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Myxomycetes in Arid Zones of Peru Part II: the Cactus Belt and Transition Zones

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Myxomycetes in Arid Zones of Peru Part II: the Cactus Belt and Transition Zones Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 76 (2): e083 https://doi.org/10.3989/ajbm.2520 ISSN-L: 0211-1322 Diversity of Myxomycetes in arid zones of Peru part II: the cactus belt and transition zones Carlos LADO 1,*, Diana WRIGLEY DE BASANTA 2, Arturo ESTRADA-TORRES 3, Steven L. STEPHENSON 4 & I. TREVIÑO 5 1,2 Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid CSIC, Plz. de Murillo no. 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain. 3 Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Av. Universidad no. 1, La Loma Xicohténcatl, 90,062 Tlaxcala, Mexico. 4 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States of America. 5 Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Av. Alcides Carrión s.n., Arequipa, Peru. * Corresponding author: [email protected], https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6135-2873 2 [email protected], https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7700-8399 3 [email protected], https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5691-7844 4 [email protected], https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9207-8037 5 [email protected], https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2406-7862 Abstract. The results obtained from a second survey for Myxomycetes Resumen. Se presentan los resultados de un segundo estudio sobre in the arid areas of Peru are reported. A total of 37 localities from the Myxomycetes de zonas áridas de Perú. Un total de 37 localidades del cactus belt (‘cardonal’), between 1500 and 3000 m a.s.l., were sampled cardonal, situadas entre 1500 y 3000 m s.n.m., fueron muestreadas over six years. This survey is based on 601 identifiable collections of durante seis años. Este estudio está fundamentado en 601 recolecciones myxomycetes, developed in the field under natural conditions or those that de mixomicetes, obtenidas en el campo o por cultivo en cámara húmeda. were recovered from moist chamber cultures. In total, 84 taxa representing En total, se han identificado 84 táxones que corresponden a 19 géneros. Se 19 genera were recorded. One new species, Cribraria spinispora Lado & describe una nueva especie, Cribraria spinispora Lado & D.Wrigley sp. D.Wrigley sp. nov., is described, three species new to South America and nov., además se registran por primera vez tres especies para Sudamérica y 22 additional new species for Peru are reported as well. Endemic plants, 22 para Perú. Las plantas endémicas, especialmente los cactus, han tenido expecially cacti, had a particular relevance as myxomycete substrates. una especial importancia como substrato para los mixomicetes. Se reafirma The predominance of the order Physarales T.Macbr. in arid areas is el predominio del orden Physarales T.Macbr. en zonas áridas. Se incluyen reinforced. Comments are included on some collections, as well as SEM comentarios sobre algunas recolecciones, así como micrografías al MEB de micrographs of several species. A statistical evaluation of the diversity of algunas especies. Se realizó una evaluación estadística de la diversidad de myxomycetes in the cardonal area and a comparison of this area with the mixomicetes en el cardonal y una comparación entre esta zona, la costa seca dry coastal desert of Peru and other Neotropical xeric environments are de Perú y otros ambientes neotropicales xéricos. Los resultados muestran also included. Results show that the arid areas are rich in myxomycetes, que las zonas áridas son ricas en mixomicetes y que cada una tiene un and that each area has a unique assemblage. The differences appear to be conjunto exclusivo de especies. Las diferencias parecen estar relacionadas related to the host plants. con las plantas anfitrionas. Keywords. Amoebozoa, cactus belt, distribution, Eumycetozoa, plasmodial Palabras clave. Amoebozoa, cardonal, distribución, Eumycetozoa, hongos slime moulds. mucilaginosos plasmodiales. How to cite this article: Lado C., Wrigley de Basanta D., Estrada-Torres A., Stephenson S.L. & Treviño I. 2019. Diversity of Myxomycetes in arid zones of Peru part II: the cactus belt and transition zones. Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 76 (2): e083. https://doi.org/10.3989/ajbm.2520 Title in Spanish: Diversidad de Myxomycetes en zonas áridas de Perú, parte II: el cardonal y las zonas de transición. Received: 11‒I‒2019; accepted: 30‒IV‒2019; published on-line: 28‒X‒2019; Associate Editor: M. Dueñas. INTRODUCTION environments, as exemplified by the succulenticolus The Myxomycetes G.Winter or plasmodial slime moulds myxomycetes (Lado & al. 1999). A total of 191 different are a group of microorganisms considered as a protozoan species have been reported by our team from arid regions fungal analogue (Kirk & al. 2011). The Myxomycetes have of the Neotropics (Lado & al. 2007a, 2011, 2013, 2016; been found in all terrestrial ecosystems, and more than Estrada-Torres & al. 2009; Wrigley de Basanta & al. 2011, 1,000 species are currently recognized (Lado 2005–2018). 2012). The elevated numbers of myxomycete species is The myxobiota of the arid or semi-arid environments, particularly interesting, since 24 of the species found in despite the lack of water, is surprisingly high, since they these surveys were previously unknown, and have been develop adaptive strategies to survive in these extreme described as new to science (Lado & al. 1999, 2007b, Copyright: © 2019 CSIC. This is an open-access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial Lisence (CC BY 4.0). 2 C. Lado & al. 2009, 2011, 2013, 2014; Estrada-Torres & al. 2001, 2009; MATERIAL AND METHODS Wrigley de Basanta & al. 2008b, 2009, 2010a, 2011, 2012, Sampling was carried out in 37 localities, in six 2015, 2018, 2019). expeditions that took place in September to October 2012, The only data on the myxobiota of arid areas of Peru April 2013, May 2014, April 2016, April 2017 and May was published by Lado & al. (2016), and was from a 2018 (fig. 2). At each locality, the microhabitats in which survey conducted in the coastal desert, below 1500 m myxomycetes are known or suspected to occur were a.s.l. This second contribution complements and extends examined carefully. All localities were geo-referenced with the previously mentioned work, and refers to a survey a portable GPS unit (Garmin eTrex Vista HCX, Datum of locations on the Pacific slope of the Peruvian Andes, WGS84). The samples were collected in the field and at elevations between 1500–3000 m a.s.l., providing the substrate samples were also removed for moist chamber second dataset on the myxomycetes of the drylands of this culture. The methods used for collecting myxomycetes country. in the field and substrates for laboratory culture can be found in Rossman & al. (1998) and Wrigley de Basanta & The ecoregion to be included in the study was the Estrada-Torres (2017). All the fieldwork was carried out by Peruvian ‘cardonal’, an extremely arid area populated by A. Estrada-Torres and C. Lado, with the help of D. Wrigley columnar cacti (Cactaceae Juss.) and associated plants de Basanta, S.L. Stephenson, A. Rollins, G. Rebaza and that lies in a belt between the coastal desert and the I. Treviño in 2012, with D. Wrigley de Basanta, J.M western slopes of the Andes, and covers approximately García-Martín and A. Cano in 2013, with D. Wrigley de the 2% of the entire national territory. This area, receives Basanta, J. Rojas-Fox, J. Molina and S. Castillo in 2014, less than 500 mm of rain annually, is not reached by the with D. Wrigley de Basanta and I. Treviño in 2016, and humidity provided by the ‘garuas’ or coastal fogs, and with I. García-Cunchillos and I. Treviño in 2017 and 2018. is under the rain shadow effect of the Andean mountain Up to four investigators collected at any one time with range. This means that the aridity is extreme and only approximately one hour spent in each collecting locality. cacti and other adapted plants survive. These plants are The moist chamber cultures were prepared in the manner potential substrates for myxomycetes, providing rich described by Wrigley de Basanta & al. (2009). The pH of and varied microhabitats in which these organisms can each culture was determined after 24 h, and the cultures complete their development. were maintained at room temperature (21–25 °C) in diffuse The area covered is a long and narrow strip of Peruvian daylight and examined at regular intervals for a period territory from Ecuador to Chile. The samples were taken of up to three months. As the myxomycete sporophores from different localities of the departments of Piura, were formed, the portion of the substrate upon which they Cajamarca, La Libertad, Ancash, Lima, Huancavelica, occurred was removed from the moist chamber culture, Apurimac, Huanuco, Cusco, Arequipa, Moquegua and allowed to dry slowly in a closed empty Petri dish and then Tacna. The cardonal vegetation is dominated by scattered glued into a small cardboard box. All sporophores of a given cacti of the genera Armatocereus Backeb., Corryocactus species that developed in the same culture were considered Britton & Rose, Browningia Britton & Rose, Echinopsis to represent a single record. All microscope measurements Zucc., Espostoa Britton & Rose, Haageocereus Backeb., and observations were made with material mounted directly Melocactus Link & Otto, Neoraimondia Britton & in Hoyer’s medium or polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Differential Rose, Opuntia Mill. and Weberbauerocereus Backeb. interference contrast (DIC) microscopy was used to obtain (fig. 1). Many of the species are endemic and some of descriptive data. Some specimens were examined, in the them can reach five meters in height, while others are Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid CSIC, with a Hitachi prostrate (Ostolaza 2014). Mixed with the cacti, sparsely S-3000N scanning electron microscope (SEM) at 10–15 kV. distributed bushes and some herbaceous species, that For all SEM-photographs the critical point dried material complete their vegetative cycle during the short period technique was employed. Colour notations in parenthesis of rain, can be found.
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