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KURIAKOSE ELIAS CHAVARA the Wise Liturgical Reformer of Thomas Christians of Malabar

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KURIAKOSE ELIAS CHAVARA the Wise Liturgical Reformer of Thomas Christians of Malabar Theological Studies on Saint Chavara 5 KURIAKOSE ELIAS CHAVARA The Wise Liturgical Reformer of Thomas Christians of Malabar Dharmaram Publications No. 456 Theological Studies on Saint Chavara 5 KURIAKOSE ELIAS CHAVARA The Wise Liturgical Reformer of Thomas Christians of Malabar Francis Kanichikattil CMI 2020 Chavara Central Secretariat Kochi 680 030 Kerala, India & Dharmaram Publications Bangalore 560029 India Kuriakose Elias Chavara: The Wise Liturgical Reformer of Thomas Christians of Malabar Francis Kanichikattil CMI Email: ffkanichikattil @gmail.com © 2020: Saint Chavara’s 150th Death Anniversary Edition Chavara Central Secretariat, Kochi Cover: Thomson P. J. & David, Smriti, Thrissur Image: Dharmaram College Chapel, Bangalore Layout: Chavara Central Secretariat, Kochi Printing: Viani Printers, Kochi ISBN: 978-81-944061-3-6 Price: Rs. 140; US$ 15 Chavara Central Secretariat CMI Prior General’s House Chavara Hills, Kakkanad Post Box 3105, Kochi 682 030 Kerala, India Tel: +91 484 2881802/3 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.chavaralibrary.in/ & Dharmaram Publications Dharmaram College, Bangalore 560029, India Tel: +91-8041116137; 6111 Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Web: www.dharmarampublications.com CONTENTS Theological Studies on Saint Chavara vii Preface ix Introduction 1 PART 1 Chapter 1 23 Liturgical Contributions of Saint Kuriakose Elias Chavara Chapter 2 35 Saint Kuriakose Elias Chavara: A Wise Liturgical Reformer of the Thomas Christians of Malabar PART 2 A. Thukasa: ‘Order’ of Eucharistic Liturgy Chapter 3 53 Priest’s Preparation before Celebrating the Holy Kurbana Chapter 4 65 Ceremonies of the Holy Kurbana from the Beginning till the End of Gospel Reading Chapter 5 75 Ceremonies of the Holy Kurbana from Preparation of the Offertory till the Anaphora Prayer Chapter 6 85 Ceremonies of the Holy Kurbana: The Anaphora of Mar Addai and Mari v vi Chavara: The Wise Liturgical Reformer Chapter 7 105 The Consecration of Bread and Wine: Fraction, Consignation, Holy Communion, and Concluding Prayers B. The Divine Office Chapter 8 121 The Divine Office of Saint Kuriakose Elias Chavara Conclusion 143 Bibliography 147 THEOLOGICAL STUDIES ON SAINT CHAVARA Saint Kuriakose Elias Chavara (1805-1871) – a Carmelite religious priest and a professor of theology (Malpan) in the Syro-Malabar Church, who pioneered consecrated life in the Indian Church by founding the Carmelites of Mary Immaculate (CMI; in collaboration with Thomas Palackal and Thomas Porukara, in 1831), the first indigenous religious congregation for men and the Congregation of the Mother of Carmel (CMC; in collaboration with Leopold Beccaro OCD, in 1866) – is widely recognized for his pioneering efforts to reform the Church in Kerala and the society of the nineteenth century. His credible Christian witness along with the leadership he offered to the Church of Saint Thomas Christians, at a time when it was passing through multiple jurisdictional crises, scripted a spiritual and disciplined growth in the Kerala Church. Canonized on 23 November 2014, Saint Chavara’s personal sanctity and Christian wisdom are identified to be unique. While the secular society admires his contributions in pioneering a set of revolutionary changes in uplifting people on the margins and those who were socially ostracised through educational and social initiatives, the fundamental core of all his achievements is solidly established in his filial discipleship of Jesus Christ, whom he addressed ‘ente nalla appa’ (my beloved father). Saint Chavara had a firm foundation in Christian faith, which is clearly visible throughout his life and it is testified by those who knew him. He articulated his views and perspectives primarily based on his personal encounter with Jesus and also based on is readings and theological reflections. They are available to us through his extant writings, which are published in four volumes in the Complete Works of Kuriakose Elias Chavara. Some of these works, recognized as pioneering vii viii Chavara: The Wise Liturgical Reformer efforts in Indian literary genre, offer us a mine of rich and sound theological insights. Although his access to scientific Christian literature was minimal (if not completely absent), his writings draw from the biblical as well as other Christian traditions, which he had faithfully and creatively interpreted for the enhancement of the faith life of the Christian community that he had catered to throughout his life. Theological Studies on Saint Chavara – a joint effort of the Carmelites of Mary Immaculate (CMI) and Congregation of the Mother of Carmel (CMC) – attempts to promote and publish fruits of scientific investigation into the unique and varied theological insights of Saint Chavara in the form of monographs. These theological investigations will be instru- mental in appreciating and popularising the sound and solid theological contributions he made to enhance Catholic faith in the nineteenth century, which, in turn, indicate that he deserves titles like ‘Father of the Syro-Malabar Church’ and ‘Doctor of the Church’. As the publication of this series is undertaken with the blessings of the Synod of the Syro- Malabar Archiepiscopal Church, which also had benefitted from the eminent theological acumen, pastoral insights, and ecclesiastical leadership of Saint Chavara, these studies would bring to light the multifarious theological heritage that he had bequeathed to the Church and the subsequent generations of faithful in India. General Editor Saju Chackalackal CMI ([email protected]) Publishers Chavara Central Secretariat (Kochi) (A Joint Effort of CMI and CMC Congregations) Dharmaram Publications (Bangalore) PREFACE The definition of liturgy is glorification of God and the sanctification of human beings. In the liturgy, God is praised and glorified by signs perceptible to the senses. Perceptible means that whatever signs and symbols used in the liturgy must be intelligible to people. People must understand it and, with its help, they must participate in the liturgy wholeheartedly. At the same time, the liturgy guarantees the sanctification of the humans, because, in every liturgy, the mystery of Christ is established in the present circumstances. Saint Kuriakose Elias Chavara Chavara (1805-1871) was an ecclesiastical luminary in the horizon of the Malabar Church of Thomas Christians in the nineteenth century. When he was the Vicar General, he steadily revised the liturgy in view of awakening the sacramental life of the clergy and the people, and thereby ensuring a spiritual renewal within the Church. He wrote Thukasa to keep an order in the celebration of the Eucharistic Liturgy; in addition, he compiled the Divine Office for the clergy and religious, formed a new liturgical calendar for the use of Thomas Christians and so on. Thus, with the help of confreres of his own Congregation, he made a renewal in the liturgical life of his Church. Regarding the revision of the liturgical texts he left no stones unturned, he passed through all the liturgical books of the Malabar Christians of the nineteenth century. Nobody has made any attempt to study the liturgical contributions of Saint Chavara to the Malabar Church; hence, the relevance of this work in which an attempt is made in the area. The present volume has two parts: the first part gives a glimpse of the liturgical contributions of Saint Chavara. He ix x Chavara: The Wise Liturgical Reformer was a wise reformer in the sense that the Saint deeply understood that liturgy is the “the celebration of the Mystery of Christ” by which the salvation of the world is established in the present context. Chavara was not at all a professional theologian in the liturgical field. The second part includes the study of Thukasa in detail, focusing on the celebration of the Divine Liturgy. The Saint concentrated on the way of celebration of the Christ Mystery rather than the theology of the liturgy. Secondly, the Saint compiled the Divine Office of the Thomas Christians from the available sources in Malabar. That was a major contribution of the Saint to Thomas Christians. But his efforts were only partly successful because only a portion of his work came to light. By the reform of the liturgy, the Saint gave a thrust to the clergy and the people to invigorate their sacramental life. I would like to express my sentiments of gratitude to Father Saju Chackalackal CMI, the General Councilor for Evangelization and Pastoral Ministry, for including this work for publication under the series “Theological Studies on Saint Chavara.” Thanks are due to Father Babu Paul Kalathuparambil CMI, who went through certain parts of this work and helped me to improve the language and style, and Father Sunil Kizhakkayil CMI, who prepared the illustrations. I owe my thanks also to Thomson P. J. and David (Smriti), who designed the cover page. Father Jose Payyappilly CMI, Prior, and the CMI community at Elthuruth always encouraged me to bring this work to light; Lince Meleppuram CMI made language corrections for a few chapters: my profound gratitude is due to all of them. Feast of Saint Chavara Francis Kanichikattil CMI 3 January 2020 Thrissur INTRODUCTION Christian faith was brought to India at a very early period. The firm tradition of the Church is that Apostle Thomas preached the Good News to the people of India, especially in the South-West coast (Kerala) in the first century. Although difficulty still exists regarding the documentary evidence of the apostolate of Saint Thomas in India, there is a solid body of scholarly opinion that the foundation of Christianity in India was laid by Apostle Thomas. A good number of studies, both by Indian and foreign scholars, give us a comprehensive picture of the issue. The early Christians who received the faith from Saint Thomas were called ‘Thomas Christians’ and the religion they practised came to be known as the ‘Way of Thomas’, Thoma Margam by others. Saint Thomas founded seven communities (churches) at different parts of Kerala, and today these churches are well known pilgrim centres, and the tomb of Saint Thomas is situated at Mylapore Cathedral.
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