REPUBLIC OF MINISTRY OF DEFENCE

Strategic Defence Review

Zagreb, 2005 Respected reader, The Republic of Croatia has endured some very dramatic events since its independence, including aggression and occupation of a portion of its national territory. It was then forced to liberate its occupied areas and rebuild the country in a demanding post-war recovery effort. Now, it faces dynamic reforms Rand meeting the necessary adjustments for its further balanced development. During the entire time of its independence, Croatia’s defence system and Armed Forces have played a central role, either by ensuring national independence and the liberation of its occupied territory or by acting as a key factor of reforms and meeting the conditions for membership in NATO and the . The document before you - while reflecting a thorough study of global security developments in the world and in Croatia’s immediate environment - is primarily a response to the fundamental needs and potential of our nation. At the same time, it also represents a significant step towards the practical real- isation of Croatia’s National Security Strategy and Defence Strategy. In this regard, the Strategic Defence Review is a public document providing direction for developing the defence system and the Croatian Armed Forces, ensuring that in the future they continue to protect the vital interests of the Republic of Croatia and its citizens. This Review addresses the most fundamental issues regarding the development of Croatia’s defence. The tangible measures stemming from this effort will be reflected in the plans and documents designed to elaborate defence issues in greater detail. Primarily, this implies the adoption of the Republic of Croatian Armed Forces Long Term Development Plan, expected to establish reform priorities and time- lines. It is well known that the pace of defence transformation and modernization, for the most part, depends on a nation’s economic potential. However, by planning appropriately and carefully managing the available resources, we can achieve our intended results. The Strategic Defence Review is subject to further development and modification as it is affected by events in the international environment as well as domestic changes. The security changes and risks that marked the beginning of the 21st Century have introduced a new set of rules for all of us. Therefore, it is necessary for us to change and adapt our defence capabilities, as well as the way we think and behave in order to meet the new requirements. Fully committed to promoting peace and security, we will develop a defence system and Armed Forces that meet modern requirements and are based on the realistic capaci- ties at our disposal. This very document perhaps best demonstrates the course Croatia will embark on in contributing to developing good neighbourly relations, peace and stability in the region. The Croatian military is a victorious military that, under the most difficult conditions, including fighting a war, demonstrated an exceptional ability to transform and adapt to new situations. For vari- ous reasons, the transformation dynamics in the last ten years have not been able to fully sustain the demands of a new strategic security environment. Today, it is perfectly clear that those military organi- sations which do not change in response to the new tasks and requirements will quickly become obsolete and inept to face the new challenges. The Republic of Croatia cannot allow its armed forces to suffer such a fate.

President of the Republic and CAF Commander-in-Chief Stjepan MesiÊ

Zagreb, November, 10, 2005. The Republic of Croatia fully secured freedom for all its citizens with victory in the Homeland War. Defence reforms began immediately thereafter and lasted several years. In the last three years, the results of defence reforms are evident primarily through the downsizing of personnel and the reduction of the defence Tbudget. Is the defence reform thereby completed? The answer to this question is not simple. In seeking the proper answer to this question and following the experiences of other countries, we decided to conduct a Strategic Defence Review. While conduct- ing the Strategic Defence Review it was necessary to include various government bodies, including the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and , the Ministry of the Interior and the intelligence community. The advice of NATO experts was exceptionally useful and their arrival in the Republic of Croatia always had an additional positive affect on the quality of the document itself. We analysed the global security situation, especially in the surrounding environment, determined the required capabilities of our defence system and, having considered our national needs and priorities, came to clear conclusions. The world increasingly faces new forms of threats. International terrorism, smuggling of narcotics, weapons and human beings and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction create enormous chal- lenges for most states, thus becoming global concerns. We acknowledged the need to improve the defence management system in order to realize our national interests. We paid special attention to defining future armed forces missions and tasks. In order to achieve a full operational capability of the defence system, it is necessary to begin train- ing and equipping our units for the entire spectrum of operations. We will be able to achieve this through a modern and flexibly organized defence system that will primarily be founded on well-trained, equipped and mobile armed force. We also found it necessary to establish a better system of human, material and financial resource management. The availability of defence resources will determine the dynamics of Croatian defence sys- tem transformation. I can already say at this point that we will have adequate budgetary means for financing key armed forces equipping programs. We will also use the special military property conver- sion program as a source of funds for improving the overall defence infrastructure. I would especially like to point out the direct influence of the Strategic Defence Review on the strengthening of our team approach and better mutual understanding between all those responsible for leading our defence and security policy. In conclusion, I would like to say that the Strategic Defence Review is a good basis for further reform of the defence system. It is the beginning of a story that will continue with the adoption of the Armed Forces Long Term Development Plan and will constitute a comprehensive framework necessary for building the Croatian defence system of the 21st century.

Minister of Defence Berislav RonËeviÊ Summary

The Croatian Ministry of Defence sionalized 16,000 strong force with 2,000 initiated a Strategic Defence Review civilian personnel and 8,000 ‘contract’ (SDR) in autumn 2003, intended to guide reserves. Gradually, obligatory conscrip- the continued reforms of the Croatian tion will be suspended. Key doctrines, Armed Forces (CAF) and its defence sys- consistent with those of NATO, will be Ttem as a whole. The SDR’s inter-agency adopted by the end of 2007. approach is testimony of the Interoperability with Allied forces Government’s determination to under- will be realized gradually. Nevertheless, take comprehensive reforms that will CAF units and capabilities designated for enable Croatia’s national defence efforts international operations in the near to meet new challenges. A changing secu- future are a priority. Ready forces will rity environment, augmented role for the also be given priority over the remaining armed forces, new capability require- elements of the defence system. ments, limited resources and Croatia’s Human resource management plans future Euro-Atlantic obligations are just will determine the dynamics of achieving some of the important issues that compel the targeted personnel structure and size. a strong commitment to assess and Recruiting, particularly in an effort to reform its defence. tackle problems of an aging personnel A threat and risk assessment indi- structure, will be intensified, and separa- cates that a direct military threat to tion programs will continue as planned. Croatia is highly unlikely, while non-tra- Personnel management will be reor- ditional challenges—such as internation- ganised in order to meet the many al terrorism, the proliferation of weapons defence reform demands by ensuring an of mass destruction (WMD), organised effective personnel support process. crime, illegal trafficking, disasters and Specialized military education and train- environmental degradation—represent ing will be integrated with national edu- significantly growing security concerns. cation programs and the national classifi- Significant defence changes are cation of professions system so that se- expected. Both military and civil defence parated military personnel would have components will continue to be further recognized qualifications that enable developed. The armed forces will become them to be more competitive on the job fully professionalized and consist of a market. newly styled ‘contract’ reserve. Military Limited defence funding requires that capabilities that enable Croatia to partici- efforts to equip and modernize the armed pate in international operations will be forces be carefully prioritized. Precedence particularly stressed. Changes will also will be given to meeting the interoper- consist of developing other capabilities ability requirements of contingents to be that focus on the spectrum of CAF mis- deployed in multinational operations sions and tasks, including the capacity to (primarily communications systems and undertake non-combat operations. force protection equipment). Importance The CAF will see significant changes, will be attached to achieving Croatia’s while retaining its services based struc- Partnership Goals, the modernisation of ture. Overall force downsizing will also communications and information sys- include cutting the number of units and tems at all levels, simulation training command headquarters. Capabilities nec- systems and modern combat systems essary for conducting CAF missions and that need to replace existing obsolete tasks will continue to be developed. The systems. target size of the CAF is a fully profes- Defence acquisition will, whenever

6 possible and economically feasible, rely effective international ally and partner in on domestic development and production future co-operative security efforts. capacities. International procurement and The Ministry of Defence will fully arms acquisition will be based on joint support strong inter-agency co-operation ventures and offset programs with part- and strive to stress those activities that ner countries or foreign companies. A promote Croatia’s national security and procurement and modernisation plan will strengthen its defence capabilities. This be developed and will determine the con- includes emergency and civil-military crete steps necessary to gradually meet crisis planning, responsibili- Croatia’s military capability require- ties, host nation support and other multi- ments by 2015. This should include a fac- faceted security-related issues. tor of flexibility given the difficulty in Croatia will ensure that classified predicting future budget allocations and information is protected and safely potential change in priorities. exchanged. A Ministry of Defence intelli- Certain military facilities will not be gence and security system will harmo- retained, allowing for valuable resources nize Croatia’s national and international to be reallocated to modernisation requirements. efforts. The remaining military sites will An integrated information system - be consolidated whenever feasible and aimed at increasing administrative effec- called for. tiveness, improving communications and The Ministry of Defence will also be promoting transparency within the reorganised. The organisational structure defence organisation - will be established. will continue to be rationalized and activ- ities that are not narrowly related to defence management will be separated. A relatively modest organisational struc- ture will be adopted and will enable Croatia to manage its national defence in an effective and affordable manner. The General Staff will remain an integral part of the Ministry of Defence. Functional areas, structural relationships, differentiation of responsibilities and standard procedures will be defined by 2006. Defence policy is based on Croatia’s foreign and security policy and will con- tinue to direct defence efforts. Croatia’s foreign policy will guide a robust pro- gram of international defence co-opera- tion. The defence planning process will be simplified, centralized and consistent with that of NATO. Decision making on key defence issues will be transparent and based on a comprehensive set of pre- determined procedures. National legislation will be subject to changes that enable Croatia to be an

7 Table of contents

SUMMARY...... 6 1. INTRODUCTION...... 9 2. STRATEGIC CONTEXT ...... 11 2.1. SECURITY ENVIRONMENT...... 11 2.2. NATIONAL INTERESTS AND OBJECTIVES ...... 12 2.3. THREATS AND RISKS ...... 13 2.4. INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS ...... 14 3. DEFENCE SYSTEM ADJUSTMENTS ...... 15 3.1. THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA ARMED FORCES (CAF)...... 16 3.1.1. Future CAF Missions and Tasks...... 16 3.1.2. Military Capabilities...... 17 3.1.2.1. Joint Capability and Actions with Partners and Allies...... 19 3.1.2.2. Deployability and Mobility...... 19 3.1.2.3. Integrated Command and Control System ...... 20 3.1.2.4. Land Force Capabilities...... 20 3.1.2.5. Naval Capabilities ...... 22 3.1.2.6. Air Force Capabilities ...... 23 3.1.2.7. Training and Education ...... 24 3.1.2.8. Logistics Capabilities ...... 25 3.1.3. Force Structure...... 26 3.2. THE ROLE OF CIVIL DEFENCE ...... 29 3.3. THE KEY ENABLERS OF DEFENCE CHANGES...... 31 3.3.2. Professionalization ...... 31 3.3.3. Doctrine...... 31 3.3.4. Interoperability and Standards...... 31 4. DEFENCE RESOURCES...... 33 4.1. HUMAN RESOURCES...... 33 4.2. MATERIAL RESOURCES ...... 34 4.2.2. Weapons and Military Equipment ...... 34 4.2.3. Facilities and Infrastructure ...... 36 4.3. FINANCING ...... 37 5. DEFENCE MANAGEMENT ...... 38 5.1. MINISTRY OF DEFENCE...... 38 5.2. LEGAL FRAMEWORK ...... 40 6. CONCLUSION...... 41 7. ANNEXES...... 43 7.1. PARTNERSHIP GOALS ...... 44 7.2. CAF MISSIONS AND TASKS ...... 45 7.3. COMBAT FORCE ELEMENTS ...... 47

8 Introduction

Significant changes in the European The SDR process began in October security environment, especially in wake 2003 with the establishment of a of the enlargement of the European Steering Committee, including an expert Union (EU) and the North Atlantic working group responsible for drafting Treaty Organisation (NATO) in 2004, the final document. The key civilian and Shave resulted in strengthening the link- military leadership was involved from age and interweaving of security and the outset, including representatives defence. European countries are faced from the Office of the President, the with the challenge of directing and Office of the Prime Minister, the adjusting their defence efforts to new cir- Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry cumstances, especially in meeting the of Finance and other government bodies. demands of rationalizing their military Since this was the first time that Croatia potentials. Many NATO member coun- undertook such an effort, regular consul- tries make use of a strategic review as an tations were held with NATO. instrument for promoting and overseeing Several important decisions resulted defence reforms. from the SDR process as consensus was The Republic of Croatia is deter- achieved at the highest political level. For mined to respond to the changed condi- example, the President, the Prime tions in its security environment. The Minister and the President of the Croatian Ministry of Defence (MoD) has Parliament agreed on the need to further initiated a Strategic Defence Review downsize Croatia’s armed forces, abanon- (SDR) aimed at establishing the neces- ing a previously planned 76,000 strong sary guidance in the further development “B” reserve force. Initial SDR findings of its defence potential. The SDR process also revoked support for several defence represents an in-depth, thorough inven- projects that did not seem to contribute tory of the defence system, detecting its to the development of required military strengths as well as its weaknesses. The capabilities. Likewise, the SDR enabled SDR also proposes conceptual and organ- defence officials to accelerate efforts to isational changes in developing the mili- abandon obsolete weapons and military tary capabilities needed to meet Croatia’s equipment. security requirements. As Croatia is The SDR process also introduced a focused on its accession to the EU and sustained participation of key defence NATO, the SDR also takes into account decision makers in the discussion of existing resource constraints. those issues that will significantly affect The desire to undertake a strategic the development and future posture of review has been around for quite some the defence system. This was absolutely time, being mentioned in several key crucial to the success of the review. The defence documents. While working on SDR was also subjected to comprehen- Croatia’s Membership Action Plan sive expert and public debates. After (MAP) and producing Defence Policy some minor adjustments were made, the 2003/04 and Defence Policy 2004/05, the SDR document was presented to the MoD repeatedly indicated its intention of state’s highest authorities. developing a strategic review. The intent The SDR was faced with some com- was to conceptualize and direct defence plex, multidisciplinary issues. While reform efforts, thereby establishing a some issues required reports and analysis basic framework for the development of from the various MoD departments and the Croatian Armed Forces Long Term bodies, working groups that included Development Plan (CAF LTDP). other governmental agencies were estab-

9 Introduction

lished to deal with the analysis of specific significant risk and threat scenarios were defence-related issues that required taken into account and an affordability interagency cooperation. Their findings check of the force structure was and recommendations were discussed conducted. within the framework of the SDR expert One of the most important outcomes group and the Steering Committee, as of the SDR process is the establishment well as with NATO representatives. of guidance and a basic framework for Issues deemed crucial for the success of the long-term development of the CAF. the review were sent to the government Once adopted by the Croatian for verification. Parliament, the CAF LTDP will formally The initial phase of the SDR was determine the direction of CAF develop- characterized by in-depth analyses and ment and the corresponding responsibili- studies of the existing tasks and capabili- ties of individual elements of the defence ties of the CAF. The results provided a system. Adoption of the CAF LTDP will conceptual basis for redefining CAF tasks enable for a carefully planned and and missions, which eventually led to the accountable approach to the management identification of fundamental require- of defence resources. In a wider sense, it ments in force capabilities and structure. should also ensure a somewhat more sta- The new tasks and missions are now ble mid-term and short-term planning clearly and more closely linked to process. Croatia’s future security concerns and its This document is the final product of international obligations. These include the SDR process and it provides the fun- Croatia’s contribution to international damental guidance for future develop- peace and collective security within the ment plans, as well as for any necessary framework of the United Nations (UN) changes to Croatia’s strategic documents. and its strategic imperative to join the It is also intended to further guide EU and NATO, as well as its commit- defence developments during and after ment to regional co-operation. In con- Croatia’s accession to Euro-Atlantic templating future force options, several structures. Figure 1: Strategic Defence Review 1: Strategic Figure

10 SECURITY ENVIRONMENT Strategic Context

The global security dynamics at the tors of international security. end of the 20th and early 21st century Consequently, and in order to be more caused major changes in the existing effective, NATO is transforming its security paradigms. Instead of the famil- structures and capabilities. The new com- iar, relatively simple bipolar relationships mand structure and formation of rapid Tand predictable responses to possible response forces most evidently illustrate security challenges, the world is now fac- this transformation and adjustment. ing a complex security situation in which The EU is set to play an increasingly changes occur more quickly and threats, greater role in the whole spectrum of cri- gaining new asymmetric and trans- sis management operations, though it is national proportions, appear to be more perhaps currently most noticeable in unpredictable and shrouded in ever- post-conflict situations of crisis relief and greater uncertainty. Instability stemming recovery of affected areas. The European from certain countries and regions, ter- continent is experiencing a uniquely rorism, organised crime, proliferation of remarkable process of unification and weapons of mass destruction (WMD), security stabilization. Within the frame- illegal migration, as well as the problems work of these efforts, an EU common of information security, represent threats foreign and security policy (CFSP) is that no country can respond to properly emerging and gaining in significance, as on an individual basis. Correspondingly, well as a European security and defence the security and defence architecture is policy (ESDP). In this respect, the EU is adapting to these new challenges at both aiming to develop the necessary defence the national and global levels. In order to capabilities that will enable it to respond respond effectively, national security and more effectively to regional and global defence efforts clearly need to be more challenges. The EU has made significant integrated. headway in its ESDP efforts. It has estab- Global and certain regional organisa- lished a Capability Development tions are consistently attempting to Mechanism (CDM) and the European develop adequate responses to the new, Defence Agency (EDA), adopted a series changing circumstances. These interna- of Headline Goals enshrined within the tional organisations are often subject to European Capability Action Plan (ECAP), various constraints that limit their capac- and is committed to organising elements ity to act decisively and respond timely of its rapid response forces in terms of and effectively. Likewise, the instruments EU Battlegroups. and resources available to deal with these The full stabilization of Southeast complex situations and crisis are greatly Europe remains an important EU objec- limited. Under these circumstances, tive. The EU has assumed responsibility regional organisations such as NATO and for consolidating the stabilization of the EU are playing an increasingly Southeast Europe by replacing NATO greater role in dealing with crises situa- forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina with tions. By strengthening their respective its own forces. Democratic processes in roles globally, NATO and the EU are also the countries of Southeast Europe have willingly accepting greater responsibili- been strengthened, reducing the potential ties in international security. This is par- outbreak of hostilities to a minimum. ticularly evident in the case of NATO, Most countries in the region are either in whose military engagements outside the the process of joining Euro-Atlantic territory of its member countries have structures or are already members. Even made it one of the most important fac- those countries excluded until now have

11 StrategicNATIONAL Context INTERESTS AND OBJECTIVES

indicated their intentions of achieving the principles of justice, adherence to Euro-Atlantic integration, primarily by international law, political and economic requesting membership in NATO’s equality, as well as the preservation and (PfP) program and protection of the natural environment. by signing a Stabilization and Associa- The most broad national objective is tion Agreement with the EU. As a result, to create the proper conditions for a free, the regional environment is becoming just and stable political, economic and more stable and secure. social development of Croatian society, in A growingly more stable environ- cooperation and a spirit of solidarity with ment has enabled Croatia to increase its other democratic states. Specific security international participation and contribute objectives include: more to international security. Through the development and implementation multilateral efforts and regional co-oper- of the proper policies, measures, activities ation, Croatia is becoming more recog- and institutions effective enough to meet nized as a “security exporter” rather Croatia’s current and future security than a “security consumer”. Croatia has concerns; strong Euro-Atlantic aspirations and in- the building of favourable regional tends to make even greater contributions and global security surroundings to regional and global security. This will through international security organisa- require changes in its security and tions and in co-operation with other defence systems, to include the develop- democratic states; ment of required capabilities that will the establishment of an economically enable Croatia to meet the challenges of well-off, stable society that will in the effectively contributing to cooperative long-term be able to build and sustain security and collective defence. effective security mechanisms and assure for the necessary resources, and respond NATIONAL INTERESTS AND OBJECTIVES to all its security challenges, risks and Croatia’s national interests are based threats. on the fundamental values embodied in A consistent national and strategic the Republic of Croatia Constitution. objective has been to join NATO and the These translate into security interests EU. The Programme of the Government and national objectives outlined in the of the Republic of Croatia for the 2003- Republic of Croatia National Security 2007 Mandate re-emphasizes Croatia’s Strategy, adopted by the Parliament in national objective to achieve full NATO 2002. and EU membership. It also outlines a Vital national security interests are series of objectives which include: the sovereignty, independence and terri- improving Croatia’s international stand- torial integrity of the Republic of ing and security situation; developing Croatia, along with its national identity peace and stability in the region; and and fundamental values intact, and the continuing with social, economic and protection and safety of its citizens and defence reforms. Particular emphasis is their property. Croatia’s important placed on increasing the effectiveness of national interests include the preserva- security and defence mechanisms, includ- tion and development of democracy and ing the armed forces. Croatia’s multire- democratic institutions, the rule of law, gional territorial configuration conse- economic prosperity and social justice, a quently produces a variety of geographic peaceful and secure international envi- challenges, such as safeguarding ronment, international order based on its interests in the .

12 THREATS AND RISKS Strategic Context

Croatia’s national interests and objec- non-military components of threats. tives provide the basis for establishing Croatia may be indirectly affected by the tasks and missions of its armed crises in its immediate environment, as forces. An assessment of Croatia’s secu- well as by destabilizing consequences of rity threats and risks and its internation- asymmetric and trans-national threats. al commitments also contribute to sha- International terrorism is a growing, ping the CAF missions, as well as the complex global security challenge. obligations stemming from Croatia’s Terrorism has become a distinct security expectation to join NATO and the EU in concern, which can provide new dimen- the near future. It is likely that on its sions to other trans-national threats and way to full Euro-Atlantic integration, can even lead to conventional conflicts. In Croatia may be required to review its a very short time and with an undoubt- current decisions and priorities, and edly profound effect, it has been able to thereby consider other available options, compromise the security of developed necessary to enable it to join the Euro- democratic societies. And by creating a Atlantic community. sense of insecurity within a targeted pop- ulation, terrorism has thus achieved one THREATS AND RISKS of its primary objectives. A threat and risk assessment of The proliferation of weapons of mass Croatia’s national security represents a destruction is a major global security key factor in determining the direction of concern. If unchecked, the spread of developments in Croatia’s conceptual and WMD could lead to the emergence of structural defence posture. The current new military and terrorist threats. The assessment of its security environment availability of these weapons to techno- indicates that at the moment and in the logically inferior armed forces of aggres- foreseeable longer term—a direct, con- sive non-democratic regimes, and, even ventional military threat to Croatia is more worrisome, to terrorist organisa- not likely—although it cannot be com- tions and other groups, and the possibili- pletely ruled out. ty of their use, represents a very danger- The likelihood of a conventional con- ous scenario. The spread of WMD is a flict—in which Croatia’s territory would global threat that requires a co-ordinated be part of a larger battlefield or area of response not only from the law enforce- hostilities in the coming years—is very ment authorities and/or armed forces of low. A likely aggressor that could poten- individual countries, but also calls for the tially threaten Croatia’s security would concerted use of an assortment of nation- do so with conventional means and is not al and international instruments. expected to possess highly sophisticated Organised criminal activity has had a military capabilities. Croatia is located in noticeably destabilizing effect on states a region that has experienced armed con- and is also recognized as a significant flict and political difficulties in the post- trans-national security concern. cold war period. Despite a trend of grad- Moreover, illegal trafficking of drugs, ual stabilization and the presence of weapons and human beings and other international forces in the area, the criminal activities are becoming a key emergence and spread of instability in source for financing terrorist groups. the region is quite possible. The growing reliance on developing Threats are assuming a new character. communications and computer technolo- In the future, it will be even more diffi- gies also produces new vulnerabilities, cult to distinguish between military and which eventually reflect upon the general

13 Strategic ContextINTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS

stability and security of entire societies. The challenge is to plan a well-balanced Thus, the development of capabilities national budget where defence expendi- designed to respond to these challenges tures do not threaten Croatia’s overall represents an imperative at both the economic and social development. national and international levels. Internationally, Croatia’s role has been Croatia, like all other countries, is also steadily growing, as it has willingly exposed to risks associated with natural decided to contribute to several United and man-made disasters. The serious con- Nations operations and has taken part in sequences of potential disasters, primarily many regional security initiatives. in terms of human casualties, material Croatia is an active member of the damage and the disruption of normal UN and a contributor to many of its commerce, transportation, communication international efforts to maintain peace and other activities in the country, call for and security. Croatia has outlined its the use of defence capabilities to support intent to continue participating in UN civil authorities in the more serious peace-support operations byway of the national crisis situations. UN Stand-by Arrangement, which The emergence of new threats and includes commitments to provide mili- risks correspondingly call for military tary observers, staff officers and military reforms and the development of new experts on the UN On-Call List, while capabilities. The fact that a direct military maintaining an observer status in the threat to Croatia is highly unlikely allows UN SHIRBRIG (Stand-by Arrangement for a comprehensive reform of its armed High Readiness Brigade). forces. The perception of a very high prob- Since joining the Partnership for Peace ability of facing asymmetric, trans-nation- in May 2000, Croatia’s relationship with al threats and having to deal with complex NATO has resulted in a substantial effort security issues justify the need to develop to improve its defence capabilities and new, specific and adequate responses. In achieve the high standards of the Alliance. particular, Croatia opts to pool its efforts In the process of joining NATO through through the collective and cooperative the Membership Action Plan and by tak- security framework of Euro-Atlantic ing part in many PfP activities, Croatia structures. It thus has a unique opportuni- has willingly accepted 49 Partnership ty to gradually reform its defence by Goals (a list of Partnership Goals is pro- developing the necessary capabilities and vided as an annexe). Croatia is thus set on structuring its forces to meet future developing its defence capabilities to be demands and effectively confront the new compatible and its forces to be interopera- threats in a common effort. ble with those of the Alliance, especially with regard to the deployment of the CAF INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS in NATO-led operations. Croatia has accepted greater responsi- Croatia also expects to join the EU. bilities in contributing to international Membership in the EU will enable security and is keen on achieving full Croatia to play an active role within the Euro-Atlantic integration by joining ESDP framework. Concretely, it will NATO and the EU. In that sense, it has result in contributing forces and capabili- taken on many obligations. As a result, it ties to EU crisis management efforts. will directly affect how future CAF mis- While currently outside the EU defence sions and tasks are defined. It also processes, Croatia will closely follow includes commitments to assure that developments and stand ready to proper resources are allocated to defence. participate when asked to join. Given its

14 Defence System Adjustments

limited resources and taking into account Initiative, the Southeast Europe Defence the solidarity of the transatlantic rela- Ministerial (SEDM), and the South-East tionship, Croatia will most likely plan European Co-operation Process (SEECP). that the forces and capabilities committed Regional co-operation also provides a pro- to the EU be the same ones designated per setting for nations to pool their capa- for NATO-led operations. bilities and resources in tackling common The Organisation for Security and Co- challenges. Within the framework of the operation in Europe (OSCE) is an impor- Quadrilateral Co-operation, Croatia will tant forum for promoting transparency, join Hungary, and Slovenia in devel- trust and friendly relations among its oping a brigade-sized unit—the Multina- great many member countries. The OSCE tional Land Force (MLF)—designed for provides a unique regional framework of international peace-support operations. confidence and security building measures A growingly more stable security (CSBM). It enables Croatia, as a signatory environment, without the likelihood of a of the many resolutions, declarations and traditional armed conflict, an intensified agreements, to actively participate in its Euro-Atlantic integration process, and a many diverse activities, initiatives and wide range of international commit- organisational bodies. ments, clearly signal a new set of strate- Croatia’s multi-regional characteristic gic circumstances that call for a re- provides many valuable opportunities for assessment of Croatia’s defence efforts. co-operation with other countries. Croatia Moreover, when the new global security is involved in regional initiatives in Cen- trends are taken into account, it is safe to tral and Southeast Europe and the Adri- assume that the existing defence system atic Sea area. This includes Central Euro- will need to transform and undertake a pean Nations Co-operation (CENCOOP), series of reforms and adjustments in the Quadrilateral co-operation initiative, order to be more effective in meeting US-Adriatic Charter, the Adriatic-Ionian future challenges.

The existing defence system is for the been called the revolution in military most part a product of Croatia’s effort to affairs. A reduced budget has seriously defend its democracy and sovereignty in challenged the effectiveness of the current the Homeland War (1991-1995). Defence is approach to defence and questioned the a national responsibility and consists of very need to maintain such a defence at all Tmilitary and civil components. in wake of Croatia’s NATO and EU aspira- Croatia’s defence has been based on the tions. concept of individual self-defence and pri- The existing CAF structure has been marily focused on the protection of nation- oriented towards developing and main- al territory. This approach is seriously taining territorially-based self-defence brought into question by changes in capabilities. A limited budget, inade- Croatia’s security environment and the quately filled CAF units, high operating Euro-Atlantic integration process, which costs, and poorly maintained weapon should soon result in Croatia’s full mem- systems and equipment have resulted in bership in NATO and the EU. Likewise, it is weakening Croatia’s defence potential. difficult for any country to ignore the ben- Furthermore, overall defence capabilities efits of emerging technologies and concep- simply do not meet the demands of tual innovations stemming from what has future tasks and missions.

15 Defence System Adjustments THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA ARMED FORCES (CAF)

Evolving changes in the security force elements needed. The future force environment and future collective elements most necessary are already defence obligations imply a need to con- imbedded in the existing CAF structure. ceptually re-assess defence, make the The coming transformation will simply necessary readjustments and, over the be focused on striking the right balance long term, develop a defence system that between the remaining necessary ele- is more responsive to the new challenges. ments with the available resources and The strategic objective of Croatia’s capability requirements. defence transformation is to improve its The currently professional and con- capacity to protect national interests and script mix of the CAF will gradually lead enable for its full Euro-Atlantic integra- to the development of a professional tion. The transition from an individual, force. Compulsory military service is territorially-based self-defence concept to expected to be provisionally suspended in one based on a collective notion will the near-term (most likely by the next 5 require structural and procedural years). Voluntary military service will be changes, most likely including legislative introduced as a basic source of new adjustments. A new type of military recruits for active and ‘contract’ reserve structure will have to be adopted. Civil units. Voluntary military service shall defence will have to be re-examined and not exceed 2,000 personnel per year and its role and function will be subject to in- will also be open to women. depth analysis. Military doctrines and standards, compatible with those of Future CAF Missions And Tasks NATO, will be developed, as well as a The role of the CAF is based on required level of interoperability. Constitutional provisions and defence The success of defence transforma- legislation, and is further elaborated in tion will greatly depend on achieving formal strategic documents. The CAF broad public support, particularly in missions and tasks (See Annexe for securing adequate resource allocations detailed list) are derived from Croatia’s for defence efforts. threat and risk assessment, growing international obligations and future com- THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA ARMED mitments stemming from NATO and EU FORCES (CAF) accession. These missions and tasks, listed The role of the CAF is to provide for below, will direct the further develop- national defence, support Croatia’s for- ment of Croatia’s force structure and eign and security policy, and assist civil military capabilities. authorities in emergency and crisis situa- tions. The CAF missions and tasks are Protecting Croatia’s sovereignty and shaped to meet future national defence territorial integrity, the defence of requirements as well as its commitments Croatia and its allies stemming from NATO membership. Safeguarding Croatia’s independence, Developing the right force structure and territorial integrity and viability; corresponding military capabilities will Protection of Croatia’s air space; be based on existing and future threats, Protection of Croatia’s waters; and will be subject to the constraints of Intelligence activities; available resources. Protocol tasks; Mission and task analysis leads to Host nation support; recognizing the kind of capabilities the ; CAF ought to possess and the enabling Deterring a potential aggressor and

16 Defence System Adjustments THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA ARMED FORCES (CAF)

defending Croatia, including invoking non-military tasks. Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty; These future missions and tasks have Defence of NATO Allies. already been adopted by the Republic of Croatia Government and represent a key Supporting international crisis starting point for defining military capa- response operations bilities that still need to be developed. Peace-support operations (includes Croatia’s risk and threat assessment the full spectrum of crisis response oper- outlines four key scenarios for which ations); effective response capabilities must be Humanitarian operations. developed. Figure 2: Scenarios/Missions and Tasks/Risks Figure

Promoting confidence and security Military Capabilities building measures (CSBM) The perception that a direct, conventi- Defence diplomacy; onal military threat to Croatia is highly Regional initiatives; unlikely has important implications for exi- Arms control and development of sting military capabilities. At the same ti- confidence and security measures. me, a new spectrum of asymmetric threats is emerging to which Croatia has yet to res- Providing assistance to national civil pond by developing adequate capabilities. institutions New military capabilities that anable Providing assistance to civilian the CAF to effectively prepare for and authorities; successfully take part in a variety of cri- Assisting national services in the pro- sis response operations are called for. The tection and rescue of lives and property; CAF are more likely expected to take Assisting civil institutions in the fight part in operations abroad rather than at against terrorism, illegal trafficking and the home. In that sense, the necessary proliferation of WMD; support infrastructure will either be Supporting civil institutions in other strictly limited or non existent at all.

17 Defence System Adjustments THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA ARMED FORCES (CAF)

Likewise, Croatia will most likely In defining the necessary military participate in operations as part of a larg- capabilities, several basic scenario-related er UN, NATO or EU force, or some other assumptions had to be made. CAF capa- ad hoc coalition of forces. This assump- bilities were assumed prior to and after tion rules out the need to develop or full NATO integration. maintain an extensive set of capabilities Pending NATO accession, the CAF designed for a broad spectrum of scenar- must have the capacity to: ios. Instead, Croatia needs to develop conduct a joint operation in defence well-balanced, coherent and flexible of national territory; forces, capable of effective action in con- conduct an operation in response to a cert with other partner countries and national crisis with forces equivalent to a allies. CAF units must be trained and task-tailored battalion; equipped to respond to these require- take part in international crises ments. response operations with forces equiva- Membership in the PfP program, and lent to a company (not including individ- especially byway of the MAP process, ual personnel contributions to ongoing augments Croatia’s capacity to take part international missions). in international peace-support opera- After NATO accession, the CAF must tions. Croatia is preparing a selective set have the capacity to: of forces designed to take part in conduct a joint operation in defence NATO/PfP-led operations. These forces of national territory, invoking Article 5 also represent the foundation on which of the North Atlantic Treaty; future force contributions will be made take part in a collective defence oper- once Croatia accedes to NATO. ation with pre-designated forces (a rein- Future military capabilities will be forced company until 2009, a battalion carefully planned and gradually devel- after 2009); oped. Important factors to be taken into conduct an operation in response to a account include: limited capacity to train national crisis with forces equivalent to a sufficient number of personnel and units; task-tailored battalion; constrained equipment and weapon mod- take part in an international crises ernisation potential; and issues of the response operation with forces equivalent affordability of certain capabilities. In to a company developing the necessary capabilities, Military capabilities must ensure the Croatia expects to consult key Partners timely deployment of CAF units in the and the North Atlantic Alliance on a reg- above mentioned operations. As a result, ular basis. and depending upon the task at hand, The ultimate objective is to achieve, CAF units will have different levels of maintain and consistently improve mili- readiness. tary capabilities that enable the CAF to High readiness forces must be ready execute their missions effectively and for deployment within 24 hours in vari- efficiently. The new capabilities must ous types of national operations, and fully satisfy national defence require- within 5 days in various types of inter- ments and enable the CAF to perform national operations if part of NATO other tasks prescribed by the Response Force (NRF) or EU Constitution and set out in the law. Battlegroups. Following NATO accession, the CAF Ready forces should reach full must have the capacity to take part in the combat readiness in 30 days, and are Alliance’s collective defence framework. assigned with the task to protect national

18 Defence System Adjustments THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA ARMED FORCES (CAF)

interests and for tasks within the scope the implementation of NATO stan- of the Alliance. Ready forces (except for dards in all aspects CAF tasks and activi- air space surveillance) will be fully ties; deployable, equipped and trained for a single, inter-service command and activities on the entire territory of the control system; Republic of Croatia. About 40% of the the sufficient interoperability of overall land forces will be equipped and equipment; trained for deployment outside national the co-ordination of service and borders. Ready forces will fully consist of branch doctrines with a joint doctrine; professional, active-duty personnel. the establishment of a single commu- Forces with a low level of readiness nications information system, designed can reach their full combat readiness to integrate service radar systems for air within a period of 30 to 90 days. They space and sea surveillance, as well as are intended for support, engagement other communications systems; and replacement of ready forces, and con- the intensification of English and sist of ‘contract’ reserves and profession- other foreign language training in order al, active duty personnel. to increase the CAF ability to act with Forces that require a longer period to Partners and Allies; mobilize can reach full combat readiness the development of integrated capa- within a period of 120 to 180 days. These bilities for providing close air support for forces are primarily intended for national ground and naval operations. defence and act as force supplements, and are filled with unassigned reservists. Deployability and Mobility The Strategic Defence Review does NATO and the EU have established a not provide a comprehensive list of all framework for developing capabilities its military capabilities, but rather high- current and future member states seek to lights military capabilities which are cru- realize, aiming to create combined forces. cial for CAF structuring and develop- This framework has determined a basic ment. These include: requirement—member countries need to joint capability and actions with develop modern, deployable and mobile Partners and Allies; forces able to function effectively within deployability and mobility; a multinational effort and achieve com- integrated command and control sys- mon objectives. tem; The CAF will be developed as an land force capabilities; integrated force able to provide for naval capabilities; national defence and meet the require- air force capabilities; ments of Euro-Atlantic integration. The training and education system; CAF will look to maintain 40% of its logistics system. land component structured, trained and equipped for deployment (consistent Joint Capability and Actions with with the Istanbul conclusions). Up to 8% Partners and Allies of its land forces may be assigned to a Most of the operations the CAF are particular operation or be designated for expected to take part in the future will be future NATO operations (one reinforced conducted as joint operations. Thus, the company with rotation or 700-800-size further transformation of the CAF will contingent without rotation). If called be based on the development of joint upon, the entire professional, active duty capabilities. This includes: component of the CAF will be obligated

19 Defence System Adjustments THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA ARMED FORCES (CAF)

to participate in international operations. international crisis response operations; Deployability and mobility of the provide host nation support to forces armed forces will be achieved by: of NATO member countries; increasing CAF tactical/strategic air gather, process and distribute infor- transport capabilities, as existing aircraft mation on conditions at sea and in the air will be modernised and two new middle to would-be users. and long-distance transport aircrafts will be procured; Land Force Capabilities preparing the necessary infrastruc- The Land Forces will represent the ture and means necessary for effectively backbone across the four CAF missions. deploying forces in an operation; It will be necessary to develop a range of the procurement of combat and other combat capabilities, including the capabil- armoured and transport vehicles; ity to deploy and take part in mobile, retaining and developing tactical air offensive operations. Heavy armour is transport. unlikely to be deployed. The emphasis Mobility will be ensured for all for deployment will be on light mobile deployable forces immediately after they forces that are sustainable and able to have been declared ready and for the rest protect themselves. As a result, new of the forces by a predefined date. acquisitions, such as highly mobile com- The mobility and sustainability of bat vehicles (on wheels), will be required. CAF deployment will be provided for Commitments to deploy forces abroad independently or in co-operation with will also require the intensification of other NATO member countries. adequate training. Along with combat capabilities, Land Forces will develop Integrated Command and Control capabilities deemed necessary in order to System take part in humanitarian operations and An integrated CAF command and provide support and assistance to nation- control system must ensure for the con- al services. When a crisis or emergency tinued command and control of all CAF situation exceeds the capacity of respec- elements at home and abroad. It must tive national services to act effectively, ensure continuity under normal peace- the Land Forces may be expected to pro- time and wartime circumstances, as well tect and rescue people and property and as during crises, disasters and other to provide other assistance to civil emergency situations. authorities. A new Operations Command Centre The capabilities and forces designated within the Joint Staff will facilitate the for NATO operations upon Croatia’s command and control of all CAF unit accession to the Alliance (along with activities at home and abroad. those declared well before accession) will A CAF communications and informa- be based on the units already outlined in tion system (CIS) will support command the Partnership Goals. By 2009, these and control, and should consist of the forces will represent a foundation for following key capabilities: developing task-tailored forces intended CAF system integration; for NATO or EU-led operations. compatibility with the corresponding Combat units will exclusively consist systems of NATO member countries; of professionals and ‘contract’ reserves. exchange of information with NATO Reserve units will have an active duty member countries; core element responsible for training provide support to forces deployed in military personnel and organic units in

20 Defence System Adjustments THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA ARMED FORCES (CAF)

accordance with the required tasks. units will consist of an active duty core Organisation on a corps basis will be element, responsible for assigning per- abolished and brigades will represent the sonnel and unit training. largest operational units of Land Forces. Artillery units will provide manoeu- The Land Forces will consist of two vrable and mid-range fire support under main units, a motorized brigade and an all weather and combat conditions armoured-mechanized brigade, both fully (including NBC). Existing artillery, rock- professionalized. Battalions within these et launchers and other weapon systems brigades will represent the basic module will be used. In addition to these basic for the formation of task-tailored forces. capabilities, artillery units will gradually These battalions will be mobile, deploy- further improve their mobility and sus- able, equipped and trained as rapid reac- tainability. tion forces. Tank battalions will not Signal units provide basic and special- develop capabilities for deployment out- ized communication capabilities by estab- side the national territory. lishing and maintaining stationary and The brigades will also include all the mobile signal components. Thus, signal necessary combat support units and serv- units may also provide communication ices. This will ensure the required capa- and information support to forces bilities of fire power, anti-armoured com- deployed abroad (whether in crisis bat, low altitude anti-aircraft defence, response operations or for collective NBC defence and protection, providing defence purposes) and, as host nation mobility and counter-mobility, as well as support, to forces of NATO member self-sufficient logistic support for the countries while on Croatian territory. conduct of operations. They are also expected to provide sup- A professionalized (guards) motor- port to civil institutions in national ized brigade will include four motorized emergency and crisis situations. The infantry battalions. In an effort to equipment and standard operative proce- increase their overall combat power, the dures of signal units will become com- brigades will be gradually equipped with patible with those of the Alliance. combat vehicles on wheels. In addition to Achieving interoperability in this area national defence tasks, the brigade is will represent one of the highest priori- expected to take part in NATO and EU- ties of CAF acquisition and modernisa- led operations. tion efforts through 2015. A professionalized (guards) Anti-aircraft units of the Land Forces armoured-mechanized brigade will are intended to provide anti-aircraft com- include two tank and two mechanized bat capability at low altitudes and will be battalions with combat support units and equipped with existing weapon systems. services. While the brigade as a whole is These units will participate in protecting not intended for NATO operations, its vital CAF elements and critical infra- training and standards will be adjusted in structure within an integrated air defence accordance with NATO doctrine so as to system. be interoperable with Allied forces. Engineering units are intended to Combat support will be organised as support sustainability, mobility and an integral element of professional counter-mobility requirements. Limited brigades, as well as independent combat de-mining capabilities will be retained support units. While certain units will be and further developed since a significant entirely professionalized, others will be portion of Croatia’s territory has yet to made up of reserve components. Reserve be cleared of left-over mines from the

21 Defence System Adjustments THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA ARMED FORCES (CAF)

recent Homeland War. Likewise, this under a single command and will provide capability could be useful in international military police support to all segments of operations. The CAF will continue to the CAF. The equipment, training and develop military capabilities that can also standard procedures to be adopted will support designated civil services in search allow the Military Police to participate in and rescue efforts in a disaster situation international crisis response operations. where lives and material values are at Reserve units will be used for nation- risk. al defence purposes, but it will also be NBC units maintain capabilities for possible to use certain reserve compo- NBC protection of CAF units through nents in augmenting CAF efforts in the organisation and conduct of deconta- international operations. The current size mination, as well as gathering, processing of the reserve will be further reduced. and distributing data on possible contam- On the other hand, reserve training will inants. NBC unit organisation and equip- be intensified in order to increase their ment will enable for its use in interna- effectiveness. The concept of contract tional operations and activities that call reserves will be gradually introduced. for such capabilities. The contract reserves are expected to Considering the growing danger of make up some 50% of the active duty terrorist attacks, capabilities designed to component by 2010. After the expiration detect NBC contaminants and WMD of their contracts, both active duty per- material must be fully developed, as well sonnel and contract reserve will be placed as the capacity to rapidly and safely neu- on a non-assigned reserve list. The cur- tralize such threats. In the event of a ter- rent obligatory reserve personnel will be rorist attack, it may be necessary to con- gradually placed on the non-assigned tain and remove the consequences of reserve list. NBC related hazards. These capabilities may also be used to assist civil institu- Naval Capabilities tions in dealing with the dangerous after- Given Croatia’s geographic maritime effects stemming from industrial acci- characteristics of an extensive coastline dents and technological disasters. and numerous islands, the Croatian A special operations unit will develop is faced with numerous challenges. The capabilities for executing specific military Navy must look to protect Croatia’s and other important tasks. national interests in the Adriatic by A military intelligence unit is intend- developing a balanced set of forces and ed to provide intelligence support to the the necessary capabilities. These would be CAF and will develop the necessary capa- aimed at protecting Croatia’s territorial bilities for the gathering, analysis and waters and ecological and fishing zones distribution of intelligence information, of interest. The Navy will also be expect- particularly important for planning and ed to meet asymmetric threats and executing military operations. In addi- assure for free navigation in the Adriatic tion, the unit will also provide assistance Sea. Likewise, it will undertake search to civil institutions whenever it relates to and rescue tasks, contribute to defence issues of national importance. diplomacy efforts, provide host nation Military Police units continue to support to Croatia’s allies and assist civil develop, in accordance with legal provi- institutions. A separate study to be con- sions, their existing capabilities for con- ducted during 2005 will examine the ducting fundamental military police tasks potential of developing future naval in Croatia. These units will be organised capabilities that could contribute to

22 Defence System Adjustments THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA ARMED FORCES (CAF)

NATO or EU-led maritime operations. lance, as well as elements for securing of In the short term, naval forces will be the communication system. The Pere- consolidated into two main functional grine radar system will be integrated into groupings. the FPS 117 radars. This should ensure The first naval grouping will consist that comprehensive radar data be avail- of interdiction forces (primarily based on able to various national agencies and three fast missile crafts), mobile land- other non-military users. based missile batteries, and mine coun- The Navy’s logistics support efforts termeasure forces. An anti submarine will retain a technical supply capacity, the capability will also be retained in this ability to conduct second level mainte- functional grouping. The introduction of nance, the capacity to service its vessels inshore and port mine hunters currently and host nation support capabilities. being developed and the establishment of port mine clearance diving teams will be Air Force Capabilities a priority. This should assure for secure Given the threat assessment set out and free navigation channels and aug- earlier, Croatia does not need to develop ment the CAF’s overall anti-terrorist large-scale air defence capabilities. capabilities. However, given the increased likelihood The second naval grouping will be of terrorist activity, particularly involving responsible for Coast Guard tasks and aircraft, air policing remains a key CAF will work closely with other national national defence obligation. The Air Force agencies and institutions in safeguard- will be required to support the ope- ing Croatia’s sovereignty and assuring rational needs of Land Forces to deploy for law enforcement in the Adriatic and sustain. It is also expected to provide under Croatian jurisdiction. The Coast the necessary infrastructure that can be Guard will also conduct appropriate available to NATO partners. The Air For- patrols and monitoring of the fishery- ce will also contribute to the other mili- ecological zone, develop capabilities for tary missions by conducting search and the conduct of anti-terrorist activities, rescue operations, as well as providing counter-smuggling of human beings, assistance to civil authorities in the event goods and WMDs, monitor and control of natural disasters and emergencies. state borders at sea, conduct search and Twelve MIG-21 aircraft were recently rescue, prevent ecological catastrophes upgraded for air policing tasks and are and ensure free navigation at sea and expected to provide the necessary air prevent illegal fishing and other capability until 2010 at maximum. In the unlawful activities. When deemed nec- short term, operating capabilities will be essary, naval interception forces may enhanced by the purchase of aids to assist the Coast Guard in executing improve reduced visibility in difficult their tasks. conditions and at night. A replacement Over time, coastguard functions are weapons platform will be needed in the expected to dominate naval activities in medium term to assure the continuation the Adriatic Sea. Therefore, defence of meeting this task. Any replacement efforts will focus on allocating adequate aircraft would be obtained only after a investment funds in modernizing and full combined operational evaluation and equipping the Croatian Navy to achieve investment appraisal (COIA), which the necessary capabilities. would include all related activity The CIS unit will integrate the vari- including maintenance of combat ous elements of sea and air space surveil- readiness, the ability to sustain fast jet

23 Defence System Adjustments THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA ARMED FORCES (CAF)

training and the need for appropriate radars will shortly be ready for con- modern weapons systems. Given the long tributing to the NATO system (ASDE). lead in times associated with aircraft Similarly the intention remains to inte- introduction and the anticipated degrada- grate the FPS 117 with the Peregrine tion of the MIG 21 fleet, a full feasibility Naval radar to improve low level radar study (inclusive of the COIA) is being cover in support of coastguard, naval and commissioned to report by the end of civil usage. 2006. Special emphasis will be placed on the Training and Education development of capabilities for the tacti- Service training and doctrine devel- cal transport of company-level forces opment will be the responsibility of the within Croatia for anti terrorist opera- service commands, while the Croatian tions. This capability will also be avail- Military Academy will focus on military able to allow the CAF to participate in and civilian educational and the CAF’s various humanitarian and other opera- scientific research and development tions and tasks in support of civil institu- efforts. tions within Croatia and in its immediate Service commands will provide sys- surrounding areas. This task can be met tematic, high-quality individual and unit with existing fixed wing aircraft and training, consistent with NATO stan- transport helicopters. It is increasingly dards, at various CAF training centres important that Croatia is capable of and in the units. deploying on operations outside of The Land Forces Combat Training national boundaries as part of wider Centre will provide a battalion-level NATO and EU operations. Air transport command and unit training capacity, as will therefore be augmented by the well as the capability for command train- acquisition of two additional transport ing up to the brigade-level at the aircraft with medium and long range Simulation Centre. capability. The training system will be capable The Air Force will retain its national of efficiently and fully satisfying CAF commitment to operate fire fighting air- needs for branch, service and joint train- craft and in that regard support civil ing. Apart from the development of authorities. This role is backed by sepa- training programs, the branch commands rate funding provisions. Similarly the Air will ensure and co-ordinate the use of all Force will also maintain a limited capabil- resources necessary for training, taking ity (2 helicopters) to provide civil medical into account adjustments to meet unit evacuation from remote areas. requirements and tasks. A new role for the Air Force will be For the purpose of training logistic to provide maritime patrol capabilities specialities, a logistics training centre is over designated areas of the Adriatic Sea being established within the Support and in support of coastguard operations Command. directed at illegal activities in the Specific military police training will Adriatic. This will be provided from the be conducted within the framework the existing fixed-wing fleet or by helicopter Military Police. as dictated by operational needs. The Croatian Military Academy, as a Fundamental to air operations is ade- central body responsible for the develop- quate radar coverage which is now pro- ment and conduct of military and civilian vided by the recently installed modern education in the defence and security FPS 117 radars. The picture from these area, as well as for the development of

24 Defence System Adjustments THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA ARMED FORCES (CAF)

scientific work to meet CAF needs, will support within the framework of nation- provide: al and collective defence, as well as in cri- the education of officers in co-opera- sis situations, by ensuring the conduct of tion with civil institutions; all peacetime and wartime operations, the military and functional education including possible assistance to civilian for officers and NCOs; institutions. the education for military and civilian Development will continue to focus personnel designated to work in multina- on achieving capabilities that are interop- tional headquarters; erable with the logistics systems of the integration and development of a NATO member countries. For this pur- civil-military educational system; pose, adequate changes will be made in the scientific research work require- logistics training and education. The CAF ments in support of Croatia’s national are developing, adopting and applying security and defence; military processes to meet NATO the development of a distance learn- STANAG norms. ing system for defence requirements; The logistics system will maintain a publishing capacity and classic and existing capabilities and continue to electronic libraries. develop new capabilities for ensuring The Croatian Military Academy will logistics support to CAF units deployed be primarily organised as an educational in international peace operations (up to a institution rather than as a military unit. battalion-level unit) and for enabling effective CAF logistics unit support in Logistics Capabilities NATO-led operations. The logistics system will maintain Logistics support will also continue to and develop capabilities for providing develop capabilities necessary for Croatia integrated and continuous logistic sup- to contribute host nation support to port to CAF elements at home and NATO and EU forces. Croatia expects to abroad. fully develop its host nation support Daily logistics and functioning sup- capacity by 2009. port capabilities will be centralized in all In accordance with its defined mis- CAF elements, relying as much as possi- sions and tasks, the CAF will develop and ble on the services of civilian organisa- maintain capabilities for providing sup- tions in those activities that have no port to civil institutions, in case of natu- direct influence on the combat readiness ral disasters and technical accidents. of CAF units and commands. Theses include providing accommoda- Capabilities for material resource tion, supplying food and water, providing maintenance will be developed within the water purification, and offering transport CAF in a part that is of vital importance capabilities. for performing operational tasks of com- The CAF health care system will mands and units. Technical equipment maintain and develop the existing capa- maintenance will be conducted within the bilities of preventive, primary and dental CAF to an extent that will enable reach- health care of CAF members. In addition, ing a required level of combat readiness the health care system will develop spe- of CAF units. Maintenance will be, to the cialist and advisory care for CAF mem- greatest extent possible, conducted within bers at military medical centres, but will a domestic commercial capacity. also assure specialist care for its person- The CAF logistics units will develop nel at civilian hospitals. A sub-specialized capabilities for the conduct of logistic field will be developed to meet the needs

25 Defence System Adjustments THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA ARMED FORCES (CAF)

of aviation and naval medicine. while the administrative segment is The CAF will also develop the med- reduced to a minimum. The number of ical support for individuals and units command levels is rationalized, with an deployed in international operations. This aim to provide the effectiveness of a sin- includes medical preparation and immu- gle command and control system, as well nization of military personnel that find as a clear division of responsibilities and themselves in difficult climates and com- areas of competence. plex health conditions, as well as the The size of the future CAF will not preparation of ROLE-1 modules and exceed 16,000 active duty military per- ROLE-2 level of health care outlined in sonnel, while the number of civilians in the Partnership Goals. Furthermore, the CAF structures will not exceed 2,000. CAF will develop capabilities for the con- The CAF reserve component will number duct of veterinary care, medical supplies, up to 8,000 strong and consist of contract medical training and medical care. reserves. These figures result from seek- The entire spectrum of CAF medical ing the right balance between budget- support will be augmented by Croatia’s driven affordability limitations and the national health care system and by allied need to develop effective capabilities medical capacities when deployed in designed to respond to existing and operations abroad. future risks and threats. The target goal of the future size of Force Structure the CAF will be realized by downsizing The CAF structure is derived from the current force through a carefully the force elements given in Appendix 7.4. planned approach, the dynamics of reor- The basic modules consist of a battalion ganisation and a transformation to the for combat branches, a battalion/compa- new structure. ny for combat support branches, and a The main characteristics of the pro- squadron for the air forces and a division posed CAF structure are: for the navy. Each basic module has been reduction of the number of units; assigned one primary and one or more reduction of the number of command secondary tasks. The number of neces- levels; sary elements for the fulfilment of tasks filling ready forces with profession- is one of the factors that define future als; capability requirements. filling reserve units with active core; The future force structure comes the reorganisation of the reserve from the defined elements of combat component on the basis of a contract forces, in compliance with the basic reserve; principles of effectiveness, modularity a single CAF education system and and concentration of available service training system; resources. Other force elements (com- reduced size of command components mand and control, oversight, education, at all levels; training, and logistics) supplement the single stationary logistics system structure in compliance with the same based on outsourcing; principles. joint action capability of CAF units The new force structure enables a and modularly organised operation com- balanced development of necessary capa- mands. bilities given existing budget constraints. The CAF Long Term Development Therefore, in creating the structure, Plan will determine the dynamics, ways overlapping responsibilities are avoided, and framework for gradual, phased

26 Defence System Adjustments THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA ARMED FORCES (CAF)

defence reform efforts. In the first phase, lish task-force commands responsible for emphasis will be placed on the reorgani- directing the efforts of forces assigned to sation, replenishment, equipping and operations. achieving readiness of the units declared The present CAF GS departments for participation in NATO/PfP-led opera- will be reorganised in a manner that bet- tions, as well as on the reduction of ter clarifies the distinction between the organisational units and command struc- many responsibilities of operational tures. In the later phases, other CAF ele- planning and managing military opera- ments and units will also be reorganised. tions from that of other CAF tasks and The CAF General Staff (CAF GS) is a activities. In that sense, certain manage- joint armed forces body within the ment functions will be reorganised, while

CMA Figure 3. Main command structure of CAF Figure

Ministry of Defence. The General Staff is other new functions will be introduced, responsible for command, preparation such as the establishment of two deputy and use of the CAF, exercising its author- chiefs of the General Staff. ity in accordance with decisions made by Staff units are subordinate to the the commander-in-chief and the minister General Staff and support the integrated of defence, as outlined in Article 100 of functioning of the CAF. The CAF the Defence Law. The General Staff is Military Police will be reorganised and responsible for CAF activities and force integrated into a single unit under one deployments, and performs other expert command. tasks requested by the commander-in- Signals Unit will be organised as a chief and the minister of defence. staff unit and will provide for a fully Operations Command Centre will be functional stationary, network-informa- organised within the General Staff, with tion and encryption signal system, as the responsibility of facilitating daily well as functional radio system. This command and control of operations at should secure continuity, rapidity and home and abroad. For the purpose of encryption within the command and planning and conducting large-scale reporting system, as well as the strategic operations, the General Staff will estab- transmission of information.

27 Defence System Adjustments THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA ARMED FORCES (CAF)

The Honorary Protocol Unit will also units will be the responsibility of the include a CAF orchestra and will perform active core component, organised within protocol tasks. the reserve branch units. Command The Electronic Surveillance Service training will be conducted at the will conduct electronic activities at the Simulation Centre, while the Combat strategic level. Training Centre will facilitate combat The International Military training. Operations Training Centre will be All Air Force and Air Defence units organised at the strategic level, with the will be fully professionalized and organ- task of training individuals and units for ised into two air force brigades and one participation in international operations. CIS unit (air monitoring and guidance The three CAF branch commands and signals). Air force brigades include will be responsible for organising, squadrons of planes and helicopters, as replenishing, developing, equipping and well as logistics units for servicing and training of command and unit compo- maintenance of aircraft technical equip- nents for performing specially-tailored ment. tasks. Units under their command will be The air monitoring and guidance unit at the necessary level of readiness. The is responsible for the continuous surveil- service commands will also be responsi- lance of Croatia’s air space, with the aim ble for professional development of per- of contributing to protecting the sover- sonnel, development of service and eignty of its air space. branch doctrine, as well as for the train- The Air Force and Air Defence ing of active and reserve personnel. They Command is responsible for integrating will also participate in other tasks as the overall defence and protection of required, such as contributing to the Croatia’s air space. It will also assure that development of joint doctrine. its forces work with and support coast- Professionalized active duty and guard efforts in Croatia’s part of the reserve forces (with an active core ele- Adriatic. ment) will be organised under a Land Individual training for particular Forces Command. A motorized guard service requirements will be facilitated brigade and an armoured-mechanized by the service training centres. brigade, as well as special operations unit The Croatian Navy will be a fully will be fully professionalized and will professionalized force. Apart from its tra- form a major CAF combat element. One ditional tasks of safeguarding Croatia’s reserve infantry brigade will be organ- national interests in the Adriatic, the ised from the other combat forces under Navy Command will also prepare units the Land Forces Command. Combat sup- for undertaking coast guard tasks. port will comprise of a fully professional- Establishing the coastguard within the ized military intelligence unit, an NBC Croatian naval forces is a rational solu- unit and a signal unit, as well as reserve tion and most appropriate approach in units (artillery-rocket unit, anti-aircraft consolidating inter-agency efforts in this unit and engineering unit). Logistic sup- field. The Navy’s existing capacities port for combat units and combat sup- (radars, ships, and trained personnel) pro- port units will be ensured through the vide the most comprehensive framework organisation of organic logistic units and for fully developing an effective National through the organisation of a logistics coastguard capability, particularly for brigade, consisting mainly of reservists. tasks and missions on the open sea. The Training of Land Force personnel and Navy already maintains fully trained

28 Defence System Adjustments THE ROLE OF CIVIL DEFENCE

professionals and has the training capa- organisation responsible to meet the edu- bilities for these tasks. In that sense, cation requirements of CAF personnel. naval forces will be organised into two Military education will be conducted in flotillas. Support to the naval forces will an integrated manner and within the be provided by littoral forces and a CIS CAF system, through a system of mili- unit (coastal surveillance and signals tary education and in cooperation with unit). Other service elements will be civilian education institutions. The embedded within these littoral forces and Academy will have organisational ele- will be able to provide special support to ments for the education of officers, naval forces. NCOs and civilians. The Academy will Individual training needs of the serv- also facilitate research activities and pub- ice will be conducted at the naval train- lish materials of interest to the armed ing centre. forces. In an effort to ensure an economiza- tion during peace-time and more effec- THE ROLE OF CIVIL DEFENCE tive support to CAF operations, a system Civil defence is an integral part of of logistic and medical support will be Croatia’s overall defence efforts. A civil integrated within the Support Command. component along with its military coun- Apart from facilitating logistics sup- terpart make-up the fundamental basis of port and health care, the Support Croatia’s defence and will continue to Command will also be responsible for augment a holistic approach to ensure training of logistics and medical person- that adequate capabilities be developed in nel. Maintenance and improving the response to a full spectrum of new risks quality of life at military facilities will be and threats. As new CAF capabilities are outsourced and will be to the greatest being shaped to meet non-traditional extent possible based on commercial tasks, so too, the efforts of civil organisa- assets. Storage facilities will be integrated tions and institutions must be adapted to and rationally consolidated around a the new realities and be able to provide smaller number of locations. protection and rescue capabilities and Logistics units and elements will be must be able to respond effectively in a organised in a manner that assures effec- national emergency or crisis situation. tive logistics support to forces involved The primary role of civil defence is to in an operation. This will be done by prepare the nation for defence and pro- enabling individuals, unit elements or vide for the non-military defence of the specialized logistic units to be assigned to country. This role is achieved through a an operation command. system of institutions and activities, In transforming the logistics system, which include planning, integrating, new functional components will be directing and co-ordinating civilian assets organised within the Support Command. and efforts deemed important for nation- These will include a Centre for al defence. Civil defence encompasses Movement Co-ordination and a Centre national, local and regional government for Munitions Control and Maintenance. bodies; legal persons responsible for Logistics and medical units, intended defence preparations; and protection and as operations support elements, will con- rescue agencies and other organisations sist of military personnel, while the sta- responsible for safeguarding lives and tionary logistic system will primarily be material values. made up of civilian personnel. The non-military efforts of civil The Croatian Military Academy is an defence ensure the functioning of gov-

29 Defence System Adjustments THE ROLE OF CIVIL DEFENCE

ernment bodies, businesses and public tance. Support will be available for forces services in a crisis. In that sense, civil stationed on Croatia’s territory or in defence is responsible for the protection transit to a crisis, and will be based on of the population and assuring access to planned CAF capabilities and civil capaci- vital supplies, and for supporting military ties and assets. Croatia is committed to defence efforts. contribute to international peace-support The changes to Croatia’s overall operations abroad, especially in the defence system, based on the new strate- reconstruction of crisis-afflicted areas. In gic realities and evolving security cir- order to develop the necessary capabili- cumstances, will be reflected in its civil ties to undertake these highly complex defence component. Civil defence must tasks, a systematic approach and close adapt to the changing circumstances and civil-military co-operation will be be able to effectively respond to the new required. threats and risks, but it must also evolve Croatia’s civil defence system must into a modern system supporting be able to effectively respond to the new Croatia’s NATO and EU integration, threats and risks and adapt to the where challenges are dealt with in com- requirements of collective defence. In mon and collective efforts. The strong order to do that, the following needs to national dimension of civil defence be accomplished. requires that reforms in this area call for Civil defence will be reassessed and close co-operation among government redefined based on new national security ministries and agencies. and defence requirements; existing civil Civil defence reforms have already defence legislation will be amended been initiated. A special inter-govern- (expanded to encompass emergency and mental group has been established and is crisis situations); the civil defence system assessing the present role of civil defence, will be reorganised at the national level; with the intent to examine its potential civil defence capabilities designed to sup- future development. Given the complex port Croatia’s international obligations nature of civil defence, any significant should be strengthened, reforms will surely require strategic con- Organisational adjustments need to siderations and will affect existing legal reflect any conceptual changes. norms. The role and key functions of An appropriate information system civil defence will be subject to review, that facilitates comprehensive logistics which could impact on day-to-day activi- support will be developed. This should ties, planning and organisational struc- help Croatia to consolidate its overall tures. In any event, the future of civil capacity to deal with national emergen- defence needs to be in conformity with cies and to effectively manage crisis. The such efforts in NATO and EU countries. intention is also to strengthen Croatia’s Considering the nature of modern collective defence potential, crisis risks and threats, crisis management war- response efforts and other international rants special attention. Croatia must have activities. the capacity and be fully able to deal Croatia plans to establish a fully- with a crisis situation and it must effec- integrated, national system of civil and tively respond, both at the national and civil-military crisis management by the international level. Croatia will develop a end of 2009. host nation support capability to deal Once the new conceptual framework with national, neighbouring or regional of civil defence has been adopted, the crisis which call for international assis- corresponding human, financial and

30 Defence System Adjustments THE KEY ENABLERS OF DEFENCE CHANGES

Doctrine other resources will be addressed One of the basic characteristics of a through separately adopted plans. good organisation is the establishment of rules and principles governing behaviour. THE KEY ENABLERS OF DEFENCE In a military organisation, the adopted of CHANGES a doctrine which enables the co-ordinated Professionalization use of its capabilities in executing its missions and tasks is of key importance. The growing trend of potential conscripts Key doctrine documents are expected to that are increasingly opting to exercise be developed and adopted by the end of their national defence obligation through 2007. Future CAF doctrines will be in civil rather than military service is a new accordance with NATO doctrines and will source of concern. Furthermore, the incorporate the experiences and valuable length of military service for conscripts lessons from the recent Homeland War. is not long enough to meet the necessary Future doctrines will enable full CAF training requirements to handle a grow- interoperability with forces of NATO ingly complex array of military technical member countries in terms of tactics, equipment. Future CAF missions and technical equipment and standard proce- tasks will be increasingly more demand- dures. Regarding independent CAF ing and modernisation efforts will call efforts, the adopted doctrines will enable for more technically capable personnel. for service capability integration and These and other reasons point to new joint action. organisational requirements, namely, fill- The types of doctrines include joint ing the CAF ranks with volunteers. doctrine, service and specialization doc- Considering these requirements and trine, and functional area doctrines. taking into account the findings of a Doctrine will also direct education and national study to professionalize the training efforts towards creating plans armed forces, the Strategic Defence and programs that will be focused on the Review proposes a gradual transition to a CAF missions and tasks. fully professional CAF and the introduc- Along with a full series of doctrinal tion of a reserve component based on a documents, this effort will lead to ‘contract’ (paid) reserve. encompassing a singular list of all activi- A decision to suspend obligatory mil- ties derived from the basic missions and itary conscription has strong political, tasks, as well as a singular glossary of social and economic implications. military terms. In this manner, key Important issues of military organisation defence terminology will be uniquely and other aspects of the defence system defined and will thus provide the basis will have to be addressed, as well as the for clearer national and international various social concerns that may emerge. communication. A gradual move towards professional armed forces will be realized through Interoperability And Standards carefully prepared and thoughtful The ability to work effectively with defence development plans. In accordance its allies is one of the key preconditions with a decision to professionalize its for the CAF to be able to take part in a forces, Croatia’s legal provisions dealing collective defence system. Various with military obligation will be corre- elements of Croatia’s defence system, spondingly adjusted. The recruitment of including structures, procedures and new personnel and reserve readiness will technical means, need to be interoperable also be defined. with those of NATO and the EU.

31 Defence System Adjustments THE KEY ENABLERS OF DEFENCE CHANGES

Interoperability requires adopting and based upon. applying standards compatible with those Budget constraints and a time factor of NATO and the EU. that limits the adoption and implementa- The current level of CAF interoper- tion of key NATO norms directly affect ability with its partners and future allies the progress of Croatia’s overall interop- needs to be improved. In that sense, erability. Due to budget constraints, col- challenges include outdated weapons lective defence interoperability require- and military equipment, doctrinal short- ments will be prioritized and realized in falls and lack of proper standards that the shortest possible time. are in accordance with NATO The interoperability of defence ele- STANAGs. In order to increase its inter- ments that plan to be engaged in interna- operability level, Croatia is committed tional operations in the near future is a to intensify the planned realization of key priority. After that, the interoperabil- its Partnership Goals, as outlined in the ity of ready forces is the next priority PARP and MAP process. Fulfilling the issue, as well as the eventual interoper- Partnership Goals requires the adoption ability of the entire defence system. In and implementation of extensive NATO this context, operational norms that norms by the Ministry of Defence and define tactics, techniques and procedures the CAF, as well as by various other have the highest priority, while material bodies at the national level. A systematic and administrative norms have a lower process of standardization in the min- degree of priority at this time. The istry and armed forces was defined and implementation of all norms called for in organised in 2003, and is fully focused the Partnership Goals is based on a care- on NATO norms. This created the nec- fully planned approach. The required essary framework for the systematic level of force interoperability within the adoption and implementation of norms framework of the first priority will be that Croatia’s defence system will be achieved by the end of 2009.

32 HUMAN RESOURCES Defence Resources

The current personnel structure pri- with professional development standards; marily resulted from the establishment an effective personnel structure cor- of the CAF during a wartime situation responding to the demands of CAF mis- and the lack of a systematic approach to sions and tasks, as well as budget con- personnel management. Today, the per- straints; Tsonnel structure is characterized by a a degree of flexibility based on serv- series of shortfalls that bring into ques- ice requirements; tion the effectiveness of the entire effective preparation of personnel for defence system. These include an “aging separation. force”, where the average age of person- The efforts that stem from the HRM nel is inadequate, a relatively excess policy will be carefully planned and will number of management personnel, lack address four main HRM functions: of qualified personnel and inadequate recruitment and selection, professional personnel placement. The lack of a con- development, personnel support and a sistent human resource management separation process. (HRM) policy is one of the main reasons The recruitment of individuals from for not fully exploiting the human the job market will focus on obtaining resource potential and for experiencing quality personnel that will be able to difficulties in meeting the demands of meet the selective qualifications and defence tasks. demanding requirements of a career in A more favourable personnel struc- the defence establishment. ture will be achieved through planned A professional development process recruiting and separation of personnel, based on prudent management and within a consistent career management career development will ensure that per- framework. Effective personnel man- sonnel with the proper experience, agement implies that functions are knowledge and skills are retained. performed by the correspondingly Promotions will be based on principles of most competent individuals. In order to equal opportunity and open competition. achieve this, a clear and fully defined Career development will be planned in HRM policy will provide the proper accordance with organisational require- guidance for all personnel related ments and budget constraints. The career issues in an effective and economic management approach will also include manner. civilian personnel. The proper implementation of an The personnel evaluation procedure HRM policy will ensure the following: will be further developed based on effective recruiting and selection of national experiences and the standards of personnel; NATO member countries. It will repre- effective personnel turnover through sent an official basis for indicating indi- planned hiring and separation; vidual progress in their professional transparency and equal opportunity development. The necessary changes in in professional development; the evaluation process of civilians will objective evaluations and rewards result in adopting new regulations at the that are also a motivating factor, as well national level. as the stimulation of ‘on the job’ success; The use of Croatia’s existing civilian rotations and career advancement; educational institutions will enable for an a proper quality of life and family integrated civil-military education and care; allow CAF members to gain formal a personnel age structure consistent degrees, certificates and licenses.

33 Defence ResourcesMATERIAL RESOURCES

Qualifications gained through a pro- Human resource management will be gram of military education, at home or an integrated function. Organisational abroad within the framework of interna- roles and responsibilities on individual tional military co-operation, will be duly aspects of military and civilian personnel recognized. Given the growing require- management will be clearly defined. It ments for participation in multinational will also include a unique information staffs and other international settings, support capacity and a system of report- special attention will be paid to evaluat- ing on personnel readiness, consistent ing foreign language capabilities. with NATO standards. The education of civilian personnel The classification of military speciali- will be based on guidance outlined in a ties will be consistent with NATO stan- national strategy for the professional dards, while at the same time striving to development of civil servants. In addi- maintain compatibility with national tion, Croatia’s international defence part- trade and vocation classifications. ners provide various education opportu- Annual recruiting, professional devel- nities to civilian as well as military per- opment, posting and separation plans will sonnel, which will be used to the greatest be adopted on the basis of a Long-Range extent possible. Human Resource Management Plan. The personnel support program is This plan will provide the key numerical primarily focused on the needs of indi- indicators necessary to define the target viduals. Personnel support foremost personnel structure, which needs to be includes health care and the quality of achieved and sustained through the end life. However, it also represents the of the planning period. recognition that individual efforts even- tually contribute to the success of an MATERIAL RESOURCES organisation. Addressing quality of life Weapons and Military Equipment issues also includes family support pro- grams and housing. Specific and trans- Developing the necessary military parent plans designed to deal with hous- capabilities outlined in the defence review ing issues, a central feature of personnel will greatly depend on Croatia’s capacity support, will represent a key factor for to supply its forces with the proper tech- motivating defence personnel. nical means, especially with modern The planned separation of personnel weapon systems and military equipment. is an important prerequisite and turnover The effort to procure and maintain these factor for getting the right personnel technical means will be a most challeng- structure and enabling for the normal ing task for the material resources man- professional development of younger agement system, which will be based on personnel. A well co-ordinated recruiting principles of efficiency and affordability. and separation process will ensure that CAF weapons and military equipment the defence system is consistently reju- consists of an assortment of combat sys- venated with new personnel and will be tems, mainly from Eastern Europe, the in a position to continually raise the former Yugoslavia and some Western quality of its human resources. The prop- countries. A small, limited amount has er separation of personnel will directly been produced in Croatia. The variety of affect the success of the recruitment different types and models of a particular process, creating a recognizable image of class of weapon is a characteristic of much the military as a good employer and one of the current weapons and equipment. that cares for its people. A significant portion of the

34 MATERIAL RESOURCES Defence Resources

equipment has become technologically tems with modern ones based on the pri- outdated and is at the end of its life cycle. orities of the development of future CAF As a result, the use and maintenance of capabilities. such weapons and equipment is very While programs to equip and mod- demanding, and further complicates ernize the CAF need to meet stringent efforts to achieve interoperability and quality criteria, an effort will be made to compatibility with NATO. use domestic development and produc- The process of discarding obsolete tion potentials whenever possible and weapons and military equipment has economically feasible. When weapons been going on for several years and has and equipment requirements call for significantly eased the burden of the international acquisitions, priority will be CAF logistics system, particularly in given to those foreign contractors that terms of operational costs. With the provide joint venture opportunities and adoption of the future force structure, offset programs. Effectiveness and this process will enter its final phase, and affordability represent the principle cri- will result in freeing valuable financial teria guiding acquisition and modernisa- resources which can be used to enhance tion decisions. The process of an acquisi- CAF material maintenance to higher lev- tion will be fully evaluated along with its els, in accordance with the minimal stan- accompanying elements and during its dards for maintenance. The associated entire life span. Where appropriate and removal and disposal costs will be taken in an attempt to rationalize expenditures, into account. The removal and disposal of readily available commercial options will ammunition poses particular difficulties be used. and requires a systematic, planned Developing interoperable forces is a approach. An acceptable, effective and particularly demanding process. It affordable solution could be the estab- requires the CAF to adopt and put into lishment of an ammunition disposal site practice a series of NATO standards in Croatia, which would be economically (STANAGs). For this purpose, an all- justified and represent a quick, logical encompassing, comprehensive system for long-term solution to this problem. developing and adopting these standards In order to achieve the previously has been established, consistent with outlined capabilities, significant resources NATO standardization principles. will be allocated to the acquisition of new Croatia has begun to establish the weapons systems and military equip- NATO codification system, aiming to ment, as well as to the modernisation of ensure a logistics interoperability with existing ones. The following priorities NATO forces. Given the extent and com- will guide these efforts: plexity of this challenge, and based on meeting the interoperability require- the experiences of the new NATO mem- ments of those units that are engaged or bers, Croatia expects to complete the cod- plan to be engaged in international oper- ification process in the next seven to ten ations, primarily communications equip- years. ment and mobile communication sys- The material resource management tems, as well as the means to protect the system will consist of three main organi- force; sational structures: command, control and communica- an organisation responsible for estab- tions systems at all levels, as well as sim- lishing the business policy, defining the ulation training and education systems; procedural and organisational frame- replacement of obsolete combat sys- works in the material resource

35 Defence ResourcesMATERIAL RESOURCES

management system, developing plans The release of military installations and exercising oversight; will free critical human and financial an organisation responsible for the resources. In turn, these resources will, operational tasks in equipping, acquisi- wherever possible, be used to modernize tion, construction and high level mainte- retained installations and support per- nance; sonnel discharge programs. This has a CAF logistics system responsible already been foreseen in a program of for the operational support tasks aimed base conversions and adaptations of non- at maintaining existing armed forces prospective military installations, which, capabilities. after government approval, is expected to During work on the CAF Long Term result in the possible sale, leasing or Development Plan, an Equipping and renting of certain military installations. Modernisation Plan will be developed. Its The CAF Long Term Development aim will be to outline the major equip- Plan will define the objectives and ping and modernisation projects neces- dynamics of the future development of sary to achieve the CAF capability military installations and infrastructure, requirements by the year 2015. This where the following key criteria will be includes the possibility of redefining cer- respected. tain capability objectives in accordance Prospective principle - the identifica- with budgetary constraints and the real- tion of bases deemed prospective, in istic priorities of the entire defence sys- which buildings and infrastructure will tem. be further developed to satisfy highly-set living and working standards of military Facilities and Infrastructure personnel and units, and the abandon- The CAF make use of and maintain a ment of military sites that are in an large number of military buildings, bases, unsatisfactory condition and deemed old infrastructure and other installations. and obsolete regardless of the type of The maintenance costs of these sites installation. alone represent a significant burden on A planned approach - the develop- the available military resources. Whether ment of existing buildings and infra- in use or not, military installations usu- structure in accordance with the opera- ally need to be guarded and the utilities tional requirements of CAF relocation and other maintenance bills have to be efforts. paid. Consolidation - the grouping of stor- Defence reforms are also directed at age facilities by augmenting existing this complex of military infrastructure. capacities at retained locations (strategic The intent is to reduce the number of reserves at a several locations, opera- sites, rationalize their use, and integrate tional and tactical reserves in accordance and modernize the remaining elements. with the future operative placement of A distinction will be made between mili- ready forces), consolidation of military tary sites that are considered prospective sites of all types and for all purposes. pieces of CAF real estate in the long- Rationalization - standardization and term and those sites that the CAF plans classification of all military sites, the con- to abandon during the relocation of its struction and maintenance of military units. Those military sites to be retained installations in a simple and affordable will also be modernised in an attempt to manner, the rationalization of energy improve the quality of life and working consumption. conditions of CAF units. Mobility - the ability to move

36 FINANCING Defence Resources

buildings and other portable military the proposed reform efforts are expected installations. to take place. Such calculations result Flexibility - the ability to make adap- from the need to achieve an acceptable tations to buildings and installations, the level of interoperability and to replace capacity to possibly expand and modern- obsolete, outdated combat systems and ize sites in accordance with future other equipment necessary for develop- requirements and NATO standards (host ing the required capabilities, based on the nation support, training camps), threat and risk assessment, as well as on Economic, demographic and ecologi- Croatia’s future obligations as a member cal factors and the interests of society as of NATO. a whole. Given Croatia’s economic and politi- cal circumstances, it is difficult and per- FINANCING haps unrealistic to suggest that defence One of the starting points of this budget allocations would exceed 2% of strategic review was to create a force the GDP. In fact, the necessary equipping structure that will not only meet the and modernisation target period of the capability requirements, but would also CAF can be extended beyond 2015. result in a well-balanced budget struc- Furthermore, significant resources for ture. The intent was to allocate 50% of modernisation can come from the sale of the budget for personnel expenses, 30% military real estate and from other agen- for operational costs, and 20% for cies that may have a special interest in equipping, modernisation and other the development of CAF capabilities expenses. (such as users of radar surveillance data Calculations based on reasonable pro- over Croatia). jections of future defence expenditures There are many fiscal options avail- indicate that the proposed force structure able to support effective defence reforms will be able to maintain the necessary and the Croatian Government is not lim- capabilities within the relative bounds of ited to simply increasing defence budget this preferred budget structure. expenditures. A decision to undertake However, the dynamics of achieving defence reforms implies commitments of the required capabilities will depend on support from other national institutions Croatia’s ability to fund its defence and agencies. The success of Croatia’s reforms in a manner which exceeds the defence reform efforts directly depends on projected 1.84% to 1.87% of the GDP. strong political support from the national This is particularly important in the leadership and its corresponding commit- coming mid-term period, when most of ment to provide adequate resources.

37 Defence ManagementMINISTRY OF DEFENCE

Management is an organisational interagency co-operation and civil- function encompassing planning, organ- military crisis planning, ising, directing and control of the defence human resource management, system. At the highest level of manage- material resource management (equip- ment, the Croatian Constitution and the ping, modernisation and acquisition), MDefence Law provide the legal frame- financial resource management (cen- work of responsibilities and relationships tral financing), of executive and legislative authorities intelligence-security activities. with regard to defence matters. This In addition, the Ministry of Defence framework also provides the basic mech- also consists of an administrative capaci- anisms for assuring democratic control ty and carries out protocol and public over the armed forces. The parliamentary relations activities. Committee on Domestic Policy and The Defence Ministry will focus National Security is a good example. The much of its future reform efforts on Ministry of Defence, which also includes downsizing the CAF and increasing its the CAF General Staff, is the key execu- organisation effectiveness. Modern man- tive body which integrates and manages agement methods and high standards Croatia’s national defence efforts. will be adopted and should characterize future processes in the key functional MINISTRY OF DEFENCE areas. The role of the Ministry of Defence With an aim to achieve effectiveness is to ensure a co-ordinated development in management, components of the man- of the defence system and use of defence agement function will have an organisa- resources, as well as the realization of tional body responsible for its co-ordi- defence objectives. In addition, the estab- nated functioning through all functional lishment and strengthening of a positive areas of the Ministry of Defence and the esprit de corps is of utmost importance, CAF (planning, organising and control). as is the development of an organisation- Defence Policy will be formulated on al culture based on a built-set of values the basis of Croatia’s foreign and securi- with the following main characteristics: ty policy, and will lead result in explicit professionalism, responsibility, accounta- guidance for the defence planning bility, loyalty, ownership, initiative, process. The Defence Policy and Planning expertise and contribution. The Ministry Department will be responsible for this of Defence consists of an oversized process and will ensure an integrated administration where the responsibilities approach that includes the participation are often divided and not clearly visible. of all the relevant organisational bodies This has a negative impact on the effec- tasked with executing policies and for- tiveness of the entire organisation and mally adopted defence plans. The defence poses serious challenges for the efficient planning process needs to be more sim- use of human and other available plified and centralized, yet compatible resources. with NATO planning procedures. The Ministry of Defence needs to be Defence planning will be re-evaluated by reorganised. Reform efforts should look the middle of 2006. to facilitate more effective defence man- Organising involves the normative agement (planning, organising, directing set up of an institution, designing its and control) in the following core func- structure, improving its processes and co- tional areas: ordinating its activities. The Ministry of international defence co-operation, Defence Secretariat is responsible for this

38 MINISTRY OF DEFENCEDefence Management

function. When considering new struc- tionships need to be clear among the tures and processes, modern management many organisational elements in the methods and techniques that look to Ministry of Defence and the CAF. Any improve organisational effectiveness will organisational changes will need to focus be taken into account. Along with the on the following international efforts: above mentioned tasks, the Secretariat co-operation with NATO and its will also be responsible for interdepart- member countries, mental processes, particularly integrative Croatia’s participation in the tasks, and administrative activities. European Security and Defence Policy, Directing encompasses organisational defence and security co-operation guidance and decision making, being natu- within the United Nations framework, rally the respective responsibility of organ- regional defence co-operation and isational authorities at all levels. Making participation regional security initiatives, decisions on key defence issues will be security co-operation within the based on a precise set of procedures, in OSCE framework, order to ensure the prudent use of defence and security co-operation resources, transparency and clear responsi- with other countries. bilities in the various functional areas. Modern security challenges require Control must ensure for the over- an effects-based approach, implying an sight and evaluation of the implementa- all-inclusive, integrated effort to utilize tion of adopted policies and plans, as well all the available national means and as the legality, effectiveness and rational- instruments to achieve a desired end- ization of Ministry of Defence and CAF state. In any given operation, it implies activities. The Ministry of Defence will the proper definition of concrete objec- provide for organisational oversight and tives and unequivocally calls for stronger an inspectorate function. Organisational inter-agency co-operation. The Ministry control is the responsibility of authorized of Defence takes part in numerous inter- leaders at all levels. Inspections are the governmental efforts, working closely responsibility of the Defence with other agencies and ministries direct- Inspectorate, which will assure for the ly and within the framework of formal comprehensive control of the defence and ad hoc inter-agency working groups. system. The Ministry of Defence also Current inter-agency co-operation needs plans to establish an internal auditor. to be raised to a higher level, which International defence co-operation is should assure that all efforts and a growingly important factor in promot- resource allocations are streamlined to ing defence objectives and Croatia’s for- meet a commonly desired outcome. Such eign and security policy. International efforts are absolutely crucial in dealing activities have significantly intensified with complex security issues such as and gradually increased in magnitude, international terrorism. The Ministry of resulting in the need to correspondingly Defence will particularly support such allocate adequate resources. In order to inter-agency initiatives in meeting use these resources efficiently, interna- Croatia’s Partnership Goals (outlined in tional efforts need to be clearly linked to the PARP and MAP), matters dealing particular objectives and priorities. Thus, with the coast guard and the establish- international defence co-operation must ment of an emergency and crisis man- be and an integral part of the defence agement system. policy and planning process. The Ministry of Defence intelligence Management responsibilities and rela- and security efforts, an integral part of

39 Defence ManagementLEGAL FRAMEWORK

the national security and intelligence reform success. system, will continue to support The Ministry of Defence organisation- Croatia’s national and international al structure is expected to change in 2006. needs and be further developed in har- The organisational structure will reflect mony to meet NATO requirements. downsizing and other changes in the An effective intelligence process will armed forces, as a relatively smaller, more enable for the proper distribution of modestly sized mix of civil servants and intelligence products to key decision military personnel will manage Croatia’s making authorities, which should facili- defence system in a cost-effective manner. tate timely policy formulation and a sub- The future structure should be more sim- sequent response to dynamic changes in plified, differentiate between policy for- Croatia’s security environment and mulation and execution, avoid redundancy developing threats. and duplication of efforts, and decrease the Croatia’s relationship with NATO number of organisational linkages within (and the EU) will be enhanced by rein- the Ministry and on an inter-agency basis. forcing its intelligence and security dimension. This will result in strength- LEGAL FRAMEWORK ening Croatia’s capacity to provide Allied Defence is based on a national frame- force protection and intelligence support, work of jurisprudence and is consistent as well as to CAF elements taking part in with Croatia’s obligations under interna- international operations. tional law. The Croatian Constitution and The Ministry of Defence information a set of defence laws provide a functional system will ensure a proper and secure basis for the defence system, including environment for normal communica- the Defence Law, the Law on Service in tions, transactions and information the CAF, the Law on Participation in exchange. It should also provide for inte- International Peace-Support Operations grated interactions with strong organisa- and several other legal acts that deal with tional and administrative support. Once a various defence issues. new system has been adopted it will As Croatia looks to transition from a require some adjustments to existing purely territorial, individually-based self- regulations and perhaps even the adop- defence concept and move towards a col- tion of new procedures. lective defence effort, certain national A more proactive approach to public legal constraints may need to be amend- relations on defence matters is an impor- ed. This includes legal provisions that tant factor in gaining support for reform refer to: efforts and improving the image of the legal authority in the defence system, CAF. Elected officials, government execu- the national military obligation, tives, and the general population, as well personnel management, as Croatia’s international partners, need to the role of Croatia’s armed forces be well informed on defence efforts and abroad, key military issues. In that sense, the allied forces deployed on or transiting media plays a particularly important role, Croatia’s territory. as do non-governmental organisations The legal framework of the defence and academic experts. Well informed deci- system will be adjusted to comply with sion makers and defence officials and any future conceptual defence changes, employees at all levels that understand which will continue to respect principles the need to make necessary changes can of transparency and the democratic con- contribute even more to assuring defence trol of the armed forces.

40 Conclusion

Croatia is conducting a strategic nity to contribute any comments and defence review for the first time. The suggestions. An open public debate was SDR represents a fundamental instru- also organised. ment of current defence reform efforts A risk and threat assessment indicat- and mechanism to meet the require- ed that changes be considered in two Cments of NATO membership. It was not areas—armed forces reform and develop- the intention of the SDR to tackle all ment of new capabilities. The unlikeli- defence-related and armed forces reform hood that Croatia will face a convention- issues, but rather to attempt to address al military threat opens the possibility the most crucial questions where some for conducting comprehensive armed answers could be provided. forces reforms. However, chances are that The objective of the SDR was to Croatia will probably face complex, direct reform efforts by focusing on key asymmetric challenges and would thus aspects of the defence system and the need to respond adequately. The co-oper- CAF. Croatia feels that the most effective ative security framework of Euro- way to deal with modern security chal- Atlantic solidarity provides the most lenges is through the collective efforts effective collective capacity to respond and co-operative security framework of properly to these threats. Euro-Atlantic solidarity. The ongoing Croatia’s strategic national objective transformation of NATO and the EU, as is to join NATO and the EU. In well as any potential strategic changes in approaching Euro-Atlantic integrations, the environment, will require Croatia to Croatia has inherited numerous commit- further reassess its reforms and make ments and obligations, which significant- other necessary adjustments in the ly affect the future CAF missions and future. tasks, overall defence concepts, structures The SDR has emphasized the need to and processes, and the resources allocated conceptually adapt to the requirements to defence. At the same time, Croatia has of collective defence, inherent in to balance its economic, social and other Croatia’s bid to join NATO. Guidance national efforts to promote the well- provided in this document will be incor- being of the country and its citizens. porated in Ministry of Defence and CAF Along with the many benefits of development plans and will directly Euro-Atlantic integration, primarily affect key reform decisions that still need NATO’s collective defence capacity, to be made in the future. Croatia must also be ready to accept the Croatia’s SDR is much more than a responsibilities of membership. A balance formal document. It was also a critical will have to be struck where capabilities and necessary process that involved the that satisfy both national defence close co-operation of several key national requirements and alliance commitments institutions, including the President, the will be developed. Prime Minister and the Government, the NATO accession provides an unparal- Ministry of Defence and the armed leled opportunity to deal with Croatia’s forces, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs security vulnerabilities and risks through and the Ministry of Finance. Thus, con- common efforts. The alternative to join- sensus on much needed defence reforms ing NATO would require accepting a was achieved at the highest political greater degree of risk and call for devel- level. Furthermore, the media, academic oping a wider spectrum of capabilities, experts, opposition parties and the gener- implying correspondingly a need to al public were provided with an opportu- increase defence spending in the future.

41 Conclusion

This in turn would cause a serious trines; undertaking a Navy and Air Force burden on the economy and would hin- combat capability study; establishing a der Croatia’s development. proper personnel management system; The objectives for the first mid-term the long term stabilization of the defence period (2005 - 2009) include: the devel- budget; legal adjustments to meet future opment and adoption of a new defence membership requirements in NATO and and military strategy; the organisational the EU; and the establishment of a restructuring of the Ministry of Defence Ministry of Defence information system. and the CAF; the adoption of a new civil The objectives for the second mid- defence concept; the development and term period (2009 - 2015) include: the adoption of defence development plans; full interoperability of ready forces; the the achievement of the targeted Ministry gradual development of all targeted of Defence and CAF overall size; devel- defence capabilities; the targeted person- oping capabilities and interoperability nel structure of the CAF; the consolida- requirements of forces declared for tion of military sites and facilities; and NATO operations; the adoption of doc- the targeted budget structure.

42 PARTNERSHIP GOALS Annexes

7.1. PARTNERSHIP GOALS Number Title Remarks GENERAL G 0028 REVIEW OF FORCE STRUCTURES MAP G 0050 LEGAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR PARTICIPATION IN COLLECTIVE DEFENCE MAP G 0355 LANGUAGE REQUIREMENTS MAP G 0360 NATIONAL PROGRAMME FOR SECURITY COOPERATION WITH NATO MAP G 0431 METEOROLOGICAL AND OCEANOGRAPHIC (METOC) PERSONNEL G 2701 COMMAND AND CONTROL (C2) COMMON HEADQUARTERS (HQ) ORGANISATION MAP G 2702 CJTF HQ AUGMENTATION G 2781 MESSAGE SYSTEMS UPGRADE MAP G 2782 STRATEGIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM MAP G 2786 FREQUENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCIES MAP G 2790 SATCOM-BASED PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS MAP G 2865 HQs AND OPERATION CENTRES INFORMATION SYSTEM (IS) SERVICES MAP G 3783 CIMIC SPECIALIST TEAMS G 4001 LOGISTICS LIAISON PERSONNEL G 4050 ALLIED DEPLOYMENT AND MOVEMENT SYSTEM (ADAMS) G 4051 ADP LINK FOR LOGISTICS REPORTING G 4055 NATO CODIFICATION SYSTEM MAP G 4153 RECEPTION, STAGING, ONWARD MOVEMENT AND INTEGRATION (RSOI) MAP G 4174 STRATEGIC MOVEMENT OF NATIONAL FORCES G 4244 MEDICAL SUPPORT MAP G 4250 SINGLE FUEL CONCEPT G 4251 TACTICAL FUEL HANDLING EQUIPMENT G 4255 HOST NATION SUPPORT (HNS) MAP G 4350 ANTHRAX VACCINE STOCKS G 4351 SMALLPOX VACCINE STOCKS G 4490 NBC PROTECTION MAP LAND L 0001 LAND OPERATIONS AND TRAINING MAP L 0035 COMBAT UNIT CONTRIBUTION L 0047 COMBAT SUPPORT CONTRIBUTION L 0318 FORWARD AIR CONTROLLERS (FAC) MAP L 0827 NIGHT VISION THERMAL IMAGERY DEVICES MAP L 0956 FORWARD OBSERVERS MAP L 1036 MINE DETECTION, MINE CLEARING AND EOD CAPABILITIES L 2801 TACTICAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS L 4211 NATIONAL SUPPORT FOR DEPLOYED FORCES MAP L 4212 COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT CONTRIBUTION MAP L 4252 FUEL HANDLING FOR GROUND VEHICLES MAP MARITIME M 0001 MARITIME OPERATIONS - BASIC TRAINING MAP M 0003 STANDARDS FOR MARITIME FORCES MAP M 2406 NAVAL MINE COUNTERMEASURES (MCM) CAPABILITY FOR PORT CLEARANCE MAP M 3007 NATO/PFP COMMUNICATIONS MAP AIR A 0001 AIR OPERATIONS AND TRAINING MAP A 1100 SUPPORT AIRCRAFT CONTRIBUTION MAP A 1459 AIR NAVIGATION AIDS AND RADIOS MAP A 2900 AIR SURVEILLANCE AND CONNECTIVITY WITH NATINEADS MAP A 3021 NATO COMPATIBLE IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS MAP A 4150 HOST NATION AIRFIELD OPERATIONS AND INFRASTRUCTURE MAP A 4243 AEROMEDICAL EVACUATION (AE) CAPABILITIES

43 Annexes PARTNERSHIP GOALS

UNITS DECLARED FOR PfP ACTIVITIES

- ONE LIGHT INFANTRY COMPANY - ONE SPECIAL FORCES PLATOON - ONE ENGINEER PLATOON (ANTI-MINE ACTIVITY) - ONE ENGINEER PLATOON (HORIZONTAL CONSTRUCTION) - ONE MILITARY POLICE PLATOON (deployed - ISAF) - ONE NBC DEFENCE PLATOON (DECONTAMINATION) - TWO MEDICAL TEAMS

44 CAF MISSIONS AND TASKS Annexes

7.2. CAF MISSIONS AND TASKS 1. PROTECTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA'S SOVERIGNTY AND TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY, DEFENCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA AND THE ALLIES A. Tasks in peace: 1.1. Protection of the independence, territorial integrity and viability of the Republic of Croatia Through constantly ready forces ensure the protection of the independence, territorial integrity and viability of the Republic of Croatia. 1.2. Protection of the Republic of Croatia's air space Through the constant monitoring of air-space detect, intercept and control unidentified aircrafts, as well as aircrafts with unknown intentions. In this manner guarantee the protection of the Republic of Croatia's air-space integrity and contribute to the air-defence of the NATO Alliance. 1.3. Protection of waters under the jurisdiction of the Republic of Croatia With the intention to protect the sovereignty and integrity of the Republic of Croatia's , conduct constant monitoring of the sea and coast. Through a routine presence, confirm the Croatian sovereignty and integrity over territorial waters and the ecological-fishing zone. 1.4. Intelligence activities Through the gathering, processing and analysis of intelligence data and information, support the decision making and planning processes as well as operational leadership and command. 1.5. Protocol tasks Provide resources and personnel for the performance of protocol tasks for national requirements and the security of air transport for high-level officials as well as the Republic of Croatia's protocol needs. 1.6. Host Nation Support tasks for the Allied forces Ensure agreed upon support for Allied forces. 1.7. Search and rescue Develop and maintain search and rescue capabilities for military personnel on land and sea as well as assistance and support to civilian search and rescue services. B. Combat tasks: 1.8. Deter a potential aggressor and defend the Republic of Croatia's territorial integrity, including invoking of Article V. of the North Atlantic Treaty With a quality selection of personnel, a high level of readiness, membership in the NATO Alliance, as well as the entire defence system, create a perception within a potential adversary that achieving political goals against the Republic of Croatia through the use of military force would prove to be too costly. Defend the Republic of Croatia's territory with our own armed forces and with the assistance of the Allies. 1.9. Defend NATO Alliance members (Article 5 of North Atlantic Treaty) The armed forces of the Republic of Croatia will support every member of the NATO Alliance, in accordance with Article V. of the North Atlantic Treaty, and undertake corresponding action, including the use of the armed forces. The Republic of Croatia will equip and train declared forces for this task. 2. PARTICIPATION IN OPERATIONS IN RESPONSE TO A CRISIS ABROAD 2.1. Peace operations The Republic of Croatia, with other countries, in accordance with its interests and capabilities, will contribute to peace operations, acting within the framework of international organisations of which it is a member (UN, OSCE, EU, NATO and others). 2.2. Humanitarian operations The Republic of Croatia, in accordance with its capabilities, will participate in operations regarding search and rescue, assistance during catastrophes, mine clearance, removing the effects of radiological, chemical and biological accidents and medical evacuation and treatment. 3. PARTICIPATION IN CONFIDENCE AND SECURITY BUILDING MEASURES 3.1. Defence diplomacy Build trust and understanding with other countries and organisations through visits and discussions, education, training and joint exercises, joint projects, expert assistance and cooperation as well as other activities. 3.2. Regional initiatives Activities within regional initiatives (CENCOOP, Quadrilateral co-operation/MLF, SEDM), including military exercises, multinational units and others. 3.3. Arms control and CSBMs Participation in arms control and CSBM activities, in accordance with international obligations and agreements the Republic of Croatia has adopted.

45 Annexes CAF MISSIONS AND TASKS

4. ASSISTANCE TO DOMESTIC CIVILIAN INSTITUTIONS 4.1 Assistance to civilian authorities Provide assistance to the civilian authorities in securing infrastructure and other facilities, as well as the protection of state borders on the land, the sea and in the air. 4.2. Assistance to functional services in the protection and rescuing of populace and property Assist civilian institutions and services in the event of a catastrophe, accident or in other situations in which the resources of the civil sector are inadequate, in accordance with the capabilities of the CAF. 4.3. Assistance to civilian institutions in the fight against terrorism, trafficking and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. The CAF will provide the necessary assistance, in accordance with its role, function and available resources, to civilian services that are responsible for preventing terrorist activities, the trafficking of weapons of mass destruction, the trafficking of people, drugs and goods. 4.4. Assistance to civilian institutions in performing non-military tasks Provide personnel, equipment and expert assistance, to other ministries and civilian institutions while performing their tasks (research activities, cartography, hydrological-meteorological activities, protection of cultural monuments and similar activities), in accordance with the role and function of the CAF and available resources.

46 COMBAT FORCE ELEMENTS Annexes efre yCSuiswihaentpeetdi hstable which are presented not this in performed units by CSS Notes: A-active; R-reserve; T-total; CIS-command information systems; NAVAL AIR Body FORCES FORCES LAND FORCES 7.3.COMBAT FORCE ELEMENTS 7.3.COMBAT SPECIAL OPS. COMPANY CIS BATTALION MINE & ANTI-MINE ACTIVITY UNIT COAST GUARD DIVISION SUPPORT DIVISION SURFACE ACTIVITY DIVISION CIS BATTALION SQUADRON FORCE GUARD AIR COAST TRANSPORT HELICOPTER SQUADRON TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT SQUADRON COMBAT AIRCRAFT SQUADRON Other Units Guards Units SIGNALS COMPANY COMPANY RECONNAISANCE COMPANY NBC ENGINEER BATTALION ANTI - AIR BATTALION COMPANY ANTI-ARMOUR BATTALION -ROCKET ARTILLERY MECHANIZED BATTALION TANK BATTALION BATTALION MOTORIZED SIGINT CENTRE MP COMPANY SIGNALS BATTALION COMPANY INTELLIGENCE MILITARY SPECIAL OPS. COMPANY COMPANY NBC ENGINEER BATTALION ANTI – AIR BATTALION COMPANY ANTI-ARMOUR BATTALION ROCKET – ARTILLERY BATTALION TANK BATTALION INFANTRY Element R R R A R A R A A R A R A R R A R R A R A A R A R A A R R A 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 7 3 1 1 1 2 INTEGRITY, DEFENCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA AND CROATIA THE OF REPUBLIC INTEGRITY, OF DEFENCE . 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.1 1. PROTECTION OF SOVERIGNTY AND TERRITORIAL TERRITORIAL AND SOVERIGNTY OF 1. PROTECTION 3 3 1 3 1 3 0.3 3 1 3 1 . 1 0.5 1 0.5 1 . 02 . 2 . 02 . 02 04 04 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 2 0.4 0.2 0.2 01 . 02 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 1 0.1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 03 . 03 . 1 0.3 1 0.3 0.3 0.3 1 0.3 1 2 0.3 1 0.3 1 1 1 1 1 ALLIES . 1 . 05 . 02 0.5 0.25 0.5 0.5 1 0.5 1. 6 bolded numbers . 1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.1 1 1 0.3 0.3 0.3 1 1 0.3 0.3 0.3 1 0.3 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 ...... 434.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 3.3 3.2 3.1 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.8 . 0303 0.3 1 1 1 1 0.3 0.3 2 0.3 0.3 0.3 2 0.3 2 0.3 2 0.3 2 2 0.3 2 1 0.3 4 1 0.3 7 1 0.3 0.3 3 1 1 0.1 2 0.3 0.3 1 03 . 0.3 0.3 0.3 1 3 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 – primary task; PARTICIPATION PARTICIPATION OPERATIONS RESPONSE RESPONSE IN CRISIS 2. italic numbers . . . 1 3 1 3 0.3 0.3 SECURITY BUILDING SECURITY 3.PARTICIPATION IN 3.PARTICIPATION CONFIDENCE AND MEASURES – secondary task (not calculated in sum); Task 1.6. is 2 4. ASSISTANCE TO DOMESTIC TO 4. ASSISTANCE CIVILIAN INSTITUTIONS 1 A R T A R 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 1 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 7 0 3 1 4 2 1 3 4 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 3 1 0 REQUIRED 3 3 1 1 3 3 1 1 3 3 FOR TASK

47 AnnexesACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ADAMS Allied Deployment and Movement System AE Aero-Medical Evacuation ASDE Air Situation Data Exchange CAF Croatian Armed Forces CAF GS Croatian Armed Forces General Staff CAF LTDP Croatian Armed Forces Long Term Development Plan CDM Capability Development Mechanism CENCOOP Central European Nations Co-operation CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policy CIS Communications and Information System COIA Combined Operational Evaluation and Investment Appraisal CSBM Confidence and Security Building Measure CSS Combat Service Support ECAP European Capability Action Plan EDA ESDP European Security and Defence Policy EU European Union FAC Forward Air Controllers HNS Host Nation Support HRM Human Resource Management ISAF International Security Assistance Force MAP Membership Action Plan MCM Mine Countermeasures METOC Meteorological and Oceanographic MLF Multinational Land Force MoD Ministry of Defence MP Military Police NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NCOs Non-commissioned Officers NBC Nuclear Biological Chemical NRF NATO Response Force OSCE Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe PARP Partnership and Review Process PfP Partnership for Peace RSOM Reception, Staging and Onward Movement SEECP South-East European Co-operation Process SEDM Southeast Europe Defence Ministerial SDR Strategic Defence Review STANAG Standardization Agreement UN United Nations UN SHIRBRIG Stand-by Arrangement High Readiness Brigade WMD Weapons of Mass Destruction

48