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Aurora 2005 EDITORIAL Aurora is GIKI's first and only official science magazine. First published by GIKI Science Society in 1999, it has been revived this year, to cater to the growing demand for such a publication. Aurora's basic aim is to provide a platform for GIKI students to voice their theories and research in various scientific fields. Also, Aurora aims to serve as GIKI's voice in the scientific community, giving an insight as to the scientific activity going on inside GIKI. This issue of Aurora includes Technical articles, Interviews, and a fun section, as well as Final Year Project abstracts and Research papers by prominent people of the field, including many of our own faculty members. It is a great opportunity for GIKI students to express their thoughts and ideas, and take their first steps into the world of scientific research and publication. Abdul Wasae Asad Kalimi Murtaza Safri Umair Sadiq Waqar Nayyar Umair Tariq Abdul Basit Aamir Shah Bilal Riaz Omar Rana Abdul Hannan Foaad Ahmed GIKI Science Society Dr. Jameel-un-nabi Dean, Student affairs Giki institute Apart from being a centre of excellence with regard to academic pursuits, GIKI is also known nationwide for its elaborated and impressive extra curricular culture. Science society has always played a very pivotal role to enrich this culture. AROURA is the official scientific magazine published by GIKI Science Society. It was last published in SPRING 1999 by batch 6. I must congratulate Science Society for reviving this tradition with such a great quality. All the articles and papers from the Faculty and Students of GIK Institute describe the newly emerging technologies. The idea of Science Timeline is also excellently implemented. In short, it is a great effort put up by GIKI Science Society and I once again congratulate them for their hectic effort. Dr. Ibrahim qazi Advisor, Giki Science Society Being the Advisor of GIKI Science Society, I will like to take the honor to congratulate GIKI Science Society on Publishing AROURA. Over the years, the Science Society has matured significantly. From humble beginnings, it has grown to become one of the most prestigious societies in GIKI, with an enviable reputation all over the country. AROURA is the official scientific magazine of the Institute. It was last published in SPRING 1999 by batch 6. It is a quality publication and one of major publication of its kind in the country. I once again like to appreciate the efforts of Science Society members and especially the editorial board ofAROURAfor bringing out this magazine. Aurora 2005 Contents Faculty Advisor Dr. Ibrahim Qazi Was Big Bang really the beginning of Time? 1 Deterministic Chaos - There is a method in the madness. 3 A 4 Coordinator R Number Theory T Plasma - The fourth state of matter Asad Kalimi I 6 C Quantum Teleportation 7 L Biological Nanotechnology - Nanomachines E 9 S The journey to human powered flight Editor in Chief 10 Abdul Wasae Bermuda Triangle 11 Polar Aurora 11 Editorial Board I N T Interview with Dr. Abdullah Sadiq - Rector E Billal Riaz R 15 V GIKI I Umair Sadiq E Umair Tariq W Waqar Nay yar Abdul Hannan R EP Foaad Ahmed S Closed form approximation solutions for the EA AP restricted circular three body problem RE CR 17 H Technical Team Murtaza Safri Human Computer Interfacing using A Aamir Shah B Biological signals 21 S F T Omar Saeed Rana Y R P A 21 C Orca T S Neuro-Mod 22 Layout Design Abdul Basit Stars - How they originate and how do they A R change in their life cycle. T I 19 C Cover Design L E S The fundamental forces of the universe Omar Saeed Rana 23 Contact: [email protected] C Crossword 26 B R R A A C Brain Teasers 27 Copyright 2005GIKI SS I K N E R S Enigma 28 1 Aurora 2005 A R Was Big Bang Really the T Beginning of Time? By Waqar Nayyar I Was the big bang really the beginning of time? Or cosmologists to much the same conclusion. The theory did the universe exist before then? Such a question holds that space and time are soft, malleable entities. On seemed almost blasphemous only a decade ago. Most the largest scales, space is naturally dynamic, expanding C cosmologists insisted that it simply made no sense--that or contracting over time, carrying matter like driftwood on to contemplate a time before the big bang was like asking the tide. Astronomers confirmed in the 1920s that our L for directions to a place north of the North Pole. But universe is currently expanding: distant galaxies move developments in theoretical physics, especially the rise of apart from one another. One consequence, as physicists string theory, have changed their perspective. The pre- Stephen Hawking and Roger Penrose proved in the E bang universe has become the latest frontier of 1960s, is that time cannot extend back indefinitely.As you cosmology. play cosmic history backward in time, the galaxies all S come together to a single infinitesimal point, known as a The new willingness to consider what might have singularity--almost as if they were descending into a happened before the bang is the latest swing of an black hole. Each galaxy or its precursor is squeezed intellectual pendulum that has rocked back and forth for down to zero size. Quantities such as density, millennia. In one form or another, the issue of the ultimate temperature and spacetime curvature become infinite. beginning has engaged philosophers and theologians in The singularity is the ultimate cataclysm, beyond which nearly every culture. It is entwined with a grand set of our cosmic ancestry cannot extend. concerns, one famously encapsulated in an 1897 painting by Paul Gauguin: D'ou venons-nous? Que Strange Coincidence: sommes-nous? Ou allons-nous? "Where do we come The unavoidable singularity poses serious from? What are we? Where are we going?" The piece problems for cosmologists. In particular, it sits uneasily depicts the cycle of birth, life and death--origin, identity with the high degree of homogeneity and isotropy that the and destiny for each individual--and these personal universe exhibits on large scales. For the cosmos to look concerns connect directly to cosmic ones. We can trace broadly the same everywhere, some kind of our lineage back through the generations, back through communication had to pass among distant regions of our animal ancestors, to early forms of life and protolife, to space, coordinating their properties. But the idea of such the elements synthesized in the primordial universe, to communication contradicts the old cosmological the amorphous energy deposited in space before that. paradigm. Does our family tree extend forever backward? Or do its roots terminate? Is the cosmos as impermanent as we To be specific, consider what has happened over are? the 13.7 billion years since the release of the cosmic microwave background radiation. The distance between The ancient Greeks debated the origin of time galaxies has grown by a factor of about 1,000 (because of fiercely. Aristotle, taking the no-beginning side, invoked the expansion), while the radius of the observable the principle that out of nothing, nothing comes. If the universe has grown by the much larger factor of about universe could never have gone from nothingness to 100,000 (because light outpaces the expansion). We see somethingness, it must always have existed. For this and parts of the universe today that we could not have seen other reasons, time must stretch eternally into the past 13.7 billion years ago. Indeed, this is the first time in and future. Christian theologians tended to take the cosmic history that light from the most distant galaxies opposite point of view. Augustine contended that God has reached the Milky Way. exists outside of space and time, able to bring these constructs into existence as surely as he could forge Nevertheless, the properties of the Milky Way are other aspects of our world. When asked, "What was God basically the same as those of distant galaxies. It is as doing before he created the world?"Augustine answered, though you showed up at a party only to find you were "Time itself being part of God's creation, there was simply wearing exactly the same clothes as a dozen of your no before!" closest friends. If just two of you were dressed the same, it might be explained away as coincidence, but a dozen Einstein's general theory of relativity led modern suggests that the partygoers had coordinated their attire 500,000 - 400,000 years ago 3500 BC 3000 BC Humans begin to control fire for Sumerians invent the wheel. It Abacus was invented in useful purposes. The use of fire consists of two or three southwest Asia use an early probably develops in four wooden segments held form of the abacus to perform stages: observing natural together by transverse struts calculations. Other early sources, acquiring fire from that rotate on a wooden pole. civilizations also used some natural sources, learning to Evidence indicates that the form of the abacus. make fire, and learning to wheel was invented only once control fire. and then spread to Asia and Europe. GIKI Science Society 2 in advance. In cosmology, the number is not a dozen but To know what really happened, physicists need to tens of thousands--the number of independent yet subsume relativity in a quantum theory of gravity. The statistically identical patches of sky in the microwave task has occupied theorists from Einstein onward, but background. progress was almost zero until the mid-1980s.
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  • International Centre for Theoretical Physics

    International Centre for Theoretical Physics

    IC/80/162 INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR THEORETICAL PHYSICS PERCOLATION AND SPIN GLASS TRANSITION Abdullah Sadiq. Raza A. Tahir-Kheli Michael Wortis and INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY Naseem A. Bhatti AGENCY UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION 19R0 MIRAMARE-TRIESTE IC/80/162 International Atomic Energy Agency and United nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization INTERHATICNAL CENTRE FOR THEORETICAL PHYSICS PERCOLATION AMD SPIN GLASS TRANSITION * Abdullah Sadiq •• International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy, Raza A. Tahir-Kheli Physics Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, Michael Wortis Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA, •and lJa3eem A.. Bhatti Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology PINSTECH, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. MIRAMARE - TRIESTE October I960 * Submitted for publication. ** Permanent address: Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, PINSTECH, P.O. Nilc-re, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Supported by HSF Grant. ••.-i-'-•••?*• .**•.*•• la raoaat y»*ur*, tk* kahavtow of ais«i4arad aacBatla, waars sia flistttsat** kas attract*4 a (raat daal «f attaatloa. Za partiaalar, Ch* qtautloM af aastral latarast ha* •••• ta« *«a«raB«« *f Abstract tte •• «*Uad nmft» glaa*^ jfcisa, «har« «s**l •agswtla loag raaga «r4ar Tha behaviour of clusters of eurvad and normal plmqu«tt« U «BMK« »»t « sin Mttl* aKwiagt Mtwltln t« tto particles In * bond random, ^ J, Ising aodal is studlad la finite •• alb«tt raatfaaOj, ta a«ys«t«4 t* aria* \_1 "\ . square and triangular latticas. Coaputar results for tba concantra- tloa of antifarrooagnetlc bonds when parcolat'ng cluatars first appeara ara found to b« clos* to thoaa raportad for tl« ooenranea and dl6app*arano* of spin glaats phaaas in tha as systsss.