KNOWLEDGE, PERCEPTION, and USE of the KETOGENIC DIET in COLLEGE STUDENTS at a MIDWESTERN UNIVERSITY a Thesis Submitted to the Co

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

KNOWLEDGE, PERCEPTION, and USE of the KETOGENIC DIET in COLLEGE STUDENTS at a MIDWESTERN UNIVERSITY a Thesis Submitted to the Co KNOWLEDGE, PERCEPTION, AND USE OF THE KETOGENIC DIET IN COLLEGE STUDENTS AT A MIDWESTERN UNIVERSITY A thesis submitted to the college of Kent State University College of Education, Health, and Human Services in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science By Alexandria M. D’Agostino May 2019 Copyright, 2019 by Alexandria M. D’Agostino All Rights Reserved ii Thesis written by Alexandria M. D’Agostino B.S., Cleveland State University, 2017 M.S., Kent State University, 2019 Approved by _________________________, Director, Master’s Thesis Committee Eun-Jeong Ha ________________________, Member, Master’s Thesis Committee Natalie Caine-Bish _________________________, Member, Master’s Thesis Committee Tanya Falcone Accepted by _________________________, Director, School of Health Sciences Ellen Gleckman _________________________, Dean, College of Education, Health and Human Services James Hannon iii D’AGOSTINO, ALEXANDRIA M.S., May 2019 Nutrition and Dietetics KNOWLEDGE, PERCEPTION, AND USE OF THE KETOGENIC DIET IN COLLEGE STUDENTS AT A MIDWESTERN UNIVERSITY (PAGE 172 pp.) Director of Thesis: Eun-Jeong Ha, Ph.D. The ketogenic diet (KD) as a weight management method continues to gain popularity among college students because of its rapid weight loss results and quick health advantages (Abbasi et al., 2018). Despite the lack of KD knowledge represented among students (N=1,131) in the current study, students continue to engage in unhealthful eating behaviors such as fad diets (FD) (like the KD), thus failing to adopt healthy eating patterns (Pearson & Young, 2008). The purpose of this study was to examine KD knowledge, perception, and use among college students. Participants were limited to male and female students between the ages of 18-26 years who completed an online self-reported survey questionnaire. Results showed 18.1% of students responded to using the KD. Significant differences in KD knowledge were found between health related majors and non-health related majors (p=0.018), and between users and non-users (p= 0.001). Overall, health related majors and users had higher knowledge scores versus non-health related majors and non-users. For perception, results indicated a significant three-way interaction effect between sex, health related major, and users (p=0.026). Within each combination of user and major, male students perceived the KD as favorable than females, except for KD users in non-health related majors, where females had a slightly higher perception than males. Future studies analyzing KD knowledge, perception, and use for weight management long-term are needed to confirm the results of this study. ACKNOWLEDWEMENTS I would like to thank my thesis advisor Dr. Eun-Jeong Ha for her guidance, endless support, and patience throughout this process. Without her encouraging feedback and advice, this study would not have been possible. I would also like to thank my committee members for their continuous support and feedback. Because of my committee members collaborative efforts, I was able to generate an extensive and comprehensive document addressing the ketogenic diet’s current role in weight management. In addition, I would also like to thank Anthony Shreffler and Jordan Pastor over in the Research Bureau in White Hall for their guidance and dedication to my survey development and data analysis. Lastly, I would like to thank my incredible family, friends and fiancé for their unceasing love and support throughout this journey. Thank you for believing in me, and for always reassuring me that I could accomplish anything I set my mind to. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . iv LIST OF FIGURES . x LIST OF TABLES . xi CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION . 1 Statement of the Problem. 3 Purpose Statement . 4 Hypothesis . 5 Operational Definitions . 5 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE . 7 Overweight and Obesity . 7 Prevalence in United States . 7 Factors Contributing to Obesity . 9 Genetics . 9 Lifestyle . 14 Dietary Intake . 14 Added-Sugar . 15 Added-Fat . 15 Eating Out . 16 Portion Sizes . 18 Snacking . 19 Physical Activity . 20 Basal Metabolic Rate . 22 Lean Muscle Tissue . 23 Environment . 24 Socioeconomic Status . 24 Geographic Location . 24 Education . 25 Chronic Diseases Related to Overweight and Obesity . 25 v Type II Diabetes . 25 Prevalence . 26 Etiology/Causes/Mechanism . 26 Symptoms . 27 Complications . 27 Prevention & Treatment . 28 Cardiovascular Disease . 29 Prevalence . 29 Etiology/Causes/Mechanism . 30 Symptoms. 30 Complications . 31 Prevention . 31 Treatment . 32 Hypertension . 33 Prevalence . 33 Etiology/Causes/Mechanism . 34 Symptoms . 35 Complications . 35 Prevention. 35 Treatment . 36 Cancer . 37 Prevalence . 38 Etiology/Causes/Mechanism . 38 Symptoms . 40 Complications . 40 Prevention . 41 Treatment . 41 Other Health Outcomes Related to Overweight and Obesity . 43 Rheumatoid Arthritis. 43 Prevalence . 43 Etiology/Causes/Mechanism . 44 Contrasting View . 44 Symptoms . 45 Complications . 45 Prevention . 46 Treatment . 46 Osteoarthritis. 46 Etiology/Causes/Mechanism . 46 vi Symptoms . 47 Complications . 47 Prevention . 47 Treatment . 47 Depression . 48 Prevalence . 48 Etiology/Causes/Mechanism of How Depression May Cause Obesity . 48 Etiology/Causes/Mechanism of How Obesity May Cause Depression . 50 Symptoms . 50 Complications . ..
Recommended publications
  • The Keto Diet Winston J
    Andrews University Digital Commons @ Andrews University Lake Union Herald Lake Union Herald 4-2019 The Keto Diet Winston J. Craig Andrews University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/luh-pubs Part of the International and Community Nutrition Commons Recommended Citation Craig, Winston J., "The Keto Diet" (2019). Lake Union Herald. 848. https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/luh-pubs/848 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Lake Union Herald at Digital Commons @ Andrews University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Lake Union Herald by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Andrews University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ALIVE & WELL The Keto Diet There are so many diet books available and new ones keep appearing. We have the Eat Fat, Get Thin Diet, The Plant Paradox, Master Cleanse Diet, the Flat Belly Diet, The 20/20 Diet, the Metabolism Reset Diet, the Setpoint Diet, and many others. People get tired of diets that leave them feeling and criticism of this diet is that many people tend to eat looking no better than they were before the diet. The too much protein and poor-quality fats, with very few low-carb craze started in the 1970s with the Atkins fruits and vegetables. diet. Then came the South Beach diet, and now the Typically, low-carb diets provide favorable changes Keto (or Ketogenic) diet. Typically, in these low-carb in blood triglycerides and HDL levels, while LDL levels diets, fat comprises 70–80 percent, proteins 10–20 increase in the long-term.
    [Show full text]
  • Diet Dilemmas Winston J
    Andrews University Digital Commons @ Andrews University Lake Union Herald Lake Union Herald 1-2010 Diet Dilemmas Winston J. Craig Andrews University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/luh-pubs Part of the International and Community Nutrition Commons Recommended Citation Craig, Winston J., "Diet Dilemmas" (2010). Lake Union Herald. 378. https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/luh-pubs/378 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Lake Union Herald at Digital Commons @ Andrews University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Lake Union Herald by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Andrews University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. HEALTH| CHOICES Your diet of choice may determine your mood. Faster may not be better. Diet Dilemmas BY WINSTON J. CRAIG here are so many diets on the market today. New ones keep appearing. The diets come and go. Since one in three Americans is on some sort of a diet, we see why the diet industry is a multibillion dollar business. There Tis the “Master Cleanse Diet,” “Fat Smash Diet,” “Flat Belly Diet,” “Cabbage Soup Diet,” “Hallelujah Diet,” “Personality Type Diet,” “Master Your Metabolism Diet,” “Martha’s Vineyard Diet,” “Detox” and many others. People are getting tired of fad diets that don’t work in the long-term, and leave them feeling and looking no better than they were before the diet. There is an ongoing discussion as to levels unfortunately increase substan- whether a low-carb diet (such as an “At- tially. Low-carb diets tend to be low in kins Diet”) is the most effective for losing fiber, potassium, magnesium, folic acid weight, or if a low-fat, low-calorie diet is and other B vitamins, so a multivitamin the best and safest.
    [Show full text]
  • Master Cleanse Secrets Success Steps for Succeeding on the Master Cleanse
    Master Cleanse Secrets Success Steps for Succeeding On the Master Cleanse DISCLAIMER: These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The products mentioned on this site are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Note that the contents here are not presented from a medical practitioner, and that any and all health care planning should be made under the guidance of your own medical and health practitioners. The content within only presents an overview based upon research for educational purposes and does not replace medical advice from a practicing physician. Further, the information in this manual is provided "as is" and without warranties of any kind either expressed or implied. Under no circumstances, including, but not limited to, negligence, shall the seller/distributor of this information be liable for any special or consequential damages that result from the use of, or the inability to use, the information presented here. Thank you. This Report is © copyrighted by http://mastercleansesecrets.com. No part can be changed in any format, resold, or used in any way without express written or verbal consent of the Copyright holder. Introduction to the Master Cleanse Secrets Report The Mater Cleanse, also called the Lemonade Diet has been around for decades. It was created by Stanley Burroughs who was an early advocate of natural health, and believed in the body’s natural ability to heal itself. The results people have experienced by going on this diet have been nothing short of amazing. Chronic health problems people have suffered with for years vanish in as little as 10 days on this amazing diet.
    [Show full text]
  • The Master Cleanse Summary
    The Master Cleanse Summary The Master Cleanse - Instructions Stanley Burroughs has designed his Master Cleanse to both cleanse and nourish the body at the same time; unlike water fasting which only cleanses the body, but could possibly leave it in short supply of minerals, vitamins and energy. The Master Cleanse assumes that all disease is one disease, which is a body that is not clean, a body of toxins. When we expel the cause of all disease, the body will become clean and healthy. The Master Cleanse book states that lemons and limes are the richest source of minerals and vitamins of any food known to man. They are also available year round, in all parts of the world. Maple syrup is also very high in minerals and sugar, which helps to sustain the body through the cleansing process. Cayenne pepper helps to stimulate the body’s cleansing process, and also breaks up the mucus that is clogging the body. The Master Cleanser book highlights the disastrous effects of eating meat on the body; eating flesh robs the body of the vital organic sodium compound (not to be confused with sea salt or table salt, organic sodium is ONLY available from food), which helps to buffer acids and poison. Once the body becomes deficient in organic sodium and other minerals, the body loses its natural PH balance and become weak. At this point the body becomes susceptible to all kinds of diseases and infections. This is the primary cause of stomach ulcers, and almost all other diseases. The acid in the stomach needs organic minerals to create the mucous, which protects the precious stomach wall lining.
    [Show full text]
  • My-Experience-13.Q1-Author-Nora
    Table of Contents Forward by Mike Olaski! 2 About the Author! 3 Psychological and Emotional! 4 Weight Loss and Physical Effect! 32 Detox and The Salt Water Flush! 59 Support from Family & Friends! 78 The Process & Lemonade Diet! 103 Forward by Mike Olaski This Master Cleanse Journal is by a cleanser Nora Melendez during the Master Cleanse Group Experience at TheMasterCleanse.org. The context has be left in place so sometimes the author is addressing other commenters during the live event. Those comments have been left in place where they provide value to the state of mind of the author, or the group, or perhaps they are informative in nature. If you’re interested in doing a Group Cleanse, you can register here: http://themastercleanse.org/group-cleanse/ Thanks, and Happy Cleansing, Mike Olaski Founder of TheMasterCleanse.org and Author of Zero To Master Cleanser About the Author Author Username: Nora Author Full Name: Nora Melendez Author URL: ... Author Email: ... Author Cleanse Date: 2013.01.13 Author Cleanse Type: Newbie Cleanser Author Cleanse Status: 1st TIme Cleansing Author Cleanse - Purpose: Holistic Healing Comments of Interest Pending Notes Pending Psychological and Emotional "I'm really trying to do my due diligence by reading as much as possible about the experiences of others with the MC. One BIG thing of mine - is information. I'm about a month away from actually starting the group cleanse and reading comments and stories from others is really helping me feel prepared for what is to come...and come out haha. I'm actually making a concerted effort to drink more water, drink healthy herbal tea (Alfalfa) and use Boldo (tea) to start the de-tox process before starting the MC.
    [Show full text]
  • Cleansing Therapy Cure Yourself Dehevee Fueepe Deheves Nele
    Cleansing Therapy Cure Yourself Dehevee Fueepe Deheves neLe Kidney Cleanse Colon Cleanse Acidity Cleanse Mouth Cleanse Parasite Cleanse Ovary & PCOS Cleanse Liver Cleanse Uterus & Fertility Cleanse Joint Cleanse Fallopian Tube Cleanse Fat Cleanse Vagina Cleanse KeeDees efheÙees cemle jnes keäueeR]pe keâjes mJemLe jnes Dr Piyush Saxena Cleansing Therapy Cure Yourself Dehevee Fueepe Deheves neLe Kidney Cleanse Colon Cleanse Acidity Cleanse Mouth Cleanse Parasite Cleanse Ovary & PCOS Cleanse Liver Cleanse Uterus & Fertility Cleanse Joint Cleanse Fallopian Tube Cleanse Fat Cleanse Vagina Cleanse Dr Piyush Saxena Cleansing Therapy Cure Yourself Dehevee Fueepe Deheves neLe Cover Design : Saurabh First Edition : September 2008 Second Edition : October 2016 Published By : Shanta Publishing House, 5/1202, NRI Complex, Nerul (W), Navi Mumbai - 400 706 Phone : 09167130000, 0932356008, 09833169508 E-mail : [email protected] Websites : www.drpiyushsaxena.com www.thetempleofhealing.org Printed by : Ennel Vision, Lower Parel, Mumbai ISBN No. : 9788192026329 This book may be freely reproduced in any form without prior permission. This book can be freely downloaded from the above websites. This book is also available as e-book. All disputes are subject to Navi Mumbai jurisdiction only. Rs.100 iv This book is dedicated to all those who have believed in Cleansing Therapy, done a Liver Cleanse and promoted it. v I have experimented with almost every recommendation in this book on myself, my father, mother, wife, son and daughter, and reaffirmed their efficacy. I do not charge any fee. I do not accept any donation. I do not promote products of any company. I propagate Cleansing Therapy solely for my personal satisfaction.
    [Show full text]
  • Cheap and Easy Detox Diet Plans (And More)
    Cheap and Easy Detox Diet Plans (and more) With a list of common detox diets and reasons to detoxify, and what you should consider before detoxifying. A very thorough detox can be expensive and difficult, but with today’s lifestyle, detoxifying the body thoroughly is essential for good health. That said, people have a body that efficiently expels toxins effectively when they eat very well, exercise, sweat, and breathe heavily while exercising, drink lots of water, and stay away from medications. There are bound to be some chemicals in the body that will not be expelled on their own, and a thorough detox is still a good idea, but a healthy body always is detoxifying more toxins than it takes in and produces. Why Detoxify? Here are just a few indications that you need to detoxify: Headaches Skin issues Allergies (any and all) Muscle soreness (not from working out) Muscle Spasms Getting sick more than once every few years Sluggish and groggy waking up Vision loss Hair loss Body odor Yeast infections (athlete’s foot is a yeast infection, too) Arthritis Slow healing Digestive issues Cavities Trouble focusing Trouble sleeping or sleeping too much Back pain High blood pressure Diabetes Joint pain Kidney stones Canker sores You get the idea. Basically, any health problem means the body is toxic. There is only one disease, and that is cell malfunction. There are only two causes, nutrition deficiencies and toxicity. And the two go hand-in-hand. Toxins are so easy to accumulate. Here is an incomplete list of commonplace items or substances that can cause harmful toxic chemical accumulation.
    [Show full text]
  • Dietary Theory Spectrum
    Breatharian Diet DIETARY THEORY Fasting SPECTRUM Fast Track Detox Diet Master Cleanse Juice Cleanses GRAINS Fruitarian Diet Raw Food Diet FRUIT Living Foods Diet JUICE Rainbow Green Live-Food Cuisine Hallelujah Diet RAW VEGETABLES Vegan Sattva Diet COOKED VEGETABLES The Kind Diet Fit For Life DAIRY Starch Solution EGGS Great American Detox Diet Hawaii Diet FISH Korean Temple Cuisine Lacto-Vegetarian Diet POULTRY Hindu Diet Vegetarian RED MEAT Eco-Atkins Diet Lacto-Ovo Vegetarian Diet GREY ICONS INDICATE Ornish Reversal Program FOODS SOMETIMES INCLUDED. Five Element Theory Macrobiotics Buddhist Diet LESS ANIMAL PROTEIN Slimfast Diet Candida Diet MORE ANIMAL PROTEIN Pescetarian Flexitarian Diet Plant-Based Diet Swiss Diet Chickentarian Gout Diet The 2-Day Diet Perricone Prescription Diet LA Shape Diet It’s All Good Seventh-Day Adventist Diet Cabbage Soup Diet Engine 2 Diet Ayurveda Low Protein Diet TLC Diet Mayo Clinic Diet Fat-Free Diet Japanese Women Don’t Get Old Or Fat Firstline Therapy Diet Nutritarian Bernstein Diet DIETARY THEORY Dash Diet SPECTRUM Zone Diet Elimination Diet Rice Diet GRAINS AARP New American Diet Traditional Chinese Medicine FRUIT Alternate-Day Diet JUICE High-Carbohydrate Diet Low-Fat Diet RAW VEGETABLES Low-Cholesterol Diet Volumetrics COOKED VEGETABLES Flavor Point Diet Fiber35 Diet DAIRY 3-Season Diet EGGS pH Diet (Acid Alkaline Diet) 4-Hour Body Diet FISH 17-Day Diet Baby Food Diet POULTRY Anti-Aging Diets Superfoods Diet RED MEAT 100-Mile Diet Blood Type Diet GREY ICONS INDICATE Body Ecology Diet FOODS SOMETIMES INCLUDED. Okinawa Diet Calorie Restriction Diet Peanut Butter Diet LESS ANIMAL PROTEIN Genotype Diet Glycemic Index Diet MORE ANIMAL PROTEIN Whole30 Gaps Diet French Women Don’t Get Fat Flex Diet Beck Diet Solution Biggest Loser Diet Diet-To-Go Best Life Diet 1800-Calorie ADA Diet Abs Diet Hormone Diet Maker’s Diet 8 Minutes In The Morning 20/20 Diet Mediterranean Diet Sonoma Diet 3-Hour Diet Diets Don’t Work Diet 90/10 Diet (Integrative Nutrition Diet) Intuitarian Diet (Intuitive Eating) Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Master Cleanse Diet and How It Can Help You Lose Weight
    You may have been tempted to try the detox diet after several actresses highlighted over the TV how it has helped them to lose weight. Yes, it is possible to lose weight using the detox program and you too can do it successfully as long as you keep in mind some basic things. Before starting on the diet, consult your doctor on whether it is safe for you. Pregnant and nursing women must not undertake this diet, nor should people with diabetes, heart ailments or other chronic conditions. Before you actually start dieting, you need to prepare your body for it. Stop taking nicotine, caffeine, alcohol, sugar and certain food at least a week before going on the diet. Drink lots of water and have enough rest. Exercise for at least 20 to 30 minutes a day before undertaking the diet. This prepares your body physically for what is to come. Exercise even during and after the diet is over, to boost your energy level. Buy plenty of fruits before embarking on the diet. Preferably organic ones. However if you can’t get them, even normal ones will do, provided you peel off the skin and wash the fruits well before consuming. All detox diets do not require you to have raw food. There are certain diets in which you need to eat cooked vegetables partially- say 15% cooked and 85% raw. So that you are not bored of eating the same food again and again, you may introduce variations by mixing a couple of couple of them together. But for that, you need to know which ones of them go together.
    [Show full text]
  • Take the 30 Days to Health
    Take The 30 Days to Health Challenge Digital Copies Available on Our Website FarmersNaturalFoods.com Starting off the New Year with the “Master Cleanse” & “Daniel Fast” Phase I The Master Cleanse How to prepare for the Master Cleanse “Easing in” to the master cleanse gives your body a chance to prepare for the fast. Most experts suggest a period of four to five days before you begin the actual lemonade diet. The following suggestions are intended to “ease” your body into the fast. Day 1: Master Cleanse Preparation: Eliminate Unhealthy Foods On the first day of easing in, begin to develop more awareness about the foods you choose and notice which are fresh and raw. Begin to focus on these types of food and eliminate all processed foods, meat, dairy, alcohol, caffeine, and sugar. Choose organic whole foods. Day 2: Master Cleanse Preparation: Fruits and Vegetables On Day 2, completely eliminate all processed foods, meat, dairy, alcohol, caffeine and processed sugars from your meals. Instead, opt for fresh, organic fruits and fresh, organic vegetables. Eat as much of your food raw as possible. Continue reading The Master Cleanser. Day 3: Master Cleanse Preparation: Liquids Only Switch to a liquid diet to prepare your body and mind for the days ahead. If you have a juicer or blender, then make fresh vegetable and fruit smoothies and juices from organic produce. You can also make light vegetable soups and broths for this day. Day 4: Master Cleanse Preparation: Orange Juice Only In The Master Cleanser, author Stanley Burroughs cautions readers to break their fast with a day of consuming only orange juice.
    [Show full text]
  • The Master Cleanse PROGRAM
    The Master Cleanse PROGRAM Manual Disclaimer All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any manner whatsoever without written permission, except in the case of brief quotations used in articles and reviews.! This book is intended as a reference material, not as a medical manual to replace the advice of your physician or to substitute for any treatment prescribed by your physician.! If you are ill or suspect that you have a medical problem, we strongly encourage you to consult your medical, health, or other competent professional before adopting any of the suggestions in this book or drawing inferences from it. If you are taking prescription medication, you should never change your diet (for better or worse) without consulting your physician, as any dietary change may affect the metabolism of that prescription drug.! This book and the author’s opinions are solely for informational and educational purposes.! The author specifically disclaims all responsibility for any liability, loss, or risk, personal or otherwise which is incurred as a consequence, directly or indirectly, of the use and application of any of the contents of this book.! Table of Contents Disclaimer 2 Table of Contents 3 Ready To Get Started? 5 Included Books, Workbooks, and Cheat Sheets and Where to Get Them: 5 The Support You Need 9 The Master Cleanse M.E. Community 9 Our Team Of Wellness Coaches 9 Phone & Email Support 9 Welcome (Read Me First) 10 Accountability Contract 12 Principals of Cleansing 13 Toxic Overload 13 The Hunger Games
    [Show full text]
  • 10 Day Master Cleanse Journal
    10 Day Master Cleanse Journal DISCLAIMER: These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The information presented here is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Note that the contents here are not presented from a medical practitioner, and that any and all health care planning should be made under the guidance of your own medical and health practitioners. The content within only anecdotal information for educational purposes and does not replace medical advice from a practicing physician. Further, the information in this journal is provided "as is" and without warranties of any kind either expressed or implied. Under no circumstances, including, but not limited to, negligence, shall the seller/distributor of this information be liable for any special or consequential damages that result from the use of, or the inability to use, the information presented here. Thank you. This journal was not written by Dr. Venus. It is provided to give you a closer look at one person’s experiences during the Master Cleanse. Page 1 of 16 Time: 10:17pm Day: 01 Weight: 161 pounds Mood: I’m in Hell Energy Level: Moderate Today is my first day of being on Master Cleanse, and as the time went by and my hunger set in, my dominant thought has so far have been, “What the bleep was I thinking!?” For the past two days, I was busying trying to psych myself up and in the process of trying to temper my fears, I proceeded to eat everything within reach. I ate like a death row inmate; having some cheese, wine, pizza, Chinese, candy, chips, and an amazing pumpkin custard pie.
    [Show full text]