- considered critical it exceeds are 1233 along thé east and 10 in thé north to Dalmatiaii islands fish shocked thé fragile island if erated, together with thé ideol- eonomy, while crade rules as to 0.4. On thé Croatian islands thé along thé west Adriatic coast in thé middle of thé archipelago Due to an excessively simple ogy heavy industiy, crade form usual values are 10, 20 or 30 and ranging in size from 410 squiu-e and on to thé islands of Elafiti production structure, land and of how to organize production, what soaalist enterprise and lu-ge produce and whom sell to there are at least two settlements km to several square métrés and way down in thé south. Thé flora technological constraints, outpost of thé to to to grow as fast as possible. disturbed thé traditional social on eac\ island with no one making up 31 percent of Mediter- is Mediterranean too, determined position within larger empires ranean island oastal line. They by lack of water: lots of maquis, and states, lack ofhinterland mar- yoimger than 20. are'al l small. aromatic grasses, deciduous for- kets, thé Croatian islands were ests on northem islands and rich never centres of anything but Thé 1991 census, carried out on thé eve 1185 islands in thé east Adriatic coniferoas forests on southern themselves. A few bigger ones ofwar, finally showed belong to Croatia. They total 3205 ones. grew as Renaissance city states an increase. 119,815 square km. Small as they are, and then decUned, some utilized people were counted islands take no more than 5.4 a comparative advantage or two and thé âge structure percent of Croatian soil. Scattered Islanders and were rich for a while, but thé biggest towns as they are, they détermine an most of them developed very, in of some islands im- unusually distant limit of territo- For onturies such resoiirces were very slowly. Outer Croatian is- proved. ri al waters. Owing to its islands suitable only for a richly struc- lands are usually considered Croatia has a territory which is tured but labour intensive agri- important régional stratégie One single économie 60 peront soi] and 40 percent culture, fishery and crafts. Thé points. In thé ourse of history activity caused this: sea. economy began with agriculture, they proved to be only good shel- mass tourism. thé activity that Neolithic set- ters, however. With land owners It started on Adri- Thé sea around thé Adriatic is- tiers knew best. They later on thé continent and exile monks thé lan ds is wann. Its température leamed to sail and fish later and as fréquent neighbours islanders atic oast as early as thé 1930s, reached goes aver 25°C in sommer and eventually spread over thé 67 Uved in hard labour and iso1a- does not fa1l bel ow 10°C in winter. islands of thé archipelago. This tion. thé bigger islands in It used to be much lower. Some never changea: thé remaining thé 60s, and smaller ones in thé 70s. Never 15000 years ago at thé end of thé 1166 islands remained uninhab- Population rosé slowly. With a View of thé Mali LoSinjHarbow structure. Unable to turn to last glacial epoch its waters ited till thé présent day. onstant small share of thé mar- hâve islands experienced any- more controversial. hardly reached thé 44th parallel. ket for agricultural products and something else qiuckly enough thing Thé model itself was rather islanders they Global warming raised thé sea In thé course of thé ontiiries thé salted fish, occasional develop- thé tried what simple: invest as much as pos- could soon started leaving. levé], however, and some 10000 islands first hosted Illyrian tribes, ment of canneriesand shipyards but Tourismbrought moneybut made sible heavy mdustry and keep thé production structure almost years ago, hills in thé northem Greeks and Romans. They a1l and enough infrastructure to in priées agricultural prod- Those from thé interior of some- Adriatic were already detached flourished, declined and left and maintain infrequent trafGc with thé of monocultiu-al.It raised consimip- peas- bigger islands some from thé continent and a large then, some 1200 years ago, thé thé continent, Croatian islands ucts low. TUs will tempt what left first, tion but increaseddependency on ants to look for jobs outside agri- stopping in island coastal towns, continent, brought guests longitudinal archipelago was Croats came. They becameisland- reached thé peak of population thé it cultiu-e, thé cost of labour will be some on thé Adriatic oast, some from ail thé ontinents but did shaped. Today's climate is Medi- ers and stayed till modem times rise between thé World Wars l low and growth rates will rocket. in Austria. Those from small outer not improve social commimica- terranean: almost ail thé islands but their first state flourished and II. Thé census of 1921 re- Use force neossary. Such a islands left a year or two later but don, brought new résidents but and decUnedtoo, so that thé habit corded 173,503 islanders. Almost if it model can be motion only they also left eventually. did not provide for their socializa- Nenad Starc is director of thé Island of onquering contmued. In thé everything that followed was put in tion, improved neither infra-* Developinent Centa^ in MaU Losinj ourse of a long millenNium thé décline and emigration. First by meansof central planning and it and inember of thé Institute of Eco- control. was readily intro- Jobs in industrial areas attracted islands and thé Croats on them came thé crisis of thé 30s, then This structure nor superstructure nomics, Zagreb, Croatia. In this ar- duced but from thé very begin- them across thé sea. In 1953 there leaving rich islanders in poor ticle he was assisted by Arlene experienced thé rise, décline and Worid War II and then Social- 150,073 people Uving municipalities. Abramic for data coUectiiig. fall of Franks, Venice, France, ism. In 1931 thé island popula- ning planners dealt only with were still lASUl SI . News from thé blands and thé World News fi?om fhe ïslaads and fhe World

It bas even started using up natu- branches of parties on islands continued as terrorism in thé controls thé Adriatic and it was a and Lastovo. early as 1944, took thé islands rai resouros threatening to ruin proved to be symbolic outposts middle part of Croatia and ended questionof who was going to im- and remained there ever since. everything that makes islands at- rather than intégral parts of thé up as a plain attack ail along thé plement his high school lessons Situated in thé bay of Mali Los- Foreigners were not allowed to as a summer resort. borders with Serbia, Bosnia and first. Afler some oastal and is- tractive whole. Even a year later, island inj, three miles away from thé set a foot fhere since then - mili- parliaments usually reflected Monténégro. land long range field-piecebat- port and thé shipyard, thé YPA taiy installations can still can be local animosities rather than Tourism halted thé agony of teries were tàken in December,it naval base was a serioas threat. found on best fields and slopes, economy political programmes. Neverthe- Afler décadesof an easy Ufe based transpired that Croatians were Croatian islands' but , Had they really been strong and thé nicest bays are reservedthé announced thé agony of their less, thé transition period began on less and less convincing argu- faster. A couple of short battles tough as islanders were taught for ofRcers summer homes, and natiu-al environment. Soil is being in 1990 in Croatia too and it ments related to thé threat from followed and thé remaining YPA in school, MaU Losinj would hâve large parts of thé islands are out subjected to érosion, some first seemed that islands were not extemal forces that reqmred a warships retired in thé ports of experienced shelling, bombing of reachof thé island municipal rate beaches are occupiedby third going to take yet another mar- strong defender, army officers Monténégro and thé islands of and destruction. governments. rate hôtels, mile-long bays hâve ginat rôle. Socialist constraints revealed themselves as promot- Vis and Lastovo. In December 50 meters long sewagepipes. Thé were Ufted, new municipal gov- ers of not only Yugoslav unity but 1991, thé blockade was thus Ufted Instead, thé base threatened Lut With half of its remainingfleet. in island culture is rapidly fadiïig. ernments were developing, pri- also greater Serbia. Based ail aver from ail Croatian ports exopt for never fired, while thé miinicipal thé islands'ports, and stronggar- Old technologies are dying with vate enterprises mushroomed and Croatia, they attacked with eve- Dubrovnik, thé nearby island of authorities could only eut thé risons on thé islands' soil, thé thé old islanders, folk costumes foreign investors emerged. rything they had. Thé eastern Mljet and fhe small archipelago infrastmcture and supplies.With YPA hâve much more aces in rot, diy walls tumble down, while plains of Croatia and thé middle of Elafiti. By thé end of thé year Austrian, Italian Gterman and hands than on Losinj and does thé traditional harmony between mountain région were hit in June thé YPA ontrolled only Vis and partisan occupiers in collective not even negotiate with thé is- thé islanders and their islands 1991. In September hostilities Lastovo. landers. Thé town of MaU Losinj memory,thé islandersof Losinj has been dis- started in thé Adriatic took part in a siège in which thé torted. What where not a single war- Islands thus proved to be excel- besieger was more vulnérable It has been almost a year since has corne ship nor coastal battery lent battleships. Unfortunately than thé besieged,and thé latter everyone, i.e. islanders, officers instead ap- were in Croatian pos- some of them were to prove as was not able to take advantageof and conscriptssimply wait under session. Thé YPA exer- pears to be battlefields too, and this tumed that. Thé only ace that thé YPA a threat of overkill.After being subcuHural l cised power as they to be a serious problem. Thé his- army ofGcershad in their hands neglected by thé continent for mix of new- pleased, blocking sea- tory of fhe Adriatic and even more was thé islanders' obvious inten- décades, Vis and Lastovo now corners, hab- , ways and parts of thé of thé Mediterranean is full of is- tion to avoid a clash with thé dépendon it more than ever. Close its and what Adriatic whenever and teaches is- land battles and that dangerof a high toll in lives and encounterswith thé YPA appear remained of wherever they wanted. landers are able fight someone lot of destruction. neverthelessnot thé most impor- island tradi- Ail thé ports were attacking from thé sea. When it tant aspects of thé islands' share tiens, ail in- blocked for a while in cornes to conquering, however, A lot more contributed to this ab- of war. What tumed to be more fected by ever September, twice in Oc- islands appear powerless. Thé surdity. Most of thé onscripts in taxing were blockades, eut and spreading tober, and again by thé best that their Umited space and thé base thou^it only of escap- tapped téléphones, shortages, end of November. Ships very limited recruitment and consumption ing, some ofGcershad married is- économie lusses,- environmental fever. and cargo, both Croatian supply potential can ofFer, is to landers and had children in thé risks and above ail, thé refugee and foreign, were end a campaign that started on local school, directives from thé problem. halted. Even thé fish- thé ontinent headquarters on thé continent Thé events of l Even thé need for a spedal policy ermen could not sail out to fish at were contradictory and so on. Ail Blockades difFered from island to time. in underdeveloped environmen- that It so happened, however, that that gave rise to a nightmare island. They often dependedon Thé events of 1990 in thé Balkans tally fragile régions was finally some Adriatic islands contributed that could hâve been endedonly thé moodof thé officerin charge provided a perspective of better recognized. Thé newly formed On thé continent Croatia re- to thé island war expérience.Thé by somegénéral agreement that, or on particular captains who had even islands. Used to times on Ministry of Marine AfFairs be- sponded with blockades of army war they found themselves in so needless to say, ould only hâve guts to sail out anyway. Local corne bases foreed thé fact that things change only explicitly responsible for which eventually thé suddenly was a civil one and had been made on thé ontment. In negotiations were taking place when and after a major changea island developmentand it seemed YPA to surrender anns storages to be faillit against thé enemy Novemberthé authorities higher ail thé time so that ferries ould oourred on thé ontinent, island- in 1990 that thé islands were on and leave two thirds of thé who had 40 years earlier corne than those on islands did finally be seenon their way even in thé ers welomed thé end of Social- thé verge of thé beginning of a Croatian territory. and dug in on thé islands as a de- reach such an agreement and thé times of most strict blockades. ism and thé formation of a multi- new era fender. YPA agreed to gradually leave Thé blockade of thé entire party poUtica] System in newly Thé only means for Croatia to thé Croatian part of thé Adriatic. Croatianair spacewas not nego- independent Croatia. fight back at sea were pathetic In order to become battleships Thé confiision went on, however, tiable, however. Thé YPA an- War though. Croatian authorities thé islands first had to be freed. and long tiresome negotiations nouncedit in Septemberbut it Islanders joined readily and tumed ofF thé lighthoiises, while from a network of small but well had to take place across thé Los- was in October when thé last formed parties, elected multi- It is even harder to say what radio stations skipped weather distributed bases, garrisons,bat- inj bay. By thé end of 1991, thé plane managedto take oflTfrom party muniapal parliaments, gov- would hâve happened in thé reports for seamen. Those were teries and outposts.Luckily, most YPA had lefl, for god without a Losinj airport. After that thé air- ernments and their présidents, Adriatic had Croatia not been thé days when thé Croatian navy of thé batteries and outposts bullet fired. port on thé island of Hvar was freed thé press and so on. It soon attacked. However, it was. Ser- officers who left thé YPA to form readily surrendered and there bombed. Just in case. transpired, however, that thé is- bia and thé Yugoslav Peoples' thé Croatian navy out of nothing were not too many well defended Way south, on Vis and Lastovo landers' political maturity and Army (YPA) respondedto pro- thoiight a lot about islands. bases. After thé initial clashes thé silent battle appeared much démocratie traditions were not as claimed independence of 1990. only three remained: one in thé more tiresome and tou^ier. Shortages developed as one woiild hâve as- Both sides were taiight that he north Adriatic on thé island of sumed. Soon after élections, It started as political pressure, who controls thé Adriatic islands Losinj and two in thé south on Vis Thé YPA disembarked there as Shortages also difFered across thé

6 insul s News fix>m thé Islands and fhe World News from fhe Islands and tihe World archipelago. Supplies on thé middle mountain région, thé 1992. By fhe end of thé month and islanders are used to sum- island everyday life for a while. Placed on a small island it does Kvarner islands were almost Dalmatian hinterland and later, there were 2041 people. Over 95% mer floods of tourists. Further- However development perspec- not even attract clients that iisu- normal but thé Dalmatian island Dubrovnik.They ail movedwest- were women and children. Thé more, most of thé refugees hâve tives remained thé same and there ally Uke 5-star services. Produc- experienod lack offresh fhiit and ward endingin Zagreb,Istria and Dalmatian island of Hvar had a been very qmte guests sitting in is more than enough room for tion of om or wheat with ail thé vegetables and médicaments. Thé partly on thé islands. No one peak of refugee inflow in August their hôtel rooms ail day long. optimism. They are derived both usiial pesticidesdoes not pay ei- outer Dalmatian islands Uved four knows how many they are now. 1991 when 359 famiUes with 1152 What has caiised problems is thé from thé islands' comparative ad- ther. It will grownicely but large months with no electridty, no gas Those that reported in miuucipal people from Vukovar area were unforesoable length of their stay vantages and thé new institu- producers on thé ontinent will and no press. After thé YPA Sodal Security Centres and thé hosted, almost ail women and and thé différent needs fi-om thé tional framework introduced in alwayshâve lower osts per unit. bombed thé main relays of thé local Red Cross were recorded, children. Thé group stayed for usual tourists, needs. First of ail, 1990. Entrepreneurs with such invest- CroatianTV network, thé only ex those fchat searched shelter at two weeks and than, hoping for refiigees overloaded health care ments in mind avoid small is- Yugoslav TV station that thé is- their friends and relatives or went thé best, went back home to find servios on islands in every re- Comparative advantages of thé lands. landers could see was TV abroad are not on thé Usts, and in themselves in thé siège. After thé spect. Besides, refiigees need spe- Croatian islands can be found in Belgrade. In thé very beginning fhe case of a number of people no fall of Vukovar they ail ended up cialists more than islanders, Mediterranean agriculture ai. d Such a set of development ar- thé connection was reduced to one cari tell whether they escaped in Serbian conontration camps. which means patients had to be varions forms of sma1l scale tour- cumstances provides an outlook radio roeivers but this could not thé slaughter or not. For thé time Very few of them got back to thé driven by ambulanos to thé hos- ism. Thé climate suits médicinal of revitalization and further de- last longer than their batteries. being they are estimated at island in February 1992 telling pitals on thé coast much more fre- and aromatic plants, olives, velopment of thé Croatian islands. Smaller islands were hit more 600,000, predominantly elderly, stories of ruined homes and quently. Primary schools hâve grapes, vegetables and so on, Comparative advantages as they than bigger one, and the.bigger women and little children. Vast slaugthered husbands, brothers been overloaded too. Unlike tour- while thé pastures guarantee appear today are tending to re- helped. Suppliers smuggledfood majority are Croats but there are and children. Thé Dalmatian is- ists, children hâve to go to school excellent mutton, goat méat and store thé almost forgotten har- and médicaments which often also Hungarians Checks, Slovaks land of Korcula received its peak and it was quite a problem to cheese. Thé fauna is rich, and thé mony between islanders and their were a part of foreign aid and others. in November1991 during thé in- organize. After thé oase-fire in environment clean, so that bird- islands, thé harmony that was smuggled from thé continent. vasion on Dubrovnik. Thé high- January 1992 thé humanitarian watching, hunting , amateur ex- established a long time ago with Sailors who dared to do that often Refugeesmostly came from Dub- est recorded number was 2042 help from abroad was decimated cavating, summer schoolsof ail low productive technologiesand had a chance to observe thé YPA rovnik, from towns and villages mothers,children and elderly. By while refugees that were still kinds and similar activities can lot of hard labour. Today, owing ships dumping thé ammunition of eastem Slavonia, fi-om Zadar thé end of February 1992 there there started to align themselves be easily organized. Sailing in to a much more productive and in thé sea and activating mari- and its hinterland, and from thé were still 1400 refugees on thé to différent groups. It is hard to thé archipelago is superb and environmentally soimd technolo- time mines close to thé shore. middle mountain région. island. give perontages but three main there are enou^i bays for mari- gies, it can be restored as a har- groups are formed: those that nas and ports for yachts. Villages mony of siistainable development. It is hard to say who sufFered Thé total number of people who Thé small Dalmatian islands of want to go back to their homes in thé interior of bigger islands most on those days, but it seems crossed thé sea to find shelter is Ugljan (52 sq km), Dugi Otok as soon as possible, those that are intact, often abandoned anu After thé fall of Socialism, thé that thé island of Mljet in thé yet to be estimated. Thé first (124 sq km), Murter (19 sq km), wanted to go back but hâve to suitabie for sma11 scale accommo- Croatian islands hâve been Dubrovnik municipality cornes refiigees came in July 1991 and Zlarin (8 sq km), Pm (2,4 sq km) wait till YPA leaves Croatia and dation. Thé islands lie almost in opened to mvestors both domes- first. In thé shade of besieged then thé inflow gradually in- and other received most of thé those who simply want to stay on thé middîe of Europe and ail tic and foreign and an adéquate Dubrovnik which received wide creased.Thé island of Krk (410 sq refugees during thé battles for thé island. Thé situation is thus thèse features are not easy to find institutional framework is being international attention and more km, 15,861 islanders in 1991) coastal towns of Sibenik and getting complicated. within such a short distance. It is built. aid than anyone,besieged Mljet received most of thé refugees in Zadar by thé end of 1991.Ugljan no wonder that thé demand for received thé leflovers. December 19&1. 2355 families received 800 people which doiibled Mixed feeUngs about thé people them h as been reontly growing. Thé Ministry of Marine Affairs with 4655 persons were recorded its population, Diigi Otok and who lost everything and now are bas thus established thé Island Thé island economy has been hit on thé island. Almost 90% were Murter received 200 and 660 refù- getting jobs easier than locals are Thé history of smail islands has a Development Centre which is to badly. Tourist attendance on thé women and children. Thé island gees respectively. Much effort was slowly tuming into an animosity lot to say about islanders quick serve as a developmentagency Kvamer islands dropped to one of Rab (94 sq km, 9 504 islanders made to host thé sad inflow which while a threat that thé history responseto some omparative ad- speciaUzedfor islands. Thé Centre fourth of thé attendance in 1990. in 1991) hosted first refiigees in at thé end of 1991, seemednever will repeat and that newomers vantage and limited ability to organizes interdiscipUnaiy expert Further South, it was legs than August 1991. They kept flowing ending. Thé Ministry of Social will push islanders from their switch to something else after it teams, initiâtes and partly fi- one tenth. Canneries ended up in till Febmary 1992, so that 3560 Gare has been paying a daily al- islands is drawn from thé ollec- ceases to exist. This time, thé nanos development studies and with no fish, shipyards with no refugos hâve been recorded.Thé lowance to those that openedtheir tive memory. danger seems to be really small, investment portfoUos, serves as ships to service and thé lasses peak was in middle of November doors to refugees. It also in- however. Fortunately, enter- an information point for island accumulated. Full employment when 2500 refiigees were on thé structed miinicipal govemments One has to step out from thé con- prises that yield profit in small municipal govemments and, most was something that islanders had island. Hère too, some 90% were to give préférenceto refugeesfor dnental frame of mind to under- islands often give rise to deterio- of ail, contacts and consiilts do- beome used to. After two bad women and children. Thé peak of employment Caritas, Red Cross, stand islanders. Not more xeno- ration of resouros which endan- mestic and foreign investors. touristic seasons, however, thé refugee inflow was reached on Maltese Cross and others hâve phobie than anyone else,but bear- gers thé profit itself, since biisi- island history is threatening to thé islands of Grès and Losinj done their best and clothes, food ing onturies of steadiness and ness that distorts thé island envi- It also oiçanizes seminars and repeat itself: more and more (513 sq km, 11 639 islanders in and médicaments were sent from slowness in their collective ronment tends to work against summer schools an d collects is- young islanders are considering 1991) by thé end of November ail aver. Sometimes, this was memory, they know that one has profit making. land development documenta- leaving. 1991 and thé beginning of De- mailed, and at other times it had to grow up on thé island to be- tion. Reontly it has started bmld- omber 1992. 1437 famiUes were to be smuggled behind thé YPA corne an islander and that new- A 5-star hôtel that would defi- ing a data bank relevant to island recorded with 3800 peuple. Over warships. corners overlook that too often. nitely distort a lot on a small development. As thé guns are Refugees 95% were women and children. island is much more expensive to quieting down, thé Ministry of Thé island of Pag (285 sq km, It is not much of a problem to host Perspectives build there than somewhere in Marine Affairs and its Island As thé war escalated more and 7494 islanders in 1991) recpived a large group of peopleon bi^er developedtouristic areas. Its op- DevelopmentCentre are looking more peuple left Slavonia, thé most of thé refugees in January Croatian islands. Hôtels are there Varions blockades did hait thé erative costs are higher too. forward to a lot of work. 8 isula insu a News froin thé Islands and thé World News from thé ïslands and fhe World

Islands Development Act was Um- for spécifie local public works obstacle to their planning and ited to ten years, however it has projectsto be borneby thé ontral implementation. been extended every ten years govemmentthan is thé case on Thé Remote Islaads Development Act: after it expired. At présent we thé mainlands. Initially thèse From 1957 onwards thé fimds Successes and Remaining Problems are now in thé midst of thé fourth projectswere for ports and har- were ail appropriatedthrough thé such development project. At thé bour facilities, public health Economie Planning Agency (at ommencement of thé third proj- centres,fire stationsand médical présent this rôle is performedby Shigeyoshi Wake ect thé remote islands of Japan care Systemsfor régionswithout thé National Land Agency)which were classified into five separate acoss to médical treatment. also decided to gradually raise catégories, and thé direction and thé total budget figure. Since thé emphasis an island's development Other islands public works proj- original budget figure of 700-800 and development which thé Act appUed. is to take is then dedded on thé ects, not covered under thé act million yen, thé figure had risen programs first began on Thé Prime Minister, basis category. were also apportioned a hi^ier to 135 billion yen (about l billion a national scalein 1950, who receives this re- of its rate of national defrayment, in- US dollars). This means that thé with thie efFectingof thé port, then désignâtes average amoimt of money spent Comprehensive Na- thé islands to which thé Category l refers to those islands élude upgrading of fishing ports in thé inland sea close to thé and harbours, sanitation Systems, on public works for each islander tional Land Develop- measures are to be im- those soil improvement, development is three times that spent on each ment Act. This Act des- plemented. On thé mainland. Category 2 is for islands in thé outer seas close to agricultural land and construc- inhabitant of thé mainlands. ignated areas in nod basis of this designa- of of specia] development tion, in consultation thé mainland. Category 3 is for tion of forestry roads. With regard to thé maintenance assistance and thé core with thé conomed Pre- groups of islands. Category 4 is Another feature of thé Act was and upgrading of sea routes, thé project for this was thé fectural Governor in for single isolated large islands. merged related Remote Islands Sea Route Main- Comprehensive Devel- each région, a Remote Category 5 is for single isolated that it ail thé small islands. budgets a single one. Thé tenance Act of 1952, provides for opment Project for Des- Islands Development into system appropriating funds spécial subsidies such as loan ignated Areas, de- Project is then drawn of Thé most notable feature of this from différent ministries for dif- facilitation for losses incurred signed to develop re- up, thé détails of which législation is that it allocates a ferent aspects of each project, from running unprofitable routes gions through comprehensive Tlie view of Jiruii islandand SMkine-jinvi are laid out in line with thé four hi^ier proportionof thé expenses which existed then, was a serious or from procuring of new ships. public works projects. from Niijima in Izu Islandsin Tokyo clauses Usted below: l. Transportation and Commu- At that time, 22 régions were des- nication Servios: ignated, including Oki Island, Basic objectives To ensiu-e adéquate transpor- Table Thé Changes of Main Indicés of JapanfâseRemote Islands Tsushima Island and Yakiishima tation Knks exist between thé l. Section One of thé Remote Is- islands and thé mainlands, be- Island. However thé project was Items Actual Number Ratio against National Average + modeled on scheme in lands Development Act states tween one another, thé TVA island and Unit '70 '80 '85 '90 '70 '80 '85 '90 thé United States, which was that thé basic aim of thé Act is to as well as on thé islands them- meant large scale projects such eliminate thé backwardness on selves; in thé form of sea and for Per Capita Income ¥1,000 298.0 1041.0 50.3 60.9 remote islands due spécial as construction of dams etc., and thé to air routes, harbour facilities, (*2) so was not generally effective. To circumstanos arising from their roads, airports and cominiuii- remoteness firom thé mainlands. cation facilities. rectify this, five prefectiu-es hav- Sealed National and 27.7 73.5 84.1 90.1 59.8 87.9 94.2 96.5 2 Infrastructure for industries: ing remote islands, such as Prefectual Eoads (*5) (*5) Shimane Préfecture, proposed thé Thé spécial circumstances men- Fumishing of fishing ports, for- tioned hère refers to their being estry access roads, develop- Remote Islands Development Act, Sealed Proportion of % 4.8 28.8 39.7 55.6 51.6 74.0 80.2 88.3 which was passed throiigh thé completely surrounded by sea, ment of agricultiiral land and City Town and Diet in July 1953 and put into their generally small land area electrical power génération Village Roads efFect thé same year. Following and thé fact that they are isolated needed to accelerate thé devel- develop- both culturally and economically opment of industry and natu- this there was further Provision of Water 65. 9 89. 7 93. 3 94. 5 81. 6 98. 100. 0 100.3 ment législation which applied to from thé mainlands. Backward- rai resouros. Supply (*1) (*4) (*1) (*4) thé three areas that were retumed rfess refers to thé gap in inome 3. Disaster prévention: imder Japanese jurisdiction af- and standard of Uving between Provision of a System of meas- Sewage Disposai 58.3 64.8 68.3 73.7 65.7 75.7 78.1 82.9 thé mainlands and remote is- ures protection against wind ter having remained under for (*3) (*4) (*3) (*4) American ooupation until then. lands. damage, flooding and thé natu- rai calamities. Doctors 44.0 61.4 71.4 80.5 40.3 48.3 47.4 51.0 Thèse were thé Amani Islands, 4 Infrastî-ucturefor day-to-dayliv- (per 100,000 people) (*3) (*4) (*3) (*4) Ogasawara Islands and thé Ok- Outline mg: inawa Islands. Ensuring adéquate provision Hospital beds 569.7 731.9 801.2 909.0 45.0 53.2 54.5 57.8 Accordingto thé RemoteIslands of educational , cultiu-al, health (per 100,000 people) Shigeyoshi Wake is mayor of Setoda Development Act, thé National and welfare fàcilities for thé village, Hiroshuna Préfecture, Presi- Land Agency, originally thé improvement well-being of thé *1='77, *2=79, *3=86, *4='88, *5=89 dent of thé Association for thé Devel- Measures for Remote Islands De- of thé local population. opment Hiroshiina Reniotf Is- + Calculatedon thé basis of 100 being thé national average. of velopment Coimal, should .pres- lands. He graduated troin Law Fac- (Source: National Land Agwvy) ulty in thé Waseda University. ent a report on thé islands to Thé term assigned to thé Remote 11 10 s a News jfrom fhe ïslands and thé World News froni thé Islands and thé World

growing social needs of thé in- new development poUcybased on and a finance and investment Table 2. Reniote Islands' Population Trends habitants. More attention had to a re-evaluation of thé islands' poUçy that is applicable to thé be paid to thé promotion of local geographical circumstances and particular drcumstancesprevail- culture, upgrading of health and '60 '70 '80 '90 '90 / '60 potential resoiu-ces,this time tak-- mg on remote islands. niedical services, increased ex- ing into aooimt thé above-men- changes with other régions, with Thèse poUciesshould be aimed at Remote Island Riions 1,037,188 810,296 697,092 604,424 tioned changes that hâve taken (280) thé aim of raising thé quaUty and place in thé rôle of remote is- invigorating thé currently slug- variety of opportunities to enable lands. gish businessactivity on thé is- thé people to hâve more satisfac- Change aver 10 years -21.9% -14.% -13.3% -41.7% lands by such means as boosting tion in their Uves. In this respect, there is at présent primary industry, diversifying Nationwide 94,030 104,655 117,060 123,621 a heightened awareness amongst production and outlets, exploita- tion resources and space other- (Unit: 1,000 people) island inhabitants, administra- of Thé rôle of tors and scholars of thé need for a wise lying idle, developmentof reinote islands Nationwide Changes 11.3% 11.9% 5.6% 31.5% radical overhaul of thé current sea resources, tourist develop- developnient policies and there ment and so on. experienang Source: Natwnal Land Ageruy Japan is currently is a now movement to bring about greatly increased social and eco- new législation to replace thé 2. In addition to addressingthé nomic mobiUty, its economy has présent act so as to carry out gap between régional areas and become twrderless' and ifc is now programmes effectively as thé thé mainlands by investing in Development (8 islands), and thé they hâve been much slower, and poised to head into yet another 21st century approaches. Thé public faciUties lacking in thèse Présent status of Okinawa Promotion and Sperial thé resultmg gap in thé standard new direction. basic prindple behind this new areas, attention should also be designated régions Treatment (40 islands). of living has widened enormously, législation is outlined below. paid to foi-ming a higher level in- hastening thé outflow of young Within this context not only is frastractural items such as thé Thé total number of islands in Thèse together omprised an area people from thèse areas (Table 2). thé term régional' taking on a developmentof high-spod trans- Japan îs 6,852 (as of 1988), and of 2,294 sq. kms and a total popu- radically new meaning, but thé Basic principle portation Systems and informa- thèse include Hokkaido, Honshu lation of about 270,000 (exclud- This bas in tum caused a serious rôle of remote island régions of fhe act tion network infrastructure, with (thé main island), Shikoku, ing Okinawa Main Island). labour shortage in thé primary themselves is changing as well. thé aim of biiilding a new vision Kuushu, Okinawa main island, industry sector, and a général Thé présent development policy for developing industries on Northem Territories, Takeshima aging of thé existing labour force, Urban Ufe in Japan has seen a has focused primarily on closing remote islands. Island a number of uninhabited Results as a result of which there is now rise in inconie levels along with thé gap in inome and standard of islands, ail of which guarantee a général decUnem thé agricul- increased leisiu-e time. However Uving between inhabitants of thé 3. Providing assistance for such thé exclusive 200-mile économie With thé oming into force of thé tarai, forestry and fishing indus- thé poor living conditions that remote islands and thé main- things as interchange between zone, encompassing an area of Remote Islands Development Act tries. This also adversely afFects thé dty people still hâve to face lands. To ensure lasting develop- islanders and city-dwellers, çom- thé océan some 12 times thé land and thé resulting implementa- thé général vitaUty of thé local has drawn attention to questions ment, however, such things as munity activities catering to a area. tion of its programmes aver thé communities. concerning thé quality of life, océan management and preser- wide range of values and needs, past 40 years, thé basic objective nature and traditional culture; vation of thé local environment and constant aoess to médical Between 1953 thé 1967 islands of thé législation, i.e. thé realiza- Thé reason thèse remote islands creatmg a demand for outlets such need to be taken into acount in services; ail with thé aim if facili- were accorded remote islands tion of thé National Minimum économie development policies as sightseeing areas, holiday any new development approach. tating thé création of régional status on ten separate occasions; throughout thé country, has failed is becausethey did not take resorts and thé outdoor enter- communities, where thé inhabi- and in thé period following this a largely been a sucoss; and thé into account thé local économie tainment. Concrète programmes involving tants can attain a high standard nimiber of islands lost their des- standard of Uving of thé island in- conditions, i. e. thé small and land management, utilization of of health. ignations because they had be- habitants has risen, along with versatile économiesthat make up Therefore, with their rich natu- thé sea, organizing local indus- ome connected with thé main- thé level of modemization (see island économies. rai beauty and unique cultural tries, promotion of local culture, Thé resources and environment lands either via bridge or land Table l). attractions, islands are able to and protection and maintenance of thèse islands are a treasure to réclamation. If islands are to benefit from thé draw thosevisitors seekingto get of thé local environment, should be cherished by thé whole nation, During same period however, rapid broadening of thé market more out of life. also be implemented comprehen- and both their proper exploita- As ofAiigust 1991 there were 280 there has been a tremendous rate economy that has been taking sively and thoroughly, throi.i^i a tion and their préservation de- inhabited islands covered by thé of growth throu^iout thé rest of place in thé rest of Japan, it is Furthermore, with thé increased new poliçy model tailored to suit pend on thé local communities. Act, comprising a combined land Japan in thé economy and in necessaiy to adopt poUcies that awareness of environmental on- thé particular circumstances of Thé welfare of thé islander is area of 5,500 sq. kms; and a total technological advance, and thèse cater for such things as increased oms and thé nod to préserve life on a small remote island. therefore in thé national inter- population of about 604,000 (1990 hâve resulted in considérable exploitation of natural resoiu-os, thé international order on thé est. national Census). changes in thé nature of Japa- diversifying production, organiz- océans and seas, thé islands nese society. ing distribution Systems, im- should play a greater national Policy outUne 4. Thé new policies should be flex- In addition, three other groups of proved administrative guidance, rôle in thé management and ible in their approach. Their i slands were covered under sepa- On thé mainlands thé eonomic setting up of financial Systems exploitation of both their natiu-al Thé new législation should en- application should involve close rate législation namely thé Act and cultural changes hâve been and gathering of sodal and eco- resouros and thé space around able thé following points to be consultation with thé local au- on Spécial Measures for thé massive and integrated, espe- nomic information. them, includmg thé huge expansé achieved: thorities and at thé same time Ogasawara Islands Development cially in thé major cities. of water upon which they lie. thé promotion of thé development (2 islands), thé Act on Spécial Furthermore, thé poUcies failed l. Thé fonnulation of a well- of business infrastructure so as measures for thé Amami Islands On thé remote islands however to addressthé less tangible, but What is therefore required is a thoiight out subsidizationpolicy to encourage initiative on thé part of thé local inhabitants. 12 sul 13 News froin thé Islands and thé World News trwn thé Islands and thé World

forested at présent, and many mercial exploitation hâve since Although thé anniial rainfall is endémie plant species hâve be- been rejected as neither economi- abundanton many of thé islands, Thé SeycheUes ome rare, encroached by exotic cally or ecologically sustainable. water shortages are fréquent. A Plan for Managing fhe Environment imports such as cinnamon and And to hire enoiigh game war- Rainfall is seasonal, and rain Albizia. Thé remaining areas of dens to patrol ail 115 islands is quicklynms downthé steepslopes aboriginal plants are minute, and far beyond thé means of thé Sey- into thé sea of thé granitic is- Nina Tômudd under sévère threat from forest chelles. lands. fires. Inventories of thé endémie tree spedes, protection measures, In spite of thé limited land areas, On thé corallineislands, thé rain- a forest fire ontingency plan and thé Seychelles hâve protected a fall is much smaller, and thé ex- a national forest management large share of what they hâve. ploitation of thé fresh water lenses plan are now included in thé There are seven national parks, must be strictly limited m order he Seychelles may well hâve thé Seychelles boame independ- US $4,200, thé Uving standards EMPS. three spécial réserves of v'hich to avoid saltwater intrusion. Lack been thé place that stood model ent in 1976. are thé highest in siA-Saharan two are World Héritage Sites, of water puts limitations on tour- for thé cliché of thé "island para- Africa, and eonomic growth on Uncontrolled guano mining, over- CVallée de Mai and thé Aldabra ism and agriculture on many is- dise"; thé beaches, thé forests, Thé group of islands is situated thé Seychelles has during récent exploitation of seabird eggs and atoll), two protected areas and 4 lands. A better knowledgeof thé thé rocky islands and thé beauti- north of Madagascar and east of years averaged around five per- turtles and thé virtual eUmina- shell réserves. Thé protected water resoiu-os and their limits fui coral atolls led more than a Tanzania and Kenya, betwon thé cent per year. Average Ufe expec- tion of thé wild Giant Tortoise areas over 42 percent of thé total would be of help for planning,and few visitors to assume that this is 4th and llth parallels South of tancy is nearly 70 years, thé Uter- followed. Within a few décades, land area. Thé known biological studiesare includedin thé EMPS, thé .place where thé Garden of thé Equator. Thé Seychelles con- acy rate approaches 100 percent thé crocodile, thé sea-ow and thé diversity of thé Seychellesis sig- as are large-scale plans to im- Eden once stood. sists of 115 islands, of which 74 and aver two thirds of thé popula- "poiile bleue had been hunted to nificant: 850 spedes of plants and prove thé water supply on thé are coralline and 4l granitic, with tion hâve acoss to safe water and extinction. To this day, thé efforts 4,000 speriesof animais hâve been main islands. This idéal has attracted tens of a total land area of 445 sq km. electricity. to Umit turtle poaching hâve been identified. thousands tourists from thé in- of Thé granitic islands are clustered largely unsuccessful. Législation Of thèse, 60 animal species and Thé sameneed for study conoms dustrializèd countries who visit around thé main island of Mahé, However, thé distanos between thé oastal areas. Beach thé Seychelles each year, provid- site capital of thé islands, and thé Umited land of thé main city and érosion is a major con- ing an important chujik of thé Victoria. Thé oastline stretches area put a heavy strain on thé cem, and thé need to in- GNP of thé island state. Keeping aver 600 kilomètres, and thé ex- coimtry's development and infra- ventory and make base- intact this idéal, and thé environ- cliisive économie zone covers 1.3 structure. Dependence on thé line studies on coral ment it stems from, is thé ontral million sq. km., as thé most dis- volatile markets of tourism and reefs, mangroves and motivation behind thé Environ- tant coralline islands spread out fishing makes thé eonomy vul- marshes is recognized mental Management Plan of thé to distances of up to 1,000 km. nerable to fluctuations in thé in thé EMPS. Seychelles(EMPS). As a clean from Mahé. world eonomy, as was reontly and unspoiled environment is thé experienced during thé GiiLf war, A publie information countr/s main capital for future Thé popiilation stands at some when tourism decreased and oiî campaign on unsafe development, thé need for a well- 70,000 people,of which two thirds priées rosé drastically. practices in- coastal managed environmental policy are under 30 years of âge. About zones, providing alter- becomes évident. 98 percent of thé population live Also, thé debt burden is heavy - natives to reduce sand on thé three main islands, Mahé, standingat some45-60 percent of use m construction are For inspite of thé crystal clear PrasUn and La Digue, with 88 GDP during récent years. How- also foreseen. Thé con- blue océan, thé white san dy peront on Mahé. ever, thé Seychelleshâve contin- ontration of thé popu- beaches and thé swaying palm ued to service their debt accord- lation on Mahé, and in trees, there is trouble in Para- Thé 74 coralline islands support ing to schedule. w thé capital, Victoria, dise. Thé Seychelles face both a population of some 300 people. ^ piits a strain on waste environmental inherited and new Thé climate is equatorial with an treatment and disposai challenges, made more serious by average rainfall of 2,013 mm, and Inherited problems capacities. At présent, thé fragiUfy of its small island températures ranging between 25 most of thé sewage is settlers ecosystems. and 30 degreesC. Thé Gross Na- When thé first French not treated, and goes tional Product is derived from thé arrived in thé 18th centiiry, a straight into thé sea. Im- First discovered by thé Portu- following: 15 percent from tour- lush and almost impénétrable proving thé sewage guese in 1502, thé Seychelleswere ism, 45 percent from related serv- forest covered thé then uninhab- treatment on Mahé is not permanently settled until they ios, 12 peront from fisheries, 6 ited islands. But very quickly, against thé killing and overex- 13 plant species are listed as one of thé priority projects of thé became a French possession in percent from agriculture and 7 thèse forests were almost com- ploitation of Green, Loggerhead, threatened or endangered. Thé EMPS, but thé smaller islands 1756. Ceded to Britain in 1814, percent from industry. Thé main pletely destroyed by indiscrimi- Leatherback and Hawksbill EMPS ontains plans to improve are also included. industrial products are canned nate logging, which led to a de- turtles has proved difficult to en- thé onservation effort by reha- tuna and béer, and thé main crops Nina Tômudd is a Fuuiish joumaUst cline in soil fertility, érosionand force in thé face of thé traditions bilitating parks, drawing up a Industrial development with its working for UNESCOPRESS, thé coconut, tea, vegetables and a shortage of timber that still to catch turtles for méat, and to managementplan for each pro- side efFectshas alsofound its way news agency of thé United Nations fnuts, opra and cinnamon bark. persist. use shells for handicrafts. Thé tected area and establishing a into Seychelles.Thé fishing Educational, Scientific and Cultural thé Organisation- She writes on science problem remains unsolved; pro- national parks and wildlifc serv- industries are, with tourism, a and envirorunent. With a per capita income of nearly Only a quarter of thé land area is posais to farm turtles for om- ices. part of thé economy to which thé

14 15 'isa c^ nsula News trom fhe Islands and thé World News fix>m thé Islands and thé World

Seychenesassign priority. How- fact, thé two are inséparable, thé fied resources- loans and grants ever, pollution from fish prooss- EMPS derivingfrom thé national - ovenng approximately 60 per- ing plants is causing concem,as plan, but stretching out aver a cent of thé total costof thé EMPS, Thé UNESCO Programme: thé existing fish meal plants longer time and deaUngwith thé estimated to some US $55 million cannot deal with ail thé bypro- ecological and natural resouree over ten years. This perontage Satellite Monitormg Sea-level Rise ducts. issues in doser détail. has sincebeen increasedby later ommitments. "In thé absence of Thé threat of sea level rise is a se- Thé first developmentplan on ail other resouros, thé environ- Report by Marie-France Baud nous concem for thé Seychelles. thé Seychelles (1977-84) oncen- ment has beome thé comerstone A large part of thé island nation's trated on sodal development,pro- for thé rational developmentsec- habitable and arable land is at viding health services,éducation tors of our eonomy: tourism and risk thé predicted rise sea if in and housing for thé population. fishing" said Danielle StT Jorre, -he importance of sea level motion miist be solved by more éludes oceanic measurements level does take plao aver thé Thé second (1984-89) aimed at measurements has increased dra- Minister of Planning and Exter- sophisticated technology if 3ea . from satellites and firom in situ coming décades. Many coralline creating and encouraging busi- nal relations of thé Seycheiïes,at matically in thé past few years. level data are to be properly in- sensors,data transmission, data islands are less than six meters ness, services and expanding thé thé Paris donors meeting. GLOSS, thé Global Sea Level terpreted and used. Thé Global processingand modelUngto con- above sea level; and thé narrow eonomy. Thé third plan, stress- Obsenring System, co-ordinated Sea Level Observing System vert thé information into prod- strips coastal on thé of plain ing sustainable development, is Thé weaknessof thé EMPSmay by thé Intergovern- ucts and information granitic islands are intenselyused built into thé EMPS. Environ- well lie in thé shortageof human mental Ooanographic i necessary to predict habitation and agriculti.u-e. for If mental sustainability is thé resouros that afFectsthé Seych- Commission (IOC), ! future states of thé thèse plains are inimdated, most comerstoneonto which thé Sey- elles as badly as many other provides high quaUty manne environ- of what will remain will be steep chellesbuild their future growth, developing nations. There is an standardized data ment, according to a uninhabitable slopes. There is and this fact is reflected both in acutelack of trained personnelto from which valuable globally coordinated nothing thé Seychellescan do to thé EMPS (1990-2000)and in thé monitor thé environment, en- sea level products are and scientifically hinder sea level rise, but thé national development plan for force environmental laws, prepared for intema- based strategy. Sev- EMPS ontains plans to assess 1990-94. assessthé needsand to put plans tional and r^ional re- | enty-nine countries its impact. into action. Thé Department of search programmes as participate in Thé 12 prc^ramme areas in EMPS thë Environment,created in 1989, well as for national GLOSS and hâve Thé threat from outside Ues not are: has been charged with imple- practical applications. ' designated national only in sea level rise - thé Indian l. Environmental Guidelines menting a large part of thé plan, GLOSS ontacts. Re- Océan is a major route for oil and AssessmentProgramme and to coordinatethé parts of thé Global sea level has gional GLOSS Co-or- transport, thé main route pass- 2. Pollution Monitoring and plan that are implementedby risen by 10-20 cms in dinators hâve also ing closeto thé unique and sensi- Contrai Programme other authorities. To succeed. it thé last 100 years and been designated by tive Aldabraatoll. Thé coiintays 3. Waste Management Pro- will need both more staff and an thé change is not uni- IOC régional bodies. capacityfor deaUngwith a large gramme increased budget. In addition, form. A change in sea j The,.IOC GroupofEx- spill is inadéquate. Also, thé 4. Management Pro- Land achievingthé goals of thé EMPS level may indicate a ; perte on GLOSS pro- routine dumpingof wasteoil by gramme will require légal reforms, change in thé volume vides advice- to IOC ships is a source of tar balls arid 5. Water Management Pro- strengtheningenvironmental leg- of water in thé océan,a changein (GLOSS) is an international sys- on thé implementation of GLOSS oil slicks. Thé EMPS calls for thé gramme islation and its enforcement. thé shape of thé océanbasin, land tem, co-ordinated by thé Inter- présent activities. créationof a national contingency 6. Energy PoUcy and Conserva- uplift or sinkmg and changesin governmental Océanographie plan, législation and infrastruc- tion Programme Environmental information, océan circulation. On a global Commission (IOC), to provide Thé GLOSS Implementation ture to respond to a localized 7. National Parks and Wildlife éducation and training are also scale, increases in thé volume of high-quality standardized sea Plan, prepared in consultation acddent. On a longer term, thé Conservation Programme prominentlyincluded in thé plan, water in thé océans due to thé level data from a global network with thé Tropical Ocean-Global ooperation of neighboiiringcoun- 8. Forests Management Pro- and seen as essential for its suc- warming cUmatehâve been pre- of sea level stations. Atmosphère (TOGA) and World tries would be soUcited for a re- gramme oss. A documentation centre on dicted to produce upward in- Océan Circulation Experiment gional action plan. 9. Coastal Environment Man- thé environment,piiblic informa- creases in coastal sea levels of CWOCE) programmes and activi- agement Programme tion campaigns, expanded envi- perhaps one mètre in thé next Sea-level stations ties was adopted by thé IOC 10. Marine ResourcesManage- ronmental éducation in thé hundred years. Thé increased Envux»nment Assembly at its fifteenth session ment Programme schools,and on-the-jobtraining volume may be due in part to thé This network is to monitor in 1989.GLOSS includes a global manageinent 11. Environmental Law and En- are included in thé plan. A pro- melting of glacial ice, and in part changesin sealevel due to global network of 300 permanent sea- forcement Programme gressive change in thé attitudes to thé warming and thermal warming and indications of océan level stations for obtaming stan- Thé EMPS was developedwith 12. Environmental Information, of thé public as well as thé deci- expansionof thé upper layers of circulation pattems and cUmate dardized sea level observations. advice and assistance from thé Educationand Training Pro- sion-makersshould lay thé foun- thé océan. variabiUty as well as to contrib- United Nations Environment This forms thé primary frame- gramme. dation for a long-termeffort of en- ute to other international and work to which régional and na- Programme (UNEP), thé United vironmental protection on thé Measurements worldwide are régional research programmes tional sea-level networks can be Nations Development Pro- Thé EMPS contains a ompre- Seychelles.A report on thé EMPS noded to detect early signsof ac- and national practical applica- related. About two thirds of thé gramme (UNDP) and thé World hensive investment programme and its progresswill be presented celeration. Tide gauges measure tions. Essential data and tnfor- GLOSS are operational. Estab- Bank. What makes thé Seych- to maintain and improve envi- in June 1992, at thé United Na- only thé relative motion between mation will be provided, from lishment and/or up-grading of elles environmentalplan unusual ronmental standards. A donors tions Conférence on Environment thé sea-surfacelevel and thé land, coastal and oceanic régions, in- about 100 additional conventional is iis closeUnkage with thé over- meeting in Paris in Febmary 1991 and Development in Rio de and since land can rise and sub- cluding thé enclosed and semi- tide-gauges is required to achieve a11national developmentplan. In examined thé plan, and identi- Janeiro. side, thé problems of relative enclosed seas. Thé System in- thé global coverage. Particular 16 nsula 17 Dossier: Global Warruing and Sea Level Rise News from thé ïslands and thé World efforts are required to install and describe thé low frequency fluc- versity of Hawii, collects data maintain GLDSS stations in thé tuations of thé tropical ooans. monthly from 78 Pacifie sea level Thé Problems of AtoU States: Arctic Océan and thé southem stations and prépares and dis- Océan. séminales sea-level products Meeting fhe fhreat of Global Warmmg Measureinent which are valuable for sdentific analysis of climate-related ooan Monfhly data Ground-based and satellite meas- proosses. Assistance and train- John Connell urements combine together to ing for establishing and main- Thé flow of sea-level data from give a stable monitoring System taining sea level stations as part thé GLOSS networks includes with rapid global coverage; thé of thé GLOSS is neossary to en- bientific studies hâve begun Sea level rise will initially corne ures. In states where resources submission of inonthly mean sea- response to low frequency atmos- siu-e permanent opération. to draw increasingly consistent about through expansion of sur- are very Umited, and small popu- level values to thé Permanent pheric forcing is often clearly conclusions about future cUmatic face océan water and thé melting lation thinly spread, thé provi- Service for Mean Sea Level shown in thé sea level data, and it Developing countries would nod trends.One of thé efFectsof green- of mountain glaaers. Very much sion of expensive engineering (PSMSL). Hourly and monthly has been used extensivelyin océan systematic assistance in this house effect (GE) induced global later melting of thé polar ice works will not be a commonly mean values should be made model vérification studies. In regard. Ei^it countries ( USA, warming is Kkely to be stia-level sheets may increase ooan vol- available option. available by national authorities addition, where sea level anoma- UK, China, Portugal, France, rise thus thé greatest impact will urne". Tide gauge records from as required for scientific analy- lies are interpreted as déviations Sweden, Germany, Australia) be on states with long, low-lying around thé world show a small Thé impact of rising sea level will . sis. Sea level data from 200 from thé mean dynamic hei^it hâve already given such assis- roastUnes. Clearly many islands rise in relative sea level (1.0 - 1.5 not be thé same everywhere. Past GLOSS stations are availaBle by field, sea level différences between tance by providing instruments, states fall into this category, none mm per year) aver thé past few sea level changes hâve been in- PSMSL. Thé major problems in pairs of gaugespoleward of 2°N or installing tide gauges, training of more so than those where coral décades. Hcwever thé résulte fluenced by local climatic and this regard are irregular data sup- S càn be componentof thé surface technidans and provision of docu- atolls predominate, since atolls hâve been variously interpreted. océanographie factors - factors ply and poor worldwide commu- flow. WOCE has two major pur- ments related to GLOSS. rarely rise even three métrés whose variability may increase nications. New or up-graded sea- poses: calibration of altimetric above sea-level. For most oastal Thé extent to which apparent sea with thé GE. Thé diversity of coral level stations were estabUshed in satellite missions and geostrophic More than 30 specialists hâve dwellers one response to rising level rises are due to thé global island types is a function of a thé Caribbean région, western computation of spedfic currents, been trained at thé annual sea sea-level is that of moving inland greenhouse phenomenon or to number of biophysical factors and eastem Afnca and thé In- for example, through straits. level training ourses since 1984 to hi^-ïer ground. For atoll resi- local climatic variabiUty or other which influence thé size, morphol- dian and Padfic Ooans, mainly by thé Proudman Ooanographic dents such a choice is not pos- factors remains inconclusive. ogy and position of islands around in thé tropical zone of thé ooans. Several international centres Laboratory.A sea level training sible, as high land does not exist moreover in several areas, in- thé atoll rim. Thèse dynamic fac- Thé polar régions still reqmre collect and disseminate sea level ourse for French-speaking coim- Though ail islands states face cluding Kiribati and thé Maldi- tors operate within a broad frame- substantial efforts to install sea data and prépare sea level prod- tries was organized by France such environmental problems, ves, there is évidence that sea work determined by thé reont level stations, submission of sea- ucts including thé Permanent with thé support of thé Inter- since many people and much m- levels are not currently rising. history and inherited geology of level data on real or near real- Service for Mean Sea Level governmental Océanographie frastructure related to tourism, Because of unortainty concem- individiial atolls or atoll groups time basis to speciaUzedintema- (PSMSL), thé Proudman Ooano- Commission in Septe'mber 1990. trade and eonomic development ing thé pattem and extent of in thé Tuamotu atoll chain tional ontres estabUshed within graphie Laboratory, thé Bidson are onontrated on thé oast, thé future heating of thé earth's sur- (French Polynesia). Relative sea thé framework of TOGA and Observatory (UK), estabUshedin Thé Global Sea Level Observing five states composed solely of face, and thé rate at which heat level was about one mètre higher WOCE programmes, thé Inte- 1933, which is chargea with thé System has to serve many pur- atolls: Tuvalu, Tokelau, Kiribati, will be absorbed by thé océans, for most of thé n-iid to late Holo- grated Océan Services System collection, dissémination and poses. It has to cover thé entire thé Marshall Islands and thé rates of expansion of thé ooans one (from about 5000 to 1000 (IGOSS) and thé Sea Level Pro- analysis of mean sea-level data. spectrum in time and space,from Maldives - are most a risk. It is in cannot be detennined with any years ago). gramme in thé Padfic. short-lived tsunami to thé thèse countries that thé chal- accuracy. Extrême scénarios for Thé TOGA Sea Level Centre, es- changes related to tectonic proc- lenges posed by global warming thé next 50 years range from vir- Clearly, ontinued habitation of A total of 80 stations in thé Pa- tablished in 1985 at thé Univer- esses. GLOSS is developing into are most sévère and where thé tually no changein meansea level thé présent islands wiiï be threat- cific submit data in an opera- sity of Hawaii, collects sea-level an essential component of thé op- necessity to respond to thé threat to an élévation many métrés high. ened if future sea levels retum to tional mode to thé Specialized data in thé form of hourly, daily erational Systems estabUshed for of GE is most apparent. There is however a growing on- their former position. Thé amount Océanographie Centre (SOC) for and monthly sea-levelheights, in forecasting climatic changes sensusthat sea level is most likely of oastal érosion will dépend on thé Pacifie. Thé 1GOSS Sea Level thé TOGA area between 302°N months to years ahead. Gauges to be of thé order of 30 to 50 cms thé composition and height of par- Pilot Project for thé North and and 302°S in thé Pacifie. Thé can be operated on a permanent Thé greenhouse higher in thé next fifty years. ticular islands, exposure to wave Tropical Atlantic has been \\^OCE Sea Level Data Assembly basis at a relatively low cost, effect attack and thé frequency and in- laimched. A plan for similar proj- are being established at thé Uni- which allows developingcountries Thé basic efFect of a rise in sea tensity of storms. In thé next ects in thé southem Océans is versity of Hawaii (USA) and thé to participate in global pro- Thé build-up of industrial gases level is for low-lying lands to be century, érosion could reduce thé under way. Proudman Océanographie Labo- grammes such as WOCE and in thé earth's atmosphère aver inundated and for coasts to erode. dimensions of some presently in- ratory for global analysis, merg- TOGA. At thé same time, partid- thé post-war years is now well A graduai rise of mean sea level habited islands to thé point where Final submission of sea-level data ing of satelUte altimetry, com- pants are deriving benefits for documented. Some évidence of will progressivelyUft thé zone of their ground water supplies would frorn thé GLOSS network and spe- puting thé state of thé world ooan régional and national needs. By température increase already flooding and increasethé impact no longer support a viable ecol- cialized sea-level analysis ontres drculation and preparing fùrther monitoring thé effects of thé ex- exists, and it may increase by of storm waves, so eroding areas ogy or permanent habitation. and their archives, are deUvered derived products. pected global warming on sea 1.5° C in thé next seventy years. hitherto oncemed safe. Human to thé World Data Centres levels, their sodal, and économie responseswill vary depending on Thé ten-estrial flora (and faunaj (Oceanography). Sea level meas- Thé Specialized Océanographie needs can be antiapated. thé value of thé coastal land under of atolls is limited in species dï- Dr. John ConneU is professer in thé urements at various islands and Centre (SOC)for thé IGOSSSea versity only a few plant types Departnient of Geography, Univer- attack and thé resources avail- with coastal Pacifie, com- stations are required Level Programme in thé Source: reports of Intergouernmental sity of Sydney, AustraUa able to provide protective meas- predominating, especially during thé TOGA programme to established in 1984 at thé Uni- Océanographie Commission, UNESCO. 19 18 însula ns IL a Dossier: Global Warming and Sea Level Rise Dossier: Global Warming and Sea Level Rise

pared with other continental is- haviour of thé freshwater lens in- Thé économies pendenceon thé outside world, colonial and post-colonial times. marine resources hâve rarely landg. Thé main food crops are élude annual rainfall and per- of thé primarily for aid, concessional In every case there bas been a been exported from thé atoll coconuts, breadfruit, taro and meability of thé rocks beneath atoU states trade and, in thé Pacifie, for mi- transition away from intensive states. pandanus. Virtually ail plants thé island. On small islands es- gration opportunities. agricultural production. Arti- hâve sometolérance to sait spray pecially, ground water réserves Subsistence production was of- sanal fisheries hâve experienod Thé Maldives however is a promi- and brackish ground water on- are particularly vubierable to thé ten extremely difBcult on coral Thé Paci&c atoll states are some a similar but less dramatic tran- nent exoption and this is one of ditions. vagaries of rajnfall and storms. atolls. Atoll Ufe was always far of thé smallest island micro-states sition, which has followed thé de- thé faster growing sectors of thé However thé most sévère threat from that portrayedin imagesof in thé world. At a very early stage pletionof in-shoreand lagoonspe- economy, despite depressed Islands in thé Pacifie thé supposedly idylUc Caribbean, in colonial history thèse resource- ries. In every case there appears prios. In récent years there has Paafic and Indian Océan islands. poor islands becamequite signffi- to hâve been a décline in local per been some esçpansionof domestic Atolls vary enormously in size, cantly dépendent on thé outside capita production, and a transi- fishing fleets in thé Pacifie states, T H PAC l FIC OCEAN both of land and lagoon areas, world for consimiergoods, includ- tion to imported food, especially often through joint venture op- and therefore in their ability to ing foodstufFs. By thé 1890sfor rice, which has followed chang- erations, and fish hâve beome a provide some form of diversified both Kiribati and Tuvalu, popu- ing tastes, préférences, conven- growing source of national in- development. Some atolls are lation growth and changingaspi- ience and so on. This transition corne, principally in Kiribati and small, arid, drought-prone and rations had resulted in overseas has been so substantial that in OFMICRONESIA Tuvalu. Much more important overpopulated, as in thé Kiribati labour migration being seen as eacli statë, imported foods and has been thé leasing of fisheries PUANEtMGUINEA NAURU ' chainand in comparisonwith high thé only alternative to starva- drinks now onstitute about 35 waters for thé fleets of overseas islands,thé diversity of resoiirces tion, in thé sensé that population per cent of ail imports by value, a fishing vessels. is Unuted and natural hazards and domestic resouros were al- ^x. substantial drain on domestic re- . !^ TOKE1AU T.c^°?,*f" are usually but not always,more ready reognised to be in some sources. This now represents a major sévère in their impacts. degree of imbalance. Thé situ- source of domestic incarne for thé

. ation was and is marginally bet- Since nineteenth thé lïï;;»,' fhe ontury atoll states, though substantially Récurrent hazards of droughts, ter in thé less densely populated 'coconut overlay has transformed Ifc-sythan thé value of those fish- cao K hurricanes and tsunamis hâve Marshall Islands and Tokelau but thé economy of atolls by enabUng eries. However, even thé combi- TONGA ISLANDS had an important démographie in thé Maldives much higher participation, however limited, in nation of fisheries and copra in- and cultural rôle in atoll states. population densities are unre- thé international economy omes does not provide high in- Thé basic constraintswere such, Uevedby international migration. through copra exports. This sole cornesfor thé atoll states, most of ;FIC OCEAN that in past times, many atolls historié domestic source of in- whose national incarnes are now hâve been depopulatedand re- In every case modem health fa- ome, copra production, has con- extemally generated in a non- [ZEAL, populated,following hazards and ciKties and médianes hâve re- tinued into thé présent, even on trade manner. migration movements of various sulted in more rapid reont popu- thé more urbanised islands, be- kinds. lation increase; mfante are more cause of its capacity for directly Spedes such as thé coconut and to pennanent water supplies is likely to survive, and diseasesare generating some cash incarne. pandanus can withstand quite not from climatic factors directly, Beyond thèse inhérent con- less likely to be fatal while mod- However thé î%e Maldives high levels of sait and even occa- but rather from manne processes straints to subsistenceproduc- em family planning is largely ab- relative signifi- sional inundation by storm waves. that cause roastal érosion and in- tion, thé modem era has increas- sent Thé Marshall Islands now cance of copra In contrast, swamp tara is much crease thé frequency of storm ingly demonstratedthé tyrannies has one of thé fastest growing sales for house- more sensitiveto salinity changes waves washing over islands. of distance that hâve restricted populations of any state in thé hold and na- and grows in low areas, some- çontemporary development. At- world; widespread adoption has tional incomes times manually excavated (tara Thé most sévèreimpact will obvi- olls are tiny, with limited re- reduced thé perceived need for has declïned pits), in thé central parts of is- ously be in thé lowest areas that sources, oflen distant from each family planning. Riribati and and copra of- lands. are swampy and historically hâve other and remote from more sub- Tuvalu are not far behind and fers an increas- beenused to grow taro; many is- stantial land masses. Atoll states thé population of thé Maldives is ingly fragile ba- Atoll island ecology, in terms of lands of this type support rela- consequently face a host of devel- currently growing at thé very high sis for thé con- thé capacity to support human tively high population densities. opment problems, which include rate of 3.3 per cent per annum. As struction of a habitation, is closely tied to thé limited skills, small domestic atoll populations increase, thé modem econ- existenceof a permanentground Even thé onstrucfcionof expen- market size,high ost of imports problems of satisfying basic needs omy, as its water System. Islands above a sive seawalls to protectlow-lying and experts, restricted diversity (e.g. housmg, water and food) froin world priée re- certain size, about 1.5 ha and 200 areas from sait water intrusion of experts and substantial admm- local resourcesalso increases. Ail mains at a low métrés in diameter, contaip a would be effective only in thé istrative costs. Thèse hâve usu- atoll résidents now need some level. permanent lens of fresh water early stages. As sea level contin- ally led to large trade déficits, cash incarne for clothes, fish surrounded by sait water. Thé ued to rise, so would thé ground balance of payments problems hooks, kérosène, and so on), Though fish volume of thé lens is royghly pro- water table imtil, eventually thé and considérabledependence on though there are few local oppor- and other ma- portional to thé surface area of central parts of thé island would foreign aid and technical assis- tunities to eam income. nne resources fhe atoll, and a décline in thé becoine a shallow, and relatively tance. Only in thé Maldives bas hâve often been island surface area would hâve a improductive, lake of fi-esh water there been any real industriali- Throu^tout thé atoll states, and domestically disproportionate impact on thé becoming increasingly brackish sation or tourist development. atolls elsewhere,thé limited ag- marketed, al- volume of thé lens. Other factors as storms wash over thé island Atoll stateshâve movedrapidly ricultural base of thé traditional beit on a very , ^»,,,^,,.»,,,, influencing thé character and be- surface. into situations of considérable de- eonomy has fiirther declined in small scale, 20 insula isu a 21 Dossier: Global Warming and Sea Level Rise Dossier: Global Warmiug and Sea Level Rise

Aspirations of quarter of thé population now live phosphate mine. ties acrossa wide range of envi- velopmentin atoll statesthoiigh tively impossible, as occurred on atoU people in thé urban area. In every case ronment and oonomies. thé extent of thé changeswill thé Phoenix Islands (Kiribati) in urbanization has been both re- Both ountries hâve sought re- vary over time and from place to thé 1960s. Fresh water is most Thé aspirations of island people ont and rapid. Urban problems settlement opportunities over- Alongside thé contribution of place in ways that are not yet scarceon atolls after cyclonesor are generally those of people else- include overcrowding in poor seas and also new overseas em- remittances, further substantial possible to predict. tidal waveshâve sweptaver fhem, where, including improved serv- housing conditions with atten- ployment by training seamen. support for thé national inomes salting soils and wells. a situ- ices (health, éducation), remu- dant health risks, pollution, un- Movement overseas reduos thé of atoll states are overseasaid, It is apparent that there will be ation which is Ukely to increase nerative employment opportuni- employment, thé growth of squat- pressiire on local resources and welfare payments, subsidiesand cUmaticchanges, in tenns of dif- imder GE conditions. ties, and consumer goods (im- ter settlements, worsened nutri- provides a substantial cash flow ompensation payments of differ- ferences in rainfall and storm fre- ported food, clothes, outboard tion (as cash incarnes are often in- from remittances. However, in thé ent kinds. So siibstantial are aid quençy and rises in air and sea Erosion will reduce thé areas of motors, motorbikes, etc.). Real adéquate to piirchase diets based immédiate future, only thé funds that thé atoll states of Ki- températures, that coastal ero- land on atolls and, because of and perceived différences be- on imported foods), and some- Marshall Islands and Tokelau ribati, Tuvalu and Tokelaii, along- sion will increase as sea-level rise their minimal élévation, such tween places in Ufe-styles, eco- times higher crime rates and so- hâve long-term overseas migra- side Niue and fhe Cook Islands, accélérâtes, perhaps beyond thé lasses may eventually be ex- nomic opportunity, and thé range aal disorganisation. Thèse urban tion (or resettlement) opportimi- hâve been labelled as MIRAB upward growth of corals, and that tremely sévère and increase thé of available services and facili- problems are not unique to small ties. and Tuvalu op- For Kiribati states, where migrant remit- this érosionwill probablybe ac- ties hâve in- island atolls swampinessand salinity of areas portiuiities are currently declin- tanos and aid are thé most im- centuated by thé greater fre- that remain above sea level. Areas creased, espe- but thé small ing and thé Maldives too hâve no On many small islands fhere portant bases for thé economy quency of storms. immediately at risk will be those cially since thé size of thé land established tradition of intema- are very few prospectsof forma] and, through thèse flows ,a gov- that hâve previously been re- 1950s, and as sector employment. As popula- and lagoon tional migration. emment bureaucracyhas boome Slowly but inexorablythere will claimed from thé sea. This loss of thèse aspira- tion and éducation levels in- areas, and thé thé principal sourceof wage and be critical environmental land will directly afFectagricul- tions mcrease, crease, and demand for employ- problems of Permanent migra- international salary employment. In thé changes,of an unknown rate and tare, housing and roads. Land thé degree to ment also ina-eases, thé extent achieving eco- tion is viewed by many as a solu- Marshall Islande direct US ex- dimension. Thé intertropical con- losses will inevitably lead to a which they can of emigration in youthiul âge nomic growth tion to development problems. groups has sometimes been temal support for thé economyis vergence zone is Kkely to shift déclinein agriciiltural production be satisfied on accentuâtes Toleration and enouragement of substantial since little local even greater. Only thé Maldives northwards, changing thé distri- and increased compétition for atolls falls. thé basic difG- international migration thé wage employment is available in hâve a degree of balance between bution of zonesof upwelling,and scarce land, a related décline of culties. and almost ail of this is in thé Pacifie is a result of its impact on aid and experts, a result of its hence altering thé distribution of handicraft materials and of fire- Thé combina- thé réduction of population pres- public sector. Thé private relatively suoessful fisheries and fish stocks and therefore fisher- wood, which is already in ex- tion of higher In thé atoll sure on scarceresources, attitudes sector,except for stores, is con- tourism sectors. ies. Such major cUmaticchanges tremely short supply in urban postwar rates of states of thé to individual freedom of move- spicuous by ils absence. When as well as thé frequency and se- areas. population in- both population and wants hâve Marshall Is- ment and, above ail, thé substan- Only a very small proportion of verity of cyclones and tropical crease, thé grown t<çether in environments lands, Maldi- tial flow of remittanos that fol- thé national income of atoll states storms may increase with tem- Such changes will further growing désire where local production possi- ves, Kiribati lows international migration. is generated within those coun- perature rise. for consumer bilities are limited, thé expert threaten thé already limited and Tuvalu Migration and remittanos hâve tries, through expert copra, of labour has becomean impor- thé of subsistence base and introduce goods, thé loca- there are two tended to create an appetite for postage stamps, tant means of meeting some ba- fish and also but Thé intrusion of saltwater into new environmental problems. tion of higher related prob- thé impart of consumer goods, sic subsistence requirements, is dépendenton concessionaryex- groundwater lehses will hâve Erosion of fringing reefs may éducation facili- lems: thé rela- and hence expensive imports, espedally food. Migration has temal support. Atolls and atoll direct efFectson agriculture and seriouslydisturb their ecologyand ties and hospi- tive depopula- which has driven wages. Thé increasingly beome a quest for up states hâve moved a very long on thé supply offi-esh water. Thé reduce thé distinctiveness of la- tais either on tion and/or eco- remittances are essentials rather than luxuries. remaining way fi-om any semblance of self most obvions efFects on agricul- goon ecologyas lagoonsincreas- one ontral atoll nomic décline mainly invested m stores or in reUance.Moreover they hâve gone ture will be, throiigh increased ingly become indistinguishable or on a high is- of thé smaller, thé agricultural sector. beyond thé traditional support of saUnity in taro pits, lower pro- from thé surrounding océan. land, and thé concentration of remote atolls and over-urbanisa- local coral clusters to depend- ductivity of thé tara and hence a Mangrove habitats may also be formai sector employment there tion on principal atoll. thé thé In However rural investment oppor- ence on much more distant na- greater dismcUnation to continue damaged. This would reduce thé has, in many cases, resulted in absence overseas migration of tunities are normally so few that tions with this labour intensive agri- artisanal fishing potential of ail outmigration from atolls, espe- from atoll states, development migration is a more lucrative in- cultural activity. Increased sa- atolls, especially where large cially where there is a central prospects are even more difficult. vestment than anything available linity is also Ukelyto lead to thé lagoons currently provide fisher- high island as in French Polyne- at home. In thèse conditions re- Impact decreasedproductivity of ail other ies diversity. sia and thé Federated States of For Tokelau, migration to New mittances can only be invested in of fhe crops, including coconuts, panda- Micronesia (FSM). Zealand is a right since Tokelau increased, if not neossarily im- greenhouse effect nus and breadfhuts despite thé Thé GE is likely therefore to lead islanders are New Zealand citi- proved, consumption . Opportu- fact that coconuts and pandanus to a siibstantial decUnein agri- While outmigration may solve thé zens, hence a majority of Tokelau nities for emigration and remit- Over time there has been increas- are relatively sait résistant. No cultural production, a possible immédiate population and wel- islanders now Uve in New Zea- are extremely val- tanos highly ing recourse to thé option of mi- speciesof fauna or flora will gain décline in fisheries production, problems some small fare of land. Migration fi-om thé Marshall ued by islanders themselves and gration as thé preferred individ- from increased salinity. and a loss of vital water, timber densely populated atolls, it may Islands (and from thé FSM) to migration is often linked or spon- ual, household and even national and firewood resources. thus also increase thé problems of ur- possible thé thé USA is iinder sored, with householdsplanning solution to thé challengeof devel- Increased groundwater salinity redudng thé potential of thé few ban destination areas in thé atoll tenns of thé Compact of Free As- for and encouragingthé migra- opment, whilst thé states, them- will reduce thé potability of areas in which thé atolls and atoll states. Thé most extrême ex- sociation. For thé former British tion of particular persans, even selves hâve tended to become groimdwater which, for most at- states currently demonstrate a amples of this urbanisation occur colonies of Tuvalu and Kiribati to thé extent that there may be a more dépendent on overseas aid. olls is currently of onsiderable degree of self-reUance. in thé Marshall Islande and Ki- only temporary labour migration transnational corporation of kin, Rising sea-levelscan only worsen sigmficance.If and when ground- ribati but, in each atoll state to Nauru occurs at thé moment, allowing households to colonise in a numberof waysthé already water becomes no longer potable Thèse efFectswill occur alongside except tiny Tokelau, more than a and this with thé closure of its and exploit eonomic opportuni- sévèreproblems of achievingde- human habitation will be efFec- continued rapid population 22 sula 1S 23 Dossier: Global Warming and Sea Level Rise Dossier: Global Warming and Sea Level Rise

growth, and hence an increase in edge (principally as modem Ultimately thé greatest ontribu- country with Kiribati, Tuvalu, Islandstates can however develop level, in thé atoll states (and in populationpressure on resouros, 'school" knowledge replaces in- Nauru and Niue - to estabUsh a tion to reducing thé impact of significant programmes to im- other low-lying areas). More de- fùrther encouragingrural-urban herited traditional skills) that global warming must ome from secrétariat that might examine pro ve environmental conserva- tailed studies of thé structure of migration in search of thé ïast permit survival and success in thé developedworld, since only thé particiilar social and eonomic tion. There are various opportu- atolls are required to indicate money of wages and salaries environments often threatened by those countries can minimise thé poUdes,especially thé relating to nities for thé increased use of what key installationsare par- rather than thé increasedunpre- natural hazards. Options will be problem at its source. As thé réductionof globalwarming, that solar energy(stratégies that ould ticularly vulnérable to sea-level dictability of agricultural and fiirther reduced, even removed, Prime Minister of Tuvalu, might ontribute to thé particu- be assistedthrou^i overseastech- rises of différent dimensions. fisheries incarnes. by GE. lar problems of some of thé small- Bikenibeu Paeniu, has pointed rucal and financial assistance and Remotesensing and geographi- states. différent out: We strongly beUevethat we est island In thé difïusion of appropriatetech- cal information Systems(GIS) can Much what currently known of is There is Uttle évidence that thé hâve done thé least to cause this ways thé GE has contributed to nology)rather than using expen- play an important rôle hère. about impact derived thé ofGE is présent socio-political Systems hazardousproblem although we new unity amongst small island sive, imported greenhouse-gas from conjectureand spéculation, hâve thé capacityor will to con- are now faod with thé highest states and strengthenedthé pri- forming fossil fuels or local fire- It is alsocmdal to strengthenthé since thé order of magnitude of trol global évente and it is m- possibiUty most". ority given to international re- of losing thé wood. ca^acityof nationalplanning of- future physical events cannot be creasingly difficult for govern- sponses. determined and there is no real fiées in island states,espedally ments to implement jointly thé Thé growing international focus More effort coiild be attached to in relation to environmental preodent for what is Ukelyto fol- radical changes now needed to on environment issues may re- reforestation, in order both to matters, to ensure that there are low. Though thé post-glacial significantly modify thé GE. suit in a global climate change National guard against érosion and storm more restrictions on planning in marine transgression that ended conventionand a biodiversitycon- Policies damageand to developnew and high-risk areas, and to enable around 6000years agomust hâve This is esperially true of atoll vention, and hold promise of fiir- old species with various social bettermonitoring of localchanges had a similar efFect,it occurred in states where serious development ther practicalchange. Yet in some At a national level optionsrange and économieuses. Agricultural and to promote sustainable de- a vastly différent sorial and eco- problemscurrently exisfc Uncer- metropolitan ountries there are from direct action to avoid or and fisheries development should velopment. Strengthening thé nomic context, leavmg few rec- over outcome GE has tainty thé of fears that radical législation to eUminate thé risk, action to re- also be encouragedto generate ability of govemments to under- ords of its human impact. neossarily restricted thé abiiïty reduce GE will produce a poor- duce vulnerabiUty levels or ac- some export income (especially take conventionalplanning, in and williïigness, nationally and house efîect' therefore no and tion to move away from, or aban- outsideurban areas)and improve areas such population poUcy,be- Thé causesand consequenosof intemationally, to respond to thé certainty that appropriate action don, thé most risk-prone areas. nutrition which, in some atoll cornes even more crucial than it GE are complexand inter-related, problem through policy forma- will be taken. GE may eventually overwhelm states, is far from adéquate. already is. Such actions will re- involving changing natural proc- tion. Responseis least likely in atolls since everything is coastal duce risks and ensure greater essesand a variety of human ad- thé atoll states where informa- (in distance and altitude). Similarly there is a need for new awareness of more long-term those changes: is aptations to it tion is least adéquate and where International water supplies, and especially thé problem. an uncontrolled experiment on a planning offices are small and Coopération Many onventional measures to construction of rainwater catch- global scale. Whatever thé out- fùlly stretchedto copewith stan- reduce vulnerability (eg. trans- ments, to improve quality and ome it is nonetheless-apparent dard récurrent activities. Thé particular threat to small ferring populations, infrastruc- reduce dependence on lenses. Need for that GE ofFersnothing positiveto island countries was first articu- ture and économie activities to external atoll states and, because ail their In thèse states planning is at its lated in 1988 when representa- higher land) are impossible. Becauseof increasedpressure on assistaûce problems land is low-lyuig, thé infancy; finance, data, continu- tion from ûve states from thé Other conventional measures, resources, and especially on be bigger and quicker to oc- will ity and technical expertise are Caribbean, Indian and Pacifie such as thé onstruction of dikes, coastal resoiu-os, both land and Few world states hâve ever had cur than on hi^i islands. limited, environipental planning Océan met in thé Maldives. sea walls and pumping stations, sea, stemnung from such issues such limited prospectsfol- devel- is almost non-existent and five- Subsequentlyan Allianceof Small are extremely expensive (espe- as rising populations and solid opment, hâve gained so littte from year plans are usually thé ex- Island States (AOSIS) was formed cially when a small populationis Meeting waste disposai problems, thé contemporary technological treme Umit of long-termplanning. , at thé Soond World Cîimate Con- spread over a large number of is- necessity for improved coastal change but hâve nevertheless be- thé threat However conclusions about thé ference in 1990 to promote six lands) and becauseof thé high zone management and thé inclu- corne so dépendent on thé outside impactofGE are siifficientlyclear, fimdamental prindples on which porosity of coral and coral sand sion of environmental issues in world as thé atoll states. It is now Atoll development options are despite their lack of specificity, a climate change convention which would be imUkely to solve development planning is para- crucial that a more sustainable naturally constrainedby Umited for some fonns of action to be shouldbe based; thèseprinciples thé problem since there would be mount. forin of development in those land (and sometimes lagoon) taken now. stressedthat developedcountries no protection for thé freshwater states be promoted. areas, and thé simplidty of atoll should take immédiate steps to lenses. In thé same vein, thé réduction environments so that natural Atçll states, and other island reducetheir productionof green- of population growth rates is cru- Without ûirther substantial ex- ecosystems may easily be dis- states other microstates, can- or house gases and move towards Even defending thé few urban ar- cial. None of thèse polides will temal assistance people who were rupted. act individually collectively not or improved energy conservation eas, several of which are them- reducethé impact of GE but they ancedescribed as real and poten- to remove or reduce thé causes of and efficiency. selves spread aver wide areas, do contributedirectly to improve- tiâl 'économierefugees' could one Thèseoptions are broadenedby GE, thoiigh they can call upon would be a complex and costly ments in thé quality of contempo- day become,a new group of 'envi- thé increasedavailability of new organisations act international to Through AOSIS thé small island opération, and m itsetf would be a rary life, lead to more sustainable ronmental refugees'. Yet ai] is- plant varieties, fertilizers, tech- on thèse causes. An international states hâve been innovative in pointless exercise. Moreover thé development and stress thé on- land stateshâve choios and op- nology, and so on, from outside, tackle approach is essential to stimulating a global responseto finance for projects of this kind tribution that small island states tions that can contribute to re- but diminished by new aspira- this global problemthou^i, even thé cUmatechange problem. would be wholly absent within can make to contemporaryglobal duôing thé threat that global tions that hâve resulted in at an international level, climatic thé atoll states and no aid donor development. wanning poses and ensuring a changes in attitudes to traditional change is only one élément in a More reontly, in Janiiary 1992, would contemplate aid on thé more appropriate development in agriculture (resulting in a gen- complex and integrated set of an inaugural summit of Smaller scale that would be necessary, More research is required on thé thé future, guaranteeinga honie- era1 décline of food cultivation) resource, économie population, Island States (SIS) was held in even to strategically important physical environmental and eco- land and cultiire for their popula- and some loss of skills and know1- and environmental problems. thé Cook Islands Unkingthé states, nomic impacts of GE at thé local tiens. 24 insula nsula 25 Dossier: Global Warming and Sea Level Rise Dossier Global Warming and Sea Level Rise

area having anomalies greater population inhabits coastal ar- Source of than 1°C amounts to something eas, in particular coastal plains sea-level change s thé Sea-level Rise? in thé nei^hboiirhood of 107 km2, and deltas. Thèse are most vul- Science versus Fears or a small percentage of thé océan nerable ai-eas to thé effects of sea- Interprétation of past data on sea- surface. Anomalies greater than level rise. level change causes at least as 2°C over only a small fraction of much uncertainty as does inter- one peront. There is a widespread recogni- pretation of past air and ooan risen about 5°C during thé last tion that fhe disappearance of températures.Thé order of mag- While carrent spécifieopinion does not forecastdramatical gen- century. It is not an easy determi- Sea-surface température thus thé gréât northem hémisphère nitude of récent past changesin era] sea level rise, signifiant changes in thé levels of both thé land nation. provides a stable base in om- ice sheets, which marked thé end relative mean sea level (RMSL) is and thé sea are likely, due to thé site specifidties. Such is thé parison with air températures of thé last gladation about 10,000 l mm/a. This must be arrived at onclusion of thé report preparedby Ae UNESCO COMARwork- With respect to thé Ooan, thé aver land, yielding information years ago, was aoompanied by in thé face of fluctiiations (tidal, ing group on sea-level rise and its influence on thé coastal zone. interprétation of sea surface tem- about systematic climate shifts. thé rise of some 100 m in sea storm surges ete) of thé order of5 Thé authors are R.W. Stewart,University of Victoria (Canada)B. peratiu-e records is bedeviled by Any systematic change over thé level. m, for a ratio of 2 x 10-4/aHowever K. Jerfùe, WoodsholeOcéanographie -Institution (MASS., USA) thé fact that aver thé last century past few décades seems to be a with respect to relative sea level and J.N. Dwive Dwivedi, Department of Océan Development, there has been a omplete change small fraction of 1°C. It is difficult Thé possibility of rapid disinte- there is a problem which has no (New DehU, India). An abstract of this report appears hereunder. in thé techniques of measure- to find thé high-latitude sensitiv- gration of thé West Antarctic Ice analogies in temperatiu-e meas- ment. In earlier periods, most ity predicted by thé model simu- Sheet, yielding about 5 métrés of urements: there are no perma- température measiirements were lations, since there is no spedal rise in sea level, is serioiisly dis- nent absolute terms of référence. he issue of sea-level rise as a before. Data from satellites, taken from buoys, usually drift- onontration pf positive anoma- cussed. Thé resiilting onom led Becausethé sea-levelchange that onsequence of climatic warming ground-based Systems, ship, ing and reporting by satellite. lies at high latitudes. to considérable study related to conoms us reflects both move- and thé gronhouse efFect is re- buoys, tide gauges etc. are being Serions efforts hâve been made to thé question of thé dismtegration ment of sea-level and thé level ceiving intense attention by compiled, exchanged, banked in untangle this piizzle, but is diffi- As a result, thé overall interpre- of thé West Antarctic Ice Sheet. adjaont to land, we do not meas- entist, govemment officiais, thé centres, catalogued, collated and cuit to be confident about difFer- tation of thèse data is such as to are absolute sea level, but rather press, and layman alike. interpreted. However thé climate ences in thé neighbourhood of generate controversy. Thé spa- It was oncluded that even though relative sea-level. Systemis so "noisy" with weather, 0.5°C betweencontemporary and tial distribution of thé tempera- it was indeed thé case that thé Althoiigh at first glanée a simple and such relatively short-lived earlier estimâtes. Nevertheless, tùre increases is not in accord sheet was grounded below sea In général terms we can divide issue, thé actual détermination events as el Nino récurrences that modelling studies indicate that with model thé factors affectmg RMSL into of changes in relative sea level is is not easy to corneto finn onclu- mean atmospheric température prédictions, four catégories : an extremely complex and time- sions about thé présent nature is very sensitive to thé mean since thé rise l. Those which détermine water onsuming task. It involves thé and rate of cUmate change. Océan surface which has also during thé first volume: onsideration of many factors, and warmed by about 0.5°C during hatf of thé cen- Changes in thé mass of thé requires décadesof high-qiiaUty Thé one thing that is certain is thé last century. Such a rise is tury, should ooan as a result of melting or observations, data analysis and that thé onontration of green- consistent with océan measure- not hâve been accumulation .. -of land-sup- modelUng. A number of dooms- house gases in thé atmosphère ment, althoiigh not yet firmly es- influenced ported ice; day prédictions of aoelerated sea- has been increasing inexorably tablished. veiy much by Changes in thé volume ~of wa- level rise diiring thé next century aver thé last century. We hâve al- increased con- ter in thé océanby heating or were predicted on thé assump- ready reached one quarter of thé Since July 1984, thé World Mete- centration of cooling. 2. Those which détermine sea sur- tion of a rapid melting of ice fi-om "CO.^ doubling", relative to thé orological Organization (WMO) greenhouse thé gréât ice sheets, which now pre-industrial period, which is has issueda monthly bulletin en- gases. Never- face shape: onsidered to be improbable. usually iised by modellers to esti- titled Climate systemmonitoring theless thé Changesin thé way in which mate climate sensitivity. (CSM). Among thé data reported décade of thé water is piled up against, or A large number of other effects is mean sea-surface température 1980s has been pushed away from coast; are now thoiight to be at least as Their models project a tempera- anomalies from a 30-year com- particulary L Changes in thé atmospheric important as melting of ice sheets. tare increase ranging from 1.5°C posite climatology centred on warm. It is surface pressiu-e field; Most of thèse are due to factors to 4.5°Cfor "CO, doubUng",with 1965. quite common, even in scientific level, it was in fact well buttressed Changes in river run-off re- that site-speafic rather than ris- Ûiëi effect stronger at high lati- circles, to assume or assert that so that very rapid disintegration gimes; ing, and may continue to do so tudes and less marked in tropical Thé 3°C and greater anomalies, récent climate changes are asso- could largely be dismissedas a Changes m ooan currents. despite greenhouse warming. It régions. Roughly, thé response which oour rather often in near- ciated with greenhouse efFect. possibiUty. Thiis it is imortain 3. Coastal subsidence: is our objective, in this document, should increase logarithmically shore waters, cover such small whether there will be a net rise or Changes in thé thickness in to evaluate critically thé issue of with greenhouse gas conontra- areasthat they are not seen.Only a net fall of sea level associated consolidated sédiments; relative sea-levelchange, to dis- tion. Thiis, a 25 % increasein con- in thé equatorial Padfic are 2°C Thé magnitude with changesin thé mass of thé Crustal movements of coastal cuss thé reaçons for global and centration should yield about 1/3 or greater mid-ocean anomalies of sea-level change ice sheets. areas, local change, and to consider thé thé mcreasing of doubUng. That frequently reported. 4. Large scale cfustal and subcrus- conséquencesfor thé oastal zone. is, one mi^it expect to hâve expe- Among thèse consequenos, none Thé annual source and sink tenns tal nwvements: rienced a température increase Thé Journal of Climate regularly hâve caused more conom than a in thé mass balance of thé ice Changes in thé depth of thé CIunate nionitoruig fi-om 0.5°C to 1.5°C. reports three-month averagesof possible significant rise in sea - sheets are new about equal, each océan basins; essentially thé same data. For level. This conom anses from a équivalent to about l cm/'a in sea Changes in thé geoid, mainly Thé climate System of thé earth is There is some consensus that thèsethree-month averages it can number of onsiderations: a large level. Thé end result could be sea- due to ice volumechanges and now being monitored as never global surface températures hâve be seen that typically thé total growing proportion of thé world's level fall as well sea-level rise. to flows in thé earth's mantle. 26 insula insula 27 Dossier: Global Warming and Sea Level Rise Insula's guest

It may som surprising that so fluids, usiially water but also oil rywhere, and in région subjectto many geologicaland geophysical and natural gas, fi-om near sur- tropical storms such surges may influenos are Usted, since most face sédiments can hasten thé be order of magnitude larger. Interview with cause of change "on geological compaction of thèse sédiments time scale are to slow to hâve and lead to a drop in thé land Ordinary weather changes,with Federico IVÏayor much efFect within a human Ufe- level and therefore to a relative corresponding changes in win Director-General, UNESCO time. sea-level rise. This influence is fields, can result in changesin observedin suchplaos as Venice sea levé! of around 20 cm , and However, it is even possible to ar- and Bangkok. In récent years, that annual heating-ooling and gué that almost ail relative mean Bangkok has been sinking at a runofF cycles, together with asso- sea-level change over thé past rate greater than any other ma- ciated wind field changes,lead to ontury, aparfc fi-om that caused jor dty, indeedat a rate greater seasonal sea-levelcycles of thé by small ice field melting has than almost ail estimâtes for sea same magnitude but up to Im in INSULA: Mr Director-General, been thé result of earth move- level rise induod by greenhouse exceptionalcases Kke thé Bay of dll around thé world many is- ment. We are Uving in a geologi- gases. Bengal. Sea-level records typi- lands and small iskind states are cally unusual time sinceit is only cally show interannual fluctua- wondering about their future and about 10,000 years since thé end tions of thé order of 10 cm, which hoping to participate in progress of thé most récent northem hemi- Steric effects sometimes persist for a few years in éducation, science, culture and sphère gladation and earth îs still before being reversed (Pugh, communication - ail areas of di- recovering(rapidly on a geologi- Expansionof thé océanby heat- 1987; Thomson and Tabata, rect concemfor UNESCO. What cal time scale) from this event. ing, and sea level changes associ- 1989).Some of thèse changesare is UNESCO doing to assist them? ated with changes in océan cur- thé result of factors which are not There are other cause for sub- rents show up in measurements clearly identifiable. Mr Mayon There are thousands stantial vertical movement of thé as a change in thé steric efFect. of islands scattered aver thé land. For example, along many Modem techniques permit deter- océans, including a few dozen active margins, where subduction mination of steric efFects on sea Coastal inundation small island nations that achieved of one plate under another is level with an accuracy of about l independence in thé reont dec- taking place, thé crust may cm, althou^i fluctuations associ- As thé soil salinity increases,thé ades. Many of them hâve joined crumple under ompression,lead- ated with internai waves rnean original végétation can die ofF on thé family of UNESCO Member States so- ing to upUfk in some areas and that such acciu-aries are attain- time scalesfrom months to years out of conom for thé sinking in others, perhaps within able in thé mean only if a gréât if thé marine inimdation persists cial, eonomic and cultiiral prog- only about 100 km of each other. deal of averagingis possible. for any length of time. Thèse af- ress of their populations. Such motions can be as fast as 2 fectedareas are then frequently UNESCO shares its responsibili- mm/a. They are probably short- Salinity also influences thé steric recolonizedby sait marsh or man- ties in this regard with other agen- lived on a geologicaltime scale, efFect on a sea level. Thus thé dif- grave v^etation, as long as they ries of thé United Nations sys- but persistent on a human scale. ference betwon evaporation and continue to expérience marine tem, but its mandate assigns it preripitation in any area will ef- tidal flooding,although thé time- an important and original rôle. fect thé sea level. Perhaps more scale of recolonization is meas- Anthropogenic causes importantly, thé addition of large ured in years. UNESCO, and mysetf personally, volumes of river water in a rela- are deeply onscious of thé fact Other proosses, some of which tively locaUzedrégion causes very Gloser to thé ooan, areas which that progress in éducation, sci- are influenced or induced by signifiant dilution with an accom- had in thé past occasionallybeen ence, culture and communication human activity, can substantially panying haloteric rise of sea level. inundated only very rarely might is essential for enhancing thé Federico Mayor afFect thé level of thé land sur- It is important to recognize that find themselves covered with quality of life and promoting he tendency to extend territorial waters and exclusive économie face, without much changingthé relative mean sea level changes enough water to sustain appre- sustainable development in small UNESCO has been active since zones towards a 200 sea-mile level of thé underlying rock. In which may take place in a few ciable waves leading to signifiant island coininunities. Thé pou- thé early seventies in thé context thé normal ourse of events,loose décades are in fact rather small changeson thé bottom. Atso stmc- Uar hardship entailed by isola- Umit, hâve in fact made small is- of its diflferent programmes in lands thé focus of new or renewed unonsolidated near surface sedi- compared with changes in sea tares not designed to resist wave tion and a fragile natural and hu- almost ail insular régions of thé man resouree base make thé increasingly ments beome more ompact with level which take place on much action could be damagedor de- it ail interest as part of an world, from thé South Pacifie to time. shorter time trames. stroyed. more important that thé "island- important geo-strategicconfigu- thé Caribbean, from thé Mediter- ers" legitimate expectations ration. UNESCO intergovern- ranean to thé Atlantic and thé Water is squeezed out, pores There are few places in thé world One likely local efFectof increas- should be met. mental programmes, such as thé Indian Océan. In most cases, a beome smaller and grains be- where thé tidal range is much ing relative mean sea level is ac- Intergovernmental Oceano- multidisciplinary approach was ome omented together. Thé den- less than a mètre.A tidal range celerated coastal érosion. An in- Thé problems of island develop- graphie Commission,thé Inter- adapted to such activities, both sity increases and thé surface offive métrés is far from unusual. crease in sea level would result in ment hâve attracted considérable national Hydrological Pro- for better imderstanding of thé level sinks.This is a natural proc- It is quite normal for thé difFer- more sévère wave érosion of dunes attention in thé last few décades, gramme and thé Man and thé dynamics of islands as well as to ess, gradually giving rise to semi- encebetwon high neaptides and and beaches and a résultant ofF- as a resiilt, for instance, of new Biosphère Programme are care- provide Sound scientific support consolidated sédiments and ulti- high spring tides to be more than shore sédiment transport will emphasis on marine resources fully studying and evaluatingthé to island decision-makers for thé mately to sedimentary rock. a mètre. Stonn surges of eleva- eventually create a flatter offshore management. International poli- various aspects conceming thé framing of appropriate develop- However, thé withdrawal of tion 50 cm are very ommon eve- beach profile. tics, technological évolution and islands growth potential. ment poliaes for their countries. 28 insula sula 29 Insiila's guest Islanders at Work

To reinforce action of thé Rapid prc^ress has taken place continent,thé idea being to rein- UNESCOin this field, it was also in several technologicaland sci- force thé identity of thé new na- considered appropriate to estab- entific areas in which UNESCO tions in facingthé strugglefor de- Thé Sait Gardens UNESCO'sRégional lish Offios is directly involved - ommunica- velopmentby providingthem with A Disappearing Art closeto or within insularrégions, tion, distance éducation,renew- a solid historical basis for their such as South-EastAsia, thé Car- able energy sources and trans- civilisation. ibbean and thé Pacifie. port Systems, to name but a few. P. G. d'Ayala UNESCO continues to support l see islands as still a rather thé cultiu-al memoriesof peuples INSULA: Most islands dépend unexploited asset which will in- and nations throu^i thé preser- for:their devehpmenton économie evitably attract thé necessary vation of World Héritage sites, and technological instruments capitalknow-how and technologi- thé protection and conservation " ^.i Hercules, without sait one tion, thé strength of thé sun, or strangely flat and monotone land- controlled by more advanced cal inputs. Empty spacecannot monuments, translation of thé can hâve no dvic life , exclaimed thé rain that may lengthen thé scape where white rules sover- continentalcountries. Do you not be left unexploited,or worse, and publication of important thé vénérable Pliny, two millen- prooss, and finaiïy thé différent eign. think. Mr Mayor, that régional abandoned to an unproductive writers of thé past, and thé collec- and omplex stages "ripen- and interrégional coopération oblivion. nia ago. Tadtus tells us that sait of thé tion and diffusion of traditional There would be much to say on among islanders themselues was sought and produod eveiy- ing" of thé salts, revealed by bio- songs and music. thé beauty and innoonce of white- should be encouragea and where in thé world known by his logical characteristics.Thé pro- ontemporaries; by thé Romans, Uferation of one minuscule algae ness,but which in its purity hides strengthened? LNSULA: Caughtup in a mpidly Much more has to be done of Germans and Scythians, may for some weeks tint whole enigma, indedsion, perhaps ter- changing world, some islanders by thé coiu-se,but thé task is only pos- and everywhere from Africa to flats rosy. Theri one must increase ror. PotentiaUties opposed.. Mr. Mayon Ourplanet has today feel that they are losing their cul- sible if islanders themselves, India. or decrease thé flux or reflux of becomea global village. Isolation tural identity. Mr. Mayor, what while investingin their own iden- water in thé basins, using thé He alluded to it, thé poet who and séparation are becoming is UNESCO doing to préservetheir tity and using their traditional It was PUny thé elder, again, who perfect geometry of thé thousand wrote "dark as a Uly". A danger- things of thé past. Many global traditions? sMlls, ontinue, exchangingand oiis colour, then, which when it problems, such as thé environ- explained that sait is "grown" in furrows and canals that separate trading with ail potential part- vast basins built for thé purpose, thé waters aoording to tempera- approaches black, générâtes en- ment, must be addressedby ail Mr. Mayon Cultures are not, ners in order to reinforee thé by letting in thé seawater. But it tare and salinity. chantments like a silent movie. countries working together. let's admit it, a pennanent con- quaUty of their Ufe and enrich is above ail with thé help of rain North, South, East and West must figuration traversing time un- their culture. and plenty sunshine thé This is a totally artificial eosys- Black on white is predsely how cooperate closely if solutions are changea, independent from his- of that sait oagulates, he said. Thé de- tem, that srientists hâve not yet thé saltmakers appear while to be reached. tory. On thé contrary, cultiu-al scription is orrect, and in their finished exploring. Thé sole com- working, when they haul their identity is a deep psychological INSULA: To condude. Mr. heavy baskets of luminous sait, This is thé messagethat will im- présent form, thé sait pans hâve panion of thé saltmaker in this need of people for a feeUngof Mayor, you hâve supported thé like patient scarabs. For their doubtedlyémerge strongly form gone through thé centuries with Pythagorical landscape is thé belongingto a societyembedded création of INSULA, thé Intema- work is hard. Their profile may thé forthoming United Nations practically no technical changes. windmill. Like Ludfer, it has six in a history perceivedas stable tioruil Scientific Council for Is- be a picture of beauty, but also Conférence on Environment and For today as before, one must wings, to lift thé water to thé and to which changesare some- kinds Development.What do you skilfully lead thé brine from one basins by turning thé ancient and above ail of pain, of inex- Developmenttaking place in Rio times perceived as a threat. Thé expect from thé CouncU? sait pan to another sa that once Archmides screw. Another wind- pressible pain, even when they de Janeiro next June. It is worth sameholds tme for thé challenges thé water évaporâtes, it beomes mill grinds thé collectedsait into sing. For they sing not out ofjoy noting that many islands and offered by technologicaladvance. Mr. Mayor: Thé International more and more saturated in sait, a brilliant white powder. but to count thé sait crates, which, smallisland states are betterpre- Thé industrial révolution which Conférence "Islands 2000" shows finally being transformed a dozen after thé other, are un- pared for sustainabledevelop- drastically afFectedthé cultural into a clearly thé important catalytic But who is thé saltmaker? Cer- loaded in thé collection area. Of ment than some less-developed identities of sodeties which were vast crystalUzed white plain, Uke rôle that INSULA alreadyplays a polar ice field iinder a leaden tainly a fine expertin hydrauUcs, everythree dozen,one dozengoes continental countries. Island previouslyrural, is a casein point m raising conscioiisness of island sun. Then thé sait is gathered but also a master alchemist who to thé owner of thé saltworks, thé ommimities in many cases hâve needsand assisting bond- in in thé and piled up and thé rain is al- knows how to transform thé two others are sold to pay thé a keener awareness of resource You will recall how, when it was ing of islands in thé face of com- lowed to wash away thé excessof thrashing Uquid into an immo- running costs, thé salary (hère limitationsand a moredeveloped practically accomplished, re- mon problems. Thé International bile chrystal whiteness. He mas- thé term is especially appropri- senséof social soUdarify. search and studies on rural folk- bitter magnésium salts, which are Journal of Islands Affairs is also more soluble m fresh water than ters thé four éléments of thé ate) of thé saltmaker during thé Içre and popiilar traditions flour- a main tool islanders to for to talk andent cosmologies:water, earth, six months of thé season:spring, Thé International Conférence ished and becamean important sodium chloride, or ordinary sait each other and exchangeexperi- air and fire. Thé sea, first, with summer, early autmnn, thé times "Islands 2000" which will take concem in most European uni- ences and hopes. Thèse activities But to get there, it takes a tum or its waves and floods corrected and of thé year when thé saltmaker place in Sicily next May with versities. Artifacts from thé dis- will help to enhance mutual two, to do what thé saltmakers tamed by technology. Then land, works. UNESCO's support, bringing appearing rural societieswere col- imderstandingand soUdarity. tumed into thousands of pans together about 300 participants lected in muséums created for hâve done for générations, trans- mitting their skills from father to with bottoms of impénétrable It is not easy to translate from thé from ail overthé world,including that purpose,and attempts were l also believe that promoting son. Because one inust know thé clay. But also thé energy of thé SiciUanthé counting song of thé several govemment and intema- made to trace thé roots of thé éducation in thé interonnected winds that accelerate evapora- winds which tum thé arms of thé Trapani sait fields, but let's try: tional organisations representa- identîty of thé new nations. sphère of environment and cul- tives, is proof of thé international windmills, thèse giants so beloved tare shouldbe a priority of IN- by Don Quixote.And finally thé "Hey, who will pick up Lina dimensionthat island solidarity In more récent times, when thé Pier Giovanni d'Ayala is a social SULA'sforthcoming actions and anthropologist at UNESCO, Paris. fire of thé sun without which thé (imaginaiy girl). Let's walk boys, is assuming and of thé close con- décolonisation Africa was a new of be thé subject of a future intema- He is responsible for thé Island and hère goes one. Just a little cem with thé issue of sustainable alchemical metamorphosis could reality, UNESCOengagea in thé tional conférence.l stronglyurge Projects within thé Man and thé development. not take place. Ail this in a more and III hâve two, lets get publicationof thé history of that you to continue on dus path. Biosphère Progranune (MAB). 30 iii sula l sula 31 Islanders at Work Islanders at Work

some sait and lit hâve three ..." tant dunng thé ontiiries, by thé Catholic church made cad and transported and sold fresh, never sait. Others suggest that thé sait swore solemn oaths with one hand size and thé quaUty of its sait herring inévitable dishes,both in having left thé cold chain or fro- of thé seais rich in predoustrace buried in sait. We may also note 'look at Peppo, his swks stink to fields, as well as for its sheltered monasteries and in households. zen. Thé white sait plains are éléments, and that it should hâve that in 1987, when Gorbachev high heaven,and now its up to port and its stratégieposition at Fresh fish becamean exoption tuming into tempting real estate a glorioiis new future thanks to visited Prague, he was ofFered seven. " thé centre of thé Mediterranean. in thé Mediterranean gastron- sought by thé toiirist industry. modem dietetics and TOsmetics. bread and sait as a traditional omy, as numerous préparations Perhaps. Thé laws of fashion are token of fnendship. Thé joyous or frankly erotic refer- Towards thé end of thé 16th cen- based on cod or sait tuna domi- Environmental movements de- as unpredictable as those of thé ences of thé song only serve to tury, as reported by Femand nated thé tables, enriching thé fend thé landscape and thé bio- economy. Since man disovered thé secret pace thé work of a merciless Braudel, when Spain was in con- sait producers,Nordic shipown- logical values of thé sait flats, as of extracting from thé seas this rhythm and conditions. But what trol, thé annual production of sait ers and thé tunafishermen. well as their marshlands which To end this brief excursion into white crystal so rich in uses for does thé man of sait do when thé at Trapani surpassed 30,000 serve as resting stops for migrat- thé world of sait, it is worthwhile médiane and food, he has also seasonis aver? Sailor-fisherman, tonnes. One of thé principal It was afler thé last world war ing birds. Others speak of their remembering that if thé onser- found uses from thé spiritual farmer, he retums to Us profes- clients was Venice, which had lost that thé crisis crept in on thé sait ,, demain. Christians sion. A strange destiny floating thé control of thé Cyprus producerswith a rise in produc- put some grains of sait between land and sea. saltworks to Turkey. For more tion costs,leading to thé collapse in thé mouth of a child than a ontiuy later, Spain, thé of their anaent and fruitful om- j to be baptized, so that Certain etymologies daim that Adriatic republic of Raguse, meree,founded on cheap laboiir. he may keep, as thé word "insula",island in Latin, Fénelon said, thé is derived from thé fact that thé evangelical wisdom islands are surrounded by thé and thé purity of faith. sait of thé sea.However that may be, it is clear that many islands At thé other extrême hâve produod and traded in sait: of thé reUgious ritual, thé Canaries, thé Baléares,Sic- superstitions beliefs ily, .th& Greek islands ail thé way proliferate: overtum- to Cypms.Sait has alwaysbeen a l ing a sait cellar brings part of thé history of their pros- bad luck, and throw- perity. ing sait at somone is thé équivalent of a From thé Middle Ages, powers curse. Let us not for- such as thé RepubUc of Venice or get that when one thé Kingdomsof Aragon or Sidly wanted to wipe out thé jealously protectedtheir monopo- memory of a con- lies in thé production of sait and quered rity, one sowed on thé European continental sait on its ruins, as markets, which provided them did thé Romans in omfortable revenues. In an econ- Sait works in Trapani, Carthage. omy dominated by agriculture Genoa, Naples and Milan were Sicily, diiring thé fifties. potential for fish farming, an vation and seasoningof méat and and cattle raising, sait must hâve reUable clients, to judge from thé ancient tradition that could be fish were thé main uses for sait Ourbrief voyagehasonlygiven a played an important rôle in thé notarized contracts of insurance Certain producers, such as those broi-i^it back to Ufe. There hâve since prehistoric times, we hâve brief glimpse of thé universe of conserving and in thé méat, and from thé documentson ship of Trapani decided to iïivest in also been siiggestions of using many testimoniesof other usesof sea sait. Thé work of thé cheese and fish trades. Not sur- rentals, ail stored in thé State new saltworksin Aden at thé tip thé vast open surfaces for thé sait for religious and symbolic saltmaker is a labour without prising that sait remains a state archives. of thé Arabian peninsula,where production of solar energy, or wind aims. fanfares or medals. In ail its monopoly in Italy. labour was cheap and thé sea electricity, using thé constant humbleness,it is still worthy of a During thé troubled periods of transport convenient. breezes. As Leviticiis ordained: "And every place among thé glorious battles Thé Arab geographer Idrisi, in thé 18th ontury, when thé may- ablation of thy méat offering shalt man has continuously fought his book 'Thé Pleasure Excur- hem of thé Barbary corsaires and Thé departure of thé British fi-om Hère and there, thé eco-muse- thou season with sait; neither against or rather with thé sea, sions of One Who Is Eager to thé 30-year sucossion wars of this région and thé mdependence ums of sait appear, presenting ail shalt thou suffer thé sait of thé with sait which is its intimate Traverse thé Régions of thé Spain brought turmoil to thé of Yemen in thé 1960sdried up thé aspects of industrial archae- covenantof thy God to be lacking substance and which célébrâtes World", written in 1154 for thé région, thé sait commerceof Tra- this soiirce for thé Europeanpro- ologywhich characterizedthé sait from thy méat offering:with ail its identity. Norman king of Sidly, Roger II, pani prospered.Sweden and Eng- ducers, who from then on faod a flats. They show windmills, Uttle thine offerings thou shalt ofFer speaks of thé rity of Trapani in land became new clients. Sait was new competitor.In Italy, in Spain, trains and wagons, sailboats for sait. " Racine remembers this Let us only hope that man will be thé West of thé island. Thé rity, transported to thé North Atlantic in France, there were efforts to thé transport of sait from thé Hebrew practice in "Athalie": able to win thé battle against surrounded by sait marshes, he on EngUshand Raguseships. modemizeand regroupin strong muddle of thé canals to thé near- "Athalie: what are then your himsetf, against his wish to de- writes which were "particularly societiesupheld by thé states,by est port of embarkment, thé shel- pleasures?" Joas: "sometimes at stroy with dull concrète thé na- productivethanks to thé dry cU- They retumed to thé Mediterra- monopoly contracts or other forms ters and thé tools of thé humble thé altar l présent thé Gréât Priest ture and that what he himself mate and thé onstant wind". Thé nean with sait cod; for if thé cor- of support. But thé sector is in cri- profession of thé saltmaker; and with incense or sait. has created, with thé help of thé rôle of Trapani in thé production saries threatened fisheries and sis. Thé time of thé age-old of many others who bear with sun; thé white solitude of thé sait and thé international trade in thé fishermen, thé numerous saltworks is aver. them thé culture, thé traditions For thé Romans, sait was a sacri- flats. Let us hope that he will act sait has bon particularly impor- fasting periods imposed by thé Fish and other foods are now and thé songs of thé people of thé fiée in itself, and thé Germans ... with a grain of sait. 32 a s l 33 Knowledge Ciilture and Traditional Culture and Traditional Knowledge

cause thé yellowish appearance (Cynodon dactylon L.) (Maloae: It appears that there is a gréât of thé patient in jaimdice, and thé Nigem) as a décoction, or leaves confusion in thé popiilar use of Popular use of Médicinal Plants old belief that to remove an ail- of Parsley (Malt. Tursin) and Mal- plants where one has to dedde ment one had also to remove fliiids low speries (Maltese; Hobbejza). whether to prépare a décoction or m thé Maltese Islands from thé body. It is of interest to Others recommend Fumitory an infusion. note that at least during thé first (Maltese: Dahnet l-art) boiled in two décadesof this century, some milk, often specifying that thé While it is generally imderstood Giiido ii acafranoo individuals, especially in Gozo, one with white flowers for mâle that in modem herbals most of were taught to dry thé juice of thé patients, and that with pink ones thé medicmal plants are treated squirting cucumber in thé sun, for females, as it is wrongly as- to prépareinfusions, in Malta they and thé resulting material flaked sumed tihat thé plants in ques- are generally boiled or mbcedwith ofF to tion are also mâle or female. boiled extracts or oils. This usu- lants, animais and supersti- poses, occasionally practised in dice. In popular medicine it has into small pièces and sent tion, linked to supernatural thé past, is rather unusiial. Thé been used difFerently fi-om formai Britain and Germany where it Again Bermudagrass is used to ally destroysrequired compounds powers, as in ail other countries patient with eye complaints is medicine. was processed by pharmaceuti- alleviate hypertension, together and extracts undesirable ofhers. formed thé basis of folk medicine made to lie or sit down, and thé cal enterprises. with boiled olive leaves, raw gar- oiu- islands. Plants were thé Uc cloveswith bread, boiled cimùn Stomach uneasiness is countered in remedy consists of fûmes of thé It is normal for thé juices to be more évident soiu-ce of folk reme- strongly smelUng plant breathed extracted either from thé whole An interesting case is that of thé and vervain, thé latter two boiled with boiled mint water, and for Small-leaved Micromeria (Mi- dies, but their use appears to hâve out on thé patients's eye by some- plant or from thé fhiits, but it is together. général intestinal disorders been introduced and has been one chewing thé fi-esh plant. dangerousto use intemally with- cromeria microphylla (D'Urv. Chamomile is widely used as in- partly influenced by SidUan phy- out médical guidance. Benth.) (Maltese: Spakkapjetra = For variose veins, many still ap- fusion. For flatulence one drinks siaans of thé past or by thé nu- Eye treatment with rue fûmes. ïpakhapjetra = Saghtrya). Local ply a poulticeof localwild chamo- Laurel leaves on their own or mérous individuals who found Drawurg by G. Lanfraivx> botanists use thé Maltese name mile, thé Scented mayweed mixed with mint, clovesand sugar their way to Malta to for this species, but at thé same (Chamomilla recutita Matricai-ia and added to some brandy. work an d settle. time, farmers and ountay people chamomilla) (Malte se iK'am- use it also to refer to other plants umella) mixed with bran Poultices are also prepared for Some remédies can be which hâve thé same habit, size (Maltese: Nuhhah) in a hand- various intestinal troubles; thèse said to be identical with and habitat, as in thé case of thé kerchief, or bandage dry beans ould be prepared from leaves of those of European ori- Squinacywort {Aspeî'ula cynan- which hâve been thoroughly pelUtoryand of Bitter orange. At gin, but others hâve been chica). chewed on thé afFected vein. one time pharmadsts used to sell modified out of reogni- seedsof flax and dried flowering tion. Of thé large num- It is often soiight, together with Vervain is also reommended. To tips of southemwood and thèse ber of plants involved we Asperula and Spergularia spe- subdue haemorrhoids, 'com silk, were also used in poidtios on thé can only sélect a few for ries, in cases of kidney and blad- or thé styles and stigmas of maize abdomen. comment, and of thèse, der stones. Thé idea is that it (Maltese: Xuxa .tal-Qamh ir-Rum) thé most conspicuous or breaks thé stone, apparently bom which are boiled, and thé decoc- Stiiï very greatiy recommended well known, in most from thé fact that thèse plants tion placed in a basin to accom- nowadays for stomach and intes- cases even favoured in grow in-rock crevios One coim- modate thé patient; thé latter tinal conditions, is thé distillate présent times. tryman went so far as to explain can also sit in vinegar or boiled of orange blossoms from thé Bit- that if it breaks thé rocks it can garUcor on thé vapour of a mix- ter Orange (Maltese: Lanng tal- Thé Wall Rue (Ruta break thé stone! ture of boiled garUc, local chamo- bakkaljaw); thé essenceis locally chalepensis L.= R. brac- mile and PelUtory, and then go called Uma Zahar, and althoiigh teosa DC) (Maltese: Thèse plants do hâve some - straight to bed. it was formerly domesticallypro- Fejgel) grows wild and thou^ti not spectacular- quali- duod in small quantifies, it is appears to hâve thé same ties as diuretics, and therefore To ontrol thé level of blood siigar now available in commercial chemica) components as may aid reno-urethral flow. Thé in diabetics, there is, among other quantities. thé Garden Rue (R. graveolens) As it has anthelminthic proper- In cases ofjaundice, thé plant or passage of time modifies unwrit- remédies, Lemon verbena (.Lip- sometimes ciiltivated. On rheu- ties, presumably against tape- its fhiit used to be squashed and ten and inherited ideas, and thé pw. citriodora=Aloisia triphylla) Thé purpose of this short essay matic pains, painful joints, worms and nematodes, in foBî pressed to extract thé viscous original plant or plants may hâve (Maltese: Ahuiza=Lwiza) as a de- has been to give a général indica- tion thé characfcer local folk sprains and braises especially medicine it has been also used to content into a bowl, and thé pa- been some other, in fact in South- coction; others suggest décoctions of of with swelling, rue has been ap- discourage insect pests by means tient was made to place his face em Italy, thé name 'spaccapietra' also of endive and Spiny chicory medicine only so far as plants are plied fresh or boiled mixed with ofits smell, but doesnot appear to close, head overed, and breathe is used to refer to Ceterachoffici- (Cichorium spinosum) (Maltese: conomed. Land exploitation is warm oil as an extemal compress honour this trust! in thé fûmes of thé yellowishsub- narum for fhe same purposes. Qanfuda). destroying natural habitats at an incredibly fast rate, and thé wild or poultice, or else as an ointment stance, causing nasal and eye to be rubbed in. But its popular Thé Sqmrting cucumber (Echbal- flows. As assortment of well-known Apart from thé Sqiurting cuciun- plants which in thé past formed application for ophthalmic pur- lium elaterium (L) A. Rich.) plants are still often named and ber which we hâve already men- thé basis of folk medicine are used remédies, we jaundice, others sug- restricted. (Maltese: Faqqus il-Hmir) grow- This methodfalls within two sys- as popular and tioned for dying oùt or beoming reUability Guido Lanfranco spécialises in thé ing wild ail year round, is still tems of medicine of thé past, that may hère limit ourselves to a few gest also boiledHorsetail, Ber- This, together with thé staidy of Maltese folk medicine. He known to médiane as a drastic is, agreeing with thé old beUef in examples. For 'purifying thé muda grass, Vervain, Pennyroyal, of modem medicineis not likely was until recently Head of thé Biol- blood' one recommends thé rhi- Mints and Small-leaved Microm- to enourage thé confcinuity or re- purgative and iised against jaun- thé doctrine of signatures, be- ogy Dept. , Upper Lyceuni, Malta. zomes of Bermuda grass ena. vival of folk remédies. 34 iinsula îTSula 35 Culture and Traditional Knowledge Culture and Traditional Knowledge

cargoships or oil tankers goingto three previous centuries would Thé position of men thé oast of North America, thé hâveended up destroyingit alto- in reUgioiis pracdce Seamen, thé Island and fhe Faifh Baltic, or rounding Africa via thé gether. Thé Example of thé Island of Ouessant Cape. And although today they This being so, we may wonder are down to under sixty active This is why, up until thé sudden what position thé menfoïk held in seamen, this is due to thé reces- changesduring thé 1955-60pe- this matriarchal society? Leav- Françoise Péron sion in thé merchantnavy rather riod (electricity brought to thé ing as cabin-boysat âge 11 to 13, than to their leav- island, improved sometimesonly retuming home ing thé trade and Thé island of Ouessant is taken salaries and for a maniage "arranged" at ex- distant seas. as an example of a "real is- longer holidays tremely short notice, then om- land", hard to reach and with for thé seamen, ing back home after two or three Thé seond aspect menfolk who from thé late thé introduction t thé outpost of western activity, good enough for home thé West Indies, "in America", yearsat seaand soonaway again, Brittany, twelve nautical miles spécifie to thé is- XVIIth ontury on had to sail of radio follnwed having just had time to take care onsumption, reservedfor . young abouta hundredof them dying land of Ouessant thé seven seas. Thé women, shortly by televi- (20 km) ofF thé continent, Oues- boys, thé odd retired seamanor during thé American war of Inde- of Tann"arrangements and pro- over thé last three staying at home to till thé land, sion), Ufe on thé sant, thé upper island, standsout men iinable to get a place on board pendence, whilst thé others duce a child, they aspired to Uv- centuries is thus are thé onesin chargeof this island was essen- as a table of granité above thé ship. broiight home patriotic ideas that ing out their old âgeon thé island. thé présenceof an closed, conservative,reli^ious tially built ever turbulent, reef-littered wa- and matriarchal insular soci- But onlya few managedto enjoy were soon stamped out by their almost exclusively ters of thé Atlantic. Indeed since thé end of thé XVIIth womenfolk. aroimd two key that pleasure. Almost one out of female dominated ety. Tîie analysis of thé origi- century, in addition to thé natu- nality of religious pracfeices areas: agricul- two in thé XVIIIth ontury and population out in ture and religion. more than one out of three in thé It remains an advancedsentry rai geographicalUmits which pre- may, of provides a useful lead in order Be that as it by thé end thé open sea. marking thé route that must be vented thé growth of thé fishing thé XVIIIth ontury, thé "mari- to understand thé unomfort- XKth ontuiy died far from home, followed at thé entrance to thé able part playedby thé sailors Thé farm labour and for thé siirvivors retirement industry, a décisive historical time vocation" of thé people of Thé main conse- within thé island community, of women, which was often a short affair. English Channel. event was thé calling, at regular Ouessanthad becomepart of thé quence of Oues- in spite of long periods away included growing intervals, of able-bodied men for mentality. Most of al1 it had be- sant's longtime from home. Thé ceremony serviceon thé king's ships. cereals and vege- Thé position of thèse men, both ome a neossary evil. isolation (thé first known as thé proélla , which A uiew from thé Creachligkthouas tables, thé semi- marginal and ontral, in thé is- steam link with was held on Ouessant until collective rearing land's reUgious practices would Due to thé lack of work on thé is- 1962, is a unique ritual involv- thé continent was of horses, cattle appear to provide a useûil due in land'stiny fields,and thé impos- ing thé fictitious repatriation not set up until and especially order to understand their unom- sibility of fishingbeing developed and buria] of those dead at sea 1881) and thé sheep, provided fortable but nevertheless funda- on a ommercial basis, as soon as or far from home. It may be almost total ab- food, clothing and mental rôle playedby them within thé demandwas felt - i.e. from thé consideredas thé deepbinding sence of adult buming material 1850s onward, once .France had agent of a sodetythat, in order what we may call thé "Oues- mâles on thé iç- ail. to survive in spite of a geo- for santine civilization". recoveredand begun to play an land, was thé on- important part on thé intema- graphie spUt into two separate tinued présence groupa, has had to improvise Parallel to that, a A variety of written souros, such tional sone - thé men of Oues- longer than else- réintégration practices not only complex set of sant again joined thé çrews of thé as parish archives, letters, and where of an origi- in life but also in death. religious prac- other written accounts, ombined national nayy which at thé time nal insular sodety tices,. passed on with verbal testimonies collected was embarking on thé colonial that rejected thé laws of thé main- adventure. and performed more or less ex- over thé last twenty years exist land. clusively by thé womenfoïk (thé To thèse miist be added thé ob- priests from thé continent had to They also served as topmen or servation of présent day behav- A closed, conservative,religious adapt customs give up coal-trimmers on thé merchant to their or iour, still for thé most part inher- and matriarchal society,proud of their priestly fiinctions on thé ited from pre-First World War shipsof thé period,on thé superb its own values, which, on a tiny island) produceda véritable sym- days,corresponding island's Nomadic men, In 1668, when Colbert mstituted sailingships or onthé early steam- to thé territoiy of only 15 km managed biosis between thé island terri- démographie peak. Thèse thé captive woinen thé class Systemand opened a ships that were responsiblefor are to sustain nearly 3,000 individu- new miUtaryport at nearbyBrest thé large-scale intercontinental tory and thé peculiar reUgious documentary basis for this brief aïs at thé start of thé First World forms that held thé ommunity Unlikethé restof théislands along where most of thé fleets that were ommerce that developedin thé présentationof thé complexrela- War, thanks mainly to thé agri- thé coastUneof France,Ouessant engagea against England were together as a single unit. tiens interwoven between thé late XKth centuiy. cultural labour of thé women and is a real islandwith a stronginsu- fitted eut. This put an even sailors, thé island of Ouessant to a much lesser extent to thé Characterized by a spedal devo- and thé reUgious faith. lar feeling,hard to reachby con- greater strain on manpower and In this way, working as hands on small pay packetthé men broi^it tion to thé Virgin Mary, by thé ventional sea transport and with transformed Ouessant into a ocean-going shipping took thé home from their long sea voy- importance attached to domestic Three aspects be treated at no obviousway of building a valuable réserve of seamen that men of Ouessant to ail thé world's will proper harbour. âges. ~ rituals, by thé numerouspardons some length, namely (a) female thé Adrniralty would use to thé major ports: Valparaiso, San and processions that were held initiation (b) thé men's contribu- full. Franasco, Shanghai, Melbourne, Even in thé last centiiry,fishing Its traditions and particular cus- throiighout thé year, and most of tion to thé cuit of thé Virgin, and Saint Louism Sénégaland other toms persisted almost intact well was never more than a marginal Indeed thé people of Ouessant places. ail by their original attitude to (e) thé original ritual known as into thé XXth centiiry. To change were involvedin ail thé combats, death, religion was nevertheless thé proëlla which consists of a fic- a single élément of thé island's excuse feasts, decora- présent at every engagement that thé only for titious burial of those dead at sea F. Péron is Doctor of Geographyand In thé 1950s there were still aver sodal and économieSystem that tions and singing that thèse or away from home. This imique Professor at Caen University. took placeofF thé Breton coast,in 300people of OuessantsaiUng on had slowly developed aver thé lonely, austère women had. and andent ritual was perpetu- 36 insula nsula 37 Culture and Traditional Knowledge Culture and Traditional Knowledge Proëlla ated with thé blessingof a reluc- taies of exploitsand martyrdoms, sant, testifîes to thé extraordi- mounting atheism, "commimism aver any différences, keeping a ritual burial tant clergy, until well into thé which bring a magical élément to quiet aboutanything he has leamt nary importance connected with even", which appeared to attract XXth century, since thé last bur- their daily Uves. owning a statue of thé Virgin. some of thé sailors of Ouessant. outside thé island which mi^it For thèse seamen, thé victims of ial of thé proëlla type took place shock his mother, his sisters or Encouraged by thé clergy of ah appalUng death rate, both in in 1962. On reaching thé required âge his fiancée. In 1853, Jean-Michel Colin was Ouessantand opying continen: thé ports and on board thé boats, going oufcat sea, thé young cabin- thirty-four years old, and Uke ail tal Brittany where a statue of men of his âge was already widely Our Lady Bouline had been and whose bodies were thrown boy, with his knapsack on his He doeshis best to be Uke every- of voyages took taken round ever since thé Lib- into fhe sea or biiried on onti- Thé woinen shoulder, is worried when em- one else, which only reinforos travelled. One of his him to Califorrua where he had a eration, a sailor from Ouessant nental soil instead of being of Ouessant barking for thé first time on thé thé cultural isolationof his group. boat that will take him to thé disappointing expérience as a Uving in Boulogne sent a statue broiight home, réintégration into thé island sodety was expressed Sedentary women attached to a ontinent, togo on to an unknown gold-digger. of thé Virgm sitting in a rowing Thé revolutionary songs brought primarily after their deaths, fragment of land emergingfrom port even thoiigh he has a father, home by thé survivors of World boat to his small home town. through an island ritual unique thé midst of thé ooan, nomadic brother or imcle waiting for him War l were soonreplaod, in thé This was thé gréât period of thé Placed in a glass shrine and mounted on two shafts, thé statue in thé Christian, world, consist- men obligea to sail thé seven seas: who had managedto get him a evening gatherings of thé wom- American gold rush, and with two ing m a make-believe biirial in thé need for mtegrationpractios, place among thé same crew as enfolk, by others relating noth- other men from Ouessant, he had of Our Lady of Ouessant was both in Ufe and afler death, are himself. managed to buy a oncession in a taken "ound- thé island, touring, thé church or ometery of Oues- ing but local events.Similarly, sant for those dymg at sea or far central to reUgiousbehaviour on after 1945, thé few sailors of dam at Sandy Bar, in thé ounty not from village to village as on away. This ceremony was called thé island. On thé island, his mother has Ouessant who were members of a of Calaveras. thé continent, but from hoiise to tfae proëUa guided him until thé final mo- trade union would fall silent on house, over a period of nearly two In his early years, it is from thé ment of séparation. Just before score soon they set foot However he does not appear to and a half years, v-isiting over 700 that as as In thé 1900s, there were an aver- motherand at homethat a boy leaving him, she takes him to on island. "They can do what hâve made hls fortune, as thé fol- households, before finding a rest- thé âge 6 to 8 proéllas each year; thé leams his first reUgiousattitudes. church to receiveholy commun- they Uke on their boats,but hère lowing year he landed at ing place in thé chapel of Kerber. on thé Marseilles where, Uttle sx, In thé narrow kitchen ion. She will do this on each ofhis theyhâve to smgthé Hail Mary". with thé Each evening, a ^, In tacit agreement with thé money he had left he bought a house of thé is- women, who had no illusions as large beautifiil golden statue of land was thus fastened transformed into to what their husbandsgot up to thé Virgin. He carefully on thé continent, but whojust did it to his sailor's bag and, with not a place of wor- not want to know about it, thé a penny to his name, retumed to ship. sailors were quite willing to Brest on foot, crossing France in y comply several months and eaming his Thé tables were keep on varions farms, never removed from abandoning his Holy Virgin. thé smart end of Thé cuit of thé house, an tfae Virgin On arriving at Ouessant, he was altar was set up extremely proud to bririg back aver thé fire- Thé island and religion are in- this magnifiont statue, but foiind place covered separable.To retum to thé island his wife and children in fairly with a white bed- dire straits. So, in order to im- spread; flowers aftera longvoyage is alsoto bring back to look after one's home a prove thé family smalUiolding and were arrangea, so that his wife could eam a Uttle large statue of thé Virgin of candies lit, sil- Ouessant money transporting goods for vered glass vases,holy pictures ritual was as follows. Generally ground floor of thé voyages, imtil he gets married. Marseilles,painted in bright col- by others, his were set up. thé mayor was thé person who house,fitted out as tightfy as a ours and protectedbehind a globe, with his heart in informed thé deceased'sgodfa- boat, but decoratedlike a chapel, In this matriarchal society,thé and which be set up thé mouth, he exclianged his most will in ther that an excerpt from thé crew fiill of piousimages, coloured glass men do not hâveit their own way. best place, in thé middle of thé precious belonging, his beautifùl Thé women sang their hearts out muster, notifying of thé death - balls, a statue of thé virgin, pic- Even though they hâve sailed buffet, at thé "smart end" of thé statue, for a neighbour's horse! whilst, a little to thé rear, thé often several months after thé turcs of deador missingones and roundthé world,even though fhey house to look after one's home. menfolk waited patiently for thé event - had arrived by thé mail- wreaths of paper flowers plaod stop wearing thé traditional cos- A few month s later thé horse glass of juice or wine that was She wiiï protect thé family and boat. on glass boxes evokmg dead ba- tume very early and hâve forgot- préside over thé eveningsof thé died and So thé deal fell through. served around midnight with bies,thé children of thé family ail ten ail about it, eventhough they month of May, which are dedi- As in thèse parts everyoneis scru- cakes and biscuits. They were Thé godfather then had thé bell say their evening prayers,kneel- speakFrench on board ship, they cated to thé Holy Mother in thé pulously honest, thé neighbour not ail beUevers,but they ail came. Colin épisode very revealing tolled after thé evening angélus ing piously on thé benchesaround still do not bring their habits and islandvillages. Each evening, one retiimed thé Virgin to thé This is thé table. family, who back on their about thé ambiguity thé sail- and went to inform thé family mentaUtiesfrom outside - quite houses village is put it of of thé of thé concemed who immediately be- thé opposite. turned into a chapel where buffet, where it remains to this ors' attitude: in a way they did In thé father's absence and at his day. not wish thé island to change.We gan préparations for thé cere- prayersare said and hymns sung mony. And whilst thé young girls mother's request, thé eldest boy When thé young sailor retums to are entitled to wonder, in this to thé Virgin Mary, with only of thé house went ofF into thé 1eadsthé prayers,two doades of his island after three or four years A himdred years or so later, just System combining fixity and nei^ibours and no clergy pres- night, throii^i ail parts of thé thé rosary, and reads aloud thé absence,he has changea,not least ent. after thé end of thé Second World movement, whether it was thé island, knocking on every win- day's page from thé lives of thé physically,and his only worry is War, thé cuit of thé Virgin was men or thé womenfolk who were dow crying: 'There's a proëlla saints in Breton. Thé children to be recognized and accepted An épisode in thé life of Jean- stffl alive on thé island but by thé most fundamentally onser- tonight at such and such a house", are especiallyenchanted by thèse again by his people. So he gfosses Michel Colin, a man from Oues- then there was some worry about vative? 38 sula insuia 39 Culture and Traditional Knowledge Culture and Traditional Knowledge

thé next-doornei^ibours went to was completedin 1868. Finally, From a sociologicalviewpoint, thé thé village to bring back in pro- at thé dawn of thé présent cen- proëUaritual appearsto be closely cession thé large silver cross fi-om tury, thé crosseswere in holy wax. related to thé survival of this Tïïiditional System of Manageinent of thé church and a small wax cross insular practice. Séparation from Econoiny and Ecology among fhe from thé presbytery. This cross, Thé church would thus appear to other hiunan groups implied that, made of holy wax, hardly bigger hâve taken over and "standard- to ensure its perenniety down thé Indigenous Populations of Nicobar Lslands

than a hand, was placed in thé . ized"thé ritiial, immediatelyprior centuries, this commimity itself middle of thé table to symbolise to its décline. From 1920 to 1962, lost out at sea should let no one thé body of thé deoased, through- along with thé disappearance of escape. At Ouessant, there were G. Prakash Reddy out thé wake and thé funeral thé thé island's traditional civiliza- no deserters, no one was an exile next moming. At thé end of thé tion and thé departure of increas- for ever. mass, thé llttle cross is preserved ing niunbers of yoimg folk, thé veral studies including thé which only 12 are inhabited1. Thé flat (Camicobar, Chowra) to hilly in a wooden um imtil at mission ritiial gradiially became restricted At this analytical level, thé proèUa report Commission Islands can be divided into three (Gréât Nicobar and little Nico- time, when it is deposited with to those who had died at sea,until ritual has for at least three centu- of thé World on Environment and Develop- groups, (l) thé northem group bar) terrain. Thé cUmate is tropi- thé others in a small monument it was finally dropped altogether. ries served as a bond a soriety in consistingof Camicobar,(2) thé cal, hot and wet throughout thé at thé ontre of thé ometery on that was split and ould not coimt ment (1987) hâve clearly recog- nized thé contribution of cultural cent. dl g'roup consisting of year. Density of forest over also which this simple inscription may A three-sided interprétation of merely on its own strength. More factors practices be read: "Hère we place thé proëUa thé ritual may be proposed. Fol- generally, thé originality of relig- and traditional of thé indigenous and tribal popu- Sawai F^ Mus crosses in memory of oiir sailors lowing Breton writers at thé end ious practices in Ouessant may lations towards thé judidal man- Perka who" die far from home, in wars, of thé last century, we may see in be consideredas a way of holding Car-Nicobar from sickness and shipwrok." it thé only partly christianized together two groups with radi- agement of their eosystem and its resouros. Island ecosystems survival of a practice of Celtic cally différent life styles Uving général Faod with this moving ceremony origin designedto avoid letting side by side within thé same om- are no exoption to thé trend, over centuries they hâve of thé pryëUa, spécifie to thé is- thé soûls of thé deceased wander munity: those confined on thé f Batti Mali/ developed System adap- land of Ouessant, we may ask for ever for not having retumed island with thé womenfolk in thé their of tation to thé environment and ju- questionsabout thé âge, thé evo- home. This retum enables them fields, and those open to thé en- dicious resource management. lution and thé doper meaning of to embark on thé "Long Voyage" tire globewith thé seafaringmen . : / Coral Bank thé ritual. Thèse three questions after death, which precisely leads and their long voyages. Tillanchong are of coirrse interonnected. to thé west of known lands. Thé In fact, thé Island oosystems are Cheura 0 Ide o< Man 0 Breton word proëlla or brvëlla much more fragile and if thé in- We hâve no written testimony as woiild then mean etymologically Conclusion digenous population of thé Islands < hâve not learned thé cultural u Teress* \ Y /\ Bompok» to thé proëlla until it gets two "to bring home". management of their eosystem 30." brief mentions in thé parish reg- Although for many peopleon thé Karnna \. \ 0 _ . and resources, ecological imbal- 'l^s'*t!T"nl<" isters of 1733 and 1753. Admirai But fhis ritual may just as well be continent islands are rather m ance would hâve set long ago Thvenard describes thé ceremony understood in terms of Christian utopie places, for those who know in K'atchal in many of thé worlds Islands. Nancowry following a voyage he made to thé logic, since it fits in with thé on- what they are looking for, they Thé so-called advanod and in- island in 1771. om which has been so common are first and foremost places of diistrialized world has much to >- since thé Middle Ages to bury thé gréât inventiveness. SOMBRERO CHANNEL leam from thèse Island societies. < By this time it appears to hâve dead on sacred ground, so as to m been common practice and so one make possible thé résurrection of Thé weight of insiilar onstraints On thé contrary there are many examples of thé destruction of may assume that thé custom had thé body at thé Last Judgment . means that islanders hâve to Trak .« thé délicate relationship between Menchel originated somewhat earUer. Be improvise original solutions to thé Puto Milo thé man and nature in Island so- that as it may, during thé brief In both cases, proëUa appears problemsthat their sodety poses, ^>1" deties Govemments and Lin le Nicobar A "' Kab.a period for which written aoounts first as a réintégration ritual. It or else face extinction. by thé agencies Kondul 0 are available, thé ceremony is therefore perhaps not neces- developmental with developmen- evolved rapidly. sary to choose between thé two This micro-insular environment their urùmaginative Mount Thuillier programmes. hypothèses, which in thé last is ortainly one of thé most de- tal At thé end of thé XVIIIth century, analysis are rather complemen- manding on thé entire planet. It Gréât F<;cobar and at thé beginning of thé XDCth, tary. is also very formative. It is a place Thé islands thé wooden cross, not a wax one, where there is a critical balance

was placed in a cofïin and buried. However we cannot fail to notice to be found between available INDIAN OCEAN 9< Thé Nicobar Islands are situated thé likeness of this practice to space and men, with no possible In thé 1850s it was first placed in magical rituals. A body on which escape route. At a time when thé to thé South East of thé Bay of Bengal. They altogether number Chowra, Terassa, Bompuka, varies from Island to Island While an iim in thé church, and thé no direct action is possible is whole earth is becomingan is- 22 small and large Islands, of Kachal, Kamorta, Nonowry and Camicobar and Chowra hâve thin crosses year were subse- replaod by a substitute, hère thé of thé land, it may be worthwhile tak- Trinket and (3) southem group forest cover, little and Gréât quently buried al1 together on thé small cross, and through this ing a doser look at thèse "pecu- consistingof PulQmilo,.little Ni- Nicobar are dense in forest over* evening Saints day. Some double, deceased person is of Ail thé Uar" small island Systems,and G. Prakash Reddy is frofessor ui thé cobar, Kondul and Gréât Nico- with valuable timber. Only thé time later, at thé instigation of helped or obUgedto corneback to giving some thoiight to thé mat- departnient of Social Anthropology bar. Most of thèse Islands are of latter two Islands hâve small thé priest, a sma1l mausoleum at thé Sri Venkateswara University thé commimity into which he was ter of how they work and how coral formation and vary from perennial rivers. was erected when thé new chiu-ch born. they manageto keep going. of Tirupati, India 4l 40 s-^a s Culture and Traditional Knowledge Culture and Traditional Knowledge

To meet thé demand for wood a of resources. Indigenous three captains, Ist, 2nd and 3rd Ail thèse opérations take place sion of thé lineage and clan heads Population part of thé land bas to be kept and below this are thé heads of under thé supervision of thé Is- and thé Village and Island Coun- has Thèse practices lead a situ- under forest and only thé rest to thé clans followed by thé Uneage land Council. Further, every cils. Thé Niobar Islands are inhab- to be utilised for food production ation where thé land under hor- heads. In thèse Islands one can family utilising thé timber from ited by (l) thé Nicobarese, demo- both thé for peuple and for their ticulture and forest is balanod see clearly thé kinship System thé forest bas to plant a tree of thé While thé Island Council fixes graphically flourishing commu- pigs and poultry. according to thé needs of thé Is- built into thé formai politi- same species arid in thé same thé date and time to begm plant- nity and (2) thé Shompan a demo- land population and also see that cal System (Reddy and Sudar- area. Thé same proodure is fol- ing opérations thé Village Coun- graphically declining himting and every one gets adéquate food and san, 1986). lowed when a request for cutting cil, thé clan and Uneage heads Thé Nioobar Islands gathering ommunity, in- thé grass is made. physically supervise thé activity. habiting thé interior of Ail thèse institutions built into If neossary, redistribution of hor- Gréât Niobar Island 2 each other are responsible for re- Thé Island Council has decreed ticultural products like. Yams source distribution and their utili- that as far as possible people tapioca, sweet potato etc., is done Radally both thé ommu- sation at their respective levels. should use dry coconut sheils, when they are ready for plucking. nities are Mongoloid and, Thèse traditional institutions are wastage of thé crops and Utter as according to one view, qmte conscious that they hâve to cookingfuel. Only during thé so- If thé family by any chance is not Shompanenes are also utilise thé resources of nature cio-religious cérémonies and able to produce sufficient food, Nicobarese but pushed very judicioiisly for thé long term feasts when a large number of thé clan and lineage heads see into thé interior of thé survival of their population5. people hâve to be fed thé Counril that thé familles with surplus Gréât Nicobar. permits a householdto utilise thé share food with thé family experi- Chowra Island6 would be thé best dry wood from thé forest. encing scarcity. Thé Nicobarese popula- example to understand how thèse tion is 21172, of which institutions control thé resource Thé next important concem of Ownership rights aver coconut Carnicobar alone has distribution and utilisation. As thé Island Council is thé land trees lies with thé individual 17,088 persans. mentioned earUer, Chowra is a utiUsed for horticultiire and set- familles, but indiscriminate small Island of 2.8 sq. km with a tlement. While thé land under planting of thèse trees is not Thé most densely popu- density of 500 per sq.km density. forest and grass belongs to thé permitted. Thé families can re- lated Islands are Cami- whole island, lands imder horti- place old and unproductive trees, cobar (168 persans per culture and thé village settlement but to plant additional trees per- sq. km) and Chowra (500 Island belong to thé kinship corporate mission of thé Island Council is persans per sq. km). council's groups i.e., clans and lineages. required. supervision Thé member families hâve only Thé resource Thé first onom of thé Island usiifhict right but not thé right to Marine base Council is thé utilisation of sale and disposai. Redistribution resources meagreforest area and thé small of lands for horticulture takes Thé Niobarese, as island grassland. As far as possible,thé place amongits memberfamiUes There are no restrictions plaod communities, are horti- Island ouncil sees that thé exist- oncein five or six years,depend- on thé exploitation of marine re- culturists. Thé two basic ing forest area is neither defor- ing on varions factors like num- souros, any one is free to exploit resources avai1ab1e to ested nor reduod in size nor thé ber of members per family, thé thé marine resouros (fishing) ../. ' . them are thé land and , \^M^ actually freedom to ex- d grass land is depleted. coming socialooasions Uke mar- but this thé sea. Of thèse two, '^' ploit thé sea is restricted by two (i^au nages etc. l an d as a resource base is 'M»/ r^"[" "l"" ^ Grass is equally important to factors. more important than thé thatch thé roofs of their wooden Initiative for redistribution of hor- sea. houses. Thèse goals are achieved ticultural land is taken by thé Thèse are (l) thé ineffective tra- Animais and birds share thé same timber but accordingto their need. through strict control over thé heads of thé clans and thé line- ditional technology of fishing and Thé sea though utiUsed as a sub- food with their masters. utilization of thèse two resouros. âgeswho hâve intimate relation- (2) scarcity of raw material (suit- sistence base solely for fishing, ships with their respective mem- able trees) for making fishing and has only seondary boause of Institutional For instance, any household re- ber familles and who are in posi- ooan going outtrigger canoës,thé their primitive technology Over-Population and control quiring timber for thé repair of its tion to assess thé needs of each traditional means of transpoita- Self-Sufficiency houses or to build a new one has family aourately. After thé plans tion in thé sea for thé Niobarese. Thé Islanders are qiute onsrious Except in sparsely populated Is- to make a request to thé Island for redistribution of land are fi- that their territories are Umited As mentioned earlier, Carnico- lands like Gréât and Little Nico- Council throu^i its lineage clan nalised thé Village and Island Because of thé scardty of suit- and that thé available land should bar and Chowra Islands are over- bar, thé top institution overall in heads and thé Village Coundl. Councils look into it and if neces- able trees for making canoës,thé be utilised judidously for provid- populated. Still thé Islands popu- charge of overall matters relat- sary makeminor adjiistmenteand individual families are not per- ing food for themselves and for lation rarely faos scarcity ondi- ing to production and distribu- Thé Island Council examines its modifications. mitted to make and possessthem. their pigs as well as for meeting tions3. This self-sufficiency, to a tion, is thé Island Council headed request and takes a décision. If It is thé clans and lineages which thé wood requirements to bmld large extent, is achievedthrough by a Chief Captain4. thé décision is positive, thé Coun- Eonomic opérations such as pre- exercise thé right to make arid and repair their houses and other their cultural and traditional cil fixes thé quantity and quaUty paring thé land and planting of possess ooan going and fishing material equipment like fishing management pracfcios which are Thé Island Council is assisted by of thé timber to be extracted and root and tubor crops by thé fami- canoës respectively. Thé families and océan going outrigger canoës. conducive to judicial utilisation thé Village Coundl consistingof thé area it should be done. lies, is done under thé supervi- hâve only usufruct right.

42 * 43 Tl su Culhire and Traditional Knowledge Culture and Traditional Knowledge

Even thé clans and Uneagescan- of communal ownership and con- not make and possessas many as Thé Future trol of thé resoiirces.Expérience they want, their number is re- relating to thé tribal ommimi- Thé archipelago of Finland: stricted accordingto thé number No doubt despite thé judicial man- ties in India, including thé himt- of famiUes each one has and thé agement of resouros in Camico- ing and gathering ones of An- Between two Archétypes availabiUty of siiitable trees. bar and Chowra Islands, if thé daman Islands, so far has been popiilation increases further, thé that thé developmental pro- Dr Erkka J. Maula carrying capacity of thèse Islands grammes initiated hâve failed to Other may break. achieve their goals, and more- Cultural aver they hâve destroyedthé tra- Factors One alternative already put into ditional System of management practice by thé Andaman and Ni- of their resources. Besides thé institutional ontrol cobar administration is shifting a ji thé Préface "Archipelago AD. thé Archipelagic States h-'ve perity? Thé most westernpart of of utiUzation of resoiirces, other certain number of familles either 2000" to thé Proceedings of played thé game abiding by thèse it, some 6500 islands and sker- cultiiral factors play an impor- to thé sparsely populated Islands UNESCO's First Archipelago raies. But perhaps eonomic, po- ries called thé Provinceof Aland, tant rôle in maintaining thé bal- or to thé uninhabited Islands. Conférence in 1978 l wrote thé Utical and académie approaches just happensto be thé goodmodel ance between thé available re- following: 'Thé Archipelago Prob- are simply not enough! of ail autonomousarchipelagoes souros and thé demand, in other One group of Nicobarese families lem no doiibt is one of thé gréât, well protected by international words, betwon man's and envi- from Camicobar hâve already Références global problems that can be solved treaties against their bigger main- ronmental needs. been shifted and settled in Little by interdisciplinary means, if at Thé archipelego land neighbours. Besides, it is a Andaman in thé Andaman group Our CommonFuture: Report ail - like pollution of ooans and mentality demilitarized archipelago, and For instance, thé year-long cere- of Islands. But thé Niobarese in of thé World Commission on air, extinction of ortain speaes hence also a prosperous one. Its mordes and festivals ontrol thé général are opposedto this policy Environnientand Development, and lack of ecological equilibrium, l would like to emphasize again autonomy under Finnish sover- growth of pigs population and of uprooting. (1987). Oxford University uneven distribution of capital and thé rôle of thé archipelagoes as eignty dérivesfrom thé Leagueof maintain thé balance between Press. technology, thé shaking balance sources of certain intrinsic val- Nations' décision of 1921, and de- food supply and thé pigs popula- Thé next alternative is introduc- of stratégie nuclear threats, and ues. Thèse immaterial and ciil- militarization ultimately fi-om thé tion. ing modem fishing technologyto G.P. Reddy, (1982), ScarcUy poUtical instability - with which tural values of archipelagoesare Treaty of Paris (1856) that ended exploit thé marine life not only and Survwal: Cultuml Ecol- it overlaps" (Maula 1981). As to even more endangeredthan their thé Crimean War. This balanceis achievedthrough for subsistence but also for mar- ogy of Chowra in Nicobar Is- tlie solution of thèse problems , eonomies. What is at stake is thé a séries of sacrifices, with thé keting. hnds, D.K. Publishers, Delhi. there seems to be a fair consensus allégorie or abstract archipelago Later wars caused violations of resiilt that when thé food is scarce (cf. Carlos Jimenez Piemas 1990). as l once called it (Maula 1981). l thé neutrality, of course, and thé thé number of pigs in each family One critical area of thé develop- G.P. Reddy and V. Sudarsan, As to thé importance of thé prob- am convinced that ultimately stratégie importance of thé archi- are also less and vice-versa (see ment strategy on which a deci- (1986)'Thé Institution of Cap- lem, however,there is apparently thèse intrinsic values alone can pelago reflects thé advances in G.P. Reddy, 1982). Further thé sion has to be taken, both by thé tainship: Thé Traditional Po- no agreement outside thé forty focus thé global interest on thé military technology (cf. Maula Niobarese maintain thé quaUty people themselves as well as by litical System of Nicobar archipelagic states. For instance, Problem of thé Archipelagoes. l 1990). In récent years, thé mili- of thé breed as regardsboth pigs thé administration and develop- Islands", Thé Mankind pollution of air contributes to thé want to outline, therefore, thé tary vacuiun has invited subma- and poultry by practising tradi- ment agenaes, is whether or not Quarterly. Greenhoiise EfFect which in tum archetypalrôle of my own archi- rines (probably mini-submarines, tional sélective methods of breed- to disturb thé traditional System will raise thé sea-level and sink pelago, thé Archipelago of SW as thé waters are quite shallow). ing. parts of several archipelagoes. Finland. To put it short, l daim Their Kkely targets are on thé And who will sound thé alarm on that its importance to Finland Swedish coast and around Stock- behalf of thé adjaont, oastal, or provides every Finn with an alle- holm, however, and for reasons otherwise subjugated archipela- gory - a historical model if you unknown their activities seem to goes?Hardly thé Mainland States wish - that combines thé two basic hâve ceasedsince August 1991. Notes or thé Maritime Powers. archétypes of thé Finnish way of Ufe. They are thé self-sustain- It is noteworthythat thé League l. AU thèse islands hâve their native 2. This paper deals with thé Niobarese 5. In 1983 when thé Janata Govern- Why thé lack of interest in thé ing, isolated habitat - and thé of Nations' décision in favour of names (Niobarese) as given below: .,only. ment was m power at thé ontre, thé Archipelago Problem? Thé main faraway voyages. Both can be Finland was inade on geomor- l. Pu: Camicobar then Prime Minister of India Mr. approaches so far hâve been traod down to thé Stone Age, phological grounds and against 2. Sanenyo: Chowra 3. No doubt inter-Island trade helps Morarji Desai visited thèse Islands. motivated by economical and and both are recorded in our Stone thé wishes of thé local population 3. Luroo: Terassa thèse two Islands in overcoming scar- In Carnicobar Island thé Island political considérations in thé Age Art. who wanted to be annexed to 4. Pohat: Bompuka dty, y and when it oours. Coundl made a request to thé Prime séries of UNCLOS and other Sweden.Thé Swedishnegotiators 5. Thinyu: Katchal Mimster that thé Government should meetings. Thé age-old stratégie had omitted fi-om their maps ail 6. Kalat or Kinlaha: Kamorta Even this trade is managed in a sys- not take away their land in thé name and technological interests of thé Finland m today's thé innimierable islands and sk- 7, Muot: Nanowry tematic manner For further détails of developmental activities. Thé Gréât Maritime Powers hâve been power poUtics erries which onnect thé mam is- 8. Laful: Trinket see GP. Reddy (1982). Council wanted Government'shelp disguised in lofty principles of land Aand with thé Finnish main- 9. Piheun: Pulo MUo in health care and éducation. international jurisdiction. And What does thé Archipelago of land, thus creating thé illusion of 10. Panfang or Ong or Tokuonolon: 4. Thé Niobarese started applying thé Finland stand for, then, in to- a greater proximity with Swe- Dr Erkka J. Maula has taught phi- Little Nicubar word "Captain" to their Chiefs afler 6. Same institutions with minor vari- day's power politics? What has den. Later on, cultural and lan- losophy and mathematical logic. He 11. Lamongshe: Kondui observing thé ships that visited thèse m insularity to do Finnish guage ontacts as well as archaeo- ations exist other Niobar Islands is thé président of thé InterdiscipU- with islands from time to tune in thé last 12. To Kirong Long: Great Nicobar also. nary Academy of Oulu, Finland culture, independence and pros- logical finds hâve bon dted in two or three onturies. 44 45 l isi la ..a. s Culture and Traditional Knowledge Culture and Traditional Knowledge

supportof thé Swedishafiinity. monaeta from thé Maldive Is- Finns also appeared As soon as Swan resounding Mgh above - Route. Thé long Russian rivers National myth Onomastic geneticstudies do Volga, upstream to and lands). they reachedLake Onega,also what do they sing about? Per- Don or Dnepr not support it, however, and it is thé RockArt began.Thé most fre- haps thé Swan oncewas our soul- thé Plateau of Valdai, and then It is clear that each élément in a fact that economicallythé au- It can be shown that thé Archi- quent motif (30% out of thé 10o+ bird, as it appearsin Jean Sibe- downstream by thé River Voïhov, thé Archipelago Metaphor that and thé andent fiir-trader woiild tonomous province has made pelage of Finland is a rather late petroglyphs) was thé Swan. Uus' composition 'Thé Swan of l hâve tried to analyse hère gréât profit from its status. In extension of a much earlier Arctic Tuonela", and in AkseU Gallen- hâve retumed home again from stands for many things, real thé first half of this ontiuy, for Archipelago. Hence also thé After Lennart Meri, thèse fisher- l'îallela's monumental paintings his faraway voyages to thé high and metaphysical, historical civiUzations of thé Persian Pla- instance, thé sailing ships of arehetypalinsularity, an intégral men and fùr-himters, and also from thé tum of thé century? If and timeless. Each represents were far better known on élément in thé Finnish mental- heirs ta thé Cave Artists of so, it correspondsto thé Peacock teau, Mediterranean, Anatolia, a trait in thé Finnish mental- thé Seven Seas than thé Finnish ity, is an inheritance from far Altamira and Lascaux, are called of India, modem as well as an- and even India. ity, too, and a bearer of an in- ones; This is but a more reont older times. thé People of thé Water Bird. In dent - judging fi-om Late Harap- trinsic value. That is thé func- boom on an age-old ommeraal pan potteiy. Thé Fire-Bird of thé And thé voyage was not even a tion of each national myth. Un- route. " <, ' , $y2 °e«Y YW ituri dangerousone, as a chain kins- "x-r ~f. S., """^: --'^ Russians (Stravinsky), or thé of fortunately, thé académie dis- mrf'" ..^^ ~\ Phoenix of thé Greeks hâve a men speakingthé sameor closely cussion of thèse myths hardly related languagesonnected one Sincethé first skerriesemerged \, Jokthio similar function. catehes thé essence of it That "^""",/ -^^-^. -- CT from thé Litorina Seaduring thé ^ trading post with thé next. For is why l hâve tried to tell thé smd""'^^^'. L ~^Â""E<01 Comb Ceramicperiod (4200 B.C. ..^, M°^"' fr"'-"92'., "i^i-pi' - We hear an écho of thé cry of thé thé . -ivers' were thé highways of Saga of thé Swan and thé Bear . ^-fc--' 'onwards), thé trade fi-om Sweden ..""y ',;.. -"±/^:b> Swan (Cygnus musicus) in our trade in antiqmty, and each pro- in a film (Maula 1992). eastwards always preferred thé , -,î.-;;::"",:^'"r, CM tectedtrading post an island for a ^ . _--Lr Kaleuala, just as we also hear Archipelago and south coast of JV1^'-^-UC;;-J'%y_. ^ '"y '""" . '"'>... B°'"1 R»B about thé Island populated by landless fùr-hiinter and trader. ^. <"m?;bï^G*'1 ' -, i '. MM^ w, 1992 is thé 75th anniversary of àr ''Ll' "" fi. Finland. This is thé Vikings' ^"r^n' -^ ) ^ -^<< beautiful women forever welcom- It is befittmg, indeed,that each thé independence of Finland 0*..,. -, eastem route also. In St Olafs '"y^ l ing thé courageous voyager. cartographer from Pytheas to and thé 500th anniversary of "l

r ^ n its third décade, UNESCO's Prc^ramme on Switzerland as well as from thé UNDP, UNEP and Man and thé Biosphère is focusing on new ap- thé World Bank. he International Scientific Council for Island island environments;field studies and analysesfor proaches for faciUtating sustainable development. Development (INSUIA) was formally created in facilitating procédures for optimal use of island Emphasis is being plaod on problem-oriented re- As biosphère réserves constitute valuable models November 1989, on thé occasionof thé MAB island resources, définition, expérimentation and evalu- search, involving both nati-iral and social scienos, for sustainable development, and they hâve been meeting in Brest. It is an international non-govem- ation of stratégies of sustainable developmentto that will help meet thé needs for thé year 2000 and recognizedby MAB for their value in providing thé mental organization whose aim is to promote thé thé spécial conditions of particular small islands or beyond. scientific knowledge, skills and human values sustainable development of small islands in ail re- adjaont groups of islands. noded. They help to onserve biological resources gi ons of thé world. Thé Programmeon Man and thé BiosphèreQVIAB) perpetuatetraditional forms of land use, monitor Thé action of ESTSULAwill be essentiallycatatytic, was launched in 1971 to enourage interdiscipli- natural and social changes and improve thé overall Thé Council'sobjectives are to encouragetechnical, designedto promotethé applicationto thé specifici- nary research, démonstration and training in natu- management of natural resouros. There are about scientific and cultural co-operation in assisting is- ties of small island situations of multidisciplinary rai resource management. UNESCO's intergovem- 300 réserves in 75 countries representing approxi- ïanâ ommuruties in integrated planning, to con- scientific research technology, and innovations in mental structure gives MAB thé opportunity of mately two-thirds of ail terrestrial régions of thé tribute to thé protection of island environment and éducation, culture and communications. helpmg national govemments support thé plan- world. Their size ranges fi-om 500 ha of North Bull thé development of their resources, with a spécial ning and implementation of research and training Island in Ireland to thé 70 million ha of thé Northeast interest in island cultures and human resources Thé Coimcil organizes seniinars and conférencesat programmes. This association helps to sharpen thé Groenland réserve. Mid-1991 saw thé launching of development. national, régional and international levels (May focus on thé most urgent needs of countries as thé UNESCO Environment and Development Brief 1990: Tourism and Environment, San Miguel, defined by their own dedsion-makers in consulta- Séries with thé aim of improving thé ommunica- Three main Unes of action hâve been proposed Azores; September 1991: Man and Parks, Messina, tion with thé sdentific coinmunity. tion to dedsion makers of sdentific information wifhin INSULA: management island resources, of Italy; Environement, Lifestyle and Health, about environment and development, as a basis for technical assistance and stratégies for sustainable Strômstad,Sweden) and promotesa direct dialogue MAB currently opérâtes through 110 National action. Each brief focuses on a single environment development. and between responsible authorities and with thé Committees established out of thé 159 Member and development issue of global importance. Thé Management of island resources includes attention thé populations différent islands and island of States of UNESCO in addition to MAB Committees first one, pi-ibUshedin July 1991, deals with Debt- to administrative procédures(including organiza- groups. It will also promote coopération and hori- in thé United Ringdom and thé United States. Its for-Nature Exchanges. tion and Systems définition, opération, formation); zontal exchange of expérience and expertise be- governing body, thé International Co-ordinating natural resources, (terrestrial, coastal and marine- tween islands of a given région as well as at thé Council (ICC), consists of thirty Member States In order to co-ordinate research, MAB works with identification, management, conservation, train- interrégional scale, particularly throiigh thé net- elected by UNESCO's biennial Général Conférence. other international scientifîc programmes within ing); cultural resources (identification of built and work of spedaUsts and projects at thé MAB Pro- Observers froin non-member states, other United UNESCO and bas a sperial link with fhe World non-built cultiiral héritage and non-material cul- gramme of UNESCO. Nations agendes, and non-govemmental organiza- Héritage Convention as thé Division of Ecological tarai héritage such as tradition and music; manage- tiens (NGOs) also attend thé biennial meetings. In Sciencesis also responsible for thé implementation ment training); human resources (identification of Finally through its international and multidiscipli- betweenmeetings, thé authority of thé ICC is dele- of thé natural part of thé Convention.Through both potentials and needs, educational stratégies and nary network of experts and researchers, ESTSULA gated to its Bureaii, who membersare nominated formai and informai channels, MAB also ooperates multisectoral training). will contribute to balanced, sustainable develop- for their individual expérience in thé natural and with numerous NGOs, including thé World Conser- ment initiatives undertaken by island authorities. social sciences. vation Union (RJCN), thé International Social Sci- Technical assistanceis envisageain such fields as end, ENSULA cooperate national, To this will with encesCoundl (ISSC). MAB works also closelywith fisheries, agriculture, forests, tourism, transport régional and international organizations that are MAB is fundedprimarily throu^ï thé regtdarbudget other United Nations organizations, notably thé and communications, parks and natural réserves,. involved with prc^rammes of island development. UNESCO, fimds-in-tmst granted by Member PAO, UNDP, UNEP and thé World Bank. appropriate technologies,renewable energy souros, of States and extra-budgetaryfunds from public and management and treatment of water and waste; For further information about thé Council,includ- private agencies. Contributions from public and For ûuther information and détails about MAB management of coastal zones; perception and pre- ing membership, contact: book séries, please apply to: vention of natural and non-induod risks and miti- INSULA private souros to thé MAB Fund are also welcome. UNESCO gation of adverse effects on populations and thé en- c/o Pier Ayala, For thé 1990-91 biennium, UNESCO contributed Programme MAB vironment; nutrition and health; social and eco- Division of Ecological Scienos, UNESCO US$ 2,3 million total MAB budgetofover $ 12 7 Place de Fontenoy nomic development. of thé 7, Place de Fontenoy, million. This means that each dollar invested by 75o7 PARIS, 75007 Paris UNESCO in MAB is matchedby more than five France Thé sustainable development line of action covers France. dollars from outside thé Organization,notably from Tel: 33.1.45.68.10.00 définition, expérimentation and diffusion of prin- Tel: 33 l 45 68 40 56 thé govemmentsof Germany,Japan, Norway and ciples and models for integrated development of Fax: 33 l 40 65 98 97 48 49 Book Réviews

resourceissues. Their aim throughoutis to identify as mor. e coi nplete overview of thé key resource and assess thé particular and unique development sectors can be found in each of thé six country- problems faced by small island oonomies so that ef- spécifie profiles, which, together, provide over 1,500 fective policies can be derived that will more accu- pages of descriptive analysis. Requests for more rately reflect socioeconomicrealities in thèse areas. information on thé fùll Profile Séries should be addressed to thé Caribbean Conservation Assoaa- Following an introductory overview, thé authors tion (Savannah Lodge, thé Garrison, St Michael, 00 evi ws discuss thé rôle of staple experts in thé économie Barbados) or to thé Publications Office, Island well being of small island eonomies as well as Resource Foundation, 1718 P Street, Northwest, issues relating to manufacturing and service sector Suite T 4, Washington, DC 2W36, USA. activities and thé structural and employment im- pacts of tourism. M. F. B.

In Part Two, they tum to an exploration of demo- Hydrology and Water Resources of sectionis provided on groundwaterhydrology par- graphie and socioeonomic issues including thé ef- Small Islands ticularly related to freshwater-saltwater relation- fects of urbanisation on thé development process, Editer: A. Falkland, ships. thé implications of migration from and between UNESCO (1991). small island nations, thé brain drain problem, and Oceanic Islands Chapter 4 présents détails of water resouros as- thé relationship between criminal activity and de- Patrick D. Niinn thé majority of small islands water develop- sessment and measurement in small islands. Thé velopment. Oxford: Blackwell (due to be piibUshed ment projectshâve not achievedtheir goal. This is assessmentand measurementof hydrometeorlogi- near thé end of 1992) oflen becausethé technologies,design and material cal parameters,surface water resouros and ground- Part Three shifts thé focus from people-oriented is- were not suitable for either thé environment or thé water are considered. Assessment of alternative sues to concems related to agriculture and resource ciiltural habits of thé population,or becauseopera- approachesfor developingor enhancingfreshwater utiUzation. Separate chapters address agriculture This book on Ooanic Islands by Patrick Nimn is thé tion and maintenance osts were exossive. Com- resouros such as desaUnation, importation, waste- in thé developmental mix, thé use of fisheries, forest first in a séries on thé natural environment being bined with geological and other physical complexi- water re-use and weather modification are also con- resouros, minerais, and conservation issues. Thé edited by Andrew Goudie and Heather Viles of ties and thé exposure to natural disasters, thé sidered. final section looks at thé international considera- Oxford University. Patrick Nimn is well quaUfied to hydrologie resourcesproblems must be carefùlly tions raised by thé study and outlines thé policy im- write on islands, having had many years of field considered. Thé situation is aggravatedby thé lack Chapter 5 outUnes thé uses of water on small is- pUcations of thé authors findings. research expérience on mid-Atlantic and south of qualified personnel. lands and présents détails of, and guidelines for, Pacifie ooanic islands. He has been based at thé water resourcesdevelopment and managementof M F. B. University of thé South Padfic, an international This is thé reason why UNESCO has prepared a small islands. university serving twelve Pacifie island nations, for practical guide to assist technicians,hydrologists, 8 years. engineers and managers in thé identification, as- Chapter 6 considers training, éducation, research sessment, development,management and protec- and technical coopération aspects of small islands This book prooeds from discussmg what islands tion of water resources on small islands. It is not water resources. Synthesis of thé Efistem Country Environ- are and how they may be classified (Chapter l) intended as a textbook or manual, but rather as a mental Profiles Séries: Antigua, Dominica, through ideas about island formation (Chapter 2), guide to thé sélection of methods and practios, Chapter 7 containsréférence material and Chapter Grencidd, St. Kitts-Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent thé origins and development of islands (Chapter 3), appropriate to speaal onditions of small islands. 8 présents thirteen case studies of small islands and thé Grenadines. island tectonics (Chapter 4), island cUmates (Chap- from various parts of thé world. Caribbean Conservation Association (1991). ter 5), island landscapes (Chapter 6), low coral Efforts were made to provide as many useful and islands and reefs (Chapter 7), sea-levelchange and accessible références as were available, so that Thé Caribbean Conservation Association and Is- islands (Chapter 8), island biota (Chapter 9), and readers can carry out further research on items of M. F. B. land Resources Foundations has pubUshed Country ends with a oncluding chapter (Chapter 10). particiilar interest to them. Environmental Profiles (CEPs) for six eastem car- ibbean coiintries. Thé publication provides an over- Examples are provided from islands in every part of This Guide is presentedin eight chapters. view suininary of thé key environmental issues and thé world's ooan basins and includes 17 detailed présents thé information withm an eastem Carib- case studies; 5 fi-om thé Atlantic (including 2-from Chapter l présents définitions and distinctions bean context. thé Caribbean), 2 from thé Indian Océan, and 10 between small and very small islands, some détails Developmental Issues in from thé Padfic. Thé text is easy to read and amply and problemsof small islands and thé type of fresh- Sniall Island Economies It also highU^hts those recommendations and guide- illustrated with figures and photos. water oourrence on small islands. David L. McKee and Clem Tisdell, Unes which are common to thé Profile roimtries and, University of Quonsland, AiistraUa (1991). by so doing, provides an updated fi-amework for Thé book is intended for undergraduates, post- Chapter 2 deals with thé conditions for water occur- needed changes in environmental polides and re- graduateand other researcherswith a professional renée in small islands includmg cUmate,geology, This volume analysesbasic issues in development source management programs in thé targeted coun- interest in ooanic island origins and environments. geomorphology,soils and végétation. eonomicsas they affect a particular type of Third tries. It will be a helpful introduction to anyone curious to World nations,small island économies.Using prac- know more about thèse long-marginalised parts of Chapter 3 describesthé hydrologyof small islands, tical examples fi-om thé Caribbean Basin and thé Thé synthesis publication was designedto provide thé earth's siirface. including hydrometeorology,hydrological processes, South Parific, thé authors examinein depth struc- easy access to profile findings and reommenda- and water balance studies. Because of its impor- tarai and employment issues, démographie and so- tiens; more detailed information on coimtry-spedfic Professer R.R. Thaman tance to thé majority of small islands, an additional aoeconomic issues and environmental and natural assessments and policy reommendations, as well 50 si^la 51 U1 NTEREST N ALIAN ARKF TARTFD FARS

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