Initial Environmental Examination

June 2021

Viet Nam: Climate Adaptation through Irrigation Modernization Project

Prepared by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development for the Asian Development Bank.

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 23 June 2021)

Currency unit – dong (D) D1.00 = $0.000043 $1.00 = D23,017

ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank AH – affected household AP – affected person CAIMP – Climate Adaptation through Irrigation Modernization Project CaCO3 – calcium carbonate CHR – central highland region CO – carbon monoxide CPO – Central Project Office CRVA – Climate Risk and Vulnerability Assessment DARD – Department of Agriculture and Rural Development DONRE – Provincial Department of Natural Resources and Environment EA – executing agency EHS – Environment, Health and Safety EIA – environmental impact assessment EMP – environmental management plan EPA – Environmental Police Agency ERP – Emergency Response Plan FS – feasibility study FY – fiscal year GAP – good agricultural practices GDP – gross domestic product GOV – Government of Viet Nam GRM – grievance redress mechanism HDPE – high-density polyethylene HH – household IA – implementing agency IBAT – Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool ICM – Integrated Crop Management IEE – initial environmental examination IMC – Irrigation Management Company IPM – integrated pest management IS – irrigation system IUCN – International Union for the Conservation of Nature KBA – key biodiversity areas LEP – Law on Environmental Protection MARD – Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development MOIT – Ministry of Industry and Trade MOLISA – Ministry of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs MONRE – Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment MPH – Ministry of Public Health

+ NH4 -N – ammonia nitrogen NO2 – nitrogen dioxide - NO2 -N – nitrite nitrogen NOx – nitrogen oxides O&M – operation and maintenance OHSS – Occupational Health and Safety Subplan OM – operations manual O3 – ozone PA – protected area Pb – lead PCR – physical cultural resources PIC – project implementation consultant PPC – Provincial People’s Committee PPE – personal protective equipment PPMU – Provincial Project Management Unit REMDP – resettlement and ethnic minority development plan SCADA – supervisory control and data acquisition SCR – south central coastal region SEA – strategic environmental assessment SER – southeast region SOE – state-owned enterprise SP – subproject SPPMU – specialized project management unit SPS – Safeguard Policy Statement SRVN – Socialist Republic of Viet Nam STD – sexually transmitted disease SUF – special-use forest TRTA – transaction technical assistance UXO – unexploded ordnance WAP – water allocation plan WHO – World Health Organization WUG – water user group

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

BOD5 – biochemical oxygen demand cm – centimeter COD – chemical oxygen demand dB(A) – a weighted sound pressure level in decibels DN – diameter nominal DO – dissolved oxygen ha – hectare kg – kilogram km – kilometer kV – kilovolt kVa – kilovolt ampere m – meter m/s – meters per second m2 – square meters m³ – cubic meters

m3/s – cubic meters per second masl – meters above sea level mg/l – milligrams per liter mm – millimeter oC – degrees celsius pH – a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution PM – particulate matter PM10 – particulate matter smaller than 10 micrometers PM2.5 – particulate matter smaller than 2.5 micrometers SO2 – sulfur dioxide TSP – total suspended particulates

NOTES (i) The fiscal year (FY) of the Government of Viet Nam and its agencies ends on 31 December.

(ii) In this report, "$" refers to United States dollars.

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... x

I. Project Description ...... 1 A. Introduction ...... 1 B. Binh Phuoc Province ...... 4 SP1 Modernization of the Dau Tieng IS ...... 4 SP2 Modernization of the Phuc Hoa IS ...... 7 SP3 Modernization of the Can Don IS ...... 7 SP4 Modernization of the Loc Ninh IS ...... 9 C. Kon Tum Province ...... 10 SP1 Modernization of the C19, Ho Che and Ta Kan Reservoirs and Dak Long Weir ..10 SP2 Modernization of the Ong Dan, Kon Braih, and Dak Uy ISs ...... 16 D. Quang Ngai Province ...... 18 Modernization of the Thach Nham and Nui Ngang ISs ...... 18 Pilot Scheme ...... 21 E. Gia Lai Province ...... 22 SP1 Modernization of the Ayun Ha and Ia M'lah ISs ...... 22 F. Implementation Arrangements ...... 26 G. Budget and Timeline ...... 26

II. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework ...... 27 A. Constitutional, Legal and Institutional Framework ...... 27 Constitution ...... 27 Legal Framework for Environmental Management ...... 27 Institutional Framework for Environmental Management ...... 30 Institutional and Legal Framework for Health and Safety ...... 31 Legal Framework for the Irrigation Sector ...... 32 B. EIA Regulations and Requirements ...... 32 C. Applicable Environmental Standards ...... 33 Air Quality ...... 34 Surface Water Quality ...... 35 Wastewater Discharge ...... 36 Groundwater Quality ...... 36 Sediment and Soil Quality ...... 37 Noise and Vibration ...... 38 D. International Environmental Commitments ...... 39 E. Applicable ADB Policies and Requirements ...... 40 F. Other Relevant Guidelines ...... 40

III. Current Environmental and Social Conditions ...... 41 A. Country Overview ...... 41 B. Binh Phuoc Province ...... 41 Physical Environment ...... 41 Biological Environment ...... 42 Current Environmental Conditions ...... 45 Socioeconomic Conditions ...... 47 Physical Cultural Resources and Sensitive Receptors ...... 48 C. Kon Tum Province ...... 49 Physical Environment ...... 49

Biological Environment ...... 51 Current Environmental Conditions ...... 53 Socioeconomic Conditions ...... 56 Physical Cultural Resources and Sensitive Receptors ...... 57 D. Quang Ngai Province ...... 58 Physical Environment ...... 58 Current Environmental Conditions ...... 61 Socioeconomic Conditions ...... 64 Physical Cultural Resources and Sensitive Receptors ...... 64 E. Gia Lai Province ...... 66 Physical Environment ...... 66 Biological Environment ...... 67 Current Environmental Conditions ...... 69 Socioeconomic Conditions ...... 71 Physical Cultural Resources and Sensitive Receptors ...... 72

IV. Assessment of Potential Environmental Impacts ...... 73 A. Assessment of Design Phase Impacts/ Alternative analysis ...... 73 B. Assessment of Construction Phase Impacts ...... 74 C. Assessment of Operation Phase Impacts ...... 82

V. Environmental Management Plan ...... 85 A. Objectives ...... 85 B. Implementation Arrangements and Responsibilities...... 85 C. Mitigation Measures ...... 85 D. Environmental Monitoring Plan ...... 101 E. Reporting and Inspection Requirements ...... 103 F. Capacity Building ...... 104 G. Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 105

VI. Information Disclosure and Public Consultation ...... 109 A. Information Disclosure and Consultation Objectives ...... 109 B. Vietnamese and ADB Requirements ...... 109 Vietnamese Requirements ...... 109 ADB Requirements ...... 109 C. Methodology ...... 109 D. Information Disclosure ...... 110 E. Public Consultation Meetings and Environment Questionnaire ...... 111 F. Results ...... 116 G. Next Steps ...... 125

VII. Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 126

APPENDIX I: Subproject Layout Maps ...... 127 APPENDIX II: Primary and Secondary Environmental Monitoring Sites ...... 144 APPENDIX III: Example of and Links to Official Public Consultation Meeting Minutes, and Lists of Public Consultation Meeting Participants ...... 150 APPENDIX IV: Photos of Public Consultations ...... 179

List of Tables

Table I-1: Project pilot scheme and SPs by province...... 2 Table I-2: New canals and access roads, SP4 Modernization of the Loc Ninh IS, Binh Phuoc Province...... 10 Table I-3: Preliminary calculation of sediment amount in the three SP1 reservoirs...... 12 Table II-1: Applicable environmental legal instruments...... 28 Table II-2: Applicable irrigation sector legal instruments...... 32 Table II-3: Environmental categorization of construction and irrigation projects subject to environmental impact assessment, based on Decree 40/2019/ND-CP Appendix II...... 33 Table II-4: Summary of Vietnamese technical standards relevant to the project...... 33 Table II-5: EU, WHO and Vietnamese ambient air quality standards and guidelines...... 34 Table II-6: Vietnamese surface water quality standard, QCVN08MT:2015/BTNMT...... 35 Table II-7: EHS and Vietnamese domestic wastewater indicative values and standards...... 36 Table II-8: Vietnamese groundwater quality standard, QCVN09MT:2015/BTNMT...... 36 Table II-9: Vietnamese soil quality standard (applicable to land based dredgate disposal) QCVN03MT:2015/BTNMT and PRC standard GB4284-84 on agricultural use of sludge/silt. ....37 Table II-10: Vietnamese sediment quality standard, QCVN43:2017/BTNMT (select values). ....38 Table II-11: WHO and Vietnamese noise guidelines and standards...... 38 Table II-12: Vietnamese vibration standards (QCVN27:2010)...... 39 Table III-1: Ambient air quality (1 hour average), Binh Phuoc SP areas, September 2018...... 45 Table III-2: Ambient noise levels (1 hour average, dBA), Binh Phuoc SP areas, 2018...... 45 Table III-3: Surface water quality, Binh Phuoc SP, 2018 and 2021. Shading denotes exceedance of relevant parameter...... 46 Table III-4: Groundwater quality, Binh Phuoc SP areas, November 2018...... 46 Table III-5: Distance from national cultural resources, Binh Phuoc SP areas...... 48 Table III-6: Sensitive receptors, Binh Phuoc SP areas, 2020. Shading denotes receptors in the SP zone of influence...... 48 Table III-7: Distance of Kon Tum SPs to PAs...... 53 Table III-8: Ambient air quality (1-hour average), Kon Tum SP areas, 2019...... 53 Table III-9: Ambient noise levels (1-hour average, dBA), Kon Tum SP areas, 2019...... 54 Table III-10: Sediment quality, Kon Tum SP areas with dredging, 2021. Shading denotes exceedance of relevant standard...... 54 Table III-11: Primary and secondary surface water quality, Kon Tum SP areas, 2018 and 2021. Shading denotes exceedance of relevant standard...... 55 Table III-12: Groundwater quality, Kon Tum SP areas, February 2019...... 56 Table III-13: Distance from national cultural resources to Kon Tum SP areas,...... 57 Table III-14: Sensitive receptors, Kon Tum SP areas, 2020...... 58 Table III-15: Distance of Quang Ngai SPs to PAs...... 61 Table III-16: Ambient air quality (1 hour average), Quang Ngai, March 2020...... 61 Table III-17: Ambient noise levels (1 hour average, dBA), Quang Ngai, March 2020...... 62 Table III-18: Secondary surface water quality, Tra Khuc River, Quang Ngai, March 2020...... 62 Table III-19: Primary surface water quality, SP canals, Quang Ngai, 2021. Shading denotes exceedance of relevant standard...... 63 Table III-20: Ground water quality, Quang Ngai SP areas, March 2020...... 63 Table III-21: Distance from national cultural resources to Quang Ngai SP areas, ...... 65 Table III-22: SP sensitive receptors, Quang Ngai Province...... 65 Table III-23: Distance of Gia Lai SPs to PAs...... 69 Table III-24: Ambient air quality (1 hour average), Gia Lai SP, March and September 2019. ....69 Table III-25: Ambient noise levels (1 hour average, dBA), March and September 2019...... 69

Table III-26: Surface water quality, Gia Lai SP1 areas, 2018, 2019, 2021. Shading denotes exceedance of relevant standard...... 70 Table III-27: Ground water quality, Gia Lai SP areas, 2019...... 71 Table III-28: Distance from cultural resource sites to Gia Lai SP...... 72 Table III-29: Sensitive receptors, Gia Lai SP areas, 2020...... 72 Table IV-1: Construction Machinery Noise Levels. Unit: dB(A)...... 79 Table V-1: Environmental Management Responsibilities...... 86 Table V-2: Environmental Mitigation Measures...... 87 Table V-3: Reservoir clearance management subplan...... 97 Table V-4: Construction phase dredging management and disposal subplan...... 97 Table V-5: Companies licensed to remove hazardous wastes in project areas...... 98 Table V-6: Occupational Health and Safety Subplans and Emergency Response...... 99 Table V-7: Environmental monitoring plan...... 102 Table V-8: Environmental baseflow requirements (part of environmental monitoring plan). .... 102 Table V-9: Key content and indicative outline of an environmental monitoring report...... 104 Table V-10: Environmental, health and safety (EHS) training program...... 104 Table VI-1: Public consultation meetings, March-April 2021...... 114 Table VI-2: Typical public consultation meeting agenda...... 115 Table VI-3: Summary of comments, questions and responses during public consultation meetings...... 117 Table VI-4: Results of environmental questionnaire...... 123

List of Figures

Figure I-1: Project Provinces ...... 3 Figure I-2: Subprojects in Binh Phuoc Province ...... 5 Figure I-3: SP1 Site Photos, Binh Phuoc Province ...... 6 Figure I-4: Typical SCADA Equipment ...... 6 Figure I-5: SP2 Site Photos, Binh Phuoc Province ...... 8 Figure I-6: SP3 – Can Don IS, Binh Phuoc Province ...... 9 Figure I-7: Suoi Nuy, Bui Kai, and Loc Quang Reservoirs, SP4 – Modernization of the Loc Ninh IS, Binh Phuoc Province ...... 10 Figure I-8: Subprojects in Kon Tum Province ...... 11 Figure I-9: Primary PS Location on the Left Bank of the Dak Psi River (taken from main access road) ...... 13 Figure I-10: Ho Che Reservoir, SP1, Kon Tum Province ...... 13 Figure I-11: Ta Kan Reservoir, SP1, Kon Tum Province ...... 14 Figure I-12: C19 Reservoir, SP1, Kon Tum Province ...... 14 Figure I-13: Dredged sediment disposal site, Village No. 1, Dien Binh Commune ...... 15 Figure I-14: Dak Long weir, SP1, Kon Tum Province ...... 16 Figure I-15: Kon Braih IS Photos, SP2, Kon Tum Province ...... 17 Figure I-16: Subprojects in Quang Ngai Province ...... 19 Figure I-17: SP1 Thac Nham IS, Quang Ngai Province ...... 20 Figure I-18: SP1 Ngui Ngang IS Photos, Quang Ngai Province ...... 21 Figure I-19: Schematic of Quang Ngai Pilot Scheme ...... 22 Figure I-20: Subproject in Gia Lai Province ...... 23 Figure I-21: SP1 Photos, Gia Lai Province ...... 25 Figure III-1: Water resources, Binh Phuoc Province ...... 43 Figure III-2: SP photos, Binh Phuoc Province...... 44

Figure III-3: Water resources, Kon Tum Province ...... 51 Figure III-4: SP photos, Kon Tum Province ...... 52 Figure III-5: Water Resources, Quang Ngai Province ...... 60 Figure III-6: Site photos, SP1 Nui Ngang and Thach Nham IS, Quang Ngai Province ...... 60 Figure III-7: Water Resources, Gia Lai Province ...... 67 Figure III-8: Site Photos, SP1 Ayun Ha and Ia M'lah ISs, Gia Lai Province ...... 68 Figure IV-1: Wall protecting Dak Uy SUF from Adjacent Agricultural Activities ...... 80 Figure V-1: Project GRM ...... 108 Figure VI-1: Screen shot of Draft IEE disclosure on Kon Tum DARD website...... 112 Figure VI-2: Screenshots of Draft IEE Disclosure on Gia Lai Kon Tum DARD Website...... 112 Figure VI-3: Examples of Hard Copy Information Disclosure at the Commune Level ...... 113 Figure VI-4: Two-Page Hard Copy Information Brochure, in Vietnamese, Distributed to All 79 DPC Offices and at the Public Consultation Meetings ...... 113

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Project

1. The Climate Adaptation through Irrigation Modernization Project (CAIMP) will support the Government of Viet Nam’s (GOV) plans to increase sustainable agricultural and water productivity, reduce climate vulnerability, and improve employment opportunities and income for rural households. The project impact will be sustainable agricultural and water productivity increased, and the project outcome will be irrigated agriculture in selected provinces are upgraded, modernized, and more climate resilient.

2. The project will have three outputs:

Output 1: Irrigation management services strengthened. This output will strength irrigation management services through the promotion of standardized guidelines and frameworks for irrigation system (IS) modernization, and the implementation of a small 20 hectare (ha) pilot scheme on methods for accessing irrigation in water scarce areas.

Output 2: Modern irrigation and drainage infrastructure developed. This output will repair, upgrade, and modernize existing ISs, with a total command area of 31,370 ha in four targeted provinces. The works will be implemented through eight subprojects (SPs).

Output 3: Efficient on-farm water management practices adopted. This output will improve on-farm productivity of agriculture and water in command areas through the preparation of water allocation plans, 5-year farming plans, operation and maintenance manuals, supporting provincial agricultural institutes for selecting climate- adaptive seed variety and studying cropping patterns, and assisting contract joint water management frameworks to ensure a balanced and fair cost and workload sharing among water users and operators.

3. The majority of physical investment activities will be implemented through the eight irrigation upgrading and modernization SPs in output 2, and one small pilot scheme in output 1. These works will be implemented in four provinces in three climatic zones: Binh Phuoc in the southeast region (SER); Kon Tum and Gia Lai in the central highland region (CHR); and Quang Ngai in the south central coastal region (SCR). The project works include 11 new and 7 repaired and upgraded pump stations (PSs), with capacities ranging from 350 cubic meters per second (m3/s) to 15000 m3/s; 117 kilometers (km) of buried high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipeline, with Diameter Nominal (DN) ranging from 50 millimeters (mm) to 1000 mm; 65 km of new open canal and lining/upgrading of 171 km of existing canal; repair, modernization, or expansion of 6 existing weirs; dredging of 3 reservoirs; 30 km of new 22 or 35 kilovolt (kV) transmission line and 14 low voltage electrical transformers; and 24.5 km of upgraded or new rural roads.

4. The project has been screened and classified by ADB as environment category B. An environmental impact assessment (EIA) has been conducted for the project, and an initial environmental examination (IEE) has been prepared (this report), including an environmental management plan (EMP). As the project’s physical investment activities are primarily implemented through output 2, it is the primary focus of the IEE, though the pilot scheme in output 1 is also assessed.

5. The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) will be the national executing agency (EA). MARD’s Central Project Management Unit (CPMU, under the Central Project Office [CPO]) will provide overall project management support. The four (Binh Phuoc, Gia Lai, Kon Tum, and Quang Ngai) Provincial People’s Committees (PPCs) will be the provincial level EAs, through their provincial Departments of Agriculture and Rural Development (DARDs).

6. MARD’s CPO will be the implementing agency (IA) for the output 1 pilot scheme through its CPMU. DARD Provincial Project Management Units (PPMUs) will be the IAs for the management and implementation of output 2 SPs in Kon Tum and Quang Ngai. In Binh Phuoc, the output 2 IA will be the provincial specialized project management unit (SPPMU), while in Gia Lai, an Irrigation Management Company (IMC) will be the IA. Once construction is complete the IAs will be the subproject owners.

7. The project estimated budget is $115 million. The project duration is preliminarily planned to run for 6 years (2022–2027). The project lifetime is expected to be 25 years.

Policy, Legal, and Administrative Framework for Environmental Management

8. The primary legislation for environmental management and protection in Viet Nam is the Law of Environmental Protection (LEP), introduced in 1994 and updated in 2005 and 2014. The LEP regulates environmental protection activities and policies; measures and resources for protection of the environment; and requirements for environmental assessment. The LEP is supported by a number of Decrees, Circulars, and Decisions. Viet Nam also has a number of other laws and associated implementation instruments relating to environmental protection and/or the project:

9. The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE) was established in 2002 to manage Viet Nam‘s natural resources and environment. The National Environmental Administration of MONRE helps to manage national environmental protection activities throughout Viet Nam and there are corresponding Departments of Natural Resources and Environment (DONREs) for the provinces and the five cities under central government administration.

10. The LEP requires EIAs to be prepared at the project feasibility phase. Decree No. 40/2019/ND-CP and Appendices I and II provide the list of projects requiring strategic environmental assessment (SEA) or EIA, respectively. Large infrastructure projects, including projects for water reservoirs, projects for irrigation and water supply and drainage works for agricultural, forestry, and fishery production, typically require an EIA.

11. The Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS 2009) establishes ADB’s EIA requirements. The project has been classified by ADB as environment category B, requiring the preparation of an IEE (this report).

Environmental and Social Baseline

Country Overview

12. Viet Nam is located on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia, and is bordered by China to the north, Lao People’s Democratic Republic to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the Philippines and Malaysia across the South China Sea to the south and southeast. It has an area of 331,210 square kilometers (km2), a coastline of 3,444 km (excluding

islands), a population of 92.5 million, and a population density of 279 people/km2. Its capital city has been Ha Noi since the reunification of North and South Viet Nam in 1975. About a third of the population lives in urban centers.

Binh Phuoc Province

13. Binh Phuoc is located in the SER of Viet Nam. It has undulating, relatively flat topography with elevations between 50–200 meters above sea level (masl) throughout much of the province. Soils are mainly basalt and grey soils, suitable for agriculture such as perennial crops, cereals and cashew nuts, rubber and coffee, and forestry.

14. Binh Phuoc has a subtropical monsoon tropical climate with distinct rainy and dry seasons. The average annual temperature is high and stable, ranging from 25.8°C to 26.2°C. Average annual rainfall varies from 2,045 mm to 2,325 mm, and the rainy season takes place from May to November, accounting for 85% to 90% of the total annual rainfall.

15. There are four main rivers, the Be, Sai Gon, Dong Nai, and Mang. The Be is the largest and flows through much of the central and western portions of the province. Groundwater reserves are limited and typically only used for domestic water supply. The southwest side of the province is the richest in term of ground water resources.

16. Forest land makes up 172,745 ha or 25% of the province's total area and are located mostly in the northeast and southeast of the province as well as along the northern border with Cambodia and the western border with Tay Ninh Province. Much of the rest of the area is used to grow perennial cash crops.

17. The artificial reservoirs and canals at the SP sites are in highly modified rural agricultural environments, where forest cover has been removed and land use is predominately agricultural. Overall, the SP areas have limited ecological value, and there are no known rare or endangered fauna or flora. There are no SP sites located in or near national or provincial protected areas or key biodiversity areas (KBAs).

18. The SPs areas do not have significant industrial or mining activities. As a result, there is little industrial air pollution, and air quality is generally good and in compliance with Vietnamese standards. Surface water quality of reservoirs and rivers in the SP areas is also relatively good and in compliance with Vietnamese standards.

19. Binh Phuoc has a population of 994,679. Administratively the province is divided into seven districts, three district-level towns, and one provincial city, Dong Xoai.

20. Binh Phuoc is one of the most agriculturally productive provinces of Viet Nam and has a heavy reliance on cash crops such as cashew nuts and rubber.

21. Based on field visit and consultations with local authorities, there are no known physical cultural resources (PCRs) within the Binh Phuoc SP boundaries or zone of influence.

Kon Tum Province

22. Kon Tum is located in the CHR of Viet Nam. It has diverse terrain and an elevation range of 150–2,598 masl. It has a subtropical monsoon tropical climate with distinct rainy and dry seasons. The average annual temperature is high and stable, ranging from 22°C to 23°C. Average

annual rainfall ranges from 1,234 mm to 2,260 mm. The rainy season takes place from April to November, with the highest rainfalls in July and August (46% of the total rainfall).

23. Kon Tum has multiple rivers and streams that originate in the mountainous areas in the north and run to the south and southeast. There are three main rivers: the Dak To Kan, Po Ko, and Dak Psi rivers, all of which are part of the Se San River basin.

24. Forests make up 607,541 ha, 62.8% of the Kon Tum total area, and approximately one- fourth of the forested areas are protected. However, Kon Tum's forest area is decreasing due to demand for forest products and illegal logging. The remaining areas are mostly agricultural.

25. The artificial reservoirs and canals at the SP sites are in highly modified rural agricultural environments, where forest cover has been removed and land use is predominately agricultural or settlements. Overall, the SP sites have limited ecological value, and there are no known rare or endangered fauna or flora. There are no SP sites located in or near national or provincial protected areas or KBAs.

26. Air quality in the SP areas is generally good and in compliance with Vietnamese standards. Surface water quality of rivers within the SP’s areas is also generally good, though surface water is suitable for irrigation and not for drinking purposes.

27. Kon Tum Province has a population of 540,438 and a low population density of 55 people per km2. Ethnic minority groups account for more than 53% of the population.

28. Kon Tum is subdivided into nine district-level sub-divisions, and one city, Kon Tum City. The province is experiencing economic growth in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing sectors.

29. Based on field visit and consultations with local authorities, there are no known PCRs within the Kon Tum SP boundaries or zone of influence.

Quang Ngai Province

30. Quang Ngai is located in the SCR of Viet Nam. Its topography is characterized by a transition from the coast in the east to mountains in the west. It has a large plain along the coast (where the SP is located) and in the center of the province, and mountains and hills in the west and along its borders with Quang Nam and Binh Dinh provinces.

31. Quang Ngai has tropical monsoon climate with distinct rainy and dry seasons. The average annual temperature is high and stable, ranging from 25.6°C to 26.0°C. Average annual rainfall is 2,504 mm, and average annual sunshine is 2,131 hours. Typhoons are common and can cause extensive damage.

32. The network of rivers and streams in Quang Ngai is relatively rich and evenly distributed throughout the territory. Most rivers and streams originate from the Truong Son range and flow into the East Sea, and are general characterized by short, steep, shallow and narrow riverbeds with water flow having a clear differentiation between seasons of the year.

33. Quang Ngai has 339,278.81 ha of forest area and 130,345.08 ha of protection forest and special-use forest. There are 151,500 ha of agricultural production land and over 11,000 ha of homestead land.

34. The artificial canals of the SP are in highly modified rural agricultural environments, where forest cover has been removed and land use is predominately agricultural or settlements. Overall, the SP sites have limited ecological value, and there are no known rare or endangered fauna or flora. There are no SP sites located in or near national or provincial protected areas or KBAs.

35. Quang Ngai is attempting to establish the Ly Son–Sa Huynh Geopark as a member of the UNESCO Global Geoparks Network. UNESCO Global Geoparks are single, unified geographical areas where sites and landscapes of international geological significance are managed with a holistic concept of protection, education, and sustainable development. The proposed Geopark will cover about 50% of Quang Ngai province, including much of the Quang Ngai SP area, and will contain a population of over 1,000,000. There is no legal status attached to the Geopark designation, and UNESCO Global Geopark designation does not imply restrictions on any legal economic activity. Geopark designation will not affect the Quang Ngai SP.

36. Based on field visit and consultations with local authorities, there are no known PCRs within the Quang Ngai SP boundaries or zone of influence.

Gia Lai Province

37. Gia Lai is situated in the northern portion of the CHR. It is a mountainous province with an average elevation of 700 masl to 800 masl and is characterized by mountain ridges trending north to south with narrow valleys that have bands of narrow floodplains between them that are in places wide enough for irrigated agriculture.

38. Gia Lai has a tropical monsoon climate with two distinctive seasons, the rainy season from May to October, and the dry season from November to April. Average annual temperature ranges from 22°C to 26°C. Average annual rainfall varies from 2,100 mm to 2,200 mm.

39. Gia Lai has moderate water resources when compared to that of the whole country. The total surface water volume of Gia Lai is about 23 billion m3 distributed in the main river systems: the Ba River, the Se San River, and the branches of the Serepok River.

40. Gia Lai has 800,000 ha of agricultural land and over 600,000 ha of forestry land. The artificial canals and reservoirs at the SP sites are in highly modified rural agricultural environments, where forest cover has been removed and land use is predominately agricultural or settlement. Overall, the SP sites have limited ecological value, and there are no known rare or endangered fauna or flora. There are no SP sites located within or adjacent to national or provincial protected areas or KBAs.

41. Air quality in the SP areas is in generally good and in compliance with Vietnamese standards. Surface water quality of the Ayun Ha and Ia M'La reservoirs is also relatively good and is suitable for both irrigation and raw water for domestic use.

42. Gia Lai has a population of 1,513,847 people. Administratively the province is divided into one city (Pleiku), two towns, and 13 districts. The economy is dominated by the agriculture/forestry/fisheries sector, industry/construction, and services.

43. Based on field visit and consultations with local authorities, there are no known PCRs within the Gia Lai SP boundaries or zone of influence.

Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

44. Anticipated positive and negative environmental impacts of the proposed project were assessed based on SP feasibility studies and technical review by sectoral experts; site visits conducted by domestic and international environmental and other technical consultants; water and sediment quality surveys; a climate risk vulnerability assessment; screenings utilizing the Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (IBAT) developed by BirdLife International, Conservation International, International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and UN Environment's World Conservation Monitoring Centre; and consultations with key stakeholders and affected persons.

45. Pre-construction phase negative impacts are primarily associated with permanent land acquisition and associated loss of perennial and annual crops. A number of environmental management measures are also implemented in the pre-construction phase, including IEE and EMP updating (if necessary); incorporation of environmental mitigation measures into contractor’s bidding documents, technical specifications, and contracts for civil constructions and equipment installations; implementation of the grievance redress mechanism (GRM); training and capacity building; and unexploded ordnance (UXO) screening and clearance.

46. Most of the project’s potential environmental impacts are associated with the construction of the physical works. Overall, most physical works are small-scale, occurring within existing well- established ISs in highly modified agricultural landscapes, away from settlements and sensitive receptors. Potential negative construction phase environmental impacts are typical for irrigation and agricultural works and include erosion; disposal of soil from canal construction and sediment from dredging; soil and water contamination from petroleum products and hazardous materials; construction and domestic wastes; air pollution from fugitive dust; hydrology impacts; impacts on protected areas, flora and fauna; community disturbance and safety; health and safety risks to workers and residents; and impacts on PCRs. These potential impacts are typically localized, short-term and small scale, and can be effectively mitigated through the application of appropriate good international practice construction practices and compliance with international guidelines.

47. There are relatively limited operation phase impacts. There is the potential for wastes to be generated at pump stations, reduced water availability for other users, and for increased use of pesticides and fertilizers. Potential operation phase impacts can be effectively mitigated through the application of appropriate good operational management practices, compliance with relevant GOV standards, and compliance with international good practice guidelines.

48. A separate Climate Risk and Vulnerability Assessment (CRVA) was prepared for the project. The goal of the CRVA was to identify the influence that climate change will have on the achievement of the overall project objectives. The methodology identified climate risk, vulnerabilities, potential impacts, and adaptation measures to strengthen resilience and coping capacity. Based on a climate risk profile and potential impacts, adaptation measures were proposed to address risks and to add value by strengthening resilience and maximizing sustainability.

Environmental Management Plan

49. The project EMP is a set of actions and arrangements to mitigate the adverse impacts assessed and found during the IEE process. It has been developed in line with applicable domestic and ADB guidelines and standards, and has drawn on experience in the EMPs of similar projects and related international good practice and guidelines. It includes a number of

components crucial to effective environmental management within the project: (i) organizational responsibilities and arrangement; (ii) mitigation measures for impacts during design, construction and operation phases; (iii) an EMP training plan; and (iv) monitoring scheme and reporting requirements.

50. The CPMU will have overall responsibility for project environmental management and will be staffed with qualified environmental and social safeguards specialists. Each IA will also be staffed with qualified environmental and social safeguards specialists.

51. A capacity building program will focus on the environmental safeguards requirements of relevant GOV laws and regulations and ADB’s SPS; implementation of the EMP, the environmental monitoring plan, and the GRM; and international good environment, health, and safety construction practices.

52. A project environmental monitoring plan will be used to assess: (i) the extent and severity of actual environmental impacts against the predicted impacts and baseline data collected before the project implementation; (ii) performance or effectiveness of environmental mitigation measures or compliance with pertinent environmental rules and regulations; (iii) trends in impacts; (iv) overall effectiveness of EMP implementation; and (v) the need for additional mitigation measures and corrective actions if non-compliance is observed.

53. The EA, with support from the project implementation consultant-environment (PIC-E), will prepare semi-annual project environmental monitoring reports for submission to ADB during construction, and annual monitoring reports during the first 2 years of the operation.

Information Disclosure and Public Consultation

54. Project-related environmental assessment information was disclosed prior to the start of public consultation meetings. The disclosure included a translated soft version of the draft IEE posted on the provincial PC and DARD websites, and district PC websites; hard copies of the translated draft IEE distributed to the CPO and to each of the four provincial DARD offices; and a two-page IEE summary as well as a two-page information brochure on the CAIMP were distributed to all 79 communes, posted at the DPC office notice boards, and provided at the public consultation meetings.

55. An extensive set of public consultation meetings were held from 16 March to 12 April 2021, covering all four provinces, all eight SPs, and all 79 communes. In total, 25 meetings were held with 638 participants. The meetings were chaired by the Chairperson or Vice-Chairperson of each commune. Presentations were made by PPMU and transaction technical assistance (TRTA) consultants for each safeguards area, and a question and answer session was held after each safeguards presentation. For the environment presentation, the results of the draft IEE were presented, including GOV and ADB environmental policies, predicted impacts, proposed mitigation measures, the EMP, institutional responsibilities, and the GRM.

56. The discussions in the consultation meetings showed strong support for the project from local peoples and authorities. There was very strong support expressed from local farmers for the construction of all eight SPs as they are expected to bring significant socioeconomic benefits and ensure a sustainable supply of irrigation water. All Commune Chairs and/or Vice chairs also fully supported the SPs as they will supply safe and sustainable irrigation water.

57. A total of 484 environmental questionnaires were completed and returned during the

public consultation meetings. The questionnaire results also expressed very strong support for the project construction and operation.

Conclusion and Recommendations

58. Based on the analysis conducted it is concluded that overall, the project will result in significant positive socioeconomic benefits, and will not result in significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented. Any minimal adverse environmental impacts associated with the project can be prevented, reduced, or minimized through the appropriate application of mitigation measures. It is therefore recommended that:

i) the project’s categorization as ADB environment category B is confirmed;

ii) this IEE is considered sufficient to meet ADB’s environmental safeguard requirements for the project, and no additional studies are required; and

iii) the project be supported by ADB, subject to the implementation of the commitments contained in the EMP and allocation of appropriate technical, financial and human resources by the EA and IA to ensure these commitments are effectively and expediently implemented.

I. Project Description

A. Introduction

1. The Climate Adaptation through Irrigation Modernization Project (CAIMP) will support the Government of Viet Nam’s (GOV) plans to increase sustainable agricultural and water productivity, reduce climate vulnerability, and improve employment opportunities and income for rural households. Under the project, irrigation infrastructure for selected irrigation systems will be modernized, and farmers will be encouraged to switch to higher value crops production under assured irrigation water supplies. This will then allow local farmers to improve farm produce quality and quantity, and thereby provide opportunity for them to access export markets through established and developing marketing channels.

2. The project is aligned with relevant GOV policies and strategies for the restructuring of irrigation systems (ISs) and improvements in irrigation productivity. With the project, irrigated agriculture in selected provinces will be upgraded, modernized, and more climate resilient, increasing sustainable agricultural and water productivity.

3. The project will have three outputs:

Output 1: Irrigation management services strengthened. This output will strength irrigation management services through the promotion of standardized guidelines and frameworks for IS modernization, and the implementation of a small 20 ha pilot scheme in Quang Ngai on advanced water generation and savings technologies for accessing irrigation in water scarce areas.

Output 2: Modern irrigation and drainage infrastructure developed. This output will upgrade and modernize existing ISs, with a total command area of 31,370 hectares (ha) in four targeted provinces. This will include: (i) IS repair, upgrading and modernization, including canal capacity improvement and strengthening water control systems; (ii) water resources improvement, including improvement of reservoirs, buffer ponds, and weirs for controlling flood water, mitigating drought damage and conveying pressured water to micro-ISs; and (iii) complemental infrastructure improvements.

Output 3: Efficient on-farm water management practices adopted. This output will improve on-farm productivity of agriculture and water in command areas through (i) preparing water allocation plans (WAPs); (ii) developing 5-year farming plans; (iii) preparing operation and maintenance (O&M) manuals; (iv) supporting provincial agricultural institutes for selecting climate-adaptive seed variety and studying cropping pattern; and (v) assisting contract joint water management frameworks to ensure a balanced and fair discipline and formulation (cost and workload sharing) among water users and operators. WAPs and O&M manuals will contain operation methods of irrigation and drainage facilities in emergency cases (i.e., floods, droughts). The project will also provide training and advisory services to government staff, irrigation management companies, water user associations/groups, and farmers.

4. The majority of physical investment activities will be implemented through eight irrigation upgrading and modernization subprojects (SPs) in output 2, and to a much lesser extent through a small pilot scheme on accessing irrigation in water scarce areas in output 1 (Table I-1). These works will be implemented in four provinces in three climatic zones: Binh Phuoc in the southeast

2 region (SER); Kon Tum and Gia Lai in the central highland region (CHR); and Quang Ngai in the south central coastal region (SCR) (Figure I-1). The SP works include 11 new and 7 repaired and upgraded pump stations (PSs), with capacities ranging from 350 cubic meters per second (m3/s) to 15000 m3/s; 117 kilometers (km) of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipeline, with diameter nominal (DN) ranging from 50 millemeters (mm) to 1000 mm, buried 0.8 meters (m) beneath the surface and situated within existing road corridors; 65 km of new open canal and lining/upgrading of 171 km of existing canal; repair, modernization, or expansion of 6 existing weirs; dredging of 3 reservoirs; 30 km of new 22 or 35 kilovolt (kV) transmission line and 14 low voltage electrical transformers with all power lines constructed alongside existing roads (PSs may also make use of roof mounted solar panels); and 24.5 km of upgraded existing dirt roads 3–4 m wide to Category B paved rural roads 3.5 m in width with 0.5 m shoulders (4.5 m total), or new rural roads (2.5 m and 3.5 m in width with 0.5 m shoulders). In total, about 40% of the road length will be new roads, all of which are in Binh Phuoc Province SP1. All other SPs involving roads are upgrading only, with some widening within the right-of-way.

Table I-1: Project Pilot Scheme and Subprojects by Province Budget Command Province No. Pilot Scheme / SPs Bounding Coordinates (Mill. Area (ha) USD)

11023’36'' - 110 39’08‘‘ N SP1 Dau Tieng IS 1,970 10.53 106020’42‘ - 106031‘19‘’ E 11°22'32.95" - 11°25'33.92" N Binh SP2 Phuc Hoa Pumped IS 1,400 5.97 106°32'20.27" - 106°36'27.67" E Phuoc 11°54'58.20" - 11°58'48.76" N SP3 Can Do IS 1,830 4.80 106°43'55.61" - 106°50'19.67" E 11°49'19.71" - 11°55'55.18" N SP4 Loc Ninh IS 840 4.72 106°34'23.85" - 106°42'58.74" E C19, Ho Che, Ta Kan 14°35’11.62” - 14°36’58.07” N Reservoirs 107°51’58.06” - 107°54’14.87” SP1 798 7.16 Dak Long 14°36’34.32” - 14°38’34.79” N Kon Weir/Reservoir 107°28’10.32” - 107°39’51.61” E Tum Ong Dan 14°26’59.17” - 14°27’34.78” N Weir/Reservoir 108°11’40.22” - 108°12’19.23” E SP2 790 6.99 Kon Braih IS – 3 Weirs 14°28’41.00” - 14°30’54.10” N /Reservoirs 108°01’53.44” - 108°05’1.64” E QN 14059’04.10” - 14059’23.98” Quang Ngai PLS 20 - Quang PLS 108055’2.95” – 108055’22.81” Ngai Nui Ngang IS 14°43’59.85’ - 15°20’42.24” N SP1 10,037 23.16 Thach Nham IS 108°37’25.58’ - 108°50’36.41” E

13°37’9.33” - 13°38’27.90” E Lang Cho PS 108°16’56.35” - 108°18’20.14” 13°29’40.83” - 13°31’22.06” E Gia Lai Lang Bung PS SP1 108°23’26.26” - 108°24’49.52” N 13,455 17.9 Tang Loi-HH-Piar PSs 13°24'51.40"N - 108°20'18.37"E 13°9’58.58” - 13°17’24.12” N Ia M'lah IS 108°39’53.29” - 108°49’6.95” E Total 31,140 41.06 IS = irrigation system, SP = subproject, PLS = pilot scheme, PS = pump station Note: Irrigated command area includes existing irrigated area plus area to be irrigated by subprojects.

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Figure I-1: Project Provinces

Source: Transaction technical assistance consultant, 2020.

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5. Production households will be trained in efficient water management and irrigation technologies such as sprinkler and drip irrigation, and good agricultural practices (GAP) such as integrated crop management (ICM) and integrated pest management (IPM). Such training will be provided to all SPs.

6. To aid decision making and optimize the project design, an environmental impact assessment (EIA) has been conducted for the project. According to ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS 2009), the project has been screened and classified by ADB as environment category B. Therefore, a simplified EIA, namely an initial environmental examination (IEE), has been prepared (this report), including an environmental management plan (EMP). As the project’s physical investment activities are primarily implemented through output 2, it is the focus of the IEE, though the pilot scheme in output 1 is also assessed.

B. Binh Phuoc Province

7. Four SPs will be implemented in the province, with a total irrigated command area of 6,040 ha (Figure I-2). One pilot scheme with an irrigated area of 20 ha will also be implemented.

SP1 Modernization of the Dau Tieng IS

8. The Dau Tieng Reservoir, part of the Saigon River, was put into operation in 1985 with a total storage capacity of 1.6 billion cubic meters (m3). It is managed by the Dau Tieng - Phuoc Hoa Irrigation Exploiting One Member Limited Company, a state-owned enterprise (SOE) under Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD). The scheme is not currently responsible for supplying water for Binh Phuoc Province. However, irrigation and water supply is required for agricultural production in communes along the reservoir banks.

9. SP1 will modernize and expand the existing IS to the east of the Dau Tieng reservoir to irrigate 1,970 ha of upland crops, fruits, and perennial trees (currently 610 ha is irrigated). A layout map is presented in Figure 1, Appendix I. The works will include building or installation of:

- one 1,500 cubic meter per hour (m3/hr) primary irrigation pumping station (PS) with four vertical-shaft pumps and a design head of 50 m, on the eastern banks of the Dau Tieng reservoir (Figure I-3); - one 1,500 m3/hr booster station with three centrifugal pumps and a design head of 50 m, located approximately 7 km along the main pipeline system in Dong Na commune; - 5 km of 22 kV powerline along existing roads, and a 35 kilovolt-ampere (kVA) transformer, to provide power to the PSs; - 12.4 km of pressurized HDPE main irrigation pipeline (DN 800–1000 mm), and 27.05 km of secondary pipeline (DN 140–900 mm)1; and - flow control structures and a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) monitoring and flow measurement system.

1 All project HDPE pipelines will be buried at a depth of 0.8 m. Pipeline alignments will follow either existing canals or roads, and it the latter will be installed within the road right-of-way.

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Figure I-2: Subprojects in Binh Phuoc Province

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Figure I-3: SP1 Site Photos, Binh Phuoc Province

Dau Tieng Reservoir, near primary pump station Location of primary pump station. location Source: Transaction technical assistance consultant, 2020.

Figure I-4: Typical SCADA Equipment

Water level monitoring devices

Water level, flow, temperature monitoring devices

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Rain monitoring devices Source: Transaction technical assistance consultant, 2021.

SP2 Modernization of the Phuc Hoa IS

10. The Phuoc Hoa Reservoir was put into operation in 2011 with a total storage capacity of 21 million m3. It is also managed by the Dau Tieng - Phuoc Hoa Irrigation Exploiting Company Limited. The entire reservoir bed is located in Binh Phuoc Province and water from the reservoir is transferred through the Dau Tieng - Phuoc Hoa canal (5 m3/s capacity) to supply water for Binh Duong and Binh Phuoc provinces. Water is also transferred to Dau Tieng Lake. Currently, the area around the reservoir and Thanh Tam and Minh Long communes are used for high economic value long-term industrial crops such as asparagus and fruit trees. However, the poor availability of water in the dry season is affecting the ability to harvest and is reducing crop yields.

11. SP2 will modernize the existing IS to the west of the Phuc Hoa reservoir and supply water to irrigate 1,560 ha of upland crops, fruit and perennial trees that is currently unirrigated. A layout map is presented in Figure 2, Appendix I. The works will include building or installation of:

- one 1,200 m3/hr primary PS with four vertical-shaft pumps and a design head of 60 m (Figure I-5); - 5 km of 22 kV powerline along existing roads, and a 35 kVA transformer, to provide power to the PS; - 5.6 km of pressurized HDPE main irrigation pipeline (DN 560–1000 mm), and 23.7 km of secondary pipeline (DN 160–315 mm), serving irrigation areas in two communes; and - flow control structures and a monitoring and flow measurement system.

SP3 Modernization of the Can Don IS

12. The Can Don Reservoir IS is located in Bu Dop district and began operation in 2017. The IS covers three communes (Thanh Hoa, Tan Tien, Tan Thanh), and one town (Tan Binh). It includes 18 km of main canals, 25 km of branch canals, and associated works. The reservoir was designed to irrigate 3,403 ha of agricultural land. However, due to lack of investment capital the canal system was not maintained or completed (there are no secondary canals), and only 1,286 ha are currently irrigated.

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Figure I-5: SP2 Site Photos, Binh Phuoc Province

Main Phuc Hoa-Dau Tieng Canal Location of PS on main Phuc Hoa-Dau Tieng Canal Source: Transaction technical assistance consultant, 2020.

13. SP3 will upgrade and modernize the Can Don IS to supply water for 1,830 ha of upland agriculture. A layout map is presented in Figure 3, Appendix I. The works will include:

- upgrading 9.5 km of existing open main canal from the Can Don Reservoir through repair or upgrading to reinforced M200 concrete trapezoidal canal lining, measuring base (b) 0.4 m x height (h) 0.6 m; - establishing 12.8 km of secondary canals with reinforced M200 concrete trapezoidal lining, bxh = 0.4 m x 0.6 m or 0.3 m x 0.4 m;2 - other canal works, including: - 4 drainage culverts to take water from the main canal to secondary canals utilizing M250 reinforced concrete and steel dampers; - 9 reinforced M250 concrete culverts where canals cross under roads; - 62 reinforced M250 concrete intake gates from secondary to tertiary canals; - 1.0 m x 1.0 m damper/stilling basins; - 739 water outlets (on average 1 outlet per 2 irrigated fields), either reinforced concrete or PVC-U pipe (DN 115 mm), depending on terrain and irrigation plots; - 106 reinforced concrete 1.0 m x 2.0 m pump reservoirs to allow for pumping to higher elevations; and - flow control structures and a SCADA system.

2 Canal upgrading (concrete trapezoidal canal lining) undertaken by the project will reduce (i) loss of conveyance capacity caused by erosion and damage of earthen canals; and (ii) reduce seepage losses.

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Figure I-6: SP3 – Can Don IS, Binh Phuoc Province

The intake from Can Don reservoir Control gate near start of main canal

Canal section to be upgraded and Command area of the Can Don IS. extended. Source: Transaction technical assistance consultant, 2020.

SP4 Modernization of the Loc Ninh IS

14. Loc Ninh District ISs include 9 reservoirs. The Suoi Nuy (180 ha), Bu Kai (180 ha), Loc Thanh (40 ha) and Loc Quang (360 ha) reservoirs were constructed by the Binh Phuoc DARD from 2003 to 2014 (Figure I-7). However, due to a lack of investment capital, only head works were constructed, and no canals were built. Therefore, it is necessary to complete a modern network of canals.

15. SP4 will upgrade and modernize the Loc Ninh IS to supply water for 1,830 ha of upland crops, fruits, and perennial trees. Layout maps are presented in Figures 4–7, Appendix I. The works will include construction of:

- 18.5 km of reinforced M200 new concrete trapezoidal canals to supply water from the reservoirs to 805 ha of currently unirrigated agricultural land; - 14.0 km of small canal-side access roads; and, - 7 concrete culverts where canals cross under roads (Table I-2).

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Figure I-7: Suoi Nuy, Bui Kai, and Loc Quang Reservoirs, SP4 – Modernization of the Loc Ninh IS, Binh Phuoc Province

Suoi Nuy Reservoir Bui Kai Reservoir Loc Quang Reservoir Source: Transaction technical assistance consultant, 2020.

16. The canals will be built in the right-of-way of existing roads where possible. Where this is not possible, small canal-side access roads will be established.

Table I-2: New Canals and Access Roads, SP4 Modernization of the Loc Ninh IS, Binh Phuoc Province Item Suoi Nuy Reservoir Bu Kai Reservoir Loc Quang Reservoir Canal Length (km) 7.221 6.941 4.355 Canal Structure Reinforced M200 concrete trapezoidal canal Paved Canal Roads: L = 3.044 km L = 3.535 km Length (L) L = 2.835 km W = 3.5 m W = 3.5 m Width (W) W = 3.5 m L = 3.805 km L = 0.820 km W = 2.5 m W = 2.5 m Culverts 3 4 Source: Binh Phuoc SP4 PIP Summary, 2020.

C. Kon Tum Province

17. Two SPs will be implemented in the province, with a total irrigated command area of 1,778 ha (Figure I-8).

SP1 Modernization of the C19, Ho Che, and Ta Kan Reservoirs and Dak Long Weir

18. The SP area has three existing reservoirs, C19, Ho Che, and Ta Kan in Dak To district, and Dak Long weir in Ngoc Hoi district.

19. The designed command area of the C19, Ho Che, and Ta Kan reservoirs as built was 183 ha (58 ha for rice and 125 ha for coffee). The source of water stored for these reservoirs is inflow from their catchments.

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Figure I-8: Subprojects in Kon Tum Province

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- The C19 reservoir was originally a small dam built on the site by farmers and later repaired and upgraded in 1993 and 2010. The dam is 166.5 m in length, 10.9 m in height, and has a crest width of 5 m. The upstream slope has a grout-filled riprap surface whilst the downstream slope is covered by grass. The dam crest has been lined with concrete. The dam's quality is generally good. The C19 reservoir covers 8.6 ha and has a total capacity of 313,000 m3 and a design irrigation capacity of 34 ha of rice. However, changes to crop patterns (from rubber trees to coffee) have increased demand by 200 ha. - The Ta Kan reservoir dam was originally built by farmers then repaired and progressively upgraded. The dam is 105 m long, 6 m high and has a 5 m wide top access road. The reservoir covers about 1 ha and has a total capacity of 100,000 m3 and a design irrigation capacity of 6 ha of rice and 20 ha of coffee. - The Ho Che reservoir earth dam was built in 1978. It is 202 m long, 14.7 m high, and has a 5 m wide road on the top. The upstream slope has been lined with grout-filled riprap, the downstream slope is covered with grass. The dam crest has been lined with concrete, and the dam is generally in good condition. The reservoir covers 10 ha and has a total capacity is 589,000 m3 and a design irrigation capacity of 80 ha of two-crop rice. Presently it is irrigating about 40 ha of rice and 40 ha of coffee trees.

20. In the middle of the dry season, the C19, Ho Che, Ta Kan reservoirs are completely dry, and are incapable of irrigating their command areas. They are also sedimented which reduces storage capacity (Table I-3). To address these problems, SP1 will restore storage capacity in the reservoirs by pumping water from the Dak Psi River through a single pipeline which will then divide into three lines to each reservoir. The three reservoirs will also be dredged and there will be minor reservoir upgrading. With these works the command area will be extended to 498 ha of crops (402 ha of coffee, 10 ha of fruit trees, 58 ha of rice, and 28 ha of cash crops).

Table I-3: Preliminary Calculation of Sediment Amount in the Three SP1 Reservoirs Design Storage Est. Sediment % of Storage Sediment Volume No. Reservoir Volume (m3) Volume (m3) Volume (m3) to be Dredged (m3) 1 C19 312,850 43,800 14% 43,800 2 Ho Che 585,000 23,400 4% 23,400 3 Ta Kan 26,000 7,800 30% 7,800 Total 923,850 75,000 8.12% 75,000 Source: Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, transaction technical assistance consultant, 2021

21. The works for the three reservoir are as follows:

- one 720 m3/h capacity primary PS with a design head of 50 m and three 0.2 m3/s submersible pumps, on the left bank of the Dak Psi River, about 500 m downstream of the Dien Binh bridge at Village No. 4, Dien Binh commune. The pumps will convey water from the Dak Psi river to the Ho Che and Ta Kan reservoirs; - one 350 m3/h capacity booster PS on the left bank of the Ta Kan reservoir, approximately 100 m from the weir. The pumps will convey water from the Ta Kan reservoir to the irrigation command area. - 2 km of 22 kV powerline and a 320 kVA transformer for the primary PS and 1.2 km of 22 kV powerline and a 160 kVA transformer for the booster PS. - 2.7 km of pressurized HDPE main irrigation pipeline (DN 450 mm) to convey water from the primary pump station to the Ho Che and Ta Kan reservoirs; - 12 km of pressurized HDPE tertiary irrigation pipeline (DN 50 mm–110 mm) including control valves and flow gauges.

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- Repair degraded weirs, intakes and spillways: - C19 reservoir – repair downstream toe of earthen weir, spillway stilling basin, and intake; and - Ta Kan reservoir – upgrade and repair weir, spillway and sluice. - Installation of a SCADA system (Figure I-4); - Dredge sedimented reservoirs to restore original design capacity: - C19 reservoir – dredge estimated 43,800 m3 to restore reservoir capacity to 240,000 m3; - Ho Che reservoir – dredge estimated 23,400 m3 to restore reservoir capacity to 550,000 m3; and - Ta Kan reservoir – dredge estimated 7,800 m3 to restore reservoir capacity to 18,000 m3. - Upgrade a 4.5 km long dirt access road into a paved category B rural paved road 3.5 m in width with 0.5 m shoulders (4.5 m total).

22. A layout diagram is presented in Figure 8, Appendix I.

Figure I-9: Primary PS Location on the Left Bank of the Dak Psi River

Source: Asian Development Bank, 2021.

Figure I-10: Ho Che Reservoir, SP1, Kon Tum Province

Ho Che Reservoir aerial view Ho Che Reservoir outlet Source: Transaction technical assistance consultant, 2020.

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Figure I-11: Ta Kan Reservoir, SP1, Kon Tum Province

Ta Kan Reservoir aerial view Ta Kan Reservoir dam

Ta Kan Reservoir spillway outlet needs a Booster pump station location stilling basin Source: Transaction technical assistance consultant, 2020.

Figure I-12: C19 Reservoir, SP1, Kon Tum Province

C19 Reservoir aerial view C19 dam upstream face. Source: Transaction technical assistance consultant, 2020.

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23. The means of removing the sediment from the three reservoirs, whether by hydraulic suction, by pontoon mounted excavators or by emptying the reservoir and using earth moving equipment, has still to be determined and costed.

24. Sediments dredged from the three reservoirs will be deposited at a disposal site located in Village No. 1 of Dien Binh Commune, on about 7 ha of public land (Figure I-13). The site has been agreed to by the Dien Binh CPC, and is adequate in size to receive all dredged sediment from the 3 reservoirs, together with any other excess soil from excavated works not used for backfill (the total estimated volume is between 100,000 m3 to 120,000 m3). The site is adjacent to the Ho Chi Minh road so it is convenient for access. The transport distances from Ta Kan, Ho Che, and C19 reservoirs to the disposal site are about 2.3 km, 3 km, and 4 km, respectively.

Figure I-13: Dredged sediment disposal site, Village No. 1, Dien Binh Commune

Access road Part of the disposal yard Source: Transaction technical assistance consultant, 2021.

25. The SP will also repair and upgrade the existing Dak Long weir, a 28 m long, 5 m high concrete is primarily diversion weir with very little observed ponding behind it. There is a 7 km concrete canal on the left side of the bank.

26. The works (see Figure I-14 and layout diagram Figure 9, Appendix I) include:

- upgrade the existing weir by increasing the height by 1 m, expanding the reservoir to 25,400 m3, with a surface area of 3.7 ha; - repair and upgrade the weir intake, drawdown pipe, spillway and stilling basin, and weir embankments; installation of 3.8 km of buried HDPE pipeline (up to DN 355 mm) on the left side of the river to replace the existing concrete canal, and 2.6 km of HDPE pipeline (up to DN 400 mm) on the right side of the river.

27. With these measures, command areas will be increased from 113 ha to 300 ha.

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Figure I-14: Dak Long weir, SP1, Kon Tum Province

Dak Long Weir. Note very limited impoundment area.

Starting point of canal to be upgraded. Source: Transaction technical assistance consultant, 2020.

SP2 Modernization of the Ong Dan, Kon Braih, and Dak Uy ISs

28. The Ong Dan IS is situated on Dak Cam stream in Kon Ray District. Its design command area as built was 40 ha (10 ha rice and 30 ha coffee). Water volume in the stream is decreasing in the dry season due to climate change, and the weir was flood damaged away in 2008. To be able to continue to serve existing irrigation area and to expand irrigated areas, additional infrastructure is required. Works will include:

- repairing and upgrading the weir to 40 m wide and 12 m high, and associated headworks (spillway, intake, and draw down pipe); - installation of 6 km of HDPE pressurized pipeline (DN 200mm–450 mm); and - upgrading a 2.7 km long motorbike accessible only road into a category B paved rural road 3.5 m in width with 0.5 m shoulders (4.5 m total).

29. With these works, the command area is expected to be extended to 130 ha (rice 10 ha, coffee 120 ha). A layout diagram is presented in Figure 10, Appendix I.

30. In Dak Ha District the SP will upgrade and repair two weirs and canals on the Kon Braih IS. The design command area of the Kon Braih IS as built was 70 ha, mainly for rice. The proposed modernization is to replace existing poorly designed two weirs with new ones with more storage capacities and to replace existing poorly designed earthen canals with new irrigation pipelines with farm turnouts (water tanks) along the pipelines to supply gravity fed water. With these works the command area is expected to be extended to 270 ha for growing rice and coffee.

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31. The Kon Braih 1 weir is a reinforced concrete weir 3 m high and 20 m long. Works will focus on:

- expanding the weir to a 6 m high and 110 m long dam, creating a 350,000 m3 reservoir approximately 12 ha in size; - upgrading the headworks (spillway, intake, and draw down pipe); installation of 2.1 km of HDPE pressurized pipeline (DN 400–450 mm); and, - upgrading a 3.4 km long access road into a concrete category B paved rural road 3.5 m in width with 0.5 m shoulders (4.5 m total).

32. The Kon Braih 2 weir is a reinforced concrete weir 1.5 m high and 20 m long. Works will focus on:

- expanding the weir to a 6 m high and 30 m long dam, creating 110,000 m3 of storage approximately 4 ha in size; - upgrading the headworks (spillway, intake, and draw down pipe); - installation 6 km of HDPE pressurized pipeline (DN 200–500 mm); and, - upgrading a 0.4 km long access road into a concrete category B paved rural road 3.5 m in width with 0.5 m shoulders (4.5 m total).

Figure I-15: Kon Braih IS Photos, SP2, Kon Tum Province

Kon Braih 2 Weir. Intake at Kon Braih 2 Weir. Source: Transaction technical assistance consultant 2020, and Asian Development Bank 2021.

33. A layout diagram is presented in Figure 11, Appendix I.

34. The Dak Uy IS in Dak Ha district is the largest irrigation canal system in Kon Tum, and is primarily used to irrigate coffee. It draws water from Dak Wi Reservoir. The canal system was developed in 2005. It has 2.2 km of main canal that then splits into a 13.2 km northern canal and a 14.2 km southern canal. Many of these canal are now degraded. The works will upgrade the final 0.9 km of the northern canal and the final 3.5 km of the southern canal, restoring them to reinforced concrete trapezoidal open canals, 50-80 cm wide and 60 to 120 cm high. The upgrading will follow the existing canal alignment. A layout diagram is presented in Figure 12, Appendix I.

35. It should be noted that 1.5 km of the northern canal passes through the Dak Uy Special Use Forest (SUF). However, the works that will be undertaken are on sections of the canal at minimum 5 km downstream from the SUF boundary.

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D. Quang Ngai Province

36. One SP will be implemented with a total irrigated area of 10,037 ha (Figure I-16).

Modernization of the Thach Nham and Nui Ngang ISs

37. The Thach Nham IS was put into use in 1991. The IS includes a gravity concrete and reinforced concrete weir with a crest height of +19.5 m, a maximum height of 26,60 m, a spillway length of 200 m, and an energy dissipation type of baffle blocks and submerged flow transition; an off-take structure with drawdown pipe on the northern canal bank; an off-take structure with drawdown pipe on the southern canal bank; a concrete under high flows spillway; and northern and southern canal systems.

38. After 30 years of operation and use, the headworks—such as spillway, intakes and sand flushing sluice—remain quite stable and the mechanical components are operating normally. However, to date only 30% of the canal system has been lined, and the remainder are earthen canals in which the channels are either eroded or have accumulated sediments, and are at risk of failure, especially in the rainy season. Many structures on the canals are degraded so the capacity of irrigation delivery of the entire system has been reduced significantly (Figure I-17).

Thac Nham IS works: - upgrading (reinforced M200 concrete trapezoidal canal lining) 28 mostly earth and unlined irrigation canals with a total length of 94 km) (a layout diagram is presented in Figure 12, Appendix I). - upgrading 24 regulating sluices on the upgraded canals, and installation of a SCADA system; - repairing 7 existing damaged and degraded PSs by replacing pumps (ranging from 2 to 5 pumps per station), suction pipes and electrical equipment, constructing new inlet and outlet basins, and repairing management houses; - construction of a new PS in Duc Minh commune, with two pumps, a capacity of 500 m3/h and a design head of 50 m; installation of 6.5 km of pressurized primary HDPE pipeline (DN 200 mm) and 18 km of pressurized secondary HDPE pipeline (DN 50 mm–100 mm), to irrigate 150 ha of high value crops; - installation of a SCADA system for the Thac Nham IS; and, - installation of 2.5 km of 35 kV electrical line and a 160 kVA transformer.

39. With the modernization works irrigation water will be increased by 3,579 ha, reliably supplying a total of 10,037 ha. The overall Thac Nham IS will irrigate 36,500 ha.

40. The Nui Ngang reservoir on the Tra Cau River was commissioned in 2003. The reservoir is generally operating as designed, with the exception of the spillway, which has a hydraulically operated gate. The spillway has deteriorated, threatening the safety and stability of the main works, and repairs are required to ensure structural safety (Figure I-18). To address the issues, the SP will install a SCADA system, and upgrade the damaged control gates of Ngui Ngang reservoir, including painting and replacing the piston for the gate of the spillway to facilitate operation and monitoring of these works.

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Figure I-16: Subprojects in Quang Ngai Province

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Figure I-17: SP1 Thac Nham IS, Quang Ngai Province

Thach Nham Weir

Thac Nham IS northern canal. Thac Nham IS southern canal.

Canal N6 to be upgraded. Canal N8-9 to be upgraded.

Bbm5 Pump Station to be upgraded. Electrical equipment to be upgraded.

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Pumps to be upgraded. Location of new Duc Minh PS. Source: Transaction technical assistance consultant, 2020/2021.

Figure I-18: SP1 Ngui Ngang IS Photos, Quang Ngai Province

Nui Ngang Reservoir flood discharge spillway. Spillway gate to be repaired. Source: Transaction technical assistance consultant, 2020.

Pilot Scheme

41. A pilot scheme will be implemented in an agricultural area about half way down the Quang Ngai coastline separated from the sea by sand hills approximately 35 m in height. Close to the area is an industrial array of ponds that appear to be producing salt in shallow ponds using solar evaporation. The pilot includes a well with radial infiltration pipes, a solar energy pump station, advanced irrigation technologies, and a SCADA control system (Figure I-19).

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Figure I-19: Schematic of Quang Ngai Pilot Scheme

Source: Technical Review and Enhancement of CPO Pilot Schemes, transaction technical assistance consultant, 2020.

E. Gia Lai Province

42. SP1 will upgrade and modernize the Ayun Ha and Ia M'lah ISs, with a total irrigated command area of 13,455 ha (Figure I-20).

SP1 Modernization of the Ayun Ha and Ia M'lah ISs

43. The Ayun Ha reservoir was put into operation in 1999 with a 36 m high dam. It is a mixed- use reservoir, including irrigation, domestic water supply, electricity generation, aquaculture, tourism and regional environmental improvement. It has a total capacity of 253 million m3 and an active storage capacity of 201 million m3. The IS is operated by the Irrigation One Member Limited Company.

44. The Ayun Ha IS was designed to provide irrigation water to 13,500 ha of cultivated land but the current command areas is only about 8,500 ha. The IS supplies irrigation water through a 52.83 km long main canal system, and 230 km of primary and secondary canals. Approximately 62% of the primary and secondary canals are cement lined and the remainder are earthen canals which are quite degraded. Most tertiary canals and on-farm canals are also earthen. As a result, the IS is only providing irrigation water for 7,697 ha (7,310.5 ha of rice, and 386.6 ha of crops), 59% of its design area (Figure I-21).

45. To address these issues SP1 will construct six small PSs, one of which will withdraw water directly from the Ayun Ha Reservoir and five of which will withdraw water from the right side of the Ayun Ha main irrigation canal:

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Figure I-20: Subproject in Gia Lai Province

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- A 0.32 m3/s capacity PS with 25 m head at Lang Cho village on the edge of the Ayun Ha Reservoir and a second 0.14 m3/s booster PS with 10 m head; 5.9 km of buried pressurized main HDPE pipeline (300 m DN 650 mm, 5.6 km DN 450 mm) to convey water to a storage tank located at the highest elevation in the irrigation area, 7.538 km of secondary gravity pipes (DN 200 mm) and 11.047 km of tertiary irrigation pipeline (DN 110 mm); 3.0 km of access roads upgraded to Category B paved rural roads 3.5 m in width with 0.5 m shoulders (4.5 m total); and 3 km of 22 kV power line along existing roads, and a 150 KVA transformer. Irrigation will be provided to 220 ha that is currently rainfed. - A 0.22 m3/s capacity PS with 28 m head at Bung village on the bank of the main canal; 2.7 km of buried pressurized main HDPE pipeline (380 m DN 500 mm, 2.337 km DN 400 mm), 8.088 km buried pressurized secondary HDPE pipeline (DN 200 mm) and 9.544 km buried pressurized tertiary HDPE pipeline (DN 110 mm); and 1.6 km of 22 kV power line along existing roads, and a 150 KVA transformer. Water will be conveyed directly from the canal to irrigate 300 ha of fields. - Three PSs at Thang Loi village (0.21 m3/s capacity, 15 m head), Hai Hai village (0.27 m3/s capacity, 45 m head) and Piar village (0.14 m3/s capacity, 16 m head), located at the end of the main canal and the beginning of the south main canal on the right bank; a total of 11.926 km of buried pressurized main HDPE pipeline (DN 630 mm to 400 mm) to convey water from the canals to storage tanks located at the highest elevations in the irrigation areas, 17.91 km buried pressurized secondary HDPE pipeline (DN 200 mm) and 28.626 km buried pressurized tertiary HDPE pipeline (DN 110 mm); a total of 1.9 km of access roads upgraded to 3.5 m wide Category B paved rural roads; a total of 1.0 km of 2 kV powerline and 3 150 KVA transformers. - Upgrade 51.8 km of primary and secondary earthen or damaged concrete canals through reinforced concrete lining, and install flow control structures. - Install a SCADA system at the reservoirs and at key points in each of the above ISs.

46. Layout diagrams are presented in Figures 14 and 16, Appendix I.

47. The Ia M'lah reservoir was put into operation in 2010. The total storage of the reservoir is 54.15 million m3, active storage is 48.64 million m3, and inactive storage is 5.51 million m3. Water flow at the headwork culverts is 4.2 m3/s. The IS was designed to irrigate 5,150 ha. However, the canal system is incomplete, and currently the reservoir is supplying water for 2,660 ha (530 ha of rice, and 2,130 ha of cash crop, tobacco, and sugar). The current irrigated areas includes areas developed under ADB-financed Central Highland Investment Project completed in 2018, which financed construction of 20 km of the main canal and 20 km tertiary canals. A SCADA system has already been installed in the IMC’s local office at the dam and is currently being repaired.

48. The SP will build 54 new tertiary and secondary irrigation gravity canals with a total length of 41.1 km, and upgrade through cement lining 4.5 km of existing canal, to irrigate 1,314 ha of rice and upland crops that were in the original command area, but not irrigated to date. Depending on site conditions the canals will be open reinforced concrete or buried pressurized HDPE pipeline, and will follow the alignments of existing roads. A layout diagram is presented in Figure 17, Appendix I.

49. Once operational SP1 (Ayun Ha and la M’lah ISs) is expected to provide irrigation water for approximately 13,456 ha of agricultural land, including 9,223 ha of rice, 3,099 ha of fruit trees, and 1,134 ha of sugarcane.

Figure I-21: SP1 Photos, Gia Lai Province

New Lang Cho PS location, Ayun Ha Reservoir. Starting point of Ayun Ha main canal. This PS draws directly from the reservoir, the remaining draw from the main canal.

New Bung PS location, Ayun Ha main canal. New Hai Hai PS location, Ayun Ha main canal.

N7-5b canal to be upgraded, Ayun Ha IS. la M’lah reservoir dam.

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Starting point of la M’lah IS canals. N21 canal to be upgraded, la M’lah IS. Source: Transaction technical assistance consultant, 2020 and Asian Development Bank, 2021.

F. Implementation Arrangements

50. MARD will be the national executing agency (EA). MARD’s Central Project Management Unit (CPMU, under the Central Project Office [CPO]) will provide overall project management support. The four (Binh Phuoc, Gia Lai, Kon Tum, and Quang Ngai) Provincial People’s Committees (PPCs) will be the provincial level EAs, through their provincial Departments of Agriculture and Rural Development (DARDs).

51. MARD’s CPO will be the implementing agency (IA, also referred to as Project Implementation Unit or PIU) for output 1 pilot scheme through its CPMU. DARD Provincial Project Management Units (PPMUs) will be the IA/PIU for the management and implementation of output 2 SPs in Kon Tum and Quang Ngai. In Binh Phuoc, the output 2 IA/PIU will be the provincial specialized project management unit (SPPMU), while in Gia Lai an Irrigation Management Company (IMC) will be the IA/PIU. Once construction is complete the IA/PIUs will be the subproject owners.

G. Budget and Timeline

52. The project estimated budget is 117 million USD. The project duration is preliminarily planned to run for 6 years (2022–2027). The project lifetime is expected to be 25 years.

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II. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework

A. Constitutional, Legal and Institutional Framework

Constitution

53. The revised Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam (SRVN) outlines the major elements of environmental protection in Viet Nam. It was adopted on 28 November 2013 by the Thirteenth National Assembly and took effect on 1 January 2014. The constitution stipulates that the nation‘s land, forests, wildlife, water, and natural resources belong to the people of Viet Nam and are to be managed by the government and the specific groups it may appoint.

Legal Framework for Environmental Management

54. The primary legislation for environmental management and protection in Viet Nam is the Law on Environmental Protection No. 55/2014/QH13 (LEP), introduced in 1994 and updated in 2005 and 2014. The LEP regulates environmental protection activities and policies; measures and resources for protection of the environment; rights, powers, duties and obligations of regulatory bodies, agencies, organizations, households and individuals who are tasked with the environmental protection; and requirements for environmental assessment and strategic environmental assessment. The latest amendment to the LEP establishes the liability of polluters to pay compensation for damage caused to the environment and natural resources. The amount of compensation payable depends on the natural resources that have suffered damage. The LEP is supported by a number of Decrees, Circulars, and Decisions (Table II-1).

55. Viet Nam also has a number of other laws and associated implementation instruments relating to environmental protection and/or the project, including:

Land - Land Law No. 45/2013/QH13 dated 29 November 2013 of the National Assembly of the SRVN, coming into force on 1 July 2014. - Decree No. 43/2014/ND-CP dated 15 May 2014 of the Government on the implementation of the Land Law. - Decree No. 47/2014/ND-CP dated 15 May 2014 of the Government regulating compensation, support and resettlement upon land acquisition by the State.

Forestry - Law on Forestry, dated 15 November 2017, coming into force on 1 January 2019. - Decree No 156/2018/ND-CP on implementing some articles of the Law on Forestry, 16 November 2018.

Biodiversity - Biodiversity Law No. 20/2008/QH12 passed on 13 November 2008 by the 4th Session of the 12th National Assembly of the SRVN and put into force from 1 July 2009. This law provides for biodiversity conservation and sustainable development, and the rights and obligations of organizations, households, and individuals in biodiversity conservation and sustainable development.

Biodiversity conservation means the protection of the abundance of natural ecosystems which are important, specific or representative; the protection of permanent or seasonal habitats of wild species, environmental landscape and the unique beauty of nature; the

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rearing, planting and care of species on the list of endangered precious and rare species prioritized for protection; and the long-term preservation and storage of genetic specimens.

Article 7 of the Law prohibits actions related to biodiversity such as building structures or houses in strictly protected sections of conservation areas, except works for defense and security purposes; illegally building works and houses in ecological restoration sections of conservation areas, and illegally changing land uses in conservation areas.

There are no regulations on drinking water sources, or specific requirements on different zones of these protected areas, applicable to the project.

Table II-1: Applicable Environmental Legal Instruments Laws - Environmental Protection Law No. 55/2014/QH13 of the 13th National Assembly, the 7th Session, passed on 23 June 2014 and put into force from 1 January 2015. - Environmental Protection Tax Law approved by the National Assembly on 15 November 2010. - Biodiversity Law No. 20/2008/QH12 passed on 13 November 2008 by the 4th Session of the 12th National Assembly of the SRVN, and put into force from 1 July 2009. Decrees - Decree No. 18/2015/ND-CP dated 14 February 2015 of the Government on regulating strategic environmental assessment, environmental impact assessment and environmental protection commitment. - Decree No 40/2019 /ND-CP dated 13 May 2019 of the Government on amendments to Decree on Guidelines for The Law on Environmental Protection - Decree No. 03/2015/ND-CP dated 6 May 2015 of the Government on the environmental damage assessment. - Decree No. 19/2015/ND-CP dated 14 February 2015 of the Government detailing the implementation of some articles of the Law on Environmental Protection. - Decree No. 38/2015/ND-CP dated 4 April 2015 of the Government regarding waste and scrap management - Decree No. 80/2014/ND-CP dated 6 August 2014 of the Government stipulating drainage and waste water treatment. - Decree No. 155/2016/ND-CP dated 18 November 2016 of the Government regarding the sanction of administrative violations in the domain of environmental protection. - Decree No. 59/2007/ND-CP dated 9 April 2007 issued by the Government on solid waste management. - Decree No. 174/2007/ND-CP dated 29 November 2007 of the Government on environmental protection charges for solid waste. - Decree No 140/2006/ND-CP dated 22 November 2006 on providing for the environmental protection at stage of elaboration, evaluation and implementation of development strategies, plans, programs and projects. Circulars - Circular No. 36/2015/TT-BTNMT dated 30 June 2015 of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment on management of hazardous wastes. - Circular No. 27/2015/TT-BTNMT dated on 29 May 2015 on strategy environmental assessment, environmental impact assessment, and environmental protection plan. - Circular No. 32/2013/TT-BTNMT dated 25 October 2013 by Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment promulgating national technical regulations on environment. Source: Technical assistance consultants.

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Forests and Protected Areas - In Viet Nam, forests are classified into three groups: production forest, protection forest, and special use forest (SUF). Production forest is for commercial plantation purposes. Protection forest is for natural disaster mitigation, and includes watershed protection forest, mangrove forest and erosion/wind protection forest. It is under the management of the Forest Protection Management Board and local authorities.

SUF is natural forest areas with high biodiversity values. Protected areas (PA) in Viet Nam are part of the SUF system and are intended to protect nature, including rare species, forest ecosystems and genetic resources. PAs include national parks; nature conservation zones, including nature reserves and species/habitat conservation zones; landscape protection zones, including historical-cultural relics and scenic places; and scientific research and experimentation forest zones. There is currently a total of 209 PAs in Viet Nam.3

As per Decree 117/2010 /ND-CP on Organization and Management of Special-Use Forests, allowable activities within PAs are as follows: 1. For natural parks, nature reserves and species/habitat conservation zones, the following activities are permitted: exploiting and clearing out dead timber trees, broken and felled trees and forest flora in service-administrative sub-zones under state regulations; and conducting salvage exploitation of timber, firewood and forest flora within the areas cleared for building works under approved projects. 2. For landscape protection forest zones, the following acts are permitted: conducting salvage exploitation of timber, firewood and forest flora while taking silvicultural measures to conserve, embellish and restore ecosystems and landscape, cultural and historical values and within the areas cleared for building works under approved projects; forest exploitation and sustainable use. 3. For scientific research and experimentation forests, the following acts are permitted: conducting salvage exploitation of timber, firewood and forest flora while adjusting forest components, tending forests and taking other technical measures under approved scientific research programs, projects or schemes and within the areas cleared for building works under approved projects; It should be noted that there are no project activities within any PA.

Cultural Heritage - Law on Cultural Heritage, 10/VBHN-VPQH dated 23 July 2013, of the National Assembly of the SRVN, Consolidated Document 10/VBHN-VPQH, amending and supplementing a number of articles of the Law on Cultural Heritage (No. 32/2009/QH12). - Decree No 98/2010/ND-CP, dated 21 September 2010 of the Government, detailing a number of articles on cultural heritage.

Official Development Assistance - Decree No. 16/2016/ND-CP dated 16 March 2016 of the Government on the management and use of official development assistance (ODA) and preferential loans from donors.

3 Protected Planet database, 2021.

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Water Resources - Law on Water Resources No. 17/2012/QH13 ratified by the National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam on 21 June 2012. - Decree No. 201/2013/ND-CP dated 27 November 2013 of the Government detailing the implementation of some articles of the Law on Water Resources. - Decree No 43/2015/ND-CP dated 6 May 2015 of the Government on providing the establishment and management of water resources protection corridors. - Decree No 25/2013 /ND-CP on environmental protection charges for waste water.

Irrigation - Law on Irrigation No. 08/2017/QH14 dated 19 June 2017 of the National Assembly of the SRVN, coming into effect on 1 July 2018. - Decree No 104/2017/ND-CP dated 14 September 2017 of the Government on penalties for administrative violation against regulations on disaster preparedness, and operation and protection of hydraulic structures and flood control systems.

Construction - Construction Law No. 50/2014/QH13 dated 18 June 2014 of the National Assembly of the SRVN, coming into effect on 1 January 2015. - Procurement Law No. 43/2013/QH13 dated 26 November 2013 of the National Assembly providing for the procurement activities. - Decree No. 59/2015/ND-CP dated 18 June 2015 of the Government on management of investment project construction. - Decree No. 46/2015/ND-CP dated 12 May 2015 of the Government on management of construction quality and maintenance. - Decree No 42/2017 /ND-CP dated 5 April 2017 of the Government on amendments to the Government Decree No 59/2015/ND-CP dated 18 June 2015 on management of construction projects.

Institutional Framework for Environmental Management

56. The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE) was established in 2002 to manage Viet Nam’s natural resources and environment. The National Environmental Administration of MONRE helps to manage national environmental protection activities throughout Viet Nam, while corresponding Departments of Natural Resources and Environment (DONREs) deliver the same for the provinces and the five cities under central government administration (Ha Noi, Da Nang, Hai Phong, Ho Chi Minh, and Can Tho).

57. The provincial level DONREs have the authority to monitor any discharge from major polluters if any SP discharges significant pollution. Given the relatively small scale of SP irrigation works which are not point sources of pollution, it is unlikely that they will do so.

58. The Environmental Police Agency (EPA) was established in 2006 under the Ministry of Public Security. It is a statutory investigative body authorized to conduct criminal investigations, impose administrative sanctions on environmental offences, and enforce environmental legislation. The EPA focusses on major polluters that cause serious environmental damage. It can take action to address violations identified by MONRE or the DONREs that have not been adequately resolved by the violator, and can undertake inspections and grant and withdraw permits and apply fines. EPA is also one of the primary enforcement agencies responsible for handling violations of wildlife laws in Viet Nam, and has a 24-hour wildlife crime hotline which is a key tool to help improve the detection and response to wildlife crimes.

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59. The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) and their provincial departments have overall responsibility for managing protected areas. MARD directly administers national parks with special nature conservation status or those with areas extending across more than one province. Other national parks are managed by the Provincial People’s Committees (PPCs) and their departments. MONRE is responsible for undertaking the state management for the biodiversity of protected areas.

Institutional and Legal Framework for Health and Safety

Occupational Health and Safety

60. The Ministry of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs (MOLISA) is responsible for occupational safety and social protection. It collaborates with the Ministry of Public Health (MPH) in stipulating and providing guidelines for implementation of in-kind compensation scheme and defining a list of occupational diseases

61. The legal framework for occupational health and safety in Viet Nam includes:

- The Labor Code No. 10/2012/QH13 passed by the National Assembly of Viet Nam on 18 June 2012. The Labor Code governs all sectors and industries in Viet Nam, and enacts general regulations on the occupational safety and hygiene at workplaces, accidents and occupational disease. - The Law on Occupational Safety and Hygiene No. 84/2015/QH13 passed by the National Assembly of Viet Nam on 25 June 2015. The provisions of this law are applicable to all Vietnamese employers and employees foreign employees who are working in Viet Nam, and to all sectors and industries. It provides more details about an employer's responsibilities for ensuring occupational safety and hygiene for employees as prescribed in the Labor Code. - QCVN01:2008/BCT, National Technical Regulation for Safety. - Decision 3733: 2002/BYT, issuing 21 labor hygiene standards, 5 principles, and 7 occupational health parameters.

COVID-19

62. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, on 31 March 2020 the GOV issued Directive No. 16/CT-TTg to enforce social distancing throughout Viet Nam. Some of the highlights of Directive No. 16 were:

(i) The general public was ordered to practice social distancing. People were ordered to stay at home unless they had essential business to attend to, such as grocery and drug shopping, emergency medical services, or going to work at business establishments that were not closed. When people did have to go out, they were to keep a distance of at least two meters between them. Meetings or gatherings of more than two people in public places were not allowed. (ii) Government officials were ordered to work from home other than for essential tasks. (iii) Public transportation services were discontinued and travel between provinces for individuals (including domestic air travel) was restricted to essential movement.

63. These measures have now expired, but the GOV continues to monitor the situation and will issue protective measures again if required.

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Legal Framework for the Irrigation Sector

64. Key laws and policies governing the irrigation sector in Viet Nam are summarized below.

Table II-2: Applicable Irrigation Sector Legal Instruments Laws Law on Irrigation No This law addresses irrigation water basic investigations, strategies, and 08/2017/QH14 dated planning; investments in development and construction of irrigation works 19 June 2017 of the and facilities; management, exploitation, or utilization of irrigation works and National Assembly of facilities, and operation of hydropower reservoirs for irrigation water uses; the SRVN, coming irrigation water utilities or services; protection and assurance of safety for into effect on 1 July irrigation works and facilities; small-scale and inter-field irrigation works or 2018. facilities; rights and responsibilities of organizations or individuals engaged in irrigation operations; responsibilities for state management of irrigation operations.

In terms of environmental management, Article 8 prohibits dumping waste and garbage within the protection corridors of hydraulic structures; illegally discharging wastewater into hydraulic structures; committing other acts of contaminating water sources in hydraulic structures; Illegally occupying or using land within the protection corridors of hydraulic structures; operating motor vehicles with a weight in excess of allowable limit on hydraulic structures; operating motor vehicles or inland waterway craft in hydraulic structures with restricted-area signs, except priority vehicles and craft as prescribed by the laws on road and inland waterway traffic. Decrees Decree No Provides details on a number of articles of the Law on Irrigation 67/2018/ND-CP dated 14 May 2018 Provides penalties for administrative violation against regulations on disaster Decree No preparedness operation and protection of hydraulic structures and flood 104/2017/ND-CP dated control systems. 14 September 2017

Circulars Circular No Provides details on a number of articles of the Law on Irrigation 05/2018/TT-BNNPTNT dated 15 May 2018 Source: Technical assistance consultants.

B. EIA Regulations and Requirements

65. The LEP requires EIAs to be prepared at the project feasibility phase. Decree No. 40/2019/ND-CP and Appendices I and II provide the list of projects requiring strategic environmental assessment (SEA) or EIA, respectively. Large infrastructure projects, including projects for water reservoirs, projects for irrigation and water supply and drainage works for agricultural, forestry, and fishery production, typically require an EIA (Table II-3).

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66. Section 3 of the LEP outlines the requirements for SEA and EIA for designated projects. Article 19 stipulates that owners of projects or qualified agents must prepare the EIAs. The EIAs must be submitted to the competent state agencies for approval and must be formulated at the same time as the project’s feasibility study report. The contents of the EIA are outlined in Article 22. Environmental management issues must be addressed in EIA reports and the project proponent is required to prepare an Environmental Management and Monitoring Program, including a budget for environmental management activities and institutional arrangements. Article 13 of Decree No. 18/2015/ND-CP stipulates the qualifications of the party undertaking the EIA.

Table II-3: Environmental Categorization of Construction and Irrigation Projects Subject to Environmental Impact Assessment, based on Decree 40/2019/ND-CP Appendix II Project Scale of Project Construction projects for water Reservoir capacity: 500,000 m3 or over reservoirs Construction projects for irrigation and water supply and drainage works for Irrigation and water supply and drainage area: 500 ha or agriculture, forestry and fishery over production Coastal boundary length: 5,000 m or over; or encroachment Construction projects for sea or river area of at least 5 ha. encroachment Riverine boundary length: 1,000 m or over; or riverine encroachment area of at least 1 ha New construction projects for sea or Length: 1,000 m or over river dyke

67. The EIA is assessed either by ministry staff or by a relevant provincial level committee. Article 25 of the LEP 2014 provides that the assessment must be undertaken within 20 days of the final revisions of the EIA. In addition, the proponent is responsible for obtaining all necessary construction permits from the relevant authorities. As the CAIM project’s irrigation area is over 500 ha for most subprojects, a domestic EIA, or EIAs, is likely required.

C. Applicable Environmental Standards

68. Vietnamese technical environmental standards that are directly applicable to the project are summarized in Table II-4.

Table II-4: Summary of Vietnamese Technical Standards Relevant to the Project

Technical Standards Air quality - QCVN05:2013/BTNMT, national technical regulation on ambient air quality. - QCVN06:2013/BTNMT, national technical regulation of on hazardous substances on ambient air quality. Water Quality - QCVN01:2009/BYT, national technical regulation on drinking water quality. - QCVN02:2009/BYT, national technical regulation on domestic water quality. - QCVN08MT:2015/BTNMT, national technical regulation on surface water quality. - QCVN09MT:2015/BTNMT, national technical regulation on ground water quality. Wastewater - QCVN14:2015/BTNMT, national technical regulation on domestic wastewater. Quality

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Technical Standards Soil Quality - QCVN03MT:2015/BTNMT, national technical regulation on permissible limits of heavy metals in soil. Sediment - QCVN43:2012/BTNMT, national technical regulation on sediment quality. Noise and - QCVN26:2010/BTNMT, national technical regulation on permitted maximum noise Vibration level in public & residential area. - QCVN27:2010/BTNMT, national technical regulation on permitted maximum levels of vibration from construction and industrial activities in public and residential areas. Hazardous - QCVN07:2009/BTNMT, national technical regulation on hazardous waste Waste thresholds. Source: Technical assistance consultants.

Air Quality

69. QCVN05:2013/BTNMT is the national technical regulation on ambient air quality. In general, the Vietnamese standards are equivalent to either EU directives or WHO interim targets, and are adopted in this project (Table II-5).

Table II-5: EU, WHO, and Vietnamese Ambient Air Quality Standards and Guidelines Parameters Concentration (µg/m3) Averaging EU Air WHO ambient air Vietnamese Period Quality quality guidelines Standard Directive (GL) and interim (QCVN05: targets (IT) 2013/BTNMT) Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) 350 N/A 350 1 hour 125 125 (IT-1) 125 24 hours 50 (IT-2) 20 (GL) Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 200 200 200 1 hour 40 40 40 1 year Carbon monoxide (CO) 10,000 N/A 10,000 8 hours

Ozone, (O3) 120 160 (IT) 120 8 hours 100 (GL) Particulate Matter (PM10) N/A 1 hour 50 150 (IT-1) 150 24 hours 100 (IT-2) 75 (IT-3) 50 (GL) 40 70 (IT-1) 50 1 year 50 (IT-2) 30 (IT-3) 20 (GL) Particulate Matter (PM2.5) N/A 75 (IT-1) 50 24 hours 50 (IT-2) 37.5 (IT-3) 25 (GL) 25 35 (IT-1) 25 1 year 25 (IT-2) 15 (IT-3) 10 (GL) Lead, (Pb) N/A N/A 1.5 24 hours

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0.5 N/A 0.5 1 year Source: EU Air Quality Directive (2008/50/EC); WHO, 2006, Air quality guidelines: Global update 2005; QCVN05:2013/BTNMT, national technical regulation on ambient air quality.

Surface Water Quality

70. The EHS Guidelines recommend that discharges of process wastewater, sanitary wastewater, wastewater from utility operations or storm water to surface water should not result in contaminant concentrations in excess of local ambient water quality criteria or, in the absence of local criteria, other sources of ambient water quality. QCVN08MT:015/BTNMT is the national technical regulation on surface water quality, and category B1 is applicable to irrigation projects. Table II-6 presents QCVN08MT:015/BTNMT compared to the US EPA National Recommended Aquatic Life Criteria. The two systems are not directly comparable, and the US EPA criteria are for the protection of aquatic life, not for the protection of irrigation water. Therefore, category B1 of Vietnam’s standard is more applicable, and is adopted in this project.

Table II-6: Vietnamese Surface Water Quality Standard, QCVN08MT:2015/BTNMT Limit Values US EPA National Parameter Unit QCVN08-MT:2015/BTNMT Recommended Aquatic A1 A2 B1 B2 Life Criteria (freshwater, pH 6 - 8.5 6 - 8.5 5.5 - 9 5.5 - 9 acute) Dissolved oxygen (DO) mg/L ≥6 ≥5 ≥4 ≥2 - Dry matter (DM) mg/L 20 30 50 100 - + Ammonia nitrogen (NH4 -N) mg/L 0.3 0.3 0.9 0.9 - - Nitrite nitrogen (NO2 -N) mg/L 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 - - Nitrate nitrogen (NO3 -N) mg/L 2 5 10 15 - Cyanide (CN) mg/L 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 .022 Cadmium (Cd) mg/L 0.005 0.005 0.01 0.01 .0018 Lead (Pb) mg/I- 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.05 .065 Chrome VI (Cr6+) mg/L 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.05 .016 Copper (Cu) mg/L 0.1 0.2 0.5 l - Mercury (Hg) mg/L 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 .0004 Note: QCVN08-MT:2015/BTNMT, the national regulation on surface water quality has the following categories: - Category A1 for cases in which the surface waterbody is used for domestic purposes (e.g., drinking water or other purposes listed under A2, B1, and B2). - Category A2 for cases in which the surface waterbody is also used for domestic purposes, but only after suitable technical treatment of the water, as well as for the protection of waterborne organisms or the use of the surface waterbody for other purposes listed under B1 and B2. - Category B1 for irrigation purposes and purposes with similar demands to waterbody quality or purposes listed under B2. Therefore, Category B1 is applicable to the project. - Category B2 for transportation purposes or other purposes with only low demands on water quality.

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Wastewater Discharge

71. QCVN14:2015/BTNMT, Class B, is the national technical regulation on domestic wastewater discharges to water sources used for irrigation. The EHS indicative values for sewage discharges are more stringent than the national regulation for all parameters except pH, and are adopted for the project for any sanitary discharges.

Table II-7: EHS and Vietnamese Domestic Wastewater Indicative Values and Standards Parameter Unit EHS Indicative Vietnamese Standard Values (QCVN14:2015) Class A Class B pH pH 6-9 5-9 5-9 BOD5 mg/l 30 30 50 COD mg/l 125 75 175 Total Nitrogen mg/l 10 20 40 Total phosphorous mg/l 2 6 6 Oil and grease mg/l 10 10 20 Total suspended solids mg/l 50 50 100 Total coliform bacteria MPN/100 ml 400 3000 5000 Notes: 1. Class A specifies the pollution parameters for discharges to a water source used for the purpose of supplying drinking water. 2. Class B specifies the pollution parameters for discharges not used for the purpose of supplying drinking water, such as irrigation.

Groundwater Quality

72. QCVN09MT:2015/BTNMT is the national technical regulation on ground water quality. There is no EHS equivalent, though the guidelines state drinking water sources, whether public or private, should at all times be protected so that they meet or exceed applicable national acceptability standards.

Table II-8: Vietnamese Groundwater Quality Standard, QCVN09MT:2015/BTNMT

No Parameter Unit Limit value 1 pH 5.5 – 8.5 2 Permanganate Index mg/l 4.0 3 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) mg/l 1500 4 Total hardness (calculated from CaCO3 ) mg/l 500 + 5 Ammonia nitrogen (NH4 -N) mg/l 1 - 6 Nitrite nitrogen (NO2 -N) mg/l 1 - 7 Nitrate nitrogen (NO3 -N) mg/l 15 8 Chloride (Cl-) mg/l 250 9 Fluoride (F-) mg/l 1 2- 10 Sulfate (SO4 ) mg/l 400 11 Cyanide (CN-) mg/l 0.01 12 Arsenic (As) mg/l 0.05 13 Cadmium (Cd) mg/l 0.005 14 Lead (Pb) mg/l 0.01 15 Chromium VI (Cr6+) mg/l 0.05 16 Copper (Cu) mg/l 1 17 Zinc (Zn) mg/l 3 18 Nickel (Ni) mg/l 0.02

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No Parameter Unit Limit value 19 Manganese (Mn) mg/l 0.5 20 Mercury (Hg) mg/l 0.001 21 Iron (Fe) mg/l 5 22 Selenium (Se) mg/l 0.01 23 Aldrin µg/l 0.1 24 Benzene hexachloride (BHC) µg/l 0.02 25 Dieldrin µg/l 0.1 26 Total Dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDTs) µg/l 1 27 Heptachlor & Heptachlorepoxide µg/l 0.2 28 Total Phenol mg/l 0.001 29 Total radioactivity α Bq/I 0.1 30 Total radioactivity β Bq/I 1 31 Coliform MPN or CFU/100 ml 3 32 E.Col MPN or CFU/100 ml Not detected

Sediment and Soil Quality

73. QCVN03MT:2015/BTNMT is the national technical regulation on permissible limits of heavy metals in soil. This is the standard applicable to dredgate which are to be disposed on different types of land listed in the standard. There is no EHS equivalent, but Table II-9 presents this Vietnamese standard compared to the People’s Republic of China (PRC) standard GB4284- 84 on agricultural use of sludge/silt. The Vietnamese standard is more stringent, and therefore QCVN03MT:2015/BTNMT will apply to the project, most likely the numeric values for disposal at industrial, agricultural or forest land.4

74. QCVN43:2017/BTNMT (Table II-10) is the national technical regulation on freshwater, saltwater and brackish waters sediment quality for the protection of aquatic life. As it is for the protection of aquatic life it is not applicable to the land based disposal of dredged sediment, for which the standard QCVN03MT:2015/BTNMT applies.

Table II-9: Vietnamese Soil Quality Standard (applicable to land based dredgate disposal) QCVN03MT:2015/BTNMT and PRC Standard GB4284-84 on Agricultural Use of Sludge/Silt. Viet Nam QCVN03MT:2015/BTNMT PRC GB4284-841 Land Type Acidic Neutral- Agricult- Forest Inhabited Industrial Trade and soil alkali soil Parameter Unit ural land land land land Service Ph<6.5 Ph>=6.5 land Arsenic mg/kg of dry 15 20 15 25 20 75 75 (As) soil Cadmium mg/kg of dry 1.5 3 2 10 5 5 20 (Cd) soil Lead mg/kg of dry 70 100 70 300 200 300 1000 (Pb) soil Chrome mg/kg of dry 150 200 200 250 250 600 1000 (Cr) soil

4 Any dredgate that monitoring during IEE preparation determined is contaminated as per QCVN03MT:2015/BTNMT, will be deposited in secure locations approved by the relevant DONRE, and will be permanently covered by an impervious soil cap. See EMP, Chapter V.

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Copper mg/kg of dry 100 150 100 300 200 250 500 (Cu) soil Zinc mg/kg of dry 200 200 200 300 300 500 1000 (Zn) soil Notes: PRC’s Standard for sludge in agricultural use applies to sludge of WWTP or others as well as sediment dredged from water bodies. All values are maximum allowed in mg/kg dry sludge or sediment.

Table II-10: Vietnamese Sediment Quality Standard, QCVN43:2017/BTNMT (select values) Parameter Unit Fresh Water Salty water, brackish water Cadmium (Cd) mg/kg of dry soil 3.5 4.2 Arsenic (As) mg/kg of dry soil 17.0 41.6 Mercury (Hg) mg/kg of dry soil 0.5 0.7 Iron (Fe) mg/kg of dry soil - - Lead (Pb) mg/kg of dry soil 91.3 112 Copper (Cu) mg/kg of dry soil 197 108 Source: QCVN43:2012/BTNMT, national technical regulation on sediment quality. Notes: Sediments are matter particles, located at a depth not exceeding 15 cm from the bottom surface of the water body, with particles less than 2 mm in size or passing through a 2 mm pore (US # 10 sieve) sieve.

Noise and Vibration

75. QCVN26:2010/BTNMT is the national technical regulation on permitted maximum noise levels in public and residential areas. The Vietnamese standards meet or are more stringent than WHO guidelines, and are adopted in this report (Table II-11).

76. QCVN27:2010/BTNMT is the national technical regulation on permitted maximum levels of vibration from construction and industrial activities in public and residential areas. There is no EHS equivalent.

Table II-11: WHO and Vietnamese Noise Guidelines and Standards One Hour LAeq (dBA) WHO Guideline Vietnamese Standard (QCVN26:2010) Daytime Nighttime Receptor Daytime Nighttime Receptor 7:00 - 22:00 - 6:00- 21:00-6:00 22:00 7:00 21:00 Special areas: medical establishments, Residential, libraries, kindergartens, schools, 55 45 institutional, 55 45 churches, temples, pagodas, educational and other areas with special provisions. Usual areas: apartment Industrial, buildings, detached or terraced 70 70 70 55 commercial houses, hotels, guest houses, agencies. WHO = World Health Organization. Source: Guidelines for Community Noise, World Health Organization (WHO), 1999, in General EHS Guidelines, 2007; and QCVN26:2010/BTNMT, national technical regulation on permitted maximum noise levels in public and residential areas.

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Table II-12: Vietnamese Vibration Standards (QCVN27:2010) For Construction Activities For Production, Trading, Receptor and Service Provision Daytime Nighttime Daytime Nighttime 6:00-18:00 18:00-6:00 6:00-18:00 18:00-6:00 Special areas: medical establishments, libraries, 75 Base level 60 55 kindergartens, schools, churches, temples, pagodas, and other areas with special provisions. Usual areas: apartment buildings, 75 Base level 70 60 detached or terraced houses, hotels, guest houses, agencies. Source: QCVN27:2010/BTNMT is the national technical regulation on permitted maximum levels of vibration from construction and industrial activities in public and residential areas.

D. International Environmental Commitments

77. Viet Nam is signatory to the following relevant international conventions:

- 1971, Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar). - 1972, Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. - 1973, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species Wild Fauna and Flora. - 1982, Protocol to Amend the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat, Paris. - 1985, FAO International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides. - 1985, Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer. - 1987, Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. - 1988, Agreement on network of fishery centers in the Asia – Pacific. - 1989, Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal. - 1992, Convention on Biological Diversity. - 1992, Copenhagen Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, Copenhagen. - 1992, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. - 1994, United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea – UNCLOS. - 2009, Stockholm Convention on Protection of Human Health and the Environment from Persistent Organic Chemicals (including PCBs).

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E. Applicable ADB Policies and Requirements

78. The major applicable ADB policies, requirements and procedures for EIA are presented in the Environmental Safeguards – A Good Practice Sourcebook (2012), and the Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS, 2009), which jointly provide the basis for this IEE. The SPS promotes good international practice as reflected in internationally recognized standards such as the World Bank Group’s Environment, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines. The policy is underpinned by ADB Operations Manual for the SPS (OM Section F1, 2013).

79. The project has been classified by ADB as environment category B, as its adverse impacts are judged to be less severe than category A (the highest), site-specific, few if any of them are irreversible, and impacts can be readily addressed through mitigation measures. An initial environmental examination (IEE), including an environmental management plan (EMP), is required.

80. The SPS 2009 requires a number of additional considerations, including: (i) project risk and respective mitigation measures and project assurances; (ii) project-level grievance redress mechanism; (iii) definition of the project area of influence; (iv) physical cultural resources damage prevention analysis; (v) climate change mitigation and adaptation; (vi) occupational and community health and safety requirements (including emergency preparedness and response); (vii) economic displacement that is not part of land acquisition; (viii) biodiversity conservation and natural resources management requirements; (ix) provision of sufficient justification if local standards are used; (x) assurance of adequate consultation and participation; (xi) assurance that the EMP includes an implementation schedule and measurable performance indicators; (xii) due diligence of Associated Facilities; and (xiii) environmental audit of Existing Facilities.

F. Other Relevant Guidelines

81. During the design, construction, and operation of a project, ADB SPS requires the borrower to follow environmental standards consistent with good international practice as reflected in internationally recognized standards such as the World Bank Group’s Environment, Health and Safety Guidelines (hereafter referred to as the EHS Guidelines).5 The EHS Guidelines contain discharge effluent, air emissions, and other numerical guidelines and performance indicators as well as prevention and control approaches are generally considered to be achievable at reasonable costs by existing technology.

82. The EHS Guidelines include General EHS Guidelines (2007, covering environment; occupational health and safety; and community health and safety) and Industry Sector Guidelines. Applicable sector guidelines utilized in the IEE include and the EHS Guidelines for Annual Crop Production (2016) and Perennial Crop Production (2016).

5 World Bank Group, Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines, April 30, 2007, Washington, USA. http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/enviro.nsf/Content/EnvironmentalGuidelines.

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III. Current Environmental and Social Conditions

83. Information on the current environmental conditions in the SP areas constitutes the baseline against which the impacts of the SPs are to be assessed. Baseline environmental data was sourced from existing secondary sources as much as possible, and in particular routine monitoring carried out by provincial centers for environmental and natural resources monitoring of air, noise, and water, as they are more representative by nature, e.g., in terms of seasonal variation. However, when such data is not available, it had to be supplemented by primary data collection covering surface water and sediment quality, to fill identified gaps. Some primary data collection is ongoing at the time of report preparation and will be included in a subsequent version.

A. Country Overview

84. Viet Nam is located on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia, and is bordered by China to the north, Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the Philippines and Malaysia across the South China Sea to the south and southeast. It has an area of 331,210 km2, a coastline of 3,444 km (excluding islands), a population of 92.5 million, and a population density of 279 people/km2. Its capital city has been Ha Noi since the reunification of North and South Viet Nam in 1975. About a third of the population lives in urban centers.

85. Viet Nam has a typical tropical monsoon climate dominated by the two main tropical monsoon areas, the South West Monsoon and the North East monsoon which bring heavy rainfall in the north and south from May to October, and in the central regions from September to January. Climate change in Viet Nam, and the four project provinces, is discussed in Chapter V.

86. Economic and political reforms under Doi Moi, launched in 1986, have spurred rapid economic growth and have transformed what was then one of the world’s poorest nations into a lower middle-income country.

B. Binh Phuoc Province

Physical Environment

87. Location. Binh Phuoc is located in the southeast region (SER) of Viet Nam. It is bordered by Cambodia to the north and northwest, Dak Nong and Lam Dong provinces to the east, Dong Nai and Binh Duong provinces to the south, and Tay Ninh Province to the west. It has an area of 6,876.6 km2.

88. Topography and soils. Binh Phuoc has undulating, relatively flat topography with elevations between 50–200 meters above sea level (masl) throughout much of the province. The elevation rises gradually to the east of the province and reaches around 500 masl near parts of the border with Dak Nong. The highest elevation is Ba Ra Mountain (736 masl) in the center of the province. There are several hilly areas with heights up to 200 masl in the west and 300 masl in the southeast of the province.

89. Soils in the province are mainly basalt and grey soils, suitable for agriculture such as perennial crops, cereals and cashew nuts, rubber and coffee, and forestry. Approximately 70% of the provincial land area is suitable for agricultural activities, and 61.2% of the land area has soils

42 classified as high quality.6

90. Climate. Binh Phuoc has a tropical monsoon tropical climate with distinct rainy and dry seasons. It is one of Viet Nam’s hottest provinces. The average annual temperature is high and stable, ranging from 25.8°C to 26.2°C. Average minimum temperatures range from 21.5°C to 22°C, and average maximum temperatures range from 31.7°C to 32.2°C. The highest temperatures occur in March to May (37.2°C) and the lowest in December (19°C).

91. Average annual rainfall varies from 2,045 mm to 2,325 mm. The rainy season takes place from May to November, accounting for 85% to 90% of the total annual rainfall. Rainfall is highest in July at an average of 376 mm. The dry season lasts from the end of November to the beginning of May of the following year, and accounts for only 10%–15% of the total annual rainfall. February and March are the driest months.

92. Total annual sunshine ranges from 2400 hours to 2500 hours, and average daily hours of sunshine ranges from 6.2 hours to 6.6 hours. Average annual relative humidity ranges from 76% to 78%. Winds blow primarily from the south/southeast, and northeast.

93. Water resources. Rivers draining the province flow east and south. There are four main rivers, the Be, Sai Gon, Dong Nai, and Mang. The Be is the largest, and flows through much of the central and western portions of the province. It is then a tributary of the Dong Nai River (Figure III-1). The rivers form narrow alluvial floodplains of more fertile soils.

94. Thac Mo Lake is a large artificial lake in the east of the province. Several rivers originating in the Central Highlands to the north flow into it, including Dak Glun, Dak Nhau, Dak Rlap, and Dak Oa. Thac Mo Lake is the point of origin of the Be River.

95. In general, the groundwater reserves of Binh Phuoc are limited and typically used for domestic water supply only. The southwest side of the province is the richest in term of ground water resources.

Biological Environment

96. Land use. Forest land makes up 172,745 ha or 25% of the province's total area, including 31,076 ha of special-use forest (SUF); 43,706 ha of protection forest; and 97,963 ha of production forest. Forests are located mostly in the northeast and southeast of the province as well as along the northern border with Cambodia and the western border with Tay Ninh Province. Much of the rest of the area is used to grow perennial cash crops, and the agricultural area is 445,257 ha (65% of the total).

97. SP flora and fauna. The artificial reservoirs and canals at the SP sites are in highly modified rural agricultural environments, where forest cover has been removed and land use is predominately agricultural or settlements.

98. Riparian vegetation along the reservoirs and canals typically includes crops (rice, peppers, banana), fruit and production trees (mango, orange, rambutan, coconut, rubber), bamboo and shrubs, and grasses. Aquatic flora in the canals typically includes mosses and Diatom algae (Bacillariophyceae).

6 Power Company 2, EVN. Rural MV Network of Binh Phuoc Province, Environmental Management Plan. Ho Chi Minh City, 2009.

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Figure III-1: Water resources, Binh Phuoc Province

Source: Google Maps, 2020.

99. A survey of Dau Tieng Reservoir in 2004 indicates that the reservoir has limited fish diversity, and only 54 species belonging to 20 families and 10 orders were identified. The fish species are common to agricultural and irrigation areas in Viet Nam. Cypriniformes (mostly carp species) were the most prevalent with 21 species, followed by Siluriformes (catfish) with 10 species. Fish in the main and secondary canals also include common carp species (Cyprinus carpi, hypophthalmichthys, etc), Siluriformes and Snakehead (Channidae). There are also common crabs, snails, and shrimp.

100. Terrestrial fauna in the SPs area is dominated by common domestic farm and typical wildlife found in agricultural areas in south central Viet Nam, including birds such as the cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis), and other common birds and snakes.

101. No SPs are located in areas of good natural or critical habitat suitable for wildlife. Overall, the reservoir and canals of the Binh Phuoc SPs have limited ecological value, and there are no known rare or endangered fauna or flora (Figure III-2).

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Figure III-2: SP photos, Binh Phuoc Province

Irrigated area of Suoi Nuy Reservoir IS. Irrigated area of Dau Tieng Reservoir IS.

Main canal of Loc Quang Reservoir IS. Note house 20 m from canal. Source: Transaction technical assistance consultants, 2020.

102. Protected areas. No SP sites are located in or near national or provincial protected areas of any type, key biodiversity areas (KBAs)7, or drinking water protection zones, as determined through site visits, local consultations and screenings undertaken for each SP utilizing the Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (IBAT):8

- SP1: no domestic protected areas or KBAs within 50 km of the site. - SP2: no domestic protected areas or KBAs within 40 km of the site. - SP3: no domestic protected areas within 50 km of the site in Viet Nam, and no KBA within 30 km in Viet Nam (the nearest being 10 km away in Cambodia). - SP4: no domestic protected areas within 50 km of the site in Viet Nam, and no KBAs within 50 km of the site in Viet Nam (the nearest being over 15 km away in Cambodia).

7 Key biodiversity areas (KBA) are 'sites contributing significantly to the global persistence of biodiversity', in terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems. Sites qualify as global KBAs if they meet one or more of 11 criteria, clustered into five categories: threatened biodiversity; geographically restricted biodiversity; ecological integrity; biological processes; and, irreplaceability (IBAT, 2020). 8 IBAT is a suite of tools developed to assist in the delivery of a range of biodiversity related data layers to support various business, governmental intergovernmental and non-governmental processes. IBAT is the result of a breaking partnership between BirdLife International, Conservation International, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC).

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Current Environmental Conditions

103. Air quality and noise. The SPs are situated in rural agricultural areas with little industrial air pollution, and air quality in the SP areas is generally in compliance with the applicable Vietnamese standards in QCVN05/2013/BTNMT. Noise and dust are primarily generated by road- going vehicles such as trucks, cars and motorbikes, and dust is worst during the dry months. Summary air and noise quality data summary in the SP areas is presented in Table III-1 and Table III-2, respectively. Figure 1, Appendix II shows the location of monitoring data collected from Binh Phuoc secondary sources or primary surveys.

Table III-1: Ambient Air Quality (1 hour average), Binh Phuoc SP areas, September 2018 QCVN: Parameter, SP1, Dau SP2, Phuoc 05/2013/ SP3, Can SP4, Loc Location Unit Tieng IS Hoa IS BTNMT Don IS Thanh IS Code (1 hour average ) Code AQ K1 AQ K2 AQ K3 AQ K4 TSP µg/m3 120 130 105 105 300 3 NO2 µg/m 70 90 80 60 200 3 SO2 µg/m 90 90 95 75 350 CO µg/m3 500 400 400 400 30,000 Source: Binh Phuoc Center for Environmental and Natural Resources Monitoring, September 2018. Sampling locations are presented in Appendix II.

Table III-2: Ambient Noise Levels (1 hour average, dBA), Binh Phuoc SP areas, 2018 QCVN: Parameter, 05/2013/ SP1, Dau SP2, Phuoc SP3, Can SP4, Loc Location Unit BTNMT Tieng IS Hoa IS Don IS Thanh IS Code (1 hour average ) Code NQ K1 NQ K2 NQ K3 NQ K4 Noise dBA 70 71 64 62 70 Source: Binh Phuoc Center for Environmental and Natural Resources Monitoring, September 2018. Sampling locations are presented in Appendix II.

104. Surface water quality. Surface water quality of four reservoirs and rivers in the SP areas was analyzed in September 2019 by the Binh Phuoc Center for Environmental and Natural Resources Monitoring, supplement by more site-specific primary surveys undertaken in March 2021. The results indicated that the quality of water in the SP areas is relatively good as the parameters were all within applicable standards set in Column B1 of QCVN08/2015/BTNMT (Table III-3). However, the surface water is suitable for irrigation only, and not for drinking purposes.

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Table III-3: Surface Water Quality, Binh Phuoc SP, 2018 and 2021 Shading denotes exceedance of relevant parameter SP1, SP2, SP4, Loc Ninh IS QCVN: SP3, Parameter, Dau Tieng Phuoc Loc 08/2015/ Can Don Bui Kai Suoi Nuy Location Unit Reservoir Hoa Quang BTNMT Canal Reservoir Reservoir Code at intake Reservoir Reservoir (B1) (2021) (2021) (2021) (2021) (2021) (2018) SWQ Code PWQ1 PWQ2 PWQ3 PWQ4 PWQ5 NM4 Temp °C 27.9 28 28.6 28.2 27.8 - pH mg/L 7.01 7.23 7.34 6.77 7.15 7.08 5.5 – 9 DO mg/L 4.2 4.12 5.04 6.16 4.39 4.15 ≥4 TSS mg/L 32 25 24 20 22 30 50 COD mg/L 26 13 19 21 10 22 30

BOD5 mg/L 11 5 9 13 4 10 15 - NO2 mg/L ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.05 - NO3 mg/L 0.02 0.14 0.26 0.07 0.12 0.024 10 + NH4 -N mg/L ND ND ND 0.09 ND ND 0.9 3- PO4 mg/L ND ND ND - ND ND 0.3 2- SO4 mg/L ND ND ND - ND ND - Cl- mg/L 10.3 6.39 3.91 - 6.2 9.8 350 Total N mg/L 0.6 0.25 0.44 - 0.21 0.53 - Total P mg/L 0.1 ND ND - ND 0.08 - Fe mg/L 0.54 1.0 1.35 - 0.89 0.51 1.5 As mg/L ND ND ND 0.0008 ND ND 0.05 Pb mg/L ND ND ND 0.0005 ND ND 0.05 Hg mg/L ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.001 MPN/ Coliform 7000 4000 3500 2100 3000 6.000 7500 100ml Note: Column B1 of QCVN:08/2015/BTNMT is the standard for irrigation use. Source, secondary data (Loc Quang): Binh Phuoc Center for Environmental and Natural Resources Monitoring, September 2018. Source, primary data (all sites other than Loc Quang): Mekong Green Kon Tum One Member Limited Company, 2021. Sampling locations are presented in Appendix II.

105. Ground Water Quality. An analysis of groundwater samples taken from wells located in each SP area indicates that the quality of water meets the applicable standard set in QCVN09MT:2015/BTNMT (Table III-4).

Table III-4: Groundwater Quality, Binh Phuoc SP Areas, November 2018 SP1, SP2, SP3, SP4, No Parameter Unit Dau Phuoc Can Don Loc QCVN Tieng IS Hoa IS IS Thanh IS 09/2015/BTNMT GWQ GWQ GWQ GWQ NN3 Code NN1 NN2 NN4 1 pH 5.86 5.59 5.92 5.6 5.5-8.5 2 TDS mg/l 294 278 176 181 1,500 3 TS mg/l 296 280 183 183 - 4 Hardness mg/l ND 544 9.4 7.4 500 5 COD mg/l 3.15 4.22 2.11 3.08 4 6 Cl- mg/l 7.37 5.76 5.39 5.96 250 7 F- mg/l ND ND ND ND 1 8 N-NO2- mg/l 0.011 ND 0.046 0.016 1 9 N-NO2 mg/l 5.78 5.36 3.01 5.78 15

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SP1, SP2, SP3, SP4, No Parameter Unit Dau Phuoc Can Don Loc QCVN Tieng IS Hoa IS IS Thanh IS 09/2015/BTNMT GWQ GWQ GWQ GWQ NN3 Code NN1 NN2 NN4 2- 10 PO4 mg/l 0.022 0.001 ND 0.014 - 2- 11 SO4 mg/l 6.35 6.48 3.24 6.35 400 12 Fe mg/l 0.036 0.245 0.202 0.525 5 13 N-NH4 + mg/l 0.044 ND ND 0.007 1 14 CN- mg/l ND ND ND ND 0.01 15 As mg/l ND ND ND ND 0.05 16 Cd mg/l ND ND ND ND 0.005 17 Pb mg/l ND ND ND ND 0.01 18 Cu mg/l ND 0.005 0.076 0.059 1 19 Zn mg/l ND ND ND 0.04 3 20 Mn mg/l ND 0.315 ND 0.326 0.5 21 Ni mg/l ND ND ND ND 0.02 22 Cr6+ mg/l ND ND ND ND 0.05 23 Hg mg/l ND ND ND ND 0.001 24 Se mg/l ND ND ND ND 0.01 25 Phenol mg/l ND ND ND ND 0.001 26 E. Coli MPN/ ND ND ND ND ND 100 ml 27 Total Coliform MPN/ 0 0 5 2 3 100ml Source: Binh Phuoc Center for Environmental and Natural Resources Monitoring, September 2018. Sampling locations are presented in Appendix II.

Socioeconomic Conditions

106. Demographics. Binh Phuoc Province has a population of 994,679 (2019), and a population density of 145 persons/km2. This is a significant increase from a population of 684,600 in 2000. In contrast to many other provinces in Viet Nam, much of the growth has taken place in rural areas, and Binh Phuoc remains a predominantly rural province. 50.42% of the population is male and 49.58% are female.

107. Binh Phuoc is home to 41 ethnic minority groups with a population of over 195,000, including Stieng, Kho Me, Ta Mun, and Hoa (Chinese).

108. Economy. Binh Phuoc is one of the most agriculturally productive provinces of Viet Nam and has a heavy reliance on cash crops such as cashew nuts and rubber. In 2007, its per capita agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) was D7.03 million, the highest in Viet Nam, while per capita industrial GDP was only D1.7 million, making it at the time one of the least industrialized provinces in the southern half of Viet Nam. However, Binh Phuoc’s economic structure is transitioning. In 2010 agriculture, forestry and fisheries accounted for 42.9% of GDP, industry and construction accounted for 28.8%, and services 28.3%. By 2020, it is expected that agriculture, forestry, and fisheries will account for 19.5%, industry and construction 43%, and services 37.5% of GDP.9

109. Infrastructure. SP area infrastructure is typical of rural agricultural Viet Nam, and includes

9 Socio-Economic Development Master Plan of Binh Phuoc Province Till 2020, Decision No. 194/2006 / QD-TTg.

48 the existing ISs, rural roads, electricity transmission lines, etc.

Physical Cultural Resources and Sensitive Receptors

110. Based on field visit and consultations with local authorities, there are no known physical cultural resources (PCRs)10 within the Binh Phuoc SP boundaries or zone of influence.

111. Table III-6 describes known sensitive receptors in the SP areas, the majority of which are outside of the SPs zone of influence. The exception is houses along the Loc Quang Reservoir main canal, some of which are 20 m from the canal (see Figure III-2).

Table III-5: Distance from National Cultural Resources, Binh Phuoc SP areas No Location Subproject Distance from Cultural Resource Site Cultural Resource Site to SP (km) Ba Ra Mountain – Thac Son Giang Ward, SP1 : Dau Tieng IS 131-140 Mo Historical and Phuoc Long Town, SP2 : Phuc Hoa IS 90-92 1 Landscape Relic Binh Phuoc SP3 Can Don IS 35-45 Province SP4: Loc Ninh IS 85-90 Source: Transaction technical assistance consultants, 2020.

Table III-6: Sensitive Receptors, Binh Phuoc SP areas, 2020 Shading denotes receptors in the SP zone of influence Subproject Location Sensitive Receptors SP1 Dau Tieng IS Dau Tieng reservoir, Tan Hiep commune, Hon Primary school, CPC, Medical Centre, construction of one Quang District residential area about 2.5 to 3 km from the SP pumping station in the site. upstream of the reservoir Irrigated area of Dau Tan Hiep commune, Hon Primary school, CPC, Medical Centre, Tieng reservoir Quang District residential area about 2 to 3 km from the SP site. SP2 Phuoc Hoa Reservoir IS Transfer canal from Minh Long Commune, Primary school, CPC, Medical Centre, Phuoc Hoa Reservoir to Chon Thanh District residential area about 2 to 3 km from the SP Dau Tieng Reservoir site. SP3 Can Don Reservoir IS canal system Main canal of Can Don Thanh Binh Town, Bu Dop Primary school, CPC, Medical Centre, IS District residential area about 1.2 to 1.5 km from the SP site. New construction of Thanh Hoa Commune, Bu Primary school, CPC, Medical Centre, secondary canal from Dop District residential area about 2 to 3 km from the SP Canal N7 site. Canal N10-1 to supply Tan Tien Commune, Bu Primary school, CPC, Medical Centre, water for grape fruit Dop District residential area about 1.0 to 1.5 km from the garden SP site.

10 Physical Cultural Resources - movable or immovable objects, sites, structures, groups of structures, and natural features and landscapes that have archaeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious, aesthetic, or other cultural significance. Physical cultural resources may be located in urban or rural settings and may be above or below ground or under water. Their cultural interest may be at the local, provincial, national, or international level.

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Subproject Location Sensitive Receptors Canal N16 Tan Thanh Commune, Bu Some houses about 200 m far from the (underground) Dop District underground canal. Secondary school about 1.5 km from the underground canal. SP4 - Suoi Nuy, Bu Kai, Loc Thanh and Loc Quang IS Loc Quang Reservoir Loc Ninh Commune- Loc Some houses located 20 m from main canal to main canal, km 3.5 Ninh District be upgraded. Bu Kan Reservoir Loc An Commune, Loc ▪ Loc Hoa Temple in Hamlet 8B , Loc Hoa Ninh District Commune, about 1.4 km from Bu Kan Dam ▪ Primary school, CPC, Medical Centre, residential area about 1.0 to 1.5 km from the SP site. Source: Transaction technical assistance consultant surveys, and consultations with Department of Agriculture and Rural Development and other local officials.

C. Kon Tum Province

Physical Environment

112. Location. Kon Tum is a border province in the Central Highlands Region (CHR) of Viet Nam. It borders Lao PDR and Cambodia to the west, Quang Nam province to the north, Quang Ngai to the east and Gia Lai to the south. It has an area of 9,676.5 km2.

113. Topography and soils. Kon Tum has diverse terrain; located largely to the west area of the Truong Son Range, it has elevations ranging from 150 masl to 2,598 masl. The northern and eastern areas are characterized by mountainous terrain divided by narrow valleys and streams. This area transitions into a plateau running from the northwest to the southeast, ranging from 1,100 masl to 1300 masl. In the south and southwest area are more low-lying areas with valleys and hills dominated by the Po Ko River that runs through it. The average elevation for the southern part of the province is less than 500 masl.

114. The four main soil types are in Kon Tum:

- Grey: accounts for 94.33% of the total natural area, consisting of 2 main types of soil which are the grey soil on acid magma and grey soil on ancient alluvial; - Red: accounts for 3.39%, and consists of 6 main types: yellow brown on ancient alluvium, red yellow on magma acid, red yellow on clay and metamorphic rocks, red brown on weathered basalt, light yellow on sandstone, and purple brown on basalt; - Alluvial: consists of 3 main types: deposited sediments, speckled alluvial soils, and streamline alluvial deposits; - Yellow humus (on mountains): consists of 5 main types: light yellow humus with potzonization in some places, light yellow humus on clay and metamorphic rocks, reddish brown humus on basalt and neutral magma, and reddish yellow humus on magma;

115. The soils that are most suitable for agricultural production are mainly the alluvial grey soils, but as much of the province has mostly medium or nutrient-poor soils, they are mainly used for developing forestry and industrial crops. The medium and poor quality soils are grey with generally weak structure. Non-productive soils include eroded, rocky inert soil and alit humus soils on the higher mountains.

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116. Climate. Kon Tum has a highland monsoon tropical climate with distinct rainy and dry seasons. The average annual temperature is high and stable, ranging from 22°C to 24°C. Average minimum temperatures range from 14°C to 16°C, and average maximum temperatures range from 31°C to 33°C. There is a clear difference in temperature between altitudes and as a result average temperatures in the southwestern area are about 1°C–1.5°C higher than the northeastern area.

117. Average annual rainfall ranges from 1,200 mm at lower elevations to 2,200 mm at higher elevations. The rainy season takes place from April/May to November, with the highest rainfalls in July and August (46% of the total rainfall). The dry season lasts from the end of November to the end of March of the following year, with February being the driest month.

118. Average annual relative humidity ranges from 78% to 87%. Average lowest humidity is 66% (in March) and highest average humidity is 90% (August to September). In the dry season, winds mainly follow the northeast direction; and in the rainy season wind is mainly in the southwest direction. The maximum wind speed (regardless of direction) is in the range of 18–20 m/s, with an average wind speed of about 7–9 m/s.

119. Water resources. Kon Tum has multiple large and small tributary rivers to the main Se San river that flows from the northeast to southwest of Kon Tum province (Figure III-3). The Se San catchment covers 19,250 km2, of which about 11,620 km2 are in Viet Nam. The Se San River is 237 km long and runs through all of Kon Tum province and five districts in the Gia Lai province in Viet Nam before entering the Ratanakiri and Stung Treng provinces in Cambodia. It then joins the Mekong River in Stung Treng, Cambodia.

120. The Se San has the three main tributaries, the Po Ko river system in the northwest; the Dak Bla river system in the east and northeast; and the Sa Thay river system in the south west, which flows along the Cambodian border. These 3 main tributaries have a dense network of rivers, streams, and small streams and are relatively evenly distributed throughout the province. They create favorable conditions to provide water for agricultural production, domestic supply and hydro-power production.

121. Groundwater resources are plentiful in Kon Tum province and can provide up to 100,000 m3/day. The aquifers are located at depths from 60 to 300 m formed in Holocene, Pleistocene, Neogen and Pliocene-Pleistocene sediments. Dak To and Kon Plong districts also have nine hot mineral springs that are tapped for soft drinks and for medical treatment.

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Figure III-3: Water resources, Kon Tum Province

Source: Google Maps, 2020.

Biological Environment

122. Land use. Forests make up 607,541 ha, 62.8%, of the Kon Tum total area (2018). About a quarter of the forested areas are protected. However, Kon Tum's forest area is decreasing due to demand for forest products and illegal logging. The remaining area is mostly agricultural, 214,860 ha or 22% of the Kon Tum total area, and agricultural area is increasing over time. The main crops are perennial commodities such as rubber and coffee.

123. SP flora and fauna. As with Binh Phuoc, the artificial reservoirs and canals at the two SP sites are in highly modified rural agricultural environments, where forest cover has been removed and land use is predominately agricultural or settlements (Figures 7 to 10, Appendix II). Riparian vegetation along the reservoirs and canals typically includes crops (rice, peppers, corn, soybean), fruit and production trees and shrubs (cassava, durian, coffee, peanut, orange, banana, rubber), shrubs, and grasses. Near the SP2 Ong Dan Weir/Reservoir there are forests to the east and south east; however, this area is outside of the SP2 zone of influence, and there are no forest areas or areas with critical habitat in the SP’s zone of influence.

124. Aquatic flora in the reservoirs and canals typically includes mosses and Diatom algae (Bacillariophyceae).

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125. For SP1, surveys indicate that Tak Kan reservoir has poor aquatic fauna with few fish and no fish farming. C19 and Ho Che reservoirs have common carp species, as does the Dak Long IS. For SP2, fish include common carp species (Cyprinus carpi, hypophthalmichthys, etc), Siluriformes, Snakeheads, and common crabs, snails, and shrimp

126. Terrestrial fauna in the SP areas is dominated by typical domestic farm stock. There is also typical common wildlife found in agricultural areas in south central Viet Nam, including the cattle egret and other common birds and snakes. Overall, the SP areas have limited ecological value, and there are no known rare or endangered fauna or flora (Figure III-4).

127. Protected areas. There are no SP sites within or near to any type of national or provincial PA or KBAs. (Table III-7).

Figure III-4: SP photos, Kon Tum Province

C19 Reservoir (SP1) Ta Kan Reservoir (SP1)

Dak Long Weir (SP1) Kon Braith weir No 2 (SP2) Source: Transaction technical assistance consultants, 2020.

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Table III-7: Distance of Kon Tum SPs to PAs Distance from PA to PA Location of PA Subproject SP area (km) SP1: C19, Ho Che and Ta

In Sa Thay and Ngoc Kan Reservoirs and Dak Chu Mom Ray 50-55 Ha District, Kon Tum Long Weir/Reservoir National Park Province SP2: Ong Dan and Kon 46-73 Braih Weirs/Reservoirs SP1: C19, Ho Che and Ta Kan Reservoirs and Dak 5-30 Dak Ma, Ha Mon Long Weir/Reservoir Dak Uy Special Commune, Dak Ha SP2: Ong Dan and Kon 16-30 Use Forest Area District, Kon Tum Braih Weirs/Reservoirs Province

Dak Uy IS 5 SP1: C19, Ho Che and Ta

In Dak Glei and Tiu Mo Kan Reservoirs and Dak Ngoc Linh Nature 88-117 Rong District , Kon Long Weir/Reservoir Reserve Tum Province SP2: Ong Dan and Kon Braih 100-130 Weirs/Reservoirs Source: Transaction technical assistance consultants, 2020.

Current Environmental Conditions

128. Figure 2, Appendix II shows the location of monitoring data collected from Kon Tum secondary sources or primary surveys.

129. Air quality and noise. Air quality in the rural SP areas is generally in compliance with the applicable Vietnamese standards in QCVN05/2013/BTNMT. Noise and dust are primarily generated by road-going vehicles, and dust is worst during the dry months. Air quality data in the SP areas is presented in Table III-8 and noise in Table III-9.

Table III-8: Ambient Air Quality (1-hour average), Kon Tum SP Areas, 2019 SP1 - C19, QCVN: Parameter, SP1 - Dak Ho Che and SP2 - Kon SP2 - Ong 05/2013/ Location Unit Long Ta Kan Braih IS Dan Weir BTNMT Code Weir/Reservoir Reservoirs (1-hr average) Code AQ K1 AQ K4 AQ K2 AQ K3 TSP µg/m3 100 113 94.0 100 300 3 NO2 µg/m 19.8 24.9 18.2 19.8 200 3 SO2 µg/m 24.2 28.7 22.9 24.2 350 CO µg/m3 < 2500 <2500 <2500 <2500 30,000 Source: Kon Tum Center for Environmental and Natural Resources Monitoring in 2019. Sampling locations are presented in Appendix II.

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Table III-9: Ambient Noise Levels (1-hour average, dBA), Kon Tum SP Areas, 2019 SP1 - Three QCVN: Parameter, reservoirs - SP1 - Dak 05/2013/ SP2 - Kon SP2 - Ong Location Unit C19, Ho Long BTNMT Braih IS Dan Weir Code Che and Ta Weir/Reservoir (1-hour Kan average) Code NQ K1 NQ K4 NQ K2 NQ K3 Noise dBA 63.9 61.1 63.8 68.2 70 Source: Kon Tum Center for Environmental and Natural Resources Monitoring in 2019. Sampling locations are presented in Appendix II.

130. Surface water quality. The surface water quality of four rivers within the SP’s areas (Po Ko, Dak Psi, Dak Ro and Dak Bla Rivers) were analyzed in 2018 by the Kon Tum Phuoc Center for Environmental and Natural Resources Monitoring, and in subproject reservoirs in 2021. The results indicate that the water quality is good; all parameters were within applicable standard set in Column B1 of QCVN:08/2015/BTNMT (Table III-11).

131. Sediment quality. There is no existing secondary data available for sediment quality in the reservoirs to be dredged. Although there is no major industrial or urban pollution sources in the area, , sediment testing was undertaken in March 2021 to verify the investigation. The results indicate that all samples were in compliance with QCVN03MT:2015/BTNMT (Table III-10).

Table III-10: Sediment quality, Kon Tum SP Areas with Dredging, 2021 Shading denotes exceedance of relevant standard

SP1 - Three reservoirs QCVN03MT:2015/BTNMT Parameter, Land Type Location Unit Code C19 Ta Kan Ho Che Agricultural Forest Industrial land land land SedQ SedQ Code SedQ TK C19 HC mg/kg of Arsenic (As) ND ND ND 15 30 10 dry soil mg/kg of Lead (Pb) 5.04 3.12 6.45 100 150 300 dry soil mg/kg of Cadmium (Cd) ND ND ND 15 20 25 dry soil mg/kg of Copper(Cu) 9.96 10.4 13.2 200 200 300 dry soil mg/kg of Mercury (Hg) ND ND ND 70 100 30 dry soil mg/kg of Iron (Fe) 48.3 64.2 78.1 150 200 250 dry soil ND = not detected. Notes: for dredgate disposal, the applicable land types are agriculture, forest or industrial land (see Chapter 2). Sampling locations are presented in Appendix II. Source: Mekong Green Kon Tum One Member Limited Company, 2021.

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Table III-11: Primary and Secondary Surface Water Quality, Kon Tum SP Areas, 2018 and 2021 Shading denotes exceedance of relevant standard SP1 - Dak Long SP2 - Kon Braih IS, SP2 - Ong Dan QCVN: Paramete SP1 SP1 - Three Reservoirs, 2021 Reservoir, 2021 2021 Reservoir, 2021 08/2015/ r/ Po Ko Unit C19 C19 Ta Kan Ta Kan Ho Che Ho Che BTNMT Location River, Upper Lower Upstrea Down- Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower (Column Code 2018 Resv. Resv. m stream Resv. Resv. Resv. Resv. Resv. Resv. Resv. Resv. B1) SWQ Code PWQ C19 PWQ TK PWQ HC PWQ DL PWQ KB PWQ OD NM1 Temp °C 6.98 28.2 28.8 27.7 28.5 27.9 28.9 27.4 28.3 28.8 28.5 26.9 27.3 - pH mg/L 6.92 7.03 7.12 6.45 6.83 6.89 7.11 6.47 6.85 6.77 7.12 6.13 6.55 5.5 – 9 DO mg/L 4.8 5.18 5.41 5.99 5.4 5.23 5.54 4.92 4.51 4.29 5.12 4.87 ≥4 TSS mg/L 18.2 24 28 16 18 34 22 20 28 30 38 24 33 50 COD mg/L 9.42 29 28 13 27 16 29 22 26 25 28 19 25 30 BOD5 mg/L 0.19 14 12 5 13 7 14 9 12 11 13 10 12 15 NO2- mg/L 0.63 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.05 NO3- mg/L 0.0063 0.18 0.14 0.16 0.26 0.045 ND 0.26 0.41 0.74 0.9 0.49 0.63 10 NH4+-N mg/L <0.002 ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.15 0.37 0.54 0.73 0.28 0.47 0.9 PO43- mg/L <0.0002 ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.088 0.12 0.2 0.26 0.12 0.18 0.3 SO42- mg/L <0.0005 ND ND ND ND ND ND 15.8 20.6 42.6 48.2 37.4 40.6 - Cl- mg/L <0.0003 2.49 4.62 ND 1.78 ND ND 38.2 42.4 53.8 61.4 53.8 61.4 350 Total N mg/L 240 0.99 0.72 0.27 0.73 0.19 0.59 1.87 2.59 2.55 3.11 1.38 1.96 - Total P mg/L ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.73 1.08 1.49 2.07 1.02 1.8 - Fe mg/L 0.52 1.03 0.38 0.2 0.6 0.36 0.23 0.31 0.31 0.48 0.22 0.27 1.5 As mg/L ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.05 Pb mg/L ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.05 Hg mg/L ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.001 MPN/ Coliform 100m 6000 6300 4300 7000 3100 4900 4300 4600 4300 4900 4000 4300 7500 l ND = not detected. Notes: Column B1 of QCVN:08/2015/BTNMT is standard for irrigation use. Sampling locations are presented in Appendix II. Source: Kon Tum Center for Environmental and Natural Resources Monitoring, 2018; Mekong Green Kon Tum One Member Limited Company, 2021.

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132. Ground water quality. Analysis of groundwater samples taken from wells in Kon Tum Province in general and in the SP areas indicate that the water quality meets the applicable standards set in QCVN:09/2015/BTNMT (Table III-12).

Table III-12: Groundwater Quality, Kon Tum SP Areas, February 2019 SP1 - C19, Ho SP1 - Dak SP 2 - QCVN: No Parameter Unit Che and Ta Kan Long Kon 09/2015/BTNMT Reservoirs Weir/Reservoir Braih IS GWQ GWQ NN3 GWQ NN2 Code NN1 1 pH 5.76 5.84 5.92 5.5-8.5 2 TDS mg/l 1,500 3 TS mg/l - 4 Hardness mg/l 56.9 48.7 40.5 500 5 COD mg/l 4 6 Cl- mg/l 7.73 11.8 10.2 250 2- 7 SO4 mg/l 5.97 8.52 3.69 400 8 Fe mg/l 0.64 0.74 0.39 5 9 N-NH4 + mg/l 0.16 0.089 0.095 1 10 CN- mg/l <0.0015 <0.0015 <0.0015 0.01 11 As mg/l <0.0005 <0.0005 <0.0005 0.05 12 Cd mg/l <0.0002 <0.0002 <0.0002 0.005 13 Pb mg/l <0.002 <0.002 0.004 0.01 14 Cu mg/l <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 1 15 Zn mg/l <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 3 16 Mn mg/l 0.5 17 Ni mg/l 0.02 18 Cr6+ mg/l 0.0057 0.005 0.0068 0.05 19 Hg mg/l <0.0003 <0.0003 <0.0003 0.001 20 Se mg/l 0.01 21 Phenol mg/l <0.0003 <0.0003 <0.0003 0.001 22 E. Coli MPN/ ND 100 ml 23 Total Coliform MPN / Negative Negative Negative 100 ml 24 Organochloride µg/l <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 3 pesticides Source: Kon Tum Center for Environmental and Natural Resources Monitoring, February 2019. Sampling locations are presented in Appendix II.

Socioeconomic Conditions

133. Demographics. Kon Tum Province has a population of 543,452 (2019), of which 50.3% are male and 49.7% are female. The population density is low at 55 persons/km2, and the majority (64.4%) of people live in rural areas. Average population growth (2019) was 1.64% (1.77% rural, 1.45% urban).

134. Kon Tum has a high proportion of ethnic minorities residing in areas along the Truong Son range. There is a total of 43 ethnic groups—Kinh at 46.8% and 42 other ethnic minorities making up 53.2%. There are 35 ethnic minority groups in Ngoc Hoi and 26 in Dak To district; in these two

57 project districts ethnic minorities account for about 57% population. The indigenous ethnic minorities are Xo Dang, Ba Na, Gie Trieng, Gia Rai, Brau. Ro Mam and Hre for about 49.7% of the province population. The main indigenous ethnic minorities in Ngoc Hoi district are Xo Dang (27%) and Gie Trieng (14%); in Dak To are Xo Dang (39%) and Ba Na (13,5%).

135. Ethnic minorities tend to be highly cohesive, with a strong cultural heritage and matriarchal family system that prevents them from connecting more regularly with the broader province communities. As a result, traditional culture and agricultural practices dominate the lives of the local people.

136. Economy. Kon Tum is one of the poorest provinces in Viet Nam, and the poorest in the Central Highlands. The provincial gross domestic product (GDP) in 2019 was D14,782 billion.11 In 2020, the provincial GDP was reported to have increased by 9.39% compared to the previous year. The sectoral contribution increases were (i) Agriculture–Forestry–Fishery, 4.32%; (ii) Industry and Construction, 15.56%; and (iii) Services, 9.20%. Agricultural production (rice, maize, and cassava) and husbandry are the main income source for the rural communities, where the per capita income increased from D41.27 million in 2019 to D46.58 million in 2020.12

137. Infrastructure. In Kon Tum Province, all communes and more than 90% of villages have roads that can be accessed in both seasons. SP area infrastructure is typical of rural agricultural Viet Nam, and includes the existing ISs, rural roads, electricity transmission lines, etc. The Kon Tum labor force (2019) aged 15 and above was 316,356 (men - 164,373, women - 151,986; with urban - 96,199, and rural - 220,160).

Physical Cultural Resources and Sensitive Receptors

138. There are no known PCRs within the SP boundaries or zone of influence, and the nearest is 16 or more km away (Table III-13). Table III-14 describes known sensitive receptors in the SP areas, all of which are outside of the SPs zone of influence.

Table III-13: Distance from National Cultural Resources to Kon Tum SP Areas No PCR Site Location SP Distance (km) SP1: C19, Ho Che and Ta

Ho Chi Minh Trail (Sa Kan Reservoirs and Dak Mo Rai Commune 74–113 1 Thay District Section) Long Weir/Reservoir -Sa Thay District SP2: Ong Dan and Kon 124–134 Braih Weirs/Reservoirs SP1: C19, Ho Che and Ta Tan Canh Kan Reservoirs and Dak 16–38 The Victory Site of 2 Commune-Dak To Long Weir/Reservoir Dak To District SP2: Ong Dan and Kon 52–106 Braih Weirs/Reservoirs Source: Transaction technical assistance consultants, 2020.

11 Report No. 301/BC-UBND dated 26 November 2019 on Socio-economic Situation in 2019 and Socio-economic Orientation and Tasks for 2020 by Kon Tum People Committee. 12 Summary Report of Socio-economic Situation in 2020 and Socio-economic Orientation and Tasks for presented by the Chair of Provincial People Committee on 6 December 2020 at the Opening section of the 11th Meeting of the Provincial People Council Term XI (Period 2016-2021).

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Table III-14: Sensitive Receptors, Kon Tum SP Areas, 2020 Subproject Location Sensitive Receptors SP1 Ho Che, Ta Kan, C19 Reservoir and Dak Long IS About 300 m to residential area, Ta Kan Reservoir Dien Binh Commune, Dak 1-2 km to school To District C19 Reservoir 300-500 m to residential area Ho Che Reservoir About 150 m from the Dak Long weir to the primary school. Cao Son Village , Sa Canal scheme: Dak Long IS Loong Commune, Ngoc ▪ 400-600 m to the houses Hoi District ▪ 600 m to the primary school ▪ 600 m to the commune medical center Main canals of Dak Uy - reservoir SP2 Kon Braith and Ong Dan weir About 400 m from the weir to residential area Kon Braith 1 (about 30 houses) About 1 to 2 km from houses, school, medical Kon Braith 2 center About 1 to 3 km from houses, school, medical Ong Dan weir center Source: Transaction technical assistance consultant surveys, and consultations with Department of Agriculture and Rural Development and other local officials.

D. Quang Ngai Province

Physical Environment

139. Location. Quang Ngai is located in the south central coast region (SCR) of Viet Nam. It is bordered by Quang Nam Province to the north, Binh Dinh Province to the south, Kon Tum Province to the west, and the East Sea to the east. It has an area of 5,152.67 km² and has a 130 km long coast line.

140. Topography and soils. Quang Ngai is a central coastal province and its topography is characterized by a transition from the coast in the east to mountains in the west. It has a large plain along the coast (where the SP is located) and in the center of the province, and mountains and hills in the west and along its borders with Quang Nam and Binh Dinh provinces. Nearly two- thirds of the province is classified as mountainous.

141. Soils in Quang Ngai province in general and the SP areas in particular consists of three main groups as follows:

- Yellowish grey and whitish grey soil accounts for 80%, originated from low-lying alluvial deposits. Generally, these types of soil include mechanical composition from light semi- clay to medium semi-clay with granular, loose soil texture at low humus level. The soil fertility is from average to low average, and is appropriate for growing rice in water. - Convergent slopes accounting for 5 % (yellowish brown, whitish grey) were formed and developed from outputs and materials on the high terrain that converge at valleys with water fusion by gravity. Hence the soil materials are often not selective and goes through laterization. The soil is distributed across the low hill bottoms of the SP areas. The

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convergent slopes have low fertility, high terrain with good water discharge. This type of terrain is mainly used to grow crops, sweet potatoes, peanuts, maize and a small area is used to grow grass for raising beef cows and dairy cows. - Brown, yellowish brown, whitish grey soils, a weathered output of the sandwiched sandstone and siltstone and granite originated from eluvium on low hillsides, accounts for 15% of the SP area. The mechanical composition is from heavy semi-clay to clay with the mixture of gravel. The soil has tight granular texture with low or no humus level, and is not appropriate for agriculture with irrigation.

142. Climate. Quang Ngai has a tropical monsoon climate with distinct rainy and dry seasons. The average annual temperature is high and stable, ranging from 25.6°C to 26.0°C. Average minimum temperatures range from 21.5°C to 22°C, and maximum temperatures can reach 41.0°C. The highest temperatures occur in May to June and the lowest in January.

143. Quang Ngai suffers from droughts and lack of domestic water in the dry season, and floods, inundation, and landslides in the rainy season. Average annual rainfall is 2,504 mm, and average annual sunshine is 2,131 hours. Typhoons are common and can cause extensive damage. Average annual relative humidity is 84.3%.

144. Water resources. The network of rivers and streams in Quang Ngai is relatively rich and evenly distributed throughout the territory. Most rivers and streams originate from the Truong Son range and flow into the East Sea, and are general characterized by short, steep, shallow and narrow riverbeds with water flow having a clear seasonal differentiation. In the rainy season river flows are high, often causing floods and associated damages. In contrast, they bring to the deltas a considerable amount of sediment.

145. The Tra Khuc is the main river in Quang Ngai, but there is also the Tra Bong, Ve, and Tra Cau rivers. The Thach Nham IS is supplied by water from the upstream of Tra Khuc River. Quang Ngai also has numerous mineral and hot springs.

Biological Environment

146. Land use. Quang Ngai has 339,278.81 ha of forest area and 130,345.08 ha of protection forest and special-use forest (Forest Protection Department, DARD, 2020). There are 151,500 ha of agricultural production land and over 11,000 ha of homestead land.

147. SP flora and fauna. As with other provinces, the artificial canals of the Quang Ngai SP are in highly modified rural agricultural environments, where forest cover has been removed and land use is predominately agricultural or settlements (Figure 11, Appendix II). Riparian vegetation along the reservoirs and canals typically includes crops (rice, vegetables including corn, cassava, spinach), fruit and production trees (Cinnamon trees [Cinnamomum cassia], limes, banana), Areca palm (Chrysalidocarpus lutescens), shrubs, and grasses. Aquatic flora typically includes mosses and Diatom algae (Bacillariophyceae).

148. Fish in the Thach Nham reservoir and irrigation canals are primarily raised fish, including Common carp (Cyprinus carpi), Dojo loach, freshwater eel, Bronze featherback (Notopterus), Tilapia (Cichlidae), and small shrimps, snails and crabs. Fish in the Ngui Ngang reservoir include common species such as Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), Bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis), and Tilapia. There are fish ponds fed by the main canal of Ngui Ngang primary canal N6, secondary canal B8-89, 1000-2000 m2, with Snakehead, Grass carp, and tilapia.

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Figure III-5: Water Resources, Quang Ngai Province

Source: Google Maps, 2020.

149. Terrestrial fauna in the SP area is dominated by typical domestic farm stock. Overall, the SP artificial reservoir and canals have limited ecological value, and there are no known rare or endangered fauna or flora (Figure III-6).

Figure III-6: Site photos, SP1 Nui Ngang and Thach Nham IS, Quang Ngai Province

One of the canals to be upgraded in Agriculture in area of new Duc Minh PS, the Thach Nham IS, showing typical dominated by vegetables with low economic canal quality and riparian vegetation value due to lack of irrigation water Source: Transaction technical assistance consultant.

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150. Protected areas. There are no SP sites within or near to any type of national or provincial protected areas (PA) or Key Biodiversity Areas (KBA). Quang Ngai is attempting to establish the Ly Son–Sa Huynh Geopark as a member of the UNESCO Global Geoparks Network. UNESCO Global Geoparks are single, unified geographical areas where sites and landscapes of international geological significance.

Table III-15: Distance of Quang Ngai SPs to PAs. Distance from PA to PA Location of PA Subproject SP area (km) Ly Son Marine SP1 Thach Namh and Nui Ly Son District 25 km or more Reserve Ngang ISs Covers a land area of 2,537 km2 and a Ly Son–Sa Huynh SP1 Thach Namh and Nui Within Geopark’s marine area of 2,617 Geopark Ngang ISs proposed scope km2, eastern Quang Ngai Province Source: Transaction technical assistance consultants, 2020.

151. The Ly Son–Sa Huynh Geopark application is in processing but not approved yet. The proposed Geopark will cover about 50% of Quang Ngai province including much of the Quang Ngai SP area, and will contain a population of over 1,000,000. It should be noted that there is no legal status attached to the Geopark designation, and UNESCO Global Geopark designation does not imply restrictions on any legal economic activity inside a UNESCO Global Geopark.13 Geopark designation will not affect the Quang Ngai SP.

Current Environmental Conditions

152. Figure 3, Appendix II shows the location of monitoring data collected from Quang Ngai secondary sources or primary surveys.

153. Air quality and noise. Air quality in the rural SP areas is generally in compliance with applicable Vietnamese standards in QCVN05/2013/BTNMT. Noise and dust are primarily generated by road-going vehicles, and dust is worst during the dry months. Air quality data in the SP areas is presented in Table III-16 and noise in Table III-17.

Table III-16: Ambient Air Quality (1 hour average), Quang Ngai, March 2020 QCVN: Parameter, Binh Son Duc Nghi Quang 05/2013/ Mo Duc Location Unit Son Tinh Pho Hanh Ngai BTNMT District Code District District District District City (1 hour average ) Code AQ K1 AQ K2 AQ K3 AQ K4 AQ K5 AQ K6 TSP µg/m3 82 106 86 49 57 69 300 3 NO2 µg/m <10 27 13 10 10 <10 200 3 SO2 µg/m 31 28 17 16 15 15 350 CO µg/m3 <2000 <2000 <2000 <2000 <2000 <2000 30,000 Source: Quang Ngai Center for Environmental and Natural Resources Monitoring, 2020. Sampling locations are presented in Appendix II.

13 UNESCO Global Geoparks (http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/earth-sciences/unesco- global-geoparks/), 2020.

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Table III-17: Ambient Noise Levels (1 hour average, dBA), Quang Ngai, March 2020 QCVN: Parameter, Binh Son Duc Nghi Quang 05/2013/ Mo Duc Location Unit Son Tinh Pho Hanh Ngai BTNMT District Code District District District District City (1 hour average ) Code NQ K1 NQ K2 NQ K3 NQ K4 NQ K5 NQ K6 Noise dBA 72.7 75.0 72.9 73.0 66.9 73.8 70 Source: Quang Ngai Center for Environmental and Natural Resources Monitoring, 2020. Sampling locations are presented in Appendix II.

154. Surface Water Quality. Surface water quality of the Tra Khuc River was analyzed in March 2020 by the Quang Ngai Center for Environmental and Natural Resources Monitoring. The results indicated that the quality of water in the river is relatively good as the parameters were all within acceptable standards in QCVN:08/2015/BTNM though the water of the Tra Khuc estuary showed signs of sewage contamination (Table III-18).

Table III-18: Secondary Surface Water Quality, Tra Khuc River, Quang Ngai, March 2020 Tra Khuc Nuoc Trong Thach River at QCVN: Reservoir Nham Quang Ngai 08/2015/ Tra Khuc Parameter Unit (upstream of Reservoir City BTNMT River estuary Tra Khuc (Tra Khuc (downstream (Column River) River) of Thach Nham B1) reservoir) Code SWQ NM1 SWQ NM2 SWQ NM3 SWQ NM4 pH 8.32 8,17 7.02 7.91 5.5-9.0 DO mg/L 7.40 7.30 5.1 6.80 ≥ 4 TSS mg/L 2 4 6 12 50 COD mg/L <5 <5 9 <5 30 BOD5 mg/L <3 <3 3 <3 15 N-NH4 + mg/L <0.002 <0.002 0.04 <0.02 0.9 N-NO3- mg/L <0.003 0.05 0.13 <0.03 10 N-NO2- mg/L <0.002 0.02 <0.02 0.03 0.05 Total MPN/ 43 430 240 4300 7500 Coliform 100ml Note: Column B1 of QCVN:08/2015/BTNMT is standard for irrigation use. Source: Quang Ngai Center for Environmental and Natural Resources Monitoring, 2020. Sampling locations are presented in Appendix II.

155. Surface water quality in the SP canals was analyzed in March 2021 and is presented in Table III-19. The results also indicate that water quality is good and within acceptable standards in QCVN:08/2015/BTNM, with the exception of one sample in Bau Sung canal which had a slightly low DO level.

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Table III-19: Primary surface water quality, SP canals, Quang Ngai, 2021 Shading denotes exceedance of relevant standard SP1 SP2 Parameter, QCVN: Bau Location Unit B3-15 KBM5 B8-15 S18 KB12 C1 08/2015/ Sung Code Canal Canal Canal Canal Canal BTNMT Canal (Column PSWQ PSWQ PSWQ PSWQ PSWQ PSWQ Code B1) B315 KBM5 B815 S18 BS KB12C1 Temperature °C 28.6 28.2 28.1 28.5 28.3 28.2 - pH mg/L 6.52 6.62 6.9 6.35 6.42 6.62 5.5 – 9 DO mg/L 4.65 4.43 4.71 4.14 3.62 4.43 ≥4 TSS mg/L 18 17 28 22 25 17 50 COD mg/L 26 7 7 23 28 7 30 BOD5 mg/L 12 3 4 10 14 3 15 - NO2 mg/L ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.05 - NO3 mg/L 0.075 0.32 0.06 0.085 0.16 0.32 10 + NH4 -N mg/L ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.9 3- PO4 mg/L ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.3 2- SO4 mg/L ND ND ND ND ND ND - Cl- mg/L 1.78 2.49 ND ND 4.26 2.49 350 Total N mg/L 0.31 0.38 0.12 0.29 0.45 0.38 - Total P mg/L ND ND ND ND ND ND - Fe mg/L 0.44 0.2 0.52 0.5 0.97 0.2 1.5 As mg/L ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.05 Pb mg/L ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.05 Hg mg/L ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.001 MPN/ Coliform 5400 2800 2700 5000 6000 2800 7500 100ml ND = not detected. Notes: Column B1 of QCVN:08/2015/BTNMT is standard for irrigation use. Sampling locations are presented in Appendix II. Source: Mekong Green Kon Tum One Member Limited Company, 2021.

156. Ground water quality. An analysis of groundwater samples taken from wells located in SP areas indicates that the quality of water meets the applicable standards in QCVN:09/2015/BTNMT with the exception of nitrate-nitrogen in Nghia Hanh District and Quang Ngai City, and ammonia-nitrogen in Nghia Hanh District, likely as a result of agricultural runoff and untreated sewage (Table III-20).

Table III-20: Ground Water Quality, Quang Ngai SP Areas, March 2020 Nghia Binh Son Mo Duc Quang Ngai QCVN: No Parameter Unit Hanh District District City 09/2015/BTNMT District GWQ Code GWQ NN2 GWQ NN3 GWQ NN4 NN1 1 pH 7.99 6.51 5.83 6.17 5.5-8.5 2 TDS mg/l 159 130 119 93 1,500 4 Hardness mg/l 160 221 164 176 500 6 Cl- mg/l 50 38 124 17 250 8 N-NO2- mg/l 0.18 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 1

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Nghia Binh Son Mo Duc Quang Ngai QCVN: No Parameter Unit Hanh District District City 09/2015/BTNMT District 9 N-NO3- mg/l 1.39 6.95 38.9 27.1 15 2- 10 PO4 mg/l - 2- 11 SO4 mg/l 400 12 Fe mg/l <0.02 0.12 <0.02 <0.02 5 13 N-NH4 + mg/l 0.11 <0.02 14.7 <0.02 1 MPN/ 14 Total Coliform 2.5 ND 2 ND 3 100ml Organochloride 15 pesticide µg/l - residues Source: Quang Ngai Center for Environmental and Natural Resources Monitoring, 2020. Sampling locations are presented in Appendix II.

Socioeconomic Conditions

157. Demographics. Quang Ngai Province has a population of 1,231,697 (2019) and an average population density of 237 people/km². Of the population 16.3% live in urban areas and 83.7% live in rural areas. The gender ratio is 1:1.01.

158. The Quang Ngai SP1 will cover six districts, one town and one city: Binh Son, Son Tinh, Tu Nghia, Nghia Hanh, Mo Duc, Duc Pho town and Quang Ngai City. The total population of the SP areas is 982,638 persons, accounting for approximately 80% of the province's total population

159. Quang Ngai has 29 ethnic groups. Vietnamese (Kinh) are the largest group, followed by Hre, Co, Xo Dang, Hoa, Muong, Tay, and Thai.

160. Economy. Quang Ngai Province is located in the Central Key Economic Zone, and was selected by the government to build the first refinery in Viet Nam. It has four industrial parks and 15 handicraft villages. Despite being located within one of Viet Nam’s major economic zones, Quang Ngai is comparatively less developed than its northern and southern counterparts. Quang Ngai’s gross regional domestic product was estimated at D55,102 billion in 2019, an increase of 6.7% compared to 2018. Of this the industry/construction sector contributed D29,162.9 billion, the service sectors contributed D16,948.8 billion, and the agriculture, forestry, and fishery sector contributed VND 8,990.3 billion.

161. Infrastructure. Three important national highways—No. 1A, 24A, 24B—run through the province. There are also railway routes that run from the north to the south, including a route that also links to Dung Quat port, an international port capable of receiving ships of up to 100,000 deadweight tonnage (DWT), and cargo ships of 30,000–50,000 DWT. SP area infrastructure is typical of rural agricultural Viet Nam, and includes the existing ISs, rural roads, electricity transmission lines, etc.

Physical Cultural Resources and Sensitive Receptors

162. There are no known PCRs within the SP boundaries or zone of influence, and the nearest is 13 km or more away (Table III-21). Table III-22 describes known sensitive receptors in the SP areas, the majority of which are outside of the SPs zone of influence.

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Table III-21: Distance from National Cultural Resources to Quang Ngai SP Areas Distance from Cultural Resource No Location SP Cultural Resource Site Site to SP (km) Tinh Chau Commune, SP1 Nui Ngang IS 45-56 1 Chau Sa Citadel Son Tinh District SP1 Thach Nham IS 13-18 Sa Huynh Cultural SP1 Nui Ngang IS 38-40 Pho Thanh Commune- 2 Relic Conservation Duc Pho District SP1 Thach Nham IS 30-50 Area Source: Transaction technical assistance consultants, 2020.

Table III-22: SP Sensitive Receptors, Quang Ngai Province Subproject Location Sensitive Receptors SP1 Nui Ngang and Thach Nham ISs Primary school, Commune People Committee, Duc Minh Commune, Mo Duc Minh Pump Station Medical Centre, about 2.5 to 3 km from site. Duc District Some houses about 200 m from Pump Station Primary school, Commune People Committee, Ba Lien Commune, Ba Nui Ngang Reservoir Medical Centre, residential area about 2.5–3 km To District from the dam and spillway Primary school, Medical Centre, about 100 m to Nghia Dong Commune, the canal. Some houses also close to the canal Primary Canal N6 Quang Ngai City Commune People Committee, and a House of Worship ≥ 200 m to the canal Primary school, Commune People Committee, Bbm5 Pump Station (to Tinh Binh Commune, Medical Centre, about 2.0 km to pump station be upgraded) Son Tinh District Some houses about 200 m to pump station Primary school, Commune People Committee, Medical Centre, about 1.5 to 2 km from Pump Station KB12 Pump Station (to Binh Hiep Commune, Village cemetery about 200 m from the Pump be upgraded) Binh Son District Stations Some houses about 100–150 m from Pump Station Primary school, Commune People Committee, Medical Centre, about 1–1.5 km from Pump No. 10 Pump Station (to Tinh Hoa Commune, Station be upgraded) Quang Ngai City Some houses 200–3000 m from Pump Station Viet-Sing Industrial Park 300–500 m from Pump Station Primary school, Commune People Committee, Truong Quang Trong Medical Centre, residential area about 0.6–1.0 Secondary canal B8-89 Ward, Tinh Phong km from canal (to be upgraded) Commune, Son Tinh National Highway No. 1 about 500 m to the District canal Source: Transaction technical assistance consultant surveys and consultations with Department of Agriculture and Rural Development and other local officials.

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E. Gia Lai Province

Physical Environment

163. Location. Gia Lai is situated in the northern portion of the Central Highlands Region (CHR). It is bordered the Kingdom of Cambodia to the west, and has an area of 15,536.9 km2. It is one of five provinces of the Central Highland Region (CHR).

164. Topography and soils. Gia Lai is a mountainous province characterized by mountain ridges trending north to south with narrow valleys that have bands of narrow floodplains between them that are in places wide enough for irrigated agriculture. The province declines in altitude from north to south and is divided into western and eastern regions by the Truong Son Mountain range. Average elevation is 700–800 masl.

165. Soil types in Gia Lai include alluvial (4.13% of the provincial area); gray soils (23.47% of the area); red and yellow soils (48.69% of the area); black soils (1.08% of the area) and eroded soils with gravel and rocks (10.60% of the area).

166. Climate. Gia Lai has a highland monsoon tropical climate with two distinctive seasons, the rainy season from May to October, and the dry season from November to April. The average annual temperature ranges from 22°C to 26°C. Average maximum temperatures range from 31.7°C to 32.2°C, and average minimum temperatures range from 17.6°C to 21.4°C. The highest temperatures occur in March, April, and May (from 35°C to 40.2°C) and minimum temperatures occur in in December (6.4°C–10.6°C).

167. Gia Lai suffers from droughts and lack of domestic water in the dry season, and floods, inundation, and landslides in the rainy season. Average annual rainfall varies from 1,200 mm to 2,500 mm. The rainy season takes place from July to November, accounting for 80%–85% of the total annual rainfall. Monthly rainfall is highest in October and November at an average of 440 mm. The dry season lasts from December to the beginning of May of the following year, and accounts for 18%–20% of the total annual rainfall. March and April are the driest months. Total annual sunshine ranges from 2360 hours to 2470 hours. Average annual humidity ranges from 79%–83%. Humidity is highest from September to November, and lowest from March to May.

168. Water resources. Gia Lai has moderate water resources when compared to that of the whole country. The total surface water volume of Gia Lai is about 23 billion m3 distributed in the main river systems: the Ba River, the Se San River, and the branches of the Serepok River (Figure III-7). However, water resources are distributed unevenly over time and space, and this is being exacerbated by climate change.

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Figure III-7: Water Resources, Gia Lai Province

Source: Google Maps, 2020.

Biological Environment

169. Land use. Gia Lai has 800,000 ha of agricultural land and over 600,000 ha of forestry land. The province has large, good quality ground water reserves, primarily distributed in basalt complexes.

170. SP flora and fauna. The artificial canals and reservoirs at the SP sites are in highly modified rural agricultural environments, where forest cover has been removed and land use is predominately agricultural or settlements (Figure III-8 below, and Figures 12 to 18, Appendix II). Agricultural cover includes rice, maize, cassava, fruit trees (mango, pomelo, common guava, orange, dragon fruit), and other production trees such as crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia). Flora adjacent to the canals and reservoirs includes crops, shrubs, planted trees such as fruit trees and crape myrtle, and grasses. Aquatic flora includes mosses and Diatom algae (Bacillariophyceae).

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Figure III-8: Site Photos, SP1 Ayun Ha and Ia M'lah ISs, Gia Lai Province

Ayun Ha Reservoir Fish collection, Ayun Ha Reservoir

Ia M'lah reservoir Eels and other products harvested from Ia M'lah reservoir canals Source: Transaction technical assistance consultants, 2020.

171. Fish in the Ayun Ha and Ia M'La Reservoir are dominated by farmed species including Common carp (Cyprinus carpi), Bighead carp (hypophthalmichthys), Bronze featherback (Notopterus notopterus), Tilapia (cichlid), Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), and freshwater shrimp species. Aquatic fauna in irrigation canals are typically Grass carp, Tilapia, Snakehead (Channidae), and common mussels and snails.

172. Terrestrial fauna in the SP area is dominated by domestic farm stock. Overall, the SP artificial canals and reservoirs have limited ecological value, and there are no known rare or endangered fauna or flora.

173. Protected areas. There are no SP sites within or near to any type of national or provincial PA or KBAs.

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Table III-23: Distance of Gia Lai SPs to Protected Areas Distance from PA to PA Location of PA Subproject SP area (km) Mang Yang, K'Bang, and Dak Doa Districts. SP1 Ayun Ha IS 110-125 The center of the park Kon Ka Kinh is situated in Ayun National Park Commune, Mang Yang District, SP1 Ia M’La 160-180 northeast Gia Lai Son Lang and Dak Kon Chu Rang SP1a Ayun Ha IS 169-171 Rong Commune, Nature Reserve KBang District SP1b Ia M’La 196-216 Source: Transaction technical assistance consultants, 2020.

Current Environmental Conditions

174. Air quality and noise. Air quality in the rural SP areas is generally in compliance with the applicable Vietnamese standards in QCVN05/2013/BTNMT. Noise and dust are primarily generated by road-going vehicles, and dust is worst during the dry months. Air quality data in the SP areas is presented in Table III-24 and noise in Table III-25.

Table III-24: Ambient Air Quality (1 hour average), Gia Lai SP, March and September 2019 Chu Puh District Phu Thien District Krong Pa District (adjacent to Phu QCVN:05/2013/ Parameter, (Ayun Ha) (Ia M'lah) Thien) BTNMT Location Unit AQ K1 AQ K2 AQ K3 (1 hour Code Mar Sep Mar Sep Mar Sep average) 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 TSP µg/m3 173 192 81 192 239 99 300 3 NO2 µg/m 34 59 36 87 38 27 200 3 SO2 µg/m 62 34 51 29 82 44 350 CO µg/m3 5328 5056 5745 5301 5515 4913 30,000 Source: Gia Lai Center for Environmental and Natural Resources Monitoring, 2019 Sampling locations are presented in Appendix II.

Table III-25: Ambient noise levels (1 hour average, dBA), March and September 2019 Chu Puh District Phu Thien District Krong Pa District (adjacent to Phu Parameter, (Ayun Ha) (Ia M'lah) QCVN:26/2010/ Thien) Location Unit BTNMT NQ K1 NQ K2 NQ K3 Code (6-21 hours) Mar Sep Mar Sep Mar Sep 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 2019 Noise dBA 61.8 55.4 59.5 55.4 58.4 65.8 70 Source: Gia Lai Center for Environmental and Natural Resources Monitoring, 2019 Sampling locations are presented in Appendix II.

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175. Surface water quality of the Ayun Ha and Ia M’La reservoirs and two points on the main canal of Ayun Ha reservoir was analyzed in November 2018 and September 2019 by the Gia Lai Center for Environmental and Natural Resources Monitoring and the Gia Lai Irrigation Management Unit. The results indicated that the water quality in the SP area is relatively good as the parameters were mostly within acceptable limits set in Column B1 of QCVN:08/2015/BTNMT (Table III-26).The surface water of Ayun Ha and Ia M'la reservoir is suitable for both irrigation and raw water for domestic use, but the water in the canal is only suitable irrigation.

Table III-26: Surface Water Quality, Gia Lai SP1 areas, 2018, 2019, 2021 Shading denotes exceedance of relevant standard Ayun Ha Reservoir (Lang Cho PS) Lang Ia M'la QCVN: Main canal Downstrea Parameter, Reservoir Bung Reservoir 08/2015/ at intake m of Dam Location Unit (Nov PS (April BTNMT (Nov (Sep 2019) Code 2018*) (2021) 2019) (Column 2018*) B1) SWQ NM1 SWQ NM2 SWQ NM3 PWQ1 SWQ NM4 pH 6.7 6.8 7,29 6.51 7.32 5.5-9.0 DO mg/L 5.3 5.7 4.74 4.42 6.93 ≥ 4 TSS mg/L 6.0 17.0 53.48 24 16.07 50 COD mg/L 9.0 12.0 29.0 23 9.60 30 BOD5 mg/L <1.3 4.0 13.0 11 5.30 15 N-NH4 + mg/L 0.131 0.23 0.359 0.9 N-NO3- mg/L 0.65 0.72 1.451 0.54 0.10 10 N-NO2- mg/L 0.01 0.005 0.05 Pb mg/L <0.001 <0.001 0.022 ND n/a 0.05 As mg/L <0.0001 <0.0001 ND ND n/a 0.05 Hg mg/L <0.0003 <0.0003 n/a ND n/a 0.001 Total MPN/ 1200 3600 5400 3500 n/a 7500 Coliform 100 ml Note: Column B1: Standards for irrigation use, applicable to this project. Source, secondary data: Gia Lai Center for Environmental and Natural Resources Monitoring, 2019; * = Gia Lai Irrigation Management Unit. Source, primary data: Mekong Green Kon Tum One Member Limited Company, 2021. Sampling locations are presented in Appendix II.

176. Ground water quality. An analysis of groundwater samples taken from wells located in the SP areas and other areas of Gia Lai indicates that the quality of water meets the limits set in QCVN:09/2015/BTNMT (Table III-27).

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Table III-27: Ground Water Quality, Gia Lai SP areas, 2019 Parameter Mang Phu Thien A Yun Pa QCVN: , Yang Pleiku City Unit District Town 09/2015/BTN Location District No MT Code GWQ NN1 GWQ NN2 GWQ NN3 GWQ NN4 1 pH 6.77 6.95 7.23 7.15 5.5-8.5 2 TDS mg/l 83.14 25.63 84.25 42.48 1,500 3 Hardness mg/l 27.13 37.23 34.57 23.59 500 4 COD mg/l 4 5 Cl- mg/l 14.49 13.59 10.17 20.9 250 6 F- mg/l 1 7 N-NO2- mg/l ND ND 0.078 0.018 1 8 N-NO3- mg/l 1.59 0.09 0.52 0.243 15 2- 9 PO4 mg/l - 2- 10 SO4 mg/l 400 11 Fe mg/l 0.08 0.089 0.085 0.08 5 12 N-NH4 + mg/l 0.43 0.06 0.84 0.36 1 13 As mg/l ND ND ND ND 0.05 14 Hg mg/l ND ND ND ND 0.001 15 E. Coli MPN/ ND ND ND ND ND 100ml 16 Total MPN/ ND 2 2 ND 3 Coliform 100ml Source: Gia Lai Centre for Environmental and Natural Resources Monitoring. Sampling locations are presented in Appendix II.

Socioeconomic Conditions

177. Demographics. Gia Lai has a population of 1,513,847 people (2019), of which 758,589 are males and 755,258 are females. The urban population is 438,276, and the rural population is 1,075,571. The provincial population density is 97 persons/km2. Vietnamese (Kinh) account for 52% of the provincial population, and ethnic minorities 46.23%. Ethnic minorities include Jrai (33.5%), Bahnar (13.7%), Gie-trieng, Xo-dang, Thai, and Muong.

178. The Ayun Ha and Ia Mlah ISs under Gia Lai SP1 cover Ayun Pa town and three districts: Phu Thien, Ia Pa, and Krong Pa. They collectively include 24 communes with a total population of 340,335 persons, accounting for approximately 22.5% of the province's total population.

179. Economy. Gia Lai’s per capita GRDP reached D49.8 million by the end of 2019. Agriculture/forestry/fisheries accounted for 37.34%, industry/construction accounted for 28.41%, and services accounted for 34.25%. Total production in the province (at constant 2010 prices) increased by 8.16% compared to 2018 (agriculture/forestry/fishery products increased by 5.35%, industry/construction products increased by 10.47%, and services increased by 8.79%).

180. Infrastructure. Gia Lai has a well-developed intra-provincial road network consisting of 11 routes with a total length of nearly 540 km going to most localities in the province. Currently, all roads down to district centers have been paved with asphalt, and all communes have roads to the commune centers. SP area infrastructure is typical of rural agricultural Viet Nam, and includes the existing ISs, rural roads, electricity transmission lines, etc.

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Physical Cultural Resources and Sensitive Receptors

181. There are no known PCRs within the SP boundaries or zone of influence, and the nearest is 13 km or more away (Table III-28). Table III-29 describes known sensitive receptors in the SP areas, the majority of which are outside of the SPs zone of influence.

Table III-28: Distance from Cultural Resource Sites to Gia Lai SP Distance from Cultural Resource No Location SP Cultural Resource Site Site to SP (km) Bien Ho commune, to SP1 Ayun Ha IS 90-97 the North of Gia 1 Bien Ho Lake Lai Province and 7 km SP1 Ia M’La IS 138-158 from Pleiku City. Plei Oi Cultural Ayun Ha Commune, SP1 Ayun Ha IS 13-18 2 Historical Phu Thien District SP1 Ia M’La IS 62-82 Source: Transaction technical assistance consultants, 2020.

Table III-29: Sensitive Receptors, Gia Lai SP areas, 2020 Subproject Location Sensitive Receptors SP1 Ayun Ha Lang Cho PS -Taking Cho Village, Chu A Thai Primary school, CPC, Medical Centre, water from Ayun Ha Commune, Phu Thien residential area about 2 to 2.5 km from the SP Reservoir. Irrigation District site. area: 300 ha Lang Bung PS – Taking Ia Reng Commune, Phu 5 houses about 100 to 120 m to the site. water from north main Thien District canal School, CPC, Medical Centre about 2 km from the site. Thang Loi PS Ia Sol Commune, Phu Primary school, CPC, Medical Centre, Thien District residential area about 2 to 2.5 km from the site. Upgrading/Solidification Ia Sol Commune, Phu Houses between 500 to 1,000 m from the of N11 Canal Thien District canal section Upgrading/Solidification Ia Sol Commune, Phu This is residential area (E De, Ba Na ethnic of N7-5B Canal Thien District minorities), houses are close to the canal SP1 Ia M’La Upgrading N11 canal Truong Ngoc Commune, Houses about 500 to 1,000 m from the canal Krong Pa District Source: Transaction technical assistance consultant surveys, and consultations with Department of Agriculture and Rural Development and other local officials.

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IV. Assessment of Potential Environmental Impacts

182. Anticipated positive and negative environmental impacts of the proposed project were assessed based on SP feasibility studies and technical review by sectoral experts; site visits conducted by domestic and international environmental and other technical consultants; water and sediment quality surveys (some of which are still ongoing); a climate risk vulnerability assessment; screenings utilizing the Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (IBAT) developed by BirdLife International, Conservation International, International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and UN Environment's World Conservation Monitoring Centre; and consultations with key stakeholders and affected persons.

183. The project zone of influence and the scope of the IEE in terms of air, water, noise, and solid wastes as well as biodiversity is defined as command areas with more in-depth examination in the following:

i) 100 m around reservoir impoundment areas; ii) 100 m around new or upgraded pump stations, borrow pits and disposal sites; iii) 100 m to either side of main canals, roads and pipelines; and iv) 50 m to either side of secondary canals, roads and pipelines; and v) 500 m upstream and downstream of SP water intakes and discharge points.

184. A survey of all sensitive receptors (schools, hospitals or clinics, residences) in the general vicinity of the SP sites was undertaken based on field visits and consultations with local authorities (for Binh Phuoc see Table III-6; for Kon Tum, Table III-14; Quang Ngai, Table III-22; and Gia Lai, Table III-29). The majority of sensitive receptors that were identified are outside of the project’s zone of influence. In addition, based on social and environmental team surveys and consultations with local officials, there are no known PCRs within the project boundaries or zone of influence.

185. A separate Climate Risk and Vulnerability Assessment (CRVA) was prepared for the project. The goal of the CRVA was to identify the influence that climate change will have on the achievement of the overall project objectives. The methodology identified climate risk, vulnerabilities, potential impacts, and adaptation measures to strengthen resilience and coping capacity. Based on a climate risk profile and potential impacts, adaptation measures were proposed to address risks and to add value by strengthening resilience and maximizing sustainability.

A. Assessment of Design Phase Impacts/Alternative Analysis

186. At the project design phase, different alternatives proposed by the PMUs and in the draft FSs or other sources for project activities were analyzed for their potential environmental impacts. Comparisons were thus made from an environmental perspective with recommended options, including no project, to optimize and inform the project design.

No Project Option

187. Project operation is expected to result in a number of significant positive impacts, including:

- ISs upgraded, modernized, and climate- and drought-resilient. - Improved crop yields and improved production efficiency. - Reduced water use per unit of agricultural output. - Increased overall agricultural outputs, increased high-value agricultural outputs, and

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expanded local agricultural production to meet increasing local demand. - Reduced use of agrochemical and fertilizers, and reduced contamination of soil, surface water and groundwater. - Improved employment opportunities and income for rural households.

188. Due to these significant benefits, the “no project” option was rejected.

Subproject Selection

189. An extensive SP selection process was undertaken. Initially a total of 34 SP proposals were submitted by PPCs DARDs covering six provinces. A preliminary SP screening was undertaken based on 10 selection criteria, including environmental criteria such as avoidance of forest or culturally important lands, no negative impacts on existing water users, ability to maintain environmental flows, and sufficient water balance to offset future climate change. The screening highlighted some significant issues with some SPs, which required the DARDs to undertake further examination of their proposals. In particular, the SPs had to be revised where large dams and/or large weirs were being proposed, to reduce environmental and/or resettlement impacts.

190. The screening was an iterative process, with provinces submitting additional data and further changes to their SPs to ensure they met the selection criteria. This included reducing the scale of some proposed dams and weirs, and in a few cases, presenting alternative SPs which had pump stations from existing reservoirs rather than develop new weirs. In addition, some SPs were merged. As more information on SPs was collected and reviewed, the assessment of SPs against the selection criteria was refined, with particular attention given to the intended agricultural changes for enhancement of long term project benefits and to the availability of water under projected climate change. As a result of the preliminary screening process the number of candidate SPs was initially reduced to 21, and then to the final 8 SPs in four provinces.

B. Assessment of Construction Phase Impacts

191. Given the nature of a project dominated by civil works, most of the project’s potential environmental impacts are associated with the construction of the IS works including PSs, buried pipelines, upgraded or new canals, upgraded reservoirs, power transmission lines and transformers, and access roads. Overall, most physical works are small scale occurring within existing well established ISs in highly modified agricultural landscapes, away from settlements and sensitive receptors. Potential negative construction phase environmental impacts are typical for irrigation and agricultural works and include erosion; disposal of soil from canal construction and sediment from reservoir dredging; soil and water contamination from petroleum products and hazardous materials; construction and domestic wastes; air pollution from fugitive dust; hydrology impacts; impacts on protected areas, flora and fauna; community disturbance and safety; health and safety risks to workers and residents; and impacts on PCRs. If applicable, these potential impacts are typically localized, short-term and low in magnitude, and can be effectively mitigated through the application of appropriate good international practice construction practices and compliance with international guidelines. The mitigation measures are presented in detail in the EMP (Chapter V).

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Impacts on Water

192. Subproject construction activities such as excavation and filling activities may lead to surface erosion and sedimentation of adjacent water bodies. Run-off from machinery, material and workers’ camp can also contaminate water bodies and soil. These issues are most serious during the wet season and high rainfall events, and for those works that are adjacent to water bodies, such as primary PSs at the edge of reservoirs, such as the primary PS on the edge of the Dau Tieng reservoir (Binh Phuoc SP1) or the PS on the edge of the Phuc Hoa-Dau Tieng canal (Binh Phuoc SP2).

193. Erosion and sedimentation can negatively impact water quality of reservoirs and canals, and fisheries and aquatic habitats:

- Suspended sediment decreases the penetration of light into the water. This affects fish feeding and schooling practices, and can lead to reduced survival. It also irritates the gills of fish, and can cause death. - Sediment can destroy the protective mucous covering the eyes and scales of fish, making them more susceptible to infection and disease. - Sediment particles absorb warmth from the sun and thus increase water temperature. This can stress some species of fish. - Suspended sediment in high concentrations can dislodge plants, invertebrates, and insects in the stream bed. This affects the food source of fish, and can result in smaller and fewer fish. Settling sediments can bury and suffocate fish eggs. - Sediment particles can carry toxic agricultural and industrial compounds. If these are released in the habitat, they can cause abnormalities or death in the fish.

194. These potential impacts are localized to the SP construction sites, and are short-term during the construction period. As the SP artificial canals and reservoirs have limited ecological value, and there are no known rare or endangered aquatic fauna or flora or significant commercial fisheries, potential impact are also low in significance.

195. Inappropriate disposal of domestic wastewater (from construction workers or worker camps) or construction wastewater (from drainage of excavation and drilling, washing aggregates, washing construction equipment and vehicles, pouring and curing concrete, and oil-containing wastewater from machinery repairs) may cause soil or surface or groundwater contamination. These impacts will be localized to the construction sites, and short-term during the construction period. They will be effectively mitigated through the EMP.

Cut and Fill and Erosion

196. Cut and fill construction activities will require borrow sites and will generate spoil. Inappropriately sited borrow pits and spoil disposal areas can cause loss of productive farm land, or impacts on surface water through erosion and sedimentation (see above). Project activities that will require fill and generate spoil include PS construction, buried HDPE pipelines, canal construction and upgrading, and access road upgrading (reservoir dredging is discussed separately, below). In particular, the construction of new pipelines and the upgrading or construction of canals is expected to generate spoil along the alignment. However, these are common construction practices throughout Viet Nam and Asia.

197. The most vulnerable soil erosion areas include waterfront civil work, slopeside construction, excavation sites, spoil sites, temporary construction sites, and other areas where

76 surface soil is disturbed. Washing construction materials (stone, sand, etc.) can also cause sedimentation. To minimize potential impacts good cut and fill practices will be implemented, including minimizing spoil creation, maximizing reuse of spoil, and careful siting of spoil disposal sites (see EMP, Chapter V).

Dredging and Disposal

198. Dredging is the removal of sediments or earth from the bottom of water bodies using either a type of scoop or a suction apparatus. The removed material, called dredgate (or spoil), is usually sundried on site to reduce load, cost of transport and leakage along the route to the disposal site.

199. As noted in Chapter I, the means of removing the sediment from the three reservoirs, whether by hydraulic suction, by pontoon mounted excavators or by emptying the reservoir and using earth moving equipment, has still to be determined and costed. Hydraulic dredging removes sediment by fluidizing and pumping the material to a handling location. Because the sediment must be fluidized, large volumes of water are mixed and transported with the sediment, resulting in the recovery of a slurry that is typically composed of between 10%–15% (by weight) solids. The volume of water added to create a slurry that can be pumped is referred to as carrier water. The volume of carrier water needed is typically 5–10 times the in situ volume of sediment. Because of its intensive use of water, this method is not recommended. It is therefore recommended that the reservoirs be dredged either by pontoon mounted excavators if available and cost effective, or by emptying the reservoirs and using earth moving equipment.

200. Dredging will be undertaken in the following locations to return them to original design capacity:

- C19 reservoir – dredge estimated 43,800 m3 to restore reservoir capacity to 240,000 m3; - Ho Che reservoir – dredge estimated 23,400 m3 to restore reservoir capacity to 550,000 m3; and - Ta Kan reservoir – dredge estimated 7,800 m3 to restore reservoir capacity to 18,000 m3.

201. Dredging by any method can disturb the natural ecological balance through the direct removal of aquatic life. For example, in freshwater environments bottom-dwelling organisms on which fish depend for food may be temporarily or permanently eliminated from the food chain. The three Kon Tum SP1 reservoirs to be dredged are artificial water bodies, small in size (1 to 10 ha), and will generate relatively small amount of dredgate (less than 100,000 m3) The aquatic ecology of these artificial reservoirs is of low biodiversity value, and includes common species such as carp (Cyprinus carpi, hypophthalmichthys, etc), Siluriformes, Snakeheads, and common crabs, snails, and shrimp. There are no rare or endangered aquatic or terrestrial flora or faunae present. Overall potential dredging impacts on the reservoirs are localized, short term, and low in significance.

202. Inappropriate disposal of spoil and dredgate may cause loss or contamination of farmland, damage to or pollution of rivers and groundwater, wetlands and soil, or flooding or hydrological changes in rivers and streams. When dredgate (or spoil) is are deposited directly in a water system, it can smother the remaining organisms, and silt or sediments released from dredging activities can cover and destroy fish feeding and breeding habitats. Furthermore, contaminants may accumulate over long periods of time in the sediments. If sediments are contaminated above Vietnamese standards, deposition may contaminate the disposal site and adjacent water bodies or farmland, potentially resulting in a loss of productivity and a need for site remediation. However, testing of the sediment quality in the three reservoirs has determined that sediment quality is

77 suitable for land based disposal (Table III-10).

Solid Wastes and Polluting Materials

203. Solid waste generated in the construction phase will include construction and domestic waste. Construction wastes include various building materials such as steel, timbers, rubble, and other types of waste. Domestic wastes include organic and inorganic matter, and an estimated 0.5 kg/day per worker of domestic waste will be generated from workers and worker camps.14 Inappropriate waste storage and disposal could affect soil, groundwater, and surface water resources, and hence, public health and sanitation.

204. To prevent environmental degradation, good solid waste management practices will be adopted in accordance with Vietnamese requirements and Environment, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines, including reusing and recycling wastes to the extent possible, providing construction and domestic waste containers at all construction sites, and ensuring all wastes that cannot be reused or recycled are disposal at a licensed landfill.

205. Inappropriate transportation, storage, use and spills of petroleum products and hazardous materials during construction can cause soil, surface and groundwater contamination. Oil is toxic and harmful to plants and animals and oil pollution can have a devastating effect on the water environment. It spreads over the surface in a thin layer that stops oxygen getting to the plants and animals that live in the water. It harms animals and insects, prevents photosynthesis in plants, disrupts the food chain, and takes a long time to recover. Wildfowl are particularly vulnerable, both through damage to the waterproofing of their plumage and through eating the oil as they preen. Freshwater mammals may also be affected. In the ground and soil oils coat or kill the organisms which are necessary to maintain environmental balance.

206. Inappropriate disposal of hazardous wastes such as solvents, chemical, electronics, batteries, and other wastes from construction sites and worker camps can have both short-term effects on surface and groundwater quality, and long term effect in terms of mutations in animals, impacts on habitats, and even disease in humans. To prevent this, good hazardous materials handling and disposal practices will be implemented (see EMP, Chapter 5).

New or Reservoir Expansion

207. The Dak Long weir upgrading (Kon Tum SP1) and upgrading of the Kon Braih 1 and 2 weirs (Kon Tum SP2) will create or expand several small reservoirs. Creation of reservoirs can result in a number of impacts:

- Loss of farmland, residences, and infrastructure such as roads and powerlines. - Impact on PCRs such as temples or tombs. - Loss of aquatic and terrestrial natural or critical habitat, impacts on feeding and spawning grounds, impacts on migration corridors, fragmentation of habitat, and impacts on rare or endangered aquatic or terrestrial fauna and flora. - Creation and disposal of spoil. - Decomposition of brush, standing trees, and other above ground organic matter in a new reservoir can release plant-growth stimulating nutrients and cause depletion of dissolved oxygen. Poor water quality may also result from erosion and sedimentation, or pollution from adjacent farm lands.

14 Earthworks and spoil are discussed above and are not included in this section.

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- Impacts on hydrology from diversion to the reservoir, and impacts on groundwater from reservoir creation. - Noise and dust during construction. - Health and safety issues associated with creation of a reservoir including risk of drowning and creation of breeding grounds for mosquitoes and spread of malaria.

208. The reservoirs to be created by the project are shallow and small, ranging from 4 ha to 12 ha in area, and this type of small reservoir is widespread throughout Viet Nam and much of the world. With respect to potential impacts:

- Impacts from small reservoirs are considerably less serious than for those created by large dams.15 Noise, dust, and other impacts are similar to that analyzed in this section. - The reservoirs to be established are all on farm or bare land. There are no areas of natural or critical terrestrial or aquatic habitat that will be affected, no rare or endangered flora or fauna, and no known spawning grounds or migration routes. - There are no known PCRs or infrastructure that will be affected. As to local people’s properties such as animal pens, toilets, tombs, houses, etc., if not removed prior to inundation there is the potential for water contamination and even human health risks. However, a review of satellite imagery and site visits indicates that none are present, though this will be confirmed through detailed site surveys (ongoing). - There are no anticipated hydrology impacts. During the SP selection process all selected SPs with reservoirs were assessed as having sufficient available water to not negatively impact downstream water users, and to be able to maintain environmental flows. Due to their small size no negative impacts on groundwater are expected.

209. To mitigate potential impacts, larger vegetation such as trees will be removed from the area to be inundated to improve water quality and aesthetics. Any underground PCRs or infrastructure will also be relocated following the chance-find procedure and EMP requirements for infrastructure to be inundated and demolished.

Air Pollution

210. Anticipated sources of air pollution from construction activities include: (i) dust generated from earth excavation, filling, loading, hauling and unloading; (ii) dust generated from disturbed and uncovered construction areas, especially on windy days; (iii) dust generated from construction material storage areas, especially on windy days; (iv) dust generated by the movement of vehicles and heavy machinery on unpaved access and haul roads; (v) dust generated from aggregate preparation and concrete-mixing; and (vi) emissions (gaseous CO and NO2) from transport vehicles and heavy diesel machinery and equipment.

211. Impacts will be minor, short-term, and localized, and construction sites are typically isolated and far from sensitive receptors. Impacts of vehicle emissions along access routes will be medium term during the construction period, but are not expected to result in exceedances of air quality standards, and will be small in scale compared to other vehicle emissions. These impacts can be effectively mitigated through good site and equipment management practices (see EMP, Chapter V).

15 Large dams are defined as over 15 m in height, or between 5–15 m and impounding more than 3 million m3 (ICOLD 2016).

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Noise and Vibration

212. During the construction phase, noise and vibration will be generated by on site construction activities using heavy equipment such as bulldozers and excavators, and by the transport of construction materials. Construction equipment is considered a point noise source, and the predictive model is as follows:

Ri Li = L0 − 20lg − L R0 Where, Li and L0 are equipment noise sound levels at Ri and R0, respectively, ΔL is additional decrement produced by barriers, vegetation and air.

213. For the impact of multiple construction machines on a location, sound level superposition uses the following formula:

L =10lg100.1Li

214. Table IV-1 presents peak construction noise levels at different distances for various types of heavy machinery based on the above formula and international experience.

Table IV-1: Construction Machinery Noise Levels Unit: dB(A) Distance from source (m) Machinery 10 20 40 60 80 100 150 200 250 300 Excavators 78 72 66 62 60 58 54 52.0 50 48.4 Loaders 84 78 72 68.4 66 64 60.5 58 56 54.4 Bulldozers 80 74 68 64.4 62 60 56.5 54 52 50.4 Vibrators 84.5 78.5 72.5 69.0 66.5 64.5 61 58.5 56.6 55.0 Cement mixers 84 78 72 68.4 66 64 60.5 58 56 54.4 Dump Trucks 76 70 64 60.4 58 56 52.5 50 48 46.4 Graders 84 78 72 68.4 66 64 60.5 58 56 54.4 Drilling Rigs 76 70 64 60.4 58 56 52.5 50 48 46.4 Source: Xinjiang Karamay Sustainable Agroforestry Development Project, 2016.

215. The SP construction sites are in rural agricultural, non-residential areas located at sufficient distance that noise is not expected to significantly impact sensitive receptors such as residences, schools, and clinics. It is anticipated that construction noise will be in compliance with QCVN26:2010/BTNMT, the national technical regulation on permitted maximum noise levels in public and residential areas, and QCVN27:2010/BTNMT, the national technical regulation on permitted maximum levels of vibration from construction and industrial activities in public and residential areas. Overall, potential noise and vibration impacts will be localized, medium-term in duration, and low in significance. Any potential impacts will be effectively mitigated through good construction noise management measures (see EMP, Chapter V).

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Impacts on Biodiversity

216. Surveys indicate that there is no critical habitat, rare or endangered flora and fauna, or areas of natural forest in the SP sites. Surveys indicate that there are no rare or endangered fish in the SP reservoirs and canals, but there are capture and other fisheries of common species such as carp species (Cyprinus carpi, hypophthalmichthys, etc), Siluriformes, Snakehead (Channidae), and common crabs, snails, and shrimp. Therefore, construction activities, including vegetation clearance, are not expected to have any significant impact on these resources. Nonetheless, good construction measures will be implemented to minimize further any adverse impacts (see EMP, Chapter V).

217. Based on field surveys, there are no protected areas of any kind or nature reserves located within the project’s zone of influence. However, one existing portion of the Dak Uy IS (Kon Tum SP2), while not part of the project scope, passes through a special-use forest (SUF).

218. The Dak Uy IS draws water from Dak Wi Reservoir. It has 2.2 km of main canal that then splits into a 13.2 km northern canal and a 14.2 km southern canal (Figure 12, Appendix I). The proposed works will repair/upgrade the final 0.9 km of the northern canal and the final 3.5 km of the southern canal, restoring them to reinforced concrete trapezoidal open canals, 50–80 cm wide and 60–120 cm high. The works will follow the existing canal alignment.

219. A portion of the northern canal passes through the Dak Uy SUF in Dak Ha district. The Dak Uy SUF has an area of 660 ha and is designated as a Species Conservation Area for the dense population of Dalbergia cochinchinensis or Trac wood, a threatened tree (conservation status Vulnerable [VU] in the IUCN Red List and Endangered [EN] in the Red Data Book of Viet Nam [2007]) found in Viet Nam, Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Thailand. Dalbergia cochinchinensis yields valuable hardwood and is threatened by unsustainable logging. To protect against this and impacts from adjacent agriculture, the SUF perimeter is protected by a 2 m high concrete and barbwire wall (see Figure IV-1).

Figure IV-1: Wall protecting Dak Uy SUF from Adjacent Agricultural Activities

Source: Transaction technical assistance consultant, 2021.

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220. A total of 1.5 km of the northern canal passes within the SUF, and 1.8 km runs adjacent to it but outside the protection wall. The canal section within the SUF is for water conveyance only, and no areas within the SUF are irrigated. The Kon Tum irrigation department maintains this section of the canal on an annual basis, and the only use for canal water within the SUF is for firefighting, if required.

221. The works on the northern canal are at the downstream end of the line. The start of the works is 5.1 km downstream of the point where the canal exits the SUF as measured along the canal alignment, and 4.3 km from the exit point as measured in a straight line distance. The works on the southern canal are over 8.2 km straight-line distance from the SUF at the nearest point.

222. Given that the Dak Uy IS northern canal works are routine canal repair and upgrading with only minor and localized impacts conducted over 5 km downstream of the SUF, construction and operation is not predicted to have any negative impacts on the Dak Uy SUF. Nonetheless, the SUF will be designated as a no-entry zone for workers, and harvesting of products or collection of firewood from the SUF will be strictly prohibited.

Impacts on Physical Cultural Resources

223. There are no known PCRs at or near the project sites. However, construction activities have the potential to disturb underground PCRs. A construction phase chance find procedure will be established and has been included in the EMP.

Social Disturbance

224. Given the linear nature of the project, its construction will cut cross many areas and thus has the potential to cause considerable social disturbance to affect local people’s daily life and work, religious activities, and their accessibility. Other impacts on traffic and roads are: (i) transport of construction materials and goods can result in congestion, temporary delays and potential safety risks; and (ii) transportation of heavy equipment and loads may cause damage to roads, including surface damage and subsidence.

225. The construction of 177 km of buried HDPE pipeline, most of which is adjacent to existing roads, and canal construction or rehabilitation, may also disrupt traffic on local roads, and affect people’s connectivity and access to business, schools, clinics, religious activities, etc. These impacts can be effectively mitigated through standard measures in the EMP.

Occupational and Community Health and Safety

226. Project construction may cause physical hazards to workers from electrical shocks, welding, noise and vibration, dust and poor air quality, eye hazards, handling heavy materials, heavy equipment, industrial traffic, work on slippery surfaces, falls and falling objects, falling into water, fire hazards, chemical hazards, etc. These health and safety hazards pose a risk that will be present throughout the project construction period. However, these are also typical risks faced on construction projects throughout Viet Nam and the rest of the world with standard measures to prevent and mitigate.

227. Project construction has the potential to cause public safety risks from injuries suffered as a consequence of authorized or unauthorized entry into work areas such as canals and reservoirs, including:

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- Injuries suffered as a consequence of falls or contact with heavy equipment. - Injuries from construction site fires. - Drowning in canals or reservoirs. - Respiratory distress from dust, fumes, or noxious odors - Exposure to hazardous materials.

228. There is also the potential for negative social interactions between workers and local community members, and the potential for transmission of sexually-transmitted diseases (STDs) such as HIV/AIDS, and other communicable diseases such as COVID-19. However, camps will be small and transitory, and will be located away from housing areas, so risks are relatively low. Risks to community health are addressed in the EMP, Chapter V.

C. Assessment of Operation Phase Impacts

229. Negative impacts of this irrigation project are primarily associated with the construction phase, and there are relatively limited operation phase impacts. However, there is the potential for long-term impacts induced by the project.

Fisheries, Aquatic Health

230. Excessive SP water withdrawal has the potential to reduce or eliminate flows in water sources beyond seasonal norms, potentially impacting fisheries and ecological services. Low or non-flows can:

- Impact river and stream continuity. - Reduce in-channel and riparian aquatic habitat. - Reduce oxygen levels. - Increase the impacts of any existing pollution sources. Dilution is one of the primary mechanisms by which the concentrations of contaminants from point and non-point sources are reduced. However, during a low flow event, there is less water available to dilute effluent loadings, resulting in higher in-stream concentration of pollutants.

231. As a result, richness, abundance, and density of aquatic plants, amphibians, invertebrates and fish may be negatively affected, including farmed fish. Excessive low flows can also impact water availability for downstream users such as farmers.

232. The project ISs have been selected and designed to ensure a minimum environmental flow in source rivers and streams in order to sustain basic ecosystem functions and prevent the shrinkage or discontinuity of project rivers. The ISs will be operated so as to comply with Vietnamese minimum flow requirements, which are based on historical catchment yields, especially in the dry season (for details see EMP, Chapter V).

Reservoirs - Water Quality and Flow and Dam Safety

233. Operation of the SP reservoirs poses risks with regards to water pollution, maintaining sufficient flows to support water quality and fish and aquatic ecology, and health and safety issues associated with drowning, creation of breeding grounds for mosquitoes and spread of malaria, and dam failure.

234. A reservoir water quality management subplan suited to local conditions and in line with applicable regulations and requirements is presented developed in the EMP. The subplan

83 addresses potential sources of pollution such as oils and grease, agrochemical, and sediment, and measures to be undertaken to ensure good reservoir water quality and avoid conditions that could allow for breeding grounds for disease vectors. It will serve as a model for the IAs to operationalize it in future.

235. During the design process, all selected SPs were assessed as having sufficient available water to not negatively impact downstream water users, and to be able to maintain environmental flows even in the case of climate change. Reservoirs will be operated so as to maintain minimum environmental flows as per EMP Table V-8.

236. Dams (and weirs to a lesser extent), by their very nature create risks. The most common causes of an earth fill dam failure are overtopping, foundation defects and slope instability, cracking, and inadequate maintenance. Concrete dam failures are usually related to poor design, construction or materials; foundation or abutment erosion that leads to overturning or sliding; abutment or foundation failure due to over-stressing; or structural failure of concrete unable to sustain imposed loads.

237. Most of these risks will be addressed through good design in the detailed design phase in accordance with Vietnamese requirements and good international practice, and good construction following the national and international criteria. Dam and weir owners will be responsible for ensuring their dam and appurtenant works are structurally sound, are operated safely, and are inspected and maintained adequately (see EMP).

Solid Wastes and Hazardous Materials

238. Solid wastes generated in the project will mainly be domestic garbage from the pumping stations or intercepted and collected at sluice gates or other irrigation structures. Toxic, hazardous, and harmful materials present in the operation of the project PSs could include mineral oil in transformers and other electrical components, petroleum products, and spent solar panels. The amount is expected to be quite minor, however. Toxic chemicals and hazardous wastes can have negative impacts on human health and the environment if not appropriately managed. To mitigate these potential impacts, good practice hazardous and solid waste management practices will be implemented (see EMP, Chapter V).

Facility Water and Wastewater

239. If project facilities such as pumping stations have part or full time workers, they will require access to drinking water and will generate small amount of sewage, excreta, and domestic solid waste. If discharged directly, these have the potential to pollute adjacent reservoirs and canals, and contaminate adjacent farmland. Such facilities will be equipped with treated potable well water, and appropriately sited and designed septic tanks.

Noise and Air

240. The only sources of noise during project operation will be the PSs. Pumps will be enclosed with pump houses, and low noise pumps will be selected. In addition, PSs will not be located near to any sensitive receptors. No additional mitigation measures are required. Project operation will not generate any sources of air pollution.

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Occupational and Community Health and Safety

241. Project facility workers will face moderate occupational health and safety risks, including electrical shock, noise, falls, and drowning. Local people, especially farmers and children, also face risks with respect to falling into canals and reservoirs, especially during heavy rains or floods, or from inappropriately accessing PSs or pump intakes. These risks will be addressed through facility operation phase occupational health and safety and emergency response subplans in compliance with relevant GOV and MOLISA workplace regulations (see EMP, Chapter V).

Other Induced Impacts

242. Expansion of irrigated agricultural areas in the four provinces has the potential to lead to negative induced environmental impacts, including:

- Increased use of agrochemicals and fertilizers and resultant water and soil pollution. - Soil degradation from waterlogging and associated salinization; erosion, and pesticide contamination. - Inefficient water use and increased demands on irrigation water supplies. - Increased agricultural solid wastes and inappropriate disposal, which may contaminate soil and water resources.

243. To address this, farmer households will be trained on and implement good agricultural practices (GAP) and water efficiency practices. In addition, during project design all selected SPs were assessed as having sufficient available water to meet the SP irrigation needs, maintain environmental flows, and still not negatively impact downstream water users.

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V. Environmental Management Plan

A. Objectives

244. The project Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is a set of actions and arrangements to mitigate the adverse impacts identified and assessed during the IEE process. It has been developed in line with applicable domestic and ADB guidelines and standards, and has drawn on experience in the EMPs of similar projects, World Bank/International Finance Corporation’s (IFC) EHS guidelines, and related international good practice. It includes a number of components crucial to effective environmental management within the project: (i) organizational responsibilities and arrangement; (ii) mitigation measures for impacts during design, construction and operation phases; (iii) an EMP training plan; and (iv) monitoring scheme and reporting requirements.

B. Implementation Arrangements and Responsibilities

245. MARD will be the national executing agency (EA). MARD’s Central Project Management Unit (CPMU, under the Central Project Office [CPO]) will provide overall project management support. The four (Binh Phuoc, Kon Tum, Quang Ngai and Gia Lai) Provincial People’s Committees (PPCs) will be the provincial level EAs through their provincial Departments of Agriculture and Rural Development (DARDs).

246. MARD’s CPO will be the implementing agency (IA) for output 1 through the CPMU. DARD Provincial Project Management Units (PPMUs) will be the IAs for the management and implementation of output 2 SPs in Kon Tum and Quang Ngai. In Binh Phuoc, the output 2 IA will be the provincial specialized project management unit (SPPMU), while in Gia Lai, an Irrigation Management Company (IMC) will be the IA. Once construction is complete, the IAs will be the subproject owners.

247. The CPMU will have overall responsibility for project environmental management and will be staffed with qualified environmental and social safeguards specialists. Each IA will also be staffed with qualified environmental and social safeguards specialists. Responsibilities for environmental management and supervision are presented in Table V-1.

C. Mitigation Measures

248. Based on the impact assessment and risk analysis, past experience of similar projects, applicable national requirements and international good practice as reflected in the IFC’s EHS guidelines, measures to mitigate adverse impacts and risks during preparation, construction and operation phase are presented in Table V-2. In general, the EMP applies to all SPs, though the EMP also indicates any issues that are specific to one or more SPs.

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Table V-1: Environmental Management Responsibilities Phase Major Parties Involved General Responsibilities Environmental Responsibility EA: MARD CPMU - Provides overall project design - Ensures environmental safeguard requirements of Viet and preparation support. Nam and ADB are adhered to. IAs: - Binh Phuoc: SPPMU, - Coordinates SP design. - Coordinates preparation of SP environmental assessments. Design and - Kon Tum: DARD PPMU Preparation - Quang Ngai: DARD PPMU - Gia Lai: IMC EIA Team – TrTA Consultants - Provides EA and IAs technical - Prepares IEE and CRVA on behalf of EA assistance during preparation.

EA: MARD CPMU - Provides overall project - Has overall responsibility for environmental management to management support. meet environmental requirements of Viet Nam and ADB. IAs in four provinces as above - Coordinates construction of SPs - Has direct responsibility to supervise environmental within its province management of SP construction within its province and adherence to EMP requirements. Supervising Engineer(s) (SEs) - Supervises and oversees - Ensures and supervise contractors and their workers to of IAs construction at each site on a daily follow the EMP measures at each construction site, as basis as per Supervision most EMP measures are inseparable from good Engineers’ contractual obligations construction practice. - Submits monthly reports to the IAs including EMP implementation performance. - Immediately reports to the IAs and EA any spills, accidents, fires and grievances received, and takes appropriate action. Construction Contractor(s) - Implements all aspects of SP - Implements all aspects of EMP construction mitigation construction. measures. Project Implementation - Provide support to the EAs and - Support the EA and IAs to supervise on-site EMP Consultant - Environment IAs in project management. implementation on top of daily supervision by Supervising (PIC-E) - Responsible for supervising and Engineer(s). guiding construction contractors. - Provides construction and operation phase EMP training. - Assists in quantitative monitoring of EMP. - Assists in preparing semi-annual monitoring reports. - Other tasks according to their ToR Qualified Independent - Undertaking monitoring indicated in the Environmental Environmental Monitoring Monitoring Plan (see Table V-7). entities - Provide report with explanation required. Departments of Natural - Undertaking inspections and monitoring at their discretion. Resources and Environment

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Phase Major Parties Involved General Responsibilities Environmental Responsibility (DONREs) EA: MARD CPMU - Provides overall project operation - Has overall responsibility for project operation support. environmental management and adherence to environmental requirements of Viet Nam and ADB. IAs including their EHS staff, - Responsible for day-to-day - Has direct responsibility for environmental management of Operation in four provinces as above operation, maintenance and safety SP operation within its province to meet Vietnamese and of SPs within its province EMP requirements on environment, health and safety. Dept. of Natural Resources - Undertaking inspections and monitoring at their discretion. and Environment (DONREs)

Table V-2: Environmental Mitigation Measures

Potential Implemented Supervised Mitigation Measures Impacts/Issues by by

Preparation and Pre-construction

Environmental − Incorporate (updated if relevant) EMP and CRVA into bidding documents and contracts. IAs and PIC-E EA and ADB Management − All necessary construction and development permits will be obtained from the relevant Preparation authorities. − IAs to set up GRM and operationalize at all sites − GRM training will be provided for EA, IAs, and GRM access points. − IAs will issue public notices to inform the public within the SP areas of the GRM. − Contact information (phone number, fax, address, email address) for IAs and local entry points (e.g. contractors, ward/commune PCs) will be disseminated at SP construction and other sites. Strengthening Deliver Construction Phase Training Program PIC-E As above Capacity − The training will focus on ADB’s and Viet Nam’s environmental, health and safety laws, regulations and policies; implementation of the EMP; implementation of the GRM; and good international EHS practices for SP construction . − Training will be provided to staff of EA and IAs, and SP contractors and foremen. Stakeholder Information disclosure and consultation: IAs and PIC-E As above Information Continue with affected people and other interested stakeholders, including but not limited to: Disclosure and - SP implementation schedule Consultation - Status of SP compensation and resettlement

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Potential Implemented Supervised Mitigation Measures Impacts/Issues by by Safety Risks to SP UXO Removal: IAs and As above Workers and − IAs will coordinate with the provincial Military Command Committees to screen for potential UXO. provincial Farmers − If it is determined that there is a potential for UXO, SP clearance plans will be developed and Military implemented, including surveys and explosive detection, removal, transport and destruction in Command accordance with QCVN 01:2019 /BCT, the National Technical Regulation on Safety in the Commit-tees Process of Producing, Testing, Performing Check and Acceptance, Storage, Transportation, Use, Disposal of Industrial Explosive Materials and Storage of Explosive Precursors, issued by Trade and Industry Ministry. − UXO clearance will be undertaken prior to the start of any SP construction activities. During this process warning signs will be erected to warn local residents. − The clearance certificates will be reported to ADB.

Construction Phase

Erosion due to Implement good site management erosion and stormwater control practices: SP EA (Output cut and fill, − The potential for storm water runoff will be assessed at each SP site and appropriate storm water Contractors 1), IAs borrow pits, drainage systems to minimize soil erosion will be implemented, including perimeter bunds and, if (Output 2), construction appropriate, temporary settling ponds to control topsoil erosion and runoff. and PIC-E sites. Impacts on − Protective berms or sheet fencing will be placed between all earthworks and adjacent surface farmland, waters. Biodegradable erosion and sediment control materials will be used whenever possible surface water and all exposed non-biodegradable erosion and sediment control materials will be removed once quality site is stabilized. − Land excavation and filling will be balanced to the extent possible to minimize the requirement for Stormwater fill and generation of spoil (see also Borrow and Spoil measures, below). Flooding − During earthworks the area of soil exposed to potential erosion at any one time will be minimized through good project and construction management. − Earthworks will be conducted during low or no rainfall periods as much as possible. − Depressions with standing water suitable for disease vector breeding will be filled in. − Disturbed surfaces including borrow pits, spoil pits, and temporary borrow and spoil storage areas will be restored to pre-construction conditions as soon as possible. Borrow and Implement good cut and fill practices: As above As above Spoil − Spoil will be reused on-site as fill to the maximum extent feasible. Impacts on − For HDPE pipelines, in order to minimize or eliminate spoil disposal: farmland, − Trench size should be carefully matched to pipeline diameter; surface water − Spoil should be stored, and used for backfilling. quality − As excavated trench spoil naturally increases in volume (bulks), returned trench spoil

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Potential Implemented Supervised Mitigation Measures Impacts/Issues by by should be compacted by heavy equipment. − Excess spoil should be mounded over the trench line to allow for weathering and feathered out over the stripped area. − Excess spoil that cannot be used on-site will be transported to permanent spoil disposal sites. − Borrow pits and spoil disposal sites will be identified in cooperation with local environmental authorities. Pits and storage area will be on stable slopes, located as close to the construction site as practical. No disposal will be allowed on farmland, on or adjacent to surface waters, wetlands, or culturally or ecologically sensitive areas. − Particularly relevant to SPs with PSs, buried HDPE pipelines and canal lining. Construction Solid Waste Management Subplan As above As above and Domestic Key principles to be followed are: in order of priority and to the extent possible, minimize waste Solid Wastes production, reuse, recycle, and appropriately dispose; and treat and dispose different waste streams Inappropriate according to their nature in order to properly manage them in the most cost effective and disposal, environmentally sound manner. impacts on − Littering by workers will be prohibited. farmland, − Domestic waste containers will be provided at all work sites. Domestic waste will be collected on surface and a regular basis by a licensed waste collection company and transported for recycling, reuse, or groundwater disposal at a licensed landfill, in accordance with relevant GoV regulations and requirements. quality − Construction waste dumpsters will be provided at all work sites. Construction waste will be collected on a regular basis by a licensed waste collection company and transported for recycling, reuse, or disposal at a licensed landfill, in accordance with relevant GoV regulations and requirements. − If suitable, wastes such as spoil or excess fill will be used as backfill. − Waste incineration at or near construction sites will be strictly prohibited. − There will be no final waste disposal on site. Contractor will be held responsible for proper removal and disposal of any significant residual materials, wastes, and contaminated soils that remain on site after construction. − Under no circumstances shall the contractor dispose of any material in culturally or ecologically sensitive areas. Interruption of − SP contractors will coordinate with local irrigation authorities (irrigation exploitation management As above As above Irrigation Water enterprises, commune irrigation staff) and potentially affected farmers in existing SP supply areas Supply to schedule construction timing and duration in order to minimize impacts on irrigation water supply and avoid irrigation periods. − Farmers will be informed in advance of any planned irrigation supply interruptions.

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Potential Implemented Supervised Mitigation Measures Impacts/Issues by by Wastewater In addition to measures described above in erosion and stormwater control practices: As above As above from domestic − Construction site wastewater (if any) will be directed to temporary detention and settling ponds. and construction The locations of the settling pond will be determined in consultation with local environmental Impacts on authorities. farmland, − Portable or constructed toilets with storage must be provided on site for construction workers if surface and services are not available locally, and must be emptied in an appropriate manner into an existing groundwater off-site septic systems or be equipped with functioning septic tanks, located at least 100 m from surface water or well so as to avoid contamination. Dredging and − To mitigate impacts on water quality and aesthetics if vegetation in inundation area is not properly As above IAs and expansion of managed, see Reservoir Clearance Management Subplan, Table V-3. PIC-E Reservoir/pond − To mitigate impacts on water and soil quality and hygiene risks, implement Dredging Impacts on Management and Disposal Subplan (see Table V-4 ). water, soil and − Relevant to Kon Tum SP1 (C19, Ho Che, Ta Kan reservoirs), and any other dredging that is hygiene risk etc undertaken (although none is currently planned). Hazardous and Implement good hazardous materials practices: As above As above Polluting − Wherever possible/practical, hazardous materials will be substituted by nonhazardous materials. Materials − Suppliers of chemicals and hazardous materials must hold proper licenses in accordance with Transportation, GoV requirements. storage, use, − Storage facilities for fuels, oil, chemicals and other hazardous materials will be within secured disposal and areas on impermeable surfaces provided with dikes, and at least 300 m from drainage structures, spills, impacts important water bodies and other sensitive receptors. on farmland, − Licensed environmental service companies will be hired to collect, transport, and dispose of surface and unused hazardous materials and wastes (see Table V1-5). groundwater − Absorbents and spill cleaning equipment will be provided. quality − All spills will be cleaned immediately, and contaminated materials stored for pick-up and disposal. − Vehicles and equipment will be properly maintained to ensure they are leak free. Vehicles should be refueled and serviced either off-site in local garages or other similar facilities (preferred option), or in designated service areas on impermeable surfaces provided with oil traps, at least 300 m from drainage structures and important water bodies. Washing or repair of machinery in or near surface waters is prohibited. Air Quality Implement good site and equipment management practices: As above As above Pollution of site − Water will be sprayed on a daily basis on active construction sites if fugitive dust is being and equipment generated, and more frequently during windy days. management − At construction sites near houses or settlements, all construction piles (spoil, aggregate other practices

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Potential Implemented Supervised Mitigation Measures Impacts/Issues by by construction materials) with the potential to generate dust will be covered and/or regularly watered. − Construction and material handling activities will be limited or halted during periods of high winds if nuisance dusts are being generated. − Transport vehicles will be limited to low speeds in construction sites. − Transport loads will be covered to avoid spillage or fugitive dust generation. Fine materials will be transported in fully contained trucks. − Construction site roads will be well maintained, and watered on an as-needed basis. − Transport routes will avoid residential neighborhoods and other sensitive areas to the maximum extent practical (see Community Health and Safety, below). − Contractors will ensure that all vehicles and construction machinery are appropriately certified with respect to relevant GoV regulations including QCVN05:2009/BGTVT and Decision No. 35/2005/QD-BGTVT. − Vehicles and construction machineries will be maintained to a high standard (to be done off-site if possible) to ensure efficient operation. − Waste incineration at or near construction sites will be strictly prohibited. Noise Implement good construction noise management measures: As above As above Impacts on − Construction activities at sites within 100 m of sensitive receptors such as residential sensitive communities, schools and hospitals, will be restricted to between the hours of 07:00 and 17:00 to receptors the extent possible. Construction activities in such areas will be prohibited during the nighttime (22:00 to 07:00). − Temporary noise barriers and other sound minimization procedures will be utilized if monitoring indicates sound impacts on sensitive receptors. − Equipment and machinery will be equipped with mufflers in accordance with relevant GoV regulations, and will be properly maintained to minimize noise. − Machines in intermittent use within 100 m of sensitive receptors will be shut down in the intervening periods between work or throttled down to a minimum. − Transportation routes and delivery schedules will be planned during detailed design to avoid densely populated and sensitive areas and high traffic times (see Community Health and Safety, below). − Mostly relevant to Binh Phuoc SP4, Quang Ngai SP1, and Gia Lai SP1. Vegetation Implement good construction measures: As above As above Loss of riparian − Care will be taken to minimize impacts on riparian vegetation, including trees along canals and vegetation collectors, and roads. Contractors should avoid tree removal unless absolutely necessary. − Contractors will erect fencing around trees marked for retention (extending to the canopy drip

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Potential Implemented Supervised Mitigation Measures Impacts/Issues by by line) and convey the requirements to all machinery operators and residents to ensure that valuable trees are not damaged. − If trees are removed, financial compensation will be provided to the relevant land owner as part of the relevant Resettlement and Ethnic Minority Development Plan (REMDP).16 Biodiversity − For Kon Tum SP2, the Dak Uy SUF is designated as a no-entry zone for workers, and harvesting As above As above Impacts on Dak of products or collection of firewood from the SUF is strictly prohibited. Uy SUF disturbance from − Restrict construction site to reduce overall habitat loss and to limit the potential adverse effects As above As above construction related to interference with wildlife. activities and − The siting of construction camps, storage yards and other complementary works should never be construction sited along stretches of road within a KBA or community forest. workers. − Utilize existing infrastructure for access and minimize construction of new access and other corridors wherever alternatives exist. Limit unnecessary driving and track ‘creation’. − No wastewater release into waterways in a KBA or community forest; − Minimizing the speed of service vehicles along the road and maintenance of machinery will reduce the dust production as well as noise disturbance. Fisheries In addition to the Erosion and Borrow and Spoil measures above, implement good aquatic As above As above Negative construction practices in areas where a fisheries is present: impacts on − Time works to avoid spawning periods. fisheries, − Works will be conducted during low or no rainfall periods as much as possible. especially for − Maintain fish passage by minimizing changes to flow or water levels to the extent possible. waterfront work − Minimize obstructing or interfering with the movement and migration of fish. − Regularly monitoring the watercourse for signs of sedimentation during all phases of the work. In case of sedimentation from runoff (and not in-situ works), stop work and contain sediment-laden water to prevent dispersal. Health and − Implement Occupational Health and Safety Subplan (see Table V-6). As above As above safety risks Social With respect to the recruitment of workers: As above As above disturbance − Workers will be locally recruited to the extent practical. between − Workers will receive health examinations and education on sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). workers and − Worker camps will be avoided where possible, and contractors will arrange for workers to stay in

16 Separate REMDPs have been prepared for each project province.

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Potential Implemented Supervised Mitigation Measures Impacts/Issues by by community locally rented house that are equipped with power, water supply, cooking facilities and adequate Affect local sanitation facilities (at minimum, pit latrines that are not located near wells or surface waters). people daily life − Workers will receive orientation briefings on fitting in with local norms. and work, their connectivity and If temporary worker camps are required, all camps will be located away from existing housing accessibility etc areas, and will be equipped with: − Adequate housing and Adequate potable water supply. − Adequate solid waste management, including solid waste bins that are emptied on a regular basis, with wastes directed to an approved solid waste disposal facility. − Adequate sanitation facilities including portable toilets (porta-toilets) and separate facilities for men and women. Porta-toilets will be pumped out by a qualified service provider on an as needed basis. − Wastewater from canteens will be discharged to a settling pit located away from surface water, and the settling pit will be restored to preconstruction conditions when construction is complete. Traffic impacts Traffic and Road Management Subplan: As above As above and disruption − Transportation routes and delivery schedules will be planned in consultation with relevant road management authorities to avoid densely populated areas, sensitive receptors such as residential communities, schools and hospitals; and high traffic times. − Transport vehicles will be required to comply with local speed limits, and will slow down and not use their horn when passing through or nearby sensitive receptors. − Any required traffic detours will have adequate information and warning signs and flag persons. − Loads will be in compliance with vehicle capacities and relevant road regulations, particularly with respect to large or heavy loads. − Loose truck loads will be covered. − Contractors will be responsible for repairing any roads damage that may occur. Impacts on Chance Find Procedure: As above As above Physical − construction activities will be immediately suspended if any PCRs are encountered; Cultural − Protect the site, destroying, damaging, defacing, or concealing PCRs will be strictly prohibited in Resources accordance with Vietnamese regulations and this EMP requirements. (PCR) − the local Cultural Heritage Bureau will be promptly informed and consulted; and, − construction activities will resume only after thorough investigation and with the permission of the local Cultural Heritage Bureau.

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Operation Phase:

Strengthening Implement Institutional Strengthening and Training Program PIC-E or other EA/IAs and Capacity − The training will focus on GoV laws and regulations, EMP implementation, GRM, and consultants environment international good EHS practices for irrigation operation. al personnel − Training will be provided to the EA ad IA staff, with focus on SP operators. Domestic Implement good practice waste management practices: Operators EA (Output waste and − Littering by workers will be prohibited. 1), IAs Hazardous − Domestic waste containers will be provided at all work sites, and in the irrigation command areas. (Output 2), Wastes Domestic waste will be collected on a regular basis by a licensed waste collection company and and PIC-E (primarily Pump transported for recycling, reuse, or disposal at a licensed landfill, in accordance with relevant Stations at e.g.: GoV regulations and requirements. − Binh Phuoc SP1, SP2 Implement good hazardous materials practices: − Kon Tum SP1 − Wherever possible/practical, hazardous materials will be substituted by nonhazardous materials. − Quang Ngai − Suppliers of chemicals etc must hold proper licenses in accordance with GoV requirements. SP1 − Storage facilities for fuels, oil, chemicals and other hazardous materials will be within secured − Gia Lai SP1) areas on impermeable surfaces provided with dikes, and at least 300 m from drainage structures, important water bodies and other sensitive receptors. − Licensed environmental service companies will be hired to collect, transport, and dispose of unused hazardous materials and wastes. Wastewater Facilities with workers (e.g., PSs) will be equipped with: As above As above and Drinking − Treated potable well water in compliance with National Technical Regulation on Domestic Water Water (mainly Quality QCVN02:2009/BYT. for pumping − Septic systems in compliance with GoV requirements, located at least 100 m from surface waters stations) and wells to avoid contamination. Reservoir Dam For Dam/weir safety management, dam and weir operators will: As above As above Safety − Provide warning signs and if warranted, fences. (drowning, dam − Conduct site surveillance and formal inspections according to Vietnamese requirements. failure) − Record findings, accidents, and interpret the information. − Follow a regular routine maintenance schedule, and make required repairs in a timely manner. − Prepare plans and manuals where required, including: − Operation, Maintenance & Surveillance Manual. − Emergency Plan as part of standard operation procedure (SOP).

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Potential Implemented Supervised Mitigation Measures Impacts/Issues by by Reservoir Reservoir operators will: As above As above Water Quality − Monitor reservoir water quality according to the EMP environmental monitoring plan (Table V-7), (water pollution, and identify emerging key point and non-point sources of pollution in the immediate reservoir creation of watershed. breeding − Alert local government and environmental authorities to address pollution sources if required, and grounds for adjust reservoir management protocols (e.g., water level management) as required to address mosquitoes and problems. spread of − Implement measures to address mosquito breeding, such as increasing water drawdown rates malaria) which is associated with lower mosquito larval abundance, reducing levels of sewage inflow (if any), and eliminating standing water. Chemical control methods will only be used as a last option. Fisheries, ISs will be operated so as to maintain a minimum environmental flow of water in accordance with As above As above Ecological Circular (64/2017/TT-BTNMT dated on Dec. 22nd, 2017) that specifies that the environmental flow Functioning (released from a reservoir or weir) is the mean of the minimum monthly flow of three consecutive (impacts from months over a period of time (normally 20 years). For details, please see Table V-8. excessive water withdrawals) Induced Farmer households will be trained on and practice good agricultural practices (GAP) such as ICM, IPM and As above Impacts integrated crop management (ICM) and integrated pest management (IPM). This will include: irrigation of increased use − better crop husbandry practices (cropping strategies, nutrition and fertilization, seeds and extension of pesticides, planting, water management) that will include reduced agro-chemical use and produce safe food experts and fertilizers on outcomes; trainers. water and soil − encouraging production of “green crops” i.e., organic food crops; − encouraging climate friendly value chains (on-farm production, logistics); − enhancing soil health by increasing soil organic matter (carbon content) which allows for more water to be held in the soil; increasing water use efficiency; and reducing soil erosion and loss. − identifying, managing and reducing risk from pests and pest management tools and strategies that minimizes overall economic, health and environmental risks.

Training will also be supplied on water management and high efficiency irrigation technologies as part of the project Outputs activities, such as sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation, encouraging farmers to switch from traditional surface flood-furrow irrigation to more efficient technologies. Risks to Community Outreach and Warnings Operators As above Community − In cooperation with local authorities, an outreach program will be implemented to communicate Members potential SP community health and safety risks and mitigation measures. − Canals and reservoirs to be provided with warning signs, and if warranted, fences.

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Emergency Response measures: See Table V-6. Solid and Good hazardous and solid waste management, including: As above As above Hazardous − in compliance with Circular 36/2015/TT – BTNMT of MoNRE which requires hazardous wastes Wastes be handled and disposed by licensed companies. Inappropriate − All chemicals, toxic, hazardous, and harmful materials will be transported in spill proof tanks with Handling and filling hoses and nozzles in working order. Disposal at − All chemicals, toxic, hazardous, and harmful materials will be stored in secure areas with pumping impermeable surfaces and protective dikes capable of carrying 110% volume of the materials, stations such that spillage or leakage will be contained from affecting soil, surface water or groundwater systems. Sites will be equipped with spill kits in case of oil leaks. − Good housekeeping procedures will be established to avoid the risk of spills. Spills will be dealt with immediately, and personnel will be trained and tasked with this responsibility. Oil absorbents will be readily accessible in marked containers. − Workers will be properly trained before handling hazardous wastes and have the requisite PPE. − Hazardous waste will be temporarily stored in closed containers away from direct sunlight, wind, water and rain in secure designated areas with impermeable surfaces and protective dikes such that spillage or leakage will be contained. − Domestic wastes will be collected and disposed by local garbage management system.

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Table V-3: Reservoir Clearance Management Subplan Implemented Supervised Mitigation Measures by by Areas to be inundated for new or expanded reservoirs will be appropriately prepared. This will include, but not be limited to: Contractors for IA and Kon Tum SP1 PIC-E − Identification and mapping of significant areas of vegetation or (Dak Long crop cover, potential pollution sources, infrastructure such as weir), Kon Tum power lines or roads, PCRs such as monuments or gravesites, SP2 (Kon Braih and other potential problems in the area to be inundated. 1 weir/dam, − Vegetation biomass will be removed, but the root layer and the Kon Braih 2 first 0.5 to 1.0 m will be retained to provide soil stability and weir/dam, and minimize turbidity, and to provide nutrient and habitat for aquatic any other life. project weirs). − Any potential pollution sources will be removed, such as oil tanks, agrochemicals and waste dumps, and disposed according to the hazardous management measures in this EMP. − Clean up of tombs (in accordance with relevant laws and local cultural norms) and/or animal sheds, and then disinfect the sites to prevent pathogens to prevent diseases. − Any buildings will be removed in accordance with the construction waste measures in this EMP. − Any PCRs will be removed in accordance with the chance find procedure in this EMP.

Table V-4: Construction Phase Dredging Management and Disposal Subplan Implemented Supervised Stepwise Mitigation Measures by by − Reservoir sediment quality will have been assessed during IEE IA EA and preparation. Conduct additional analysis if required (e.g., if PIC-E additional areas are to be dredged). − Determine dredging process. Options include: suction cutter Dredging IA and dredger, pontoon mounted excavators, or emptying the reservoir Contractor PIC-E and using earth moving equipment. − Select most suitable method for site conditions and to minimize environmental impacts, health and safety risks. − Dredgate will be sun-dried at temporary storage areas to reduce As above As above transport cost and leakage along the route. − Temporary storage and sundry areas will be at least 20 m from water bodies or settlements or other sensitive receptors, with compacted floors and surrounding bund to prevent leakage to water or soil /farmland, and covered as necessary to control dust. − For all dredgate that is not contaminated as per QCVN03MT: Dredging IA, PIC-E, 2015/BTNMT (and thus can be reused if preferred): Contractor Dien Binh − Dredgate will be disposed at the disposal yard at Village CPC No. 1, Dien Binh Commune, Dak To District (see Figure I-13). The site has been approved by the Dien Binh CPC. The site will be mechanically compacted, contoured to minimize length and steepness of slopes, and revegetated as soon as possible to avoid erosion.

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Implemented Supervised Stepwise Mitigation Measures by by − However, local farmers will have the option of using dredgate as fill if they choose. If this option is selected, farmers will be advised to first digest or compost the materials to kill pathogens and prevent disease spread.

− In case of future Contaminated dredgate that cannot be used as Dredging IA, PIC-E, backfill or applied to agriculture land as per the national technical Contractor DONRE regulation on soil quality (QCVN03MT:2015/BTNMT), it will be transported in covered trucks to secure locations approved by the relevant DONRE, pre-treated as required before disposal, and will be permanently covered by an impervious soil cap. The disposal site will be mechanically compacted, contoured to minimize length and steepness of slopes, and revegetated. Site drainage will be provided. Note: this subplan is applicable to Kon Tum Province SP1 (C19, Ho Che, Ta Kan reservoirs), and any other SP areas in case dredging is needed in future

Table V-5: Companies Licensed to Remove Hazardous Wastes in Project Areas Province / Location Contact Details Scope of Relevant Services Company Binh Phuoc Binh Phuoc Suoi Binh Phone: 0271 6511 139 - Collecting, transporting, storing, Environment Hamlet, Dong Email: processing and disposing all Joint Stock Tien [email protected] hazardous wastes (solid, liquid, Company Commune, Website: drums, etc) generated from all Dong Phu moitruongbinhphuoc.com industries, agriculture, construction, District, Binh etc. Phuoc Binh Phuoc No. 38, Phone : 0651 3660 886 - Treating and destroying non- Green Highway 13, Email: hazardous and hazardous wastes Environmental Group 4, [email protected] - Scrap recycling. Technology KP. 6, Chon - Pollution remediation and other Company Thanh Town, waste management activities. Limited Binh Phuoc - Freight transport by road. Binh Phuoc Hamlet 1, Tien Phone: 0651 6250974 - Collection, transport, treatment, Investment Hung Email: [email protected] storage and disposal of garbage, and Commune, industrial and non-hazardous and Environment TX. Dong hazardous wastes. Technology Xoai, Binh - Fabrication, installation, operation Development Phuoc and technology transfer of waste Joint Stock treatment plants. Company - Consulting on environmental technology and impact assessment. Kon Tum Kon Tum No 200, U Re Phone: 060 386 8522 - Urban cleaning: sweeping and Urban Road, Duy collection of hazardous and non- Environment Tan Ward , hazardous wastes; waste treatment Joint Stock Kon Tum City, and disposal. Company Kon Tum - Waste water: drainage and wastewater treatment.

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Province / Location Contact Details Scope of Relevant Services Company Gia Lai Gia Lai Urban No 38 Tran Tel: 0269 3824401 - Drainage and environmental Construction Khanh Du, Email: sanitation. Joint Stock Dien Hong [email protected] - Waste collection and treatment. Company ward, Pleiku Website : city, Gia Lai congtrinhdothi.gialai.org.vn province Quang Ngai Lilama Dung Quat Phone :0912 571 567 - Drainage and wastewater Environmental Economic Email treatment – Electrical Zone, Binh [email protected] - Collection, treatment and disposal Mechanical Dong of hazardous of non-hazardous Joint Stock Commune, waste Company/ Binh Son LILAMA EME District, Quang Ngai Quang Ngai To Hien Thanh Phone: 3819 612 - Drainage and wastewater Urban Street, Tran treatment Environment Phu Ward, - Collection, treatment and disposal Joint Stock Quang Ngai of hazardous of non-hazardous Company City, Quang waste Ngai - Construction of public works Source: Transaction technical assistance consultant, 2020.

Table V-6: Occupational Health and Safety Subplans and Emergency Response (All construction phase measures be implemented by contractors and operation measures by operators. Both will be supervised by EA through respective IAs assisted by PIC)

Construction Phase Occupational Health and Safety Subplan (OHSS): − All relevant GOV and MOLISA safety regulations will be strictly enforced. − All workers will receive a health assessment by a competent medical practitioner and be deemed sufficiently healthy to undertake their job before commencing hazardous site activities. − All workers will be equipped with appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including hard hats, insulating and/or fire resistant clothes, appropriate grounding, hot line and uninsulated tools, safety gloves, safety goggles, fall protection system including safety belts and other climbing gear (for work at heights), ear protection, etc. PPE will be maintained and replaced as necessary. − All construction equipment and tools will be inspected before use to ensure proper and safe operation (at least every 6 months for climbing safety gear). − Construction sites will be equipped with adequate potable water in compliance with National Technical Regulation on Domestic Water Quality QCVN02:2009/BYT, and temporary sanitation facilities. − The OHSS will be aligned with relevant government’s regulations and guidelines on COVID-19 prevention and control, or with international good practice guidelines as updated in the future.17

17 See: − World Health Organization. 2020. Considerations for public health and social measures in the workplace in the context of COVID-19. Geneva. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications-detail/considerations-for- public-health-and-social-measures-in-the-workplace-in-the-context-of-covid-19. − HM Government. 2020. Working safely during COVID-19 in construction and other outdoor work. Guidance for employers, employees and the self-employed. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5eb961bfe90e070834b6675f/working-safely-during-covid-19- construction-outdoors-110520.pdf. − The Canadian Construction Association – COVID-19 Standard Protocols. Available at: https://www.cca-

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COVID-19 prevention and control measures, to be adopted as required, include the main key measures: 1) disinfection/cleaning of construction sites and equipment; 2) on-site temperature checks every day before work; 3) maintaining a minimum physical distance of two meters from others; 4) mandatory use of PPE, i.e. wear non-medical facemasks at all times; 4) provision of handwashing stations and hand sanitizers at all construction sites and camps; 5) in the event any worker is exhibiting flu-like symptoms such as fever, tiredness, coughing, or congestion, or who has been exposed to the Covid-19 virus, they will be instructed to not come to work; to contact their supervisor and/or human resources department; to stay at home (or camp) and self-isolate; and to contact local health authorities for further direction. Such individuals are required to follow the directions of the local health authority and may not return to work until given approval by the proper health authorities. − Training will be provided to workers in all aspects of the OHSS prior to the start of construction and on a regular basis (e.g. monthly). Emergency Response Plan (ERP) − Contact numbers for local emergency response providers (fire, ambulance, police) and provincially accredited medical centers will be prominently displayed at each site, and updated as required (e.g. to account for changing work locations along a pipeline or canal). Communications with local emergency response providers will be tested on a monthly basis. − Contractors will have at least one worker trained in first-aid and one worker trained in fire response will be available at the construction sites at all times when work is undertaken. − In the event of an emergency the siren will be sounded, work will be halted, and if necessary the site will be evacuated. Initial emergency response will be provided by trained contractor staff on site (medical, firefighting), unless unsafe to do so, supported by local emergency response providers as required. Injured workers will be transported to the nearest appropriate medical facility by ambulance. − Fire extinguishers, spills containment equipment, and first aid kits will be provided at each site, maintained and clearly identified. − Records will be maintained for all emergencies, including nature of emergency, extent of injuries or property damage, response, and required follow-up. − Refer to OHSS above for Covid-19 measures. − Detailed training will be provided to contractors emergency first response staff (medical and fire), and all workers will receive regular briefings on all aspects of the ERP prior to the start of construction and on a regular basis (e.g. monthly). Operation Phase Occupational Health and Safety Subplan (OHSS): − All relevant GoV and MOLISA safety regulations will be strictly enforced. − All workers will receive a health assessment by a competent medical practitioner and be deemed in sufficient health to undertake their job before commencing hazardous site activities. − All workers will be equipped with appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including hard hats, insulating and/or fire resistant clothes, appropriate grounding, hot line and uninsulated tools, safety gloves, safety goggles, fall protection system including safety belts and other climbing gear (for work at heights), ear protection, etc. PPE will be maintained and replaced as necessary. − All workers with access to electrical and hazardous conditions will be appropriately trained and certified to work on SPs. − All relevant GoV electrical safety standards will be strictly adhered to. − The OHSS will be aligned with relevant government’s regulations and guidelines on COVID-19 prevention and control, or with international good practice guidelines as updated in the future.18 COVID-19 prevention and control measures, to be adopted as required, include the main key

acc.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/CCA-COVID-19-Standardized-Protocols-for-All-Canadian- Construction-Sites-04-16-20.pdf.

18 Ibid.

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measures: 1) disinfection/cleaning of work sites and equipment; 2) maintaining a minimum physical distance of two meters from others; 3) mandatory use of PPE, i.e., wear non-medical facemasks at all times; 4) provision of handwashing stations and hand sanitizers; 5) in the event any worker is exhibiting flu-like symptoms such as fever, tiredness, coughing, or congestion, or who has been exposed to the COVID-19 virus, they will be instructed to not come to work; to contact their supervisor and/or human resources department; to stay at home and self- isolate; and to contact local health authorities for further direction. Such individuals are required to follow the directions of the local health authority and may not return to work until given approval by the proper health authorities. − Training will be provided to workers in all aspects of the OHSP prior to the start of operation and on a regular basis (e.g., monthly). Emergency Response Plan (ERP) − Contact numbers for emergency response providers (fire, ambulance, police) and provincially accredited medical centers will be prominently displayed at PS, and updated as required. Communications with local emergency response providers will be tested on a semi-annual basis. − Operator will have at least one worker trained in first-aid and one worker trained in fire response on- site each shift. − In the event of an emergency the siren will be sounded, work will be halted, and if necessary, the site will be evacuated. Initial emergency response will be provided by trained staff on site (medical, firefighting), unless unsafe to do so, supported by local emergency response providers as required. Injured workers will be transported to the nearest appropriate medical facility by ambulance. − Fire extinguishers, spills containment equipment, and first aid kits will be provided at each site, maintained and clearly identified. − Records will be maintained for all emergencies, including nature of emergency, extent of injuries or property damage, response, and required follow-up. − Refer to OHSS above for Covid-19 measures. Detailed training will be provided to emergency first response staff (medical and fire), and all workers will receive regular briefings on all aspects of the ERP on a regular basis (e.g., monthly).

D. Environmental Monitoring Plan

249. A project environmental monitoring plan to monitor the environmental impacts of the SP and assess the effectiveness of mitigation measures is presented in Table V-7. The environmental monitoring plan includes compliance inspection undertaken by the Supervising Engineer supported by the national project implementation consultant – environment (PIC-E). Ambient monitoring will be undertaken on an as needed basis by Independent Environmental Monitors, if the compliance inspections determine that it is warranted or a complaint about noise, air or water quality is received. Community Monitoring Boards will also be established for each SP to allow affected persons provide direct feedback to the IAs on any negative impacts.

250. The results of environmental compliance inspection and monitoring activities will be used to assess: (i) the extent and severity of actual environmental impacts against the predicted impacts and baseline data collected before the project implementation; (ii) performance or effectiveness of environmental mitigation measures or compliance with pertinent environmental rules and regulations; (iii) trends in impacts; (iv) overall effectiveness of EMP implementation; and (v) the need for additional measures corrective actions if non-compliance is observed.

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Table V-7: Environmental Monitoring Plan

Subject Parameter Location Frequency Implemented by Air Pollution Dust, SP Daily, monitoring by Supervising Engineer during particulate construction observation. supported by site visits by construction matters (PM10, sites PIC-E PM2.5) If problems observed or complaints received, recruit Independent Environmental Environmental Monitoring Monitoring Entity entity to conduct tests Water Quality Temperature, Outlets of As required based on Independent Environmental during pH, TSS, DO, discharge compliance inspections by Monitoring Entity construction COD, BOD5, from select local environmental authority + NH4 SP or complaints received construction sites and camp Noise during Noise Selected SP Daily, monitoring by Supervising Engineer construction construction observation. supported by site visits by sites PIC-E If problems observed or complaints received, recruit Independent Environmental Environmental Monitoring Monitoring Entity entity to conduct tests.19 Operation Environmental Select SP Quarterly, SP Operator supported by Environment flow of SP sites field inspection to assess PIC-E al Flows rivers and Supervised by EA, and reservoirs (see DONREs at their discretion. Table V-8) Operation Temperat., pH, All project Semi-annually Independent Environmental Reservoir TSS, DO, reservoirs Monitoring Entity Water Quality COD, BOD5, + NH4

Table V-8: Environmental Baseflow Requirements (part of environmental monitoring plan)

Recorded Minimum Record Catchment Province No. Pilot/ SP minMonthly Enviro Flow Period at area (km2) Flow (m3/s) m3/s 1 Stations SP1 Dau Tieng IS 2600.00 8.84 9.61 SP2 Phuc Hoa IS 293.21 1.05 1.14 SP3 Can Don IS 3443.20 12.04 13.09 2000- Binh Phuoc Loc Ninh IS 2019 - Suoi Nuy 5.05 0.01 0.02 SP4 - Loc Thanh 8.72 0.03 0.03 - Loc Quang 13.32 0.04 0.05 C19 Reservoir 0.81 0.0030 0.01 1994- Kon Tum SP1 Ho Che Reservoir 1.27 0.0051 0.01 2019 Ta Kan Reservoir 0.77 0.0029 0.005

19 Applicable noise standard: QCVN26:2010/BTNMT.

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Dak Long 43.00 0.20 0.34 Weir/Reservoir Ong Dan 11.00 0.026 0.036 Weir/Reservoir Kon Braih 1 1977- SP2 16.24 0.04 0.05 Weir/Reservoir 1983 Kon Braih 2 10.68 0.025 0.03 Weir/Reservoir Quang 2000- SP1 Thach Nham IS 1215.67 30.84 35.87 Ngai 2019 Ayun Ha IS 1644.25 7.10 9.44 2015- Gia Lai SP1 Ia M'lah IS 110.23 0.21 0.28 2019 Source: Transaction technical assistance hydrologist, 2021. Based on provincial gauging stations. 1 Circular 64/2017/TT-BTNMT, dated 22 December 2017, specifies that the environmental flow from a reservoir or weir is the mean minimum monthly flow of three consecutive months over a period of time, normally 20 years.

E. Reporting and Inspection Requirements

251. Reporting is one of the means to monitor and encourage EMP implementation in order to control EHS impacts and risks, which is the end objective. Experience has shown that direct field supervision and inspection is an effective means to monitor EMP implementation and support reporting. A “multi-layer” supervision and reporting arrangement will be implemented.

252. During construction, supervision, monitoring, and reporting of EMP implementation will have the following layers in order to be more efficient and cost-effective:

a. First layer: Routine on-site mitigation compliance inspections by resident SP Supervision Engineer(s), who are to be on site daily, and submit to CPMU/IAs at minimum monthly reports on civil work progress and quality, and EMP implementation performance (including UXO clearance, spills and responses, accidents, and grievances and actions taken) since most EMP measures for construction are inseparable from good construction practice; b. Second layer: The CPMU/IAs assisted by environmental staff and PIC-E or other consultants will carry out on-site supervision and inspection on a random or regular basis, and record the findings and remedies or correction plans etc in writing; c. Quantitative monitoring: To be undertaken (air and water quality, noise) if problems are observed during inspections or complaints received, by a qualified external monitoring entity engaged by the CPMU/IAs. The monitoring contract should request the monitoring entity to submit the testing results with explanations on compliance and analysis of any reasons for non-compliance; d. Reporting: Based on work of a-c, IAs can readily document their work following the reporting format (Table V-9) periodically for the CPMU to compile into one semi-annual environmental monitoring report for the project to the ADB.

253. During operation, supervision and reporting will be undertaken primarily by the CPMU:

a. Supervision and Inspection: The CPMU/IAs (supported by environmental staff or PIC-E or other consultants) will carry out on-site supervision and inspections on random or regular basis, and record the findings and remedies or correction plans etc in writing; b. Quantitative monitoring: To be undertaken if problems are observed during inspections or complaints received, by a qualified external monitoring entity engaged

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by the CPMU/IA. The monitoring contract should request the monitoring entity to submit the testing results with explanations on compliance and analysis of any reasons for non-compliance; c. Reporting: Based on work of a-b, the IAs can readily document their work following the reporting format (Table V-9) periodically for the CPMU to compile into one semi- annual monitoring report to ADB on environmental performance and EMP implementation.

254. In both construction and operation phases, there will also be an option for communities, through their CPCs, to monitor. In such cases, findings should be reported to the relevant IAs.

Table V-9: Key Content and Indicative Outline of an Environmental Monitoring Report 1. Introduction: a. Concise project description. b. Project progress in this reporting period. 2. Mitigation measures: their implementation status (fully followed or not, if not, which parts are not and why; actual performance and findings, any issues and gaps, reasons for them, corrective actions proposed and/or remedy already taken. 3. Quantitative monitoring: summary of results and conclusion, explain if comply with applicable standards or not, and analyze the reasons of non-compliance. (Note: full data and original reports’ scans submitted in an annex). 4. Training: carried out during this period, how, to whom, results and effects. If no training carried out during the period, say so in Introduction or Conclusion without this chapter. 5. Any complaints through GRM: what, when and where, how they are resolved etc. Information UXO clearance, all spills, accidents (both workers and community members).If no grievances or accidents during the period, say so in Introduction or Conclusion without this chapter; 6. Any changes in the project: explain the change and implications for compliance with domestic EIA and ADB requirements, e.g., if supplement to this IEE or EMP is needed, and consult domestic environmental authority if supplement or new IEE be required. 7. Conclusion on this reporting period and recommendations/work plan for the next.

F. Capacity Building

255. A capacity building program will focus on the environmental safeguards requirements of relevant GOV laws and regulations and ADB’s SPS reflected in the EMP; means for effective implementation of the EMP, the environmental monitoring plan, and the GRM; and international good environment, health and safety construction practices (Table V-10). Trainers will be mainly environmental officers and consultants of EA and IAs.

Table V-10: Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Training Program

Duration Budget Phase Attendees Contents Frequency No. of Persons (days) (USD)

Pre- EA/IA staff - EMP content Twice ½ day 12 2000 construction - Impacts and course (2 from EA, 2 Preparation mitigations from each IA) - Environment al monitoring and reporting - GRM

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Duration Budget Phase Attendees Contents Frequency No. of Persons (days) (USD)

Construction EA/IA staff, - GoV laws Twice 1 day 24 5000 Phase Contractor(s and course (2 fEA, 3 each Environment ) senior and regulations. IA,10 al EHS staff - EMP Contractors/fore Management measures on men, workers) EHS for construction . - GRM. Operation EA, IA/ - Relevant Twice 1 day 24 5000 Phase operator GoV laws course (2 from EA, 3 Environment staff and from each IA, al regulations. and 10 from Management - EMP Operators ) measures etc for operation. - Good EHS practices for operation

G. Grievance Redress Mechanism

256. A project grievance is defined as an actual or perceived project-related problem that gives ground for complaint by an affected person (AP). As a general policy, the EA and IAs will work proactively to prevent grievances through the implementation of impact mitigation measures and community liaison activities that anticipate and address potential issues before they become grievances. Nonetheless, it is possible that unanticipated impacts may occur if the mitigation measures are not properly implemented or unforeseen issues occur. In order to address complaints, a project grievance redress mechanism (GRM) has been developed in accordance with ADB requirements and government procedures. A GRM is a systematic process for receiving, recording, evaluating and addressing AP’s project-related grievances transpaently and in a reasonable time period. The GRM will operate during the pre-construction, construction and operation phases.

257. The ADB SPS 2009 requires the EA and IAs to establish a GRM to receive and facilitate resolution of AP’s concerns and complaints about the project’s environmental performance during the construction and operation phases. The GRM should (i) be scaled to the risks and adverse impacts of the project; (ii) address affected people’s concerns and complaints promptly using an understandable and transparent process; (iii) be readily accessible to all sections of the community at no cost and without retribution; and (iv) not impede access to the Vietnamese judicial or administrative remedies and ADB’s Compliance Review Panel.

258. The project GRM integrates resettlement, environment and technical issues into a single structure. The structure takes into account Vietnamese laws and provisions for complaint handling as well as nuances of the operating environment and cultural attitudes toward lodging complaints. Specifically, The GRM includes the following elements:

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a focus on addressing complaints at the local level, and only advancing to higher levels if a satisfactory solution cannot be found; a grievance receipt and registration system to provide ways for community members to register complaints and confirm they have been received; grievance eligibility assessment to determine if the issues raised in the complaint fall within the mandate of the GRM; grievance assessment and investigation to clarify concerns raised in the complaint, to gather information on the situation, and to identify how the issues might be resolved; joint problem-solving, in which all relevant project stakeholders engage in a dialogue and action planning to resolve the problem; grievance tracking, including maintenance of written records of grievances, monitoring, public information disclosure and reporting to the affected people; and grievance closure, including community feedback and confirmation of resolution of the problem.

259. Eligible complaints are those regarding any aspect of project affected environment, land acquisition and resettlement, such as noise, pollution, entitlements, rates and payment and procedures for resettlement, income restoration programs, etc.

260. The principles and procedures of the GRM are consistent with the provisions of relevant Vietnamese laws, decrees and circulars, including the Land Law No. 45/2013/QH13, dated 29/11/2013; Law on Grievances No. 02/2011/QH13, dated 11/11/2011; Law on Denunciations No. 03/2011/QH13, dated 11/11/2011; Law on Receiving of Residents No. 42/2013/QH13, dated 25/11/2013; Decree No. 75/2012/ND-CP, dated 03/10/2012 of the Government Stipulating Detailed Regulations on Some Articles of Law on Grievance 2011; Decree No. 76/2012/ND-CP, dated 03/10/2012 of the Government Stipulating Detailed Regulations on Some Articles of Law on Denunciation 2011; Circular No. 06/2013/TT-TTCP, dated 30/9/2012 of the Government Inspectorate Stipulating Procedures of Denunciation Settlement, Circular No. 07/2014/TT-TTCP, dated 31/10/2014 of the Government Inspectorate Stipulating Procedures of Settling Grievances, Denunciating Letters and Letters of Requests. The GRM is also consistent with ADB's SPS (2009) and Public Communications Policy (2011).

261. The GRM consists of a number of escalating stages. Complaint resolution and decision making are undertaken first at the ward/commune level, then at the district level and provincial level, if required. The GRM stages are presented below and illustrated in Figure V-1.

Stage 1: Submission of complaint and eligibility assessment [max. 5 working days] a. The AP submits a written or verbal complaint to the relevant Ward or Commune People’s Committee (W/CPC) in person, by telephone, by letter, or by email. Contact details of relevant W/CPC and will be posted at the SP construction sites. The W/CPC will report to the relevant SP IA who will register the complaint. b. Complaints can also be sent directly to the works contractor (during construction through a hotline number that will be posted for construction-related matters (such as noise, dust, access to property, and other matters) which require immediate action, or to the operator (during the operation phase). Contractors or operators will report to the relevant SP IA who will register the complaint. c. The W/CPC and relevant SP IA will assess the eligibility of the compliant, and inform the AP of the decision. d. If compliant is eligible, proceed to stage 2.

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Stage 2: Assessment and Action, Ward/Commune Level [max. 15 working days] a. The W/CPC with support from the IA conducts an assessment and gathers information about the complaint to determine required actions and responsible party for implementation. b. Responsible party implements actions. c. IA is responsible for record keeping. d. If the complainant is not satisfied with the actions taken under Stage 2, proceed to Stage 3. e. If the complainant is satisfied, proceed to Stage 5.

Stage 3: Assessment and Action, District Level [max. 15 working days] a. The DPC with support from the IA conducts an assessment and gathers information about the complaint to determine required actions and responsible party for implementation. b. Responsible party implements actions. c. IA is responsible for record keeping. d. If the complainant is not satisfied with the actions taken under Stage 3, proceed to Stage 4. e. If the complaint is satisfied, proceed to Stage 5.

Stage 4: Assessment and Action, Provincial Level [max. 15 working days] a. The PPC with support from the EA conducts an assessment and gathers information about the complaint to determine required actions and responsible party for implementation. b. Responsible party implements actions. c. IA is responsible for record keeping.

Stage 5: Closure of Complaint a. When the decision/actions are implemented, the relevant PC prepares a final report which is shared with the complainant, IA and EA, and filed. b. The complainant confirms completion of the actions and agrees to the closure of the complaint. The grievance dossier is closed and filed by the IA.

262. If the complainant is not satisfied with the actions taken under any stage in the GRM process, the complainant may seek legal redress through court system and/or through ADB Accountability Mechanism.

The complainant will not have to pay any fee for his/her case (official or unofficial). APs will be encouraged to use the above GRM. However, the GRM does not impede access to the country's judicial or administrative remedies by complainants, at any stage, if they so wish.

Tracking and Reporting

263. Each IA will record the complaint, eligibility assessment, investigation, and subsequent actions and results, and report this information to the EA. The EA will include this information in the environmental monitoring reports to the ADB.

264. The tracking and documenting of grievance resolution will include: (i) tracking forms and procedures for gathering information from project personnel and complainant(s); (ii) periodic reviews of complaints so as to recognize grievance patterns, identify any systemic causes of grievances, and periodically evaluate the overall functioning of the mechanism; (iii) processes for informing stakeholders about the status of a case; and iv) procedures to retrieve data for reporting purposes, including the periodic reports to the EA and ADB.

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Figure V-1: Project GRM

Stage 1: Submission of Complaint and Eligibility Assessment AP informed as to complaint AP submits complaint to W/CPC or contractor. eligibility W/CPC and IA assess compliant eligibility. (Max 5 working days)

Stage 2: Assessment and Action - Commune Level W/CPC and IA assess complaint, and identifies required action and responsible party. Responsible party implements action.

Stage 3: Assessment and Action - District Level DPC and IA assess complaint, and identifies required action and responsible party. Responsible party implements action.

Stage 4: Assessment and Action - Provincial Level PPC and IA assess complaint, and identifies required action and responsible party. Responsible party implements action.

If complaint not addressed satisfactorily, AP may seek legal Stage 5: Closure of Complaint redress through court system (or at AP confirms completion of the actions and any stage in the GRM process) and/or agrees to the closure of the complaint. through ADB Accountability Mechanism

Source: ADB transaction technical assistance consultants.

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VI. Information Disclosure and Public Consultation

A. Information Disclosure and Consultation Objectives

265. Disclosure of relevant information about a proposed project and its potential impacts helps stakeholders to understand the impacts, risks, and opportunities of the project. Relevant information, including those documented in environmental assessment reports, should be provided in a place, language, and form that are accessible and understandable to affected people and other stakeholders. This process should commence early in the project cycle and continues throughout the life of the project.

266. Meaningful consultation goes well beyond information disclosure. It involves two-way communication between the borrower and the affected communities and stakeholders, and active participation of affected communities and stakeholders at various stages in the project design and implementation. Meaningful consultation provides opportunities for the borrower to learn from the knowledge, experience and concerns of the affected communities.

B. Vietnamese and ADB Requirements

Vietnamese Requirements

267. Vietnamese EIA requirements are stipulated in the Law on Environmental Protection (2014) and supporting decrees. Decree No. 18/2015/ND-CP (14 February 2015) specifies the EIA consultation process with respect to informing community representatives and communes, wards and township People's Committees (PCs), and describes the requirements for the registration and certification of written environmental protection commitments and appraisal and approval of EIA reports.

ADB Requirements

268. ADB’s SPS has specific requirements for information disclosure and public consultation. Information disclosure involves delivering information about a proposed project to the general public and to affected communities and other stakeholders, beginning early in the project cycle and continuing throughout the life of the project. Information disclosure is intended to facilitate constructive engagement with affected communities and stakeholders over the life of the project to enable a truly meaningful consultation

269. In order to make key documents widely available to the general public, SPS environmental principle 6 requires the borrower to “disclose a draft environmental assessment (including the EMP) in a timely manner, before project appraisal, in an accessible place and in a form and language understandable to affected people and other stakeholders” (this usually means not in English only). The IEE for category B projects will also be submitted to ADB for disclosure on the ADB website. The SPS also requires that the borrower carry out consultation with affected people and other concerned stakeholders, including civil society, and facilitate their informed participation.

C. Methodology

270. Based on both domestic and ADB policy requirements and under the guidance of the ADB team, the process and methods for the upcoming information disclosure and public consultation

110 are specified below:

Step 1: Draft public announcements about the project and IEE related disclosure and consultation, which will include the following: - Objective of the disclosure and consultation. - Brief SP description. - Brief summary of IEE and EMP. - The time, date, and location of SP public consultation meetings. - Web links to soft copies of Vietnamese language draft IEE (see below). - Addresses of Provincial People’s Committee (PPC) offices for the public viewing of IEE hardcopies. - Deadline for public feedback (will be after the date of the last consultation meeting). - Contact information for sending feedback (names of contact persons, email, telephone number, postal address).

Step 2: Publicize announcements for IEE disclosure at least two weeks prior to any consultation meetings: - Announcements published in local newspapers (and possibly also radio/tv, to be determined). There is a budget for media publicity for each SP. - Announcements posted on local government websites: PPC and District People’s Committee (DPC) websites in the 4 provinces. - Announcements will also be published on social media, such as Facebook pages of local government (see above). - IEE/EMP soft copy disclosure of a Vietnamese language on PPC and DPC websites in the 4 provinces; - Hard copy disclosure of a Vietnamese language draft IEE at PPC offices in the four provinces. - Hard copy disclosure of the two-page Vietnamese language summary IEE at Commune People’s Committee (CPC) offices in the 79 communes, distributed via the DPC offices.

Step 3. Consultation, usually a combination of typical methods below - Get feedback through contacts in the announcement, deadline will be last consultation meeting. - Questionnaire or online surveys: anonymous, efficient, broader, less interactive; - Meetings or interviews etc: costlier, limited participants, afraid to speak out at meetings, but more interactive. - Representativeness of project affected peoples and stakeholders: by age, gender, ethnicity, profession, education level etc.

D. Information Disclosure

271. Project-related environmental assessment information was disclosed by the CPO via the four PPMUs on 5 March 2021, well prior to the start of the public consultation meetings. The disclosure include instructions for providing feedback including contact information for sending feedback (names of contact persons, email, telephone number, postal address), and a feedback deadline, which was the last day of the public consultation meetings (12 April 2021). Information was disclosed as follows:

Draft IEE Soft (electronic) Distribution - A translated soft version of the draft IEE was posted on the provincial PC and DARD

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websites, and district PC websites (Figure VI-1 and Figure VI-2), as follows: - Binh Phuoc PPC and DARD websites, and Hon Quan, Chon Thanh, Bu Dop, Loc Ninh DPC websites. - Kon Tum PPC and DARD websites, and Dak To, Ngoc Hoi, Dak Ha, Kon Ray district DPC websites. - Gia Lai PPC and DARD websites and Phu Thien, Ia Pa, Krong Pa and Ayun Pa town district DPC websites. - Quang Ngai PPC and DARD websites and, Binh Son, Son Tinh, Tu Nghia, Nghia Hanh, Mo Duc, Duc Pho town and Quang Ngai City DPC websites.20 - In addition, the draft IEE was also posted on some IA websites.

Draft IEE Hard (paper) Distribution - Five hard copies of the translated draft IEE were distributed to the CPO and to each of the four provincial DARD offices.

Summary Draft IEE Hard (paper) and Soft (electronic) Distribution - A two-page summary of the draft IEE was distributed to all 79 communes in both soft and hard forms, and the latter posted at the DPC office notice boards (Figure VI-3).

Project Information Brochure (paper) Distribution - A two page information brochure on the CAIM project and the environmental assessment process was distributed to all 79 communes and posted at the DPC office notice boards. The brochure was also provided at the public consultation meetings (Figure VI-4).

E. Public Consultation Meetings and Environment Questionnaire

272. Following on from the information disclosure, an extensive set of public consultation meetings were held from 16 March to 12 April 2021, covering all four provinces, all eight SPs, and all 79 communes.

273. At the direction of the CPO via official letter on 1 March 2021, the 79 CPCs undertook the responsibility of publicizing the consultation meetings, and through village counterparts, inviting stakeholders to attend. Participants at the meetings included:

- Affected residents in terms of both project beneficiaries and those who might be affected by either direct or indirect negative impacts. - Local authorities, including representatives of district and commune PCs, Viet Nam Woman’s Union, Public Health Units, Commune Environment Divisions, and other local community representatives.

274. Both men and women were invited to the meetings, and a transport allowance was provided to those not living in the commune where the meeting was situated. In general, one public consultation meeting was held for each affected commune. For SPs covering multiple communes, representatives of local authorities (an average of 3 persons), affected persons and beneficiaries (an average of 15 persons) joined the meetings in the commune where the public meeting was held.

20 Draft IEE was either directly uploaded on the websites, or a link was provided to where it could be downloaded such as the DARD and/or PPC website.

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Figure VI-1: Screen shot of Draft IEE disclosure on Kon Tum DARD website.

Source: Kon Tum Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, 2021.

Figure VI-2: Screenshots of Draft IEE Disclosure on Gia Lai Kon Tum DARD Website.

Source: Gia Lai Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, 2021.

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Figure VI-3: Examples of Hard Copy Information Disclosure at the Commune Level

Disclosure of summary draft IEE in Ngoc Reo Disclosure of CAIMP brochure for in Chu A Thai CPC, Dak Ha District, Kon Tum Province. CPC, Phu Thien District, Gia Lai Province. Source: Transaction technical assistance consultant, 2021.

Figure VI-4: Two-Page Hard Copy Information Brochure, in Vietnamese, Distributed to All 79 DPC Offices and at the Public Consultation Meetings

Source: Transaction technical assistance consultant, 2021.

275. With respect to SP1 in Quang Ngai Province, this SP includes two ISs, Nui Ngang and Thach Nham. One public consultation was conducted for the Nui Ngang IS, covering one commune. By contrast, the Thach Nham IS covers 7 districts and 37 communes. However, the proposed investments are mainly canal lining. No resettlement impact and limited social and environmental impacts are expected. In addition, no ethnic minorities are present in the project area. Therefore, only one public consultation was conducted for this IS. Information, however, was disclosed in all the districts and communes covered under the scheme.

276. In total, 25 meetings were held with 638 participants (Table VI-1). On average, there were 25 commune participants at each meeting. The meetings were chaired by the Chairperson or Vice-Chairperson of each commune. Presentations were made by PPMU and TRTA consultants

114 for each safeguards area, and a question and answer session was held after each safeguards presentation. For the environment presentation, the results of the draft IEE were presented, including GOV and ADB environmental policies, predicted impacts, proposed mitigation measures, the environmental management plan (EMP), institutional responsibilities, and the grievance redress mechanism (GRM). A typical meeting agenda is presented in Table VI-2.

Table VI-1: Public Consultation Meetings, March–April 2021 Com- Meeting Participants Date SP / IS District Femal Ethnic mune Location Total Male e Minorities Quang Ngai Province 16-Mar- SP1/Nui Ngang Quang Ba To Ba Lien 27 10 17 27 21 IS Ngai 17-Mar- SP1/Thac Quang Mo Duc Duc Minh 27 15 12 0 21 Nham IS Ngai Subtotal 54 25 29 27 Kon Tum Province 19-Mar- SP1/Dak Long Ngoc Sa Sa Loong 59 39 20 43 21 Weir Hoi Loong CPC SP1/C19, Ho 20-Mar- Dien Dien Binh Che, Ta Kan Dak To 29 13 16 13 21 Binh CPC Reservoirs SP2/Kon Braih 22-Mar- Ngoc Ngoc Reo IS, Dak Pret Dak Ha 45 26 19 45 21 Reo CPC IS21 Dak Ma, Dak Ma SP2/Dak Uy IS Dak Ha 65 34 31 18 23-Mar- Ha Mon CPC 21 SP2/Dak Ne Dak To Dak To Kon Ray 42 19 23 38 IS22 Lung Lung CPC 24-Mar- SP2/Ong Dan Tan Lap Kon Ray Tan Lap 17 10 7 0 21 IS CPC Subtotal 257 141 116 157 Gia Lai Province 25-Mar- Krong Ia M’la SP1/Ia M'La Ia M'la 19 15 4 8 21 Pa CPC 26-Mar- Doan Ket Doan Ket SP1/Ayun Ha Ayun Pa 26 17 9 8 21 Ward. Ward PC 27-Mar- Ia Brol SP1/Ayun Ha Ayun Pa Ia Brol 11 8 3 6 21 CPC 29-Mar- Phu Chu A Chu A SP1/Ayun Ha 26 13 13 24 21 Thien Thai Thai CPC 30-Mar- Phu Ia Yeng SP1/Ayun Ha Ia Eng 36 15 21 35 21 Thien CPC Ia Trok SP1/Ayun Ha Ia Pa Ia Trok 20 7 13 19 31-Mar- CPC 21 Ia Mron SP1/Ayun Ha Ia Pa Ia Mron 10 9 1 9 CPC Ia Le 1-Apr-21 SP1/Ayun Ha Ia Pa Ia Le 23 18 5 12 CPC Subtotal 171 102 69 121

21 This IS was not included in the final project design. 22 As above.

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Com- Meeting Participants Date SP / IS District Femal Ethnic mune Location Total Male e Minorities Binh Phuoc Province Thanh Thanh SP3/Can Don 3-Apr-21 Bu Dop Binh Binh Town 21 5 16 0 IS Town PC SP3/Can Don Tan Tien 5-Apr-21 Bu Dop Tan Tien 23 17 6 9 IS CPC SP4/Loc Ninh Loc Loc Loc Thanh 6-Apr-21 22 16 6 0 IS Ninh Thanh CPC SP4/Loc Ninh Loc Loc Viet 7-Apr-21 18 14 4 0 IS Ninh Quang Quang SP4/Loc Ninh Loc Loc An 8-Apr-21 Loc An 24 18 6 0 IS Ninh CPC SP1/Dau Tieng Dong Dong No Dong No 9-Apr-21 16 8 8 0 IS No Com CPC 10-Apr- Dong Tan Loi Tan Loi Pilot Scheme23 15 7 8 7 21 Phu Com CPC Chon Minh SP2/Phuoc Hoa Minh Long 7 4 3 0 12-Apr- Thanh Long 21 Chon Thanh Thanh SP2/Phuoc Hoa 10 2 8 0 Thanh Tam Tam Subtotal 156 91 65 16 Total 4 Provinces 638 359 279 321 Source: Transaction technical assistance consultant, 2021.

Table VI-2: Typical Public Consultation Meeting Agenda Time Activity By 7.30 – 8.00 Registration of the participants TRTA staff 8.00 – 8.05 Opening remarks Chair/ Vice Chair of Commune 8.05 – 8.15 Project overview presentation PPMU Consultant 8.15 – 9.00 Environmental safeguard issues related National Environmental Specialist to the project, including potential negative and positive impacts, proposed mitigation measures, EMP, environmental monitoring plan, and GRM 9.00 – 9h30 Questions and answers on environment All issues 9h39-10h15 Resettlement safeguard issues related to International/National Resettlement the project Specialist 10h15-10h30 Questions and answers on resettlement All issues 10.30 – 10.45 Coffee Break 10. 45-11.15 Social safeguard issues related to the National Social Specialist project 11h15-11h30 Questions and answers on social issues All 11h30 Closing remarks PPMU/Chair of District or Commune. Source: Transaction technical assistance consultant, 2021.

23 This pilot scheme was subsequently removed from the project scope.

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277. The two page project information brochure was distributed in each meeting, as was an environment-related questionnaire (Table VI-4).

F. Results

278. A summary of meeting comments, questions, and responses is presented in Table VI-3. A link to the original meeting minutes in Vietnamese and lists of participants are presented in Appendix III and photos of the meetings are presented in Appendix IV. The results of the environmental questionnaire are presented in Table VI-4.

279. Overall, the discussions in the consultation meetings showed very strong support for the project from local peoples and authorities:

- There was very strong support expressed from local farmers for the construction of all eight SPs as they are expected to bring significant socio-economic benefits and ensure a sustainable supply of irrigation water. - All Commune Chairs and/or Vice chairs fully support the SPs as they will supply safe and sustainable irrigation water. - The EA and IAs efforts to organize the public consultation meetings was highly appreciated as this helped local people understand the project content and express their views so as to ensure effective project implementation. - Air quality, noise, surface water and ground water quality in the commune in general is still rather good, however concerns were expressed about the pollution of some canal some sections by wastes. - There was consensus on the impacts and mitigation measures presented in the IEE/EMP. Potential project environmental impacts are considered to be minor to moderate, and can be effectively avoided and/or mitigated by the proposed mitigation measures. - Mitigation measures must be applied strictly by contractors to ensure dust and water quality meets permitted values. - Contractors should undertake regular watering during construction to avoid dust pollution, as the EMP requires. - During construction workers should comply with cultural habits and customs of the local villages and communes. - Adequate resettlement and compensation should be provided to affected households. - Construction should be scheduled so as to not interrupt irrigation supply during critical agricultural periods. - The project should be implemented as soon as possible so as to supply sustainable irrigation water for local people’s cultivated land.

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Table VI-3: Summary of Comments, Questions, and Responses During Public Consultation Meetings Province, Comments/questions from local authorities Responses from environmental Responses from project Location, Date and the public and social consultants EA / IAs Quang Ngai Ba Lien ▪ There is agreement amongst participants on ▪ Thank you, noted. ▪ Thank you, noted. Commune - Ba upgrading the gate operating machine, To District replacing the piston for the gate of the spillway, and installing a SCADA on Nui 16 March 2021 Ngang reservoir. Upgrading the gate and replacing piston will not cause environmental pollution ▪ There are about 45 households that are fish ▪ Upgrading the gate and ▪ They will not be affected farming in Nui Ngang reservoir, this work may replacing piston will not cause affect them? environmental pollution, and will not affect the reservoir water quality ▪ The contractor will be required to conform to the mitigation measures in the EMP ▪ This upgrading the gate and replacing the ▪ Measurement for water supply ▪ Design Consultant: This work will piston may affect irrigation supply for local during construction phase will be implemented in July to ensure people consider to ensure agricultural water supply for the production stability for the project summer/autumn rice crop area’s farmers ▪ Construction time should be widely informed by the PPMU and contractors beforehand to local people to plan agricultural produce & cultivation Duc Minh ▪ There is agreement on the construction of the ▪ Thank you, noted. ▪ Thank you, noted. Commune - Mo Duc Minh PS. Duc District ▪ Will there be an increase of dust and noise ▪ When transporting construction ▪ The contractor will be required to levels in the construction period? materials, dust suppression conform to the mitigation measures 17 March 2021 measures will be strictly in the EMP implemented such as watering of ▪ Dust pollution will be monitored exposed surfaces and covering truck loads with canvas;

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Province, Comments/questions from local authorities Responses from environmental Responses from project Location, Date and the public and social consultants EA / IAs ▪ The contractor is requested to restore the ▪ Contractors have to recover ▪ The contractor will be required to environment to original conditions after environment at sites to pre- conform to the mitigation measures construction is complete construction conditions in the EMP Kon Tum Sa Loong ▪ There is agreement amongst participants on ▪ The result of the water balance ▪ This design is from the updated Commune - the upgrading of Dak Long Weir & IS show that raising the weir 1.0 m Kon Tum SP1 IP. Ngoc Hoi ▪ There is consensus on the socio- will meet the irrigation water District environmental impacts and mitigation demands measures recommended by the Project ▪ This design is from the updated 19 March 2021 ▪ The chairman wondered about raising the weir Kon Tum SP1 IP. only 1.0 m as early design had a 2.0 m increase. Will there be sufficient irrigation water? Dien Binh ▪ There is agreement amongst participants on ▪ Thank you, noted. ▪ Thank you, noted. Commune - the upgrading works of the subproject Dak To District ▪ Environmental impacts caused by the subproject are assessed as minor level and 20 March 2021 can be avoided / mitigated by mitigation measures ▪ Consensus is achieved on socio- environmental impacts and recommended mitigation measures Ngoc Reo ▪ There is agreement amongst participants on ▪ This is included in the EMP ▪ Strict supervision on Commune – support for the upgrading works of the implementation of mitigation Dak Ha District subproject measures will be carried out by ▪ Mitigation measures must be applied strictly to Project Implementation Consultant 22 March 2021 ensure dust and water quality complies with and Community Monitoring Board permitted values ▪ During the construction period workers are requested to obey cultural habits and customs of the village and commune Dak Ma ▪ There is agreement amongst participants on ▪ This is included in the EMP Commune – support for the upgrading works of the Dak Ha District subproject

▪ Consensus is achieved on socio- Morning environmental impacts and recommended 23 April 2021 mitigation measures

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Province, Comments/questions from local authorities Responses from environmental Responses from project Location, Date and the public and social consultants EA / IAs Dak To Lung ▪ There is agreement amongst participants on ▪ This is included in the EMP Commune -Kon support for the upgrading works of the ▪ Strict supervision on Ray District subproject implementation of mitigation ▪ During construction period : workers are measures will be carried out by Afternoon requested to obey cultural & habits and Project Implementation Consultant 23 April 2021 customs of the village & commune (ethnic and Community Monitoring Board minorities make up 95 % of the Commune) Tan Lap ▪ There is agreement on upgrading of Ong Dan ▪ Resident area located about ▪ Ong Dan reservoir’s water quality to Commune -Kon weir & IS and desired early construction 500-600 m to the weir, so well be monitored / analyzed if Ray District ▪ Mitigation measures must be applied by water quality will not to be investment owner receives contractors as EMP proposed affected from Ong Dan weir / complaints from local people 24 April 2021 ▪ After Ong Dan weir is upgraded , will ground reservoir water / well water quality of local people be ▪ Result of Ong Dan weir’s water affected? quality (TrTA survey Mar 2021) shows that Ong Dan weir water quality meet the standard Class B1 for irrigation supply Gia Lai Ia M’la ▪ There is agreement on upgrading of Ia M’la IS ▪ Mitigation supervision is included ▪ Investment Owner / PPMU will hire Commune - as the subproject will bring social-economic in the EMP Project Implementation Consultant Krong Pa benefit and ensure irrigation water for local to supervise both work quality and District people contractors implementing ▪ We support fully safe water irrigation environment mitigation measures 25 April 2021 ▪ Mitigation measures must be applied by contractors as indicated in the EMP Doan Ket Ward ▪ Consensus is achieved on socio- ▪ This proposal will be given to ▪ This recommendation will be - Ayun Pa environmental impacts and mitigation local design consultant for considered in the FS preparation Town measures recommended from IEE/EMP review and consideration ▪ The end section of canal N25 should be 26 March 2021 widened for improving water transfer Ia RBol ▪ There is agreement on upgrading of Ayun Ha ▪ Construction measures to ▪ Contractors will coordinate with Commune - IS ensure irrigation water during local irrigation authorities (irrigation Ayun Pa Town ▪ Ensuring water supply for agricultural construction are included in EMP exploitation management production during construction time is need and will be updated during detail enterprises, commune irrigation 27 April 2021 design stage staff) and potentially affected ▪ Water supply suspension time farmers in existing SP supply areas will be widely informed to schedule construction timing and beforehand to local famers duration in order to minimize

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Province, Comments/questions from local authorities Responses from environmental Responses from project Location, Date and the public and social consultants EA / IAs impacts on irrigation water supply and avoid irrigation periods. Chu A Thai ▪ Environmental impacts caused by the ▪ Supervision on implementation ▪ Investment Owner/PPMU will hire Commune-Phu subproject are assessed as minor level and of mitigation measures will be Project Implementation Consultant Thien District can be avoided / mitigated by mitigation carried out by Project to supervise both work quality and measures Implementation Consultant and implementing environment 29 April 2021 ▪ Mitigation measures must be applied strictly Community Monitoring Board mitigation measures from by contractors as proposed in EMP contractors Ia Yeng ▪ There is agreement on the subproject building ▪ Supervision on implementation ▪ Investment Owner/PPMU will hire Commune- Phu Lang Bung Pumping Station as the subproject of mitigation measures will be Project Implementation Consultant Then District will bring socio-economic benefits and ensure carried out by Project to supervise both work quality and irrigation water for local peoples Implementation Consultant and implementing environment 30 April 2021 ▪ Agree with mitigation measures recommended Community Monitoring Board mitigation measures from in IEE/EMP contractors Ia Trok ▪ Interior field B2-4 is used to irrigate local ▪ Interior field canal ‘s upgrading is ▪ IMC of Ia Pa District has Commune-Ia famers ‘s fields but its canal has deteriorated not included in the subproject responsibility to manage from Pa District gravely and needs to be upgraded ▪ Improving awareness on Canal to grade 2, but not interior 31 April 2021 ▪ Wish for an embankment road along canal environmental protection in field canals. So for upgrading of Morning B22 to access more conveniently cultivated general , and canal water interior canals should find other land areas protection in particular for local fund source ▪ Air quality in the commune is still good. people will be undertaken ▪ Embankment road along canal B22 However , local people still throw garbage in through mass media or short is included in the subproject the canal causing canal water pollution training courses Ia Mron ▪ The Project efforts to organize “public ▪ Thank you, noted. ▪ Thank you, noted. Commune-Ia consultation” is highly appreciated as this help Pa District local people understand the project content clearly Morning 1 April 2021 Ia Le ▪ Ensuring water supply for agricultural ▪ Construction measures to ▪ Contractors will coordinate with Commune - Ia production during construction time is need ensure irrigation water during local irrigation authorities (irrigation Pa District construction are included in EMP exploitation management and will be updated during detail enterprises, commune irrigation 1 April 2021 design stage staff) and potentially affected Afternoon ▪ Water supply suspension time farmers in existing SP supply areas will be widely informed to schedule construction timing and beforehand to local famers duration in order to minimize

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Province, Comments/questions from local authorities Responses from environmental Responses from project Location, Date and the public and social consultants EA / IAs impacts on irrigation water supply and avoid irrigation periods. Binh Phuoc Thanh Binh ▪ The subproject will bring socio -economic ▪ Construction measures to ▪ Contractors will coordinate with Town -Bu Dop benefits, and ensure irrigation water for local ensure irrigation water during local irrigation authorities (irrigation District people construction are included in EMP exploitation management ▪ Construction time should be widely informed and will be updated during detail enterprises, commune irrigation 3 April 2021 beforehand to affected household to plan design stage staff) and potentially affected agricultural produce & cultivation for ▪ Water supply suspension time farmers in existing SP supply areas acquisition agricultural land will be widely informed to schedule construction timing and beforehand to local famers duration in order to minimize impacts on irrigation water supply and avoid irrigation periods. Tan Tien ▪ Agree with mitigation measures recommended ▪ Thank you, noted. ▪ Thank you, noted. Commune -Bu in IEE/EMP Dop District ▪ Wish the project implementing early to irrigate water sustainably for local people’s cultivated 5 April 2021 land , Loc Thanh ▪ Agree with mitigation measures recommended ▪ Capacity building including ▪ Canal water quality Monitoring to Commune-Loc in IEE/EMP training on good agricultural be implemented in early 2 years in Ninh District ▪ Construction time should be widely informed practices (GAP) such as Operation Stage 6 April 2021 beforehand to local people integrated crop management ▪ Improving awareness on ▪ Wish short training course on Agricultural (ICM) and integrated pest environmental protection in general Extension management (IPM).are included , and canal water protection in ▪ During construction period : workers are in the project. particular for local people will be requested to obey cultural & habits and ▪ Construction measures to conducted through mass media or customs of the village & commune ensure irrigation water during training short course ▪ During Operation Stage : IMC to be requested construction are included in EMP to manage canal water quality to avoid canal and will be updated during detail water not to be polluted design stage ▪ Water supply suspension time will be widely informed beforehand to local famers Loc Quang ▪ Agree with mitigation measures recommended ▪ Thank you, noted. ▪ Thank you, noted. Commune-Loc in IEE/EMP Ninh District ▪ Wishing the project implementing early to irrigate water sustainably for local people’s 7 April 2021 cultivated land ,

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Province, Comments/questions from local authorities Responses from environmental Responses from project Location, Date and the public and social consultants EA / IAs Loc An ▪ Contractors to be requested regular watering ▪ These requirements are included ▪ Contractor will coordinate with Commune-Loc during construction to avoid dust pollution as in the EMP PPMU and local farmers if Ninh District EMP recommended transporting construction material ▪ Need an agreement between contractor and through farmers cultivated land is 8 April 2021 local people if construction material required. transportation run though their garden or ▪ Agricultural Extension training will cultivated land be provided. ▪ Request Agricultural Extension training course such as selection of crops and cattle suitable for local climate conditions Dong No ▪ Wishing to have Domestic water supply water Commune - supply plan as no clean water in the commune ▪ Unfortunately, domestic water Hon Quan supply plan is not included in the District subproject scope

9 April 2021 Tan Loi ▪ There is agreement on the subproject as the ▪ Thank you, noted. ▪ Thank you, noted. Commune , subproject will bring social-economic benefit , Dong Phu ensure irrigation water for local people District ▪ Wishing the project implementing early to supply irrigate water sustainably for local 10 April 2021 people’s cultivated land

Minh Long ▪ There is agreement on the subproject/ ▪ Thank you, noted. ▪ Thank you, noted. Commune- upgrading Phuoc Hoa Irrigation System Chon Thanh ▪ Agree with mitigation measures recommended District in IEE/EMP ▪ Wishing the project implementing early to 12 April 2029 irrigate water sustainably for local people’s Morning cultivated land , Thanh Tam ▪ There is agreement on the subproject/ ▪ Capacity building including Commune- upgrading Phuoc Hoa Irrigation System training on practice good Chon Thanh ▪ Agree with mitigation measures recommended agricultural practices (GAP) such District in IEE/EMP as integrated crop management ▪ Request training on use of pesticide and (ICM) and integrated pest 12 April 2021 fertilizers management (IPM) are included Afternoon in the project. Source: Transaction technical assistance consultant, 2021.

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Table VI-4: Results of Environmental Questionnaire Note - ranges presented for each answer are the lowest and highest % responses amongst the four project provinces.

Name Sex Age

Nationality Education Occupation level

1. Are you familiar with the proposed project? A. Yes 28-39% B. Somewhat 56-69% C. No 3-12% 2.1 What is your opinion of the environmental quality of your living area? A. Very good 30-75% B. Good : 19.0 -54% C. Satisfactory: 5-29% D. Poor : 0 E. Very poor: 0 F. Uncertain : 0 2.2 What are the main environment pollution problems in your living area? (multiple choices OK) A. Air Quality : 0-7.14% B. Noise: 0- 3.4% C. Surface Water Quality :7-15 % D. Ground Water Quality: 0- 0.56% E. Soil Quality : 1.12-2.78% F. Solid waste 6.2-13.9 % G. Odor :0-0.9% H. Hazardous : 0 Chemicals : 0 I. Traffic congestion : 0 J. Other: 0 Project Construction 2. Do you think construction of the project will negatively impact ability to irrigate crop land? A. Severe Risk :0 B. Moderate Risk : 2.81 – 4.43% C. Low Risk: 63.4-91.8% D. No Risk : 4-100% E. Unknown: 0 3. Do you think construction of the project will negatively impact surface water quality? A. Severe pollution: 0 B. Heavy pollution: 0 C. Moderate pollution: 2.81-8.33 % D. Light pollution : 63.9-98.2 % E. No pollution: 1.8-27.8 % 4. Do you think construction of the project will negatively impact air quality? A. Severe pollution :0 B. Heavy pollution: 0 C. Moderate pollution: 1.8-49.4 % D. Light pollution: 63.9-98.2 % E. No pollution: 0-47.2.0% 5. Do you think construction of the project will negatively impact noise quality? A. Severe pollution: 0 B. Heavy pollution: 0 C. Moderate pollution: 0-8.2% D. Light pollution: 91.1-98.3% E. No pollution: : 0.63-2.78 % 6. Do you think construction of the project will negatively impact ecological quality? A. Severe pollution: 0 B. Heavy Pollution: 0 C. Moderate pollution: 0-4.43% D. Light pollution: 2.78-92.70% E. No pollution: 7.3-97.2% 7. Do you think construction of the project will negatively impact traffic flow and safety? A. Severe impact :0 B. Heavy impact :0 C. Moderate impact : 0.6-7.6% D. Light impact : 41.7-94.6% E. No impact : 3.8-52.8% 8. Do you think construction of the project will negatively impact quality of life? A. Severe Risk: 0 B. Moderate Risk: 0-3.8 % C. Low Risk: 5.6-97.8% D. No Risk : 1.7-94.4% E. Unknown: 0 9. Are you satisfied with the construction environmental and safety mitigation measures proposed in the project Environmental Management Plan (EMP)?

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A. Very Satisfied : 95.6-99.1% B. Satisfied : 0.89-4.43% C. Barely Satisfied 0 D. Very Unsatisfied 0 E. Do Not Know: 0 Any other comments: 0 Project Operation 10. Do you think operation of the project will positively impact ability to irrigate crop land? A. Strong positive impact : 11.1-96.4% B. Somewhat positive impact : 3.6-88.9 % C. No impact :0 D. Somewhat negative impact :0 E. Strong negative impact: 0 11. Do you think project operation will have a positive or negative effect on livelihoods? A. Strong positive impact : 47.2-94.6 % B. Somewhat positive impact : 5.4-52.8% C. No impact :0 D. Somewhat negative impact :0 E. Strong negative impact: 0 12. Do you think project operation will have a positive or negative effect on local economic development? A. Strong positive impact 50-94.6% B. Somewhat positive impact 5.4-50% C. No impact :0 D. Somewhat negative impact :0 E. Strong negative impact: 0 13. Do you think project operation will have a positive or negative effect on water quality? A. Strong positive impact 16.7-79.2% B. Somewhat positive impact: 20.8-83.3% C. No impact :0 D. Somewhat negative impact :0 E. Strong negative impact: 0 14. Do you think project operation will have a positive or negative effect on air quality? A. Strong positive impact 0-2.25% B. Somewhat positive impact: 5.6-57.9% C. No impact: 39.9-100% D. Somewhat negative impact :0 E. Strong negative impact: 0 15. Do you think project operation will have a positive or negative effect on noise quality? A. Strong positive impact : 0-22.2% B. Somewhat positive impact: 11,4-32.6% C. No impact: 38.9-100% D. Somewhat negative impact :0 E. Strong negative impact: 0 16. Do you think project operation will have a positive or negative effect on ecological quality? A. Strong positive impact : 25.0-80.4% B. Somewhat positive impact: 19.6-75% C. No impact :0-3.6% D. Somewhat negative impact :0 E. Strong negative impact: 0 17. Are you satisfied with the operational environmental and safety measures proposed in the project EMP? A. Very Satisfied : 95.6-100% B. Satisfied : 1.8-2.8% C. Barely Satisfied :0 D. Very Unsatisfied :0 E. Do Not Know: 0 19. Do you support implementation of the project? A. Yes: 100% B. No: 0 C. Not clear :0 20. Suggestions or recommendations for the project, or other comments: ▪ The Project is welcomed and highly supported by all participants ▪ Please implement the project as soon as possible to sustainably irrigate local people’s cultivated land, and contribute to poverty reduction ▪ Mitigation measures must be applied strictly to ensure dust, noise and water quality meet permitted values ▪ Acquired land should be compensated properly & adequately as provincial land compensation regulations

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280. A total of 484 environmental questionnaires were completed and returned during the public consultation meetings (36 from Quang Ngai, 158 from Kon Tum, 178 from Gia Lai, and 112 from Binh Phuoc). The questionnaire results also expressed very strong support for the project. For the construction phase, across the four provinces:

- No respondents felt that construction would result in severe or heavy surface water pollution, and the majority (from 63.9% to 98.2%, depending on province) felt that only light pollution would occur. - Similarly, from 63.9% to 98.2% of respondents expect only light impacts on air quality, 91.1% to 98.3% expect only light noise impacts, and 41.7% to 94.6% expect light or no impacts on traffic. - Overall, between 95.6%–99.1% of respondents are very satisfied with the construction environmental and safety mitigation measures proposed in the project EMP.

281. For the operation phase, across the four provinces:

- From 88.9% to 96.4% (by province) of respondents felt that the project operation will positively impact their ability to irrigate their land, and no respondents felt that the project would have either no effect, or a somewhat or strong negative effect. - From 47.2% to 94.6% of respondents felt that the project will have a positive impact on livelihoods, and no one felt that the project will have either no effect, or a somewhat or strong negative impact. - All respondents felt that the project will have a positive effect on local economic development, and either a positive or no negative impact on water quality, air quality and noise quality. No respondents felt that there would be negative impacts. - 100% of respondents are satisfied or very satisfied with the operational environmental and safety measures proposed in the project EMP. - 100% of respondents support the implementation of the project.

G. Next Steps

282. Input from stakeholders and responses from project owners will continue on an ongoing basis through outreach activities and the implementation of the GRM.

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VII. Conclusions and Recommendations

283. The project environmental assessment process has: (i) identified potential negative environment impacts and appropriately established mitigation measures; (ii) received public support from the project beneficiaries and affected people; (iii) established effective project GRM procedures; and (iv) prepared an EMP including environmental management and supervision structure, environmental mitigation and monitoring plans, and capacity building and training.

284. Based on the analysis conducted it is concluded that overall, the project will result in significant positive socioeconomic benefits, and will not result in significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented. Any minimal adverse environmental impacts associated with the project can be prevented, reduced, or minimized through the appropriate application of mitigation measures. It is therefore recommended that:

i) the project’s categorization as ADB environment category B is confirmed;

ii) this IEE is considered sufficient to meet ADB’s environmental safeguard requirements for the project, and no additional studies are required; and

iii) the project be supported by ADB, subject to the implementation of the commitments contained in the EMP and allocation of appropriate technical, financial and human resources by the EA and IA to ensure these commitments are effectively and expediently implemented.

Appendix 1 127

APPENDIX I: Subproject Layout Maps

Figure 1: Schematic Layout, SP1 – Modernization of Dau Tieng IS, Binh Phuoc Province

128 Appendix 1

Figure 2: Schematic Layout, SP2 – Modernizing the Phuc Hoa IS, Binh Phuoc Province

Appendix 1 129

Figure 3: Schematic Layout, SP3 – Modernization of the Can Don IS, Binh Phuoc Province

130 Appendix 1

Figure 4: Schematic Layout, SP4 – Modernization of the Loc Ninh IS (Suoi Noy component), Binh Phuoc Province

Appendix 1 131

Figure 5: Schematic Layout, SP4 – Modernization of the Loc Ninh IS (Bu Kai component), Binh Phuoc Province

132 Appendix 1

Figure 6: Schematic Layout, SP4 – Modernization of the Loc Ninh IS (Loc Thanh component), Binh Phuoc Province

Appendix 1 133

Figure 7: Schematic Layout, SP4 – Modernization of the Loc Ninh IS (Loc Quang component), Binh Phuoc Province

134 Appendix 1

Figure 8: Schematic Layout, SP1 – Modernization of the C19, Ho Che, and Ta Kan Reservoirs, Kon Tum Province

Appendix 1 135

Figure 9: Schematic Layout, SP1 – Modernization of the Dak Long Weir/Reservoir, Kon Tum Province

136 Appendix 1

Figure 10: Schematic Layout, SP2 – Modernization of the Ong Dan IS, Kon Tum Province

Appendix 1 137

Figure 11: Schematic Layout, SP2 – Modernization of the Kon Braih IS, Kon Tum Province

138 Appendix 1

Figure 12: Schematic Layout, SP2 – Modernization of the Dak Uy IS, Kon Tum Province

Appendix 1 139

Figure 13: Schematic Layout, SP1 – Thach Nham IS, Quang Ngai Province

140 Appendix 1

Figure 14: Schematic Layout, SP1 – Lang Bung PS, Ayun Ha IS, Gia Lai Province

Appendix 1 141

Figure 15: Schematic Layout, SP1 – Lang Cho PS, Ayun Ha IS, Gia Lai Province

142 Appendix 1

Figure 16: Schematic layout, SP1 – Thang Loi, Lang Bung and Hai Hai PSs, Ayun Ha IS, Gia Lai Province

Appendix 1 143

Figure 17: SP1 Ia M'lah IS, Gia Lai Province

144 Appendix 2

APPENDIX II: Primary and Secondary Environmental Monitoring Sites

Figure 1: Secondary and Primary and Environmental Monitoring sites, Binh Phuoc Province.

Source: Google Earth 2020, Binh Phuoc Center for Environmental and Natural Resources Monitoring, September 2018, and Mekong Green Kon Tum One Member Limited Company, 2021. Secondary Data: AQ = Air Quality, NQ = Noise Quality, SWQ = Surface Water Quality, GWQ = Ground Water Quality. Primary Data: PWQ = Primary Water Quality.

Locations:

Ambient Air Quality and Noise K1: Centre of Tan Hiep Commune, Hon Quan District. Coordinate: X: 0537487; Y: 1273 835 K2: Thanh Tam Town , Chon Thanh District. Coordinate: X: 0539730; Y: 1262165 K3: Tan Thanh Commune, Bu Dop District. Coordinate: X: 0551022; Y: 1318473 K4: Centre of Loc Thanh Commune, Loc Ninh District. Coordinate: X: 0530160; Y: 1304 416

Surface Water Quality Secondary data: SWQ NM4: Loc Quang Reservoir. 11°49'44.90"N 106°41'43.91"E

Primary data: PWQ1: Saigon River at SP1 intake. 11°25'20.8"N 106°43'16.8"E PWQ2: Phuoc Hoa-Dau Tieng transfer canal at IS headworks. 11°25'20.8"N 106°43'16.8"E PWQ3: Can Don Reservoir near main canal intake. 11°57'20.4"N 106°48'44.9"E PWQ4: Bui Kai Reservoir. 11°56'0.5"N 106°37'25.4"E PWQ4: Suoi Nuy Reservoir. 11°54'42.0"N 106°35'36.7"E

Appendix 2 145

Groundwater Quality NN1: Groundwater sample at a drilled well in Tan Quan Commune, Hon Quan District. Coordinates: X: 0463179; Y: 1278531 NN2: Groundwater sample at a drilled well in Thanh Tam Commune, Chon Thanh District. Coordinates: X: 0459134; Y: 1257068 NN3: Groundwater sample at a deep well in Tan Thanh Commune, Bu Dop District. Coordinates: X: 0469499; Y: 1318679 NN4: Groundwater sample at a drilled well in Loc Thanh Commune, Loc Ninh District. Coordinates: X: 0453510; Y: 1317774

Figure 2: Secondary and Primary Environmental Monitoring Sites, Kon Tum Province

Source: Google Earth 2020, Kon Tum Center for Environmental and Natural Resources Monitoring, September 2018, and Mekong Green Kon Tum One Member Limited Company, 2021. Secondary Data: AQ= Air Quality, NQ = Noise Quality, SWQ = Surface Water Quality, GWQ = Ground Water Quality Primary Data: PWQ = Primary Water Quality, SedQ = Sediment Quality.

Locations:

Ambient Air Quality and Noise AQ K1: Dak To Town PC, Dak To District. Coordinate: X: 1620515; Y: 0536676 AQ K2: Dak Ha DPC, Dak Ha District. Coordinate: X: 1603322; Y: 0545537 AQ K3: Dak Ve Town, Kon Ray. Coordinate: X: 1604406; Y: 0580052 AQ K4: Intersection of Ho Chi Minh & C14 Road, Pleikan Town, Ngoc Hoi District. Coordinate: X: 1626347; Y: 0519814

Surface Water Quality

Secondary data: SWQ NM1: Sai Gon River at Tan Hiep Commune, Hon Quan District. X: 519655; Y: 1273782

146 Appendix 2

Primary data: PWQ C19. C19 Upper Reservoir 14°35'04.9"N 107°53'50.97"E. C19 Lower Reservoir 14°36'29.45"N 107°53'35.28"E. PWQ TK Ta Kan Upper Reservoir 14°35'47.2"N 107°52'54.5"E. Ta Kan Lower Reservoir 14°35'50.34"N 107°52'53.9"E. PWQ HC Ho Che Upper Reservoir 14°35'28.7"N 107°52'08.9"E. Ho Che Lower Reservoir 14°35'43.14"N 107°52'17.8"E

PWQ DL. Dak Long Upper Reservoir 14°52'43.36"N 107°36'10.23"E. Dak Long Lower Reservoir 14°53'11.01"N 107°36'58.18"E. PWQ KB. Kon Braih Upstream 14°28'37.29"N 108°01'59.92"E. Down-stream 14°30'50.4"N 108°05'1.2"E. PWQ OD. Ong Dan Upper Reservoir 14°26'55.5"N 108°11'46.7"E. Lower Reservoir 14°27'31.08"N 108°12'25.73"E

Sediment Quality SQ C19: C19 Reservoir. 14°35'09.4"N 107°53'42.0"E SQ TK: Ta Kan Reservoir. 14°34'12.9"N 107°52'54.1"E SQ HC: Ho Che Reservoir. 14°35'09.4"N 107°53'42.0"E

Groundwater Quality GWQ NN1: Drill well of No 147 Hung Vuong, Dak Ha Town, Dak Ha District. Coordinates: X: 0545393; Y: 1603579 GWQ NN2: Drill well of No 9 Hung Vuong in Pleikan Town, Ngoc Hoi District. Coordinates: X: 0519601; Y: 1626268 GWQ NN3: Drill well of No 224 Hung Vuong in Dak To Town, Dak To District. Coordinates: X: 0536649; Y: 1620535 GWQ NN4: Drill well of Village No 2, Hoa Binh Commune, Kon Tum City. Coordinates: X: 0552659; Y: 1 577346

Appendix 2 147

Figure 3: Secondary and Primary Environmental Monitoring sites, Quang Ngai Province

Source: Google Earth 2020, Quang Ngai Center for Environmental and Natural Resources Monitoring, March 2020, and Mekong Green Kon Tum One Member Limited Company, 2021. Secondary Data: AQ= Air Quality, NQ = Noise Quality, SWQ = Surface Water Quality, GWQ = Ground Water Quality Primary Data: PWQ = Primary Water Quality, SedQ = Sediment Quality.

Locations:

Ambient Air Quality and Noise AQ K1: 3 way intersection of Doc Soi , Dung Quat Economic Area, Binh Chanh Commune, Binh Son District. Coordinate: 1080 43’ 80”; 150 22’ 6.38’’ AQ K2: South of Tinh Phong Industrial area, Tinh Phong commune, Son Tinh District. Coordinate: 1080 47’ 36”; 150 11’ 26.52’’ AQ K3: Duc Pho Town’s PC, Duc Nghiem Ward , Duc Pho Town. Coordinate: 108°57'25.59”; 14°48'37.34’ AQ K4: Mo Duc DPC, Mo Duc Town, Mo Duc District. Coordinate: 108°53'30.45”; 14°56'38.35"N AQ K5: 4 way intersection of Cho Chua Town, in front of Nghia Hanh DPC. Coordinate: 1080 56’ 36, 98”; 150 02’ 46, 04’’ AQ K6: 3 way intersection of Bau Giang East By-pass, Quang Ngai City. Coordinate: 108°49'0.58"; 15° 5'55.98"N

Secondary Surface Water Quality, Tra Khuc River SWQ NM1: Nuoc Trong Reservoir in Son Bao Commune, Son Tra District. (Upstream of Thach Nham Reservoir, upstream of Tra Khuc River) Coordinates: 108°25'5.13"; 150 04' 5.92‘’

148 Appendix 2

SWQ NM2: Thach Nham Reservoir close to the dam in Nghia Lam Commune, Tu Nghia District. Coordinates: 108037’12.83’’; 150 07’10.37‘’ (Upstream of Tra Khuc River) SWQ NM3: Tra Khuc River at Tam Thuong Ferry in Le Hong Phong Ward, Quang Ngai City. Coordinates: 1080 49' 1.94‘’ ; 150 07' 33.95‘’ SWQ NM4: Downstream of Tra Khuc River at Cua Dai Estuary in Nghia Phu Commune, Quang Ngai City. Coordinates: 1080 53‘ 19.2‘’ ; 150 08‘ 30.76‘’

Primary Surface Water Quality, SP Canals PSWQ B3-15 canal, 15°19'40.0"N 108°44'39.2"E PSWQ Kbm5 canal, 15°12'55.5"N 108°42'43.4"E PSWQ B8-15 canal, 15°09'20.8"N 108°50'19.0"E PSWQ S18 canal, 14°59'29.0"N 108°53'03.4"E PSWQ KB12C1 canal, 15°14'45.5"N 108°47'13.1"E PSWQ BS (Bau Sung) canal, 14°59'21.16"N 108°53'16.08"E

Groundwater Quality GWQ NN1: Well of Hai Alley, Trung An Village, Binh Thanh Commune, Binh Son District. Coordinates: 1080 44‘ 37.98‘’; 150 23‘ 15.96‘’ GWQ NN2: Well of Group No 2, Village No 5, Duc Tam Commune, Mo Duc District. Coordinates: 1080 53‘ 10.50‘’; 140 57‘ 48.86‘’ GWQ NN3: Well of Cho Chua Town, Nghia Hanh District. Coordinates: 1080 46‘ 41.83‘’; 150 02‘ 47.83‘’ GWQ NN4: Well of Village No 6, Nghia Dung Commune, Quang Ngai City. Coordinates: 1080 51‘ 17.15‘’; 150 08‘ 7.61‘’

Figure 4: Secondary and primary environmental monitoring sites, Gia Lai Province.

Appendix 2 149

Source: Google Earth 2020, Gia Lai Center for Environmental and Natural Resources Monitoring, September 2018, and Mekong Green Kon Tum One Member Limited Company, 2021.

Secondary Data: AQ= Air Quality, NQ = Noise Quality, SWQ = Surface Water Quality, GWQ = Ground Water Quality Primary Data: PWQ = Primary Water Quality

Locations:

Ambient Air Quality and Noise K1: Phu Thien Town, Phu Thien District. Coordinate: X: 1496387; Y: 479178 K2: Krong Pa Town, Krong Pa District. Coordinate: X: 1459829; Y: 519876 K3: Nhon Hoa 5 way intersection, Chu Puh District. Coordinate: X: 1498101; Y: 456669

Surface Water Quality Secondary data: SWQ NM1: Ayun Ha Reservoir in Ayun Ha Commune, Phu Thien District; Coordinates: X: 473408; Y: 1505395 SWQ NM2: Main canal of Ayun Ha Reservoir, about 100 m to the water intake, in Ayun Ha Commune, Phu Thien District. Coordinates: X: 473257; Y: 1502028 SWQ NM3: Right downstream of Ayun Ha dam in Ayun Ha Commune, Phu Thien District. Coordinates: X: 472988; Y: 1501557 NM4: la M’lah Reservoir, Coordinates: X: 1472693; Y: 530680.

Primary data: PWQ1: canal at Lang Bung PS. Coordinates: 13°31'27.5"N 108°22'4.7"E

Groundwater Quality GWQ NN1: well of local resident near Ia Sol bridge-Km 145+994 - PR No 25, Ia Sol Commune, Phu Thien District. Coordinates: X: 412700; Y: 1526288 GWQ NN2: well of local resident near Ayun Ha bridge-Km 121+689, Ayun Commune, Mang Yang District. Coordinates: X:454808; Y: 1513244 GWQ NN3: well of local resident in residential group No 3 in A Yun Pa Town. Coordinates: X: 502385; Y: 1523307 GWQ NN4: well of local resident in Phu Dong’s way-intersection, Pleiku City. Coordinates: X: 447616; Y: 1545020

150 Appendix 3

APPENDIX III: Example of and Links to Official Public Consultation Meeting Minutes, and Lists of Public Consultation Meeting Participants

1. Example of Official Public Consultation Minutes (Vietnamese), SP1 Gia Lai

Appendix 3 151

2. Link to Official Public Consultation Minutes (Vietnamese)

Due to the size of the scanned original official minutes in Vietnamese they cannot be included here, and can be downloaded from the following link:

https://www.dropbox.com/s/7c54sp97a8xcr9j/CAIMP_Consultation%20minutes_All.pdf?dl=0

3. Link to Unofficial Translation of Public Consultation Minutes (English)

Due to the size of the translated minutes they cannot be included here, and can be downloaded from the following link: https://www.dropbox.com/s/nws5548ce7c764h/CAIMP%20Translation%20of%20Detailed%20Public% 20Consultation%20Meetings%20Minutes%20and%20Lists%20of%20Participants.docx?dl=0

152 Appendix 3

4. List of Participants – Quang Ngai Province Meetings

Name of Subproject: SP1/Nui Ngang IS Commune: Ba Lien District: Ba To Province: Quang Ngai

Meeting Officials and Experts: - Pham Van Cu, Title CPC Chairman - Le Anh Thong, Title Quang Ngai Provincial Official - Vu Manh Loi, Title Gender and Social Issues Expert - Tran Thi Tram Anh, Title Gender and Social Issues Expert - Khuc Thi Thanh Van Title Resettlement Expert - Do Thi Nham Title Environment Expert - Pham Van Nhich Title Chairman of Fatherland Front

Official Scanned List of Meeting Participants:

Appendix 3 153

Name of Subproject: SP1/Duc Minh Commune: Duc Minh District: Mo Duc Province: Quang Ngai

Meeting Officials and Experts: - Huynh Kim Tan Title Deputy Secretary of the Commune Party Committee - Nguyen Minh Hoa Title CPC Vice Chairman - Le Tra Thi Hoanh Title Vice Chairman of the Commune People's Council - Nguyen Khac An Title Fatherland Front Chairman - Vo Van Tan Title Cadastral staff - Loi Tram Anh Title Gender & Social Issues Expert - Nham, Van Title Environment, Resettlement Expert

Official Scanned List of Meeting Participants:

154 Appendix 3

5. List of Participants – Kon Tum Province

Name of Subproject: SP1/Dak Long weir Commune: Sa Loong. District: Ngoc Hoi. Province: Kon Tum.

Meeting Officials: Nguyen Huu Bang PPC Chairman Nguyen Thanh Luong PPC Vice-Chairman Le Thi Ha Cadastral Officer A Tan Social Invalid Officer Sa Ly Mat Chairman of Farmer Association Y Ly Da Vice-Chairwoman of Women Union

Official Scanned List of Meeting Participants:

Appendix 3 155

156 Appendix 3

Name of Subproject: SP1/ 3 reservoirs (C19, Ho Che, Ta Kan). Commune: Dien Binh. District: Dak To. Province: Kon Tum.

Meeting Officials: Thai Ngoc Chau PPC Vice-Chairman Tran Van Minh Veteran Chairman Le Van Tuyen Agricultural and cadastral Officer Nguyen Thi Ngoc Hieu Chairwoman of Woman Union Dinh Van Nghia Chairman of Farmer Association

Official Scanned List of Meeting Participants:

Appendix 3 157

Name of Subproject: SP2/Kon Braih 1x2 and Dak Piet weir IS Commune: Ngoc Reo. District: Dak Ha. Province: Kon Tum.

Meeting Officials: Pham Hong Son Party's Secretary Y Nhon Deputy Secretary Nguyen Dinh Lanh PPC Vice-Chairman

Official Scanned List of Meeting Participants:

158 Appendix 3

Appendix 3 159

Name of Subproject: SP2/Dak Uy IS Commune: Dak Mar. District: Dak Ha. Province: Kon Tum.

Meeting Officials: Le Trong Hao CPC Vice-Chairman Tran Thi Dao Chairwoman of Woman Union Nguyen Dang Luong Village Head Ho Van Hung Safeguard Officer Nguyen Xuan Dinh Statistics Officer

Official Scanned List of Meeting Participants:

160 Appendix 3

Appendix 3 161

Name of Subproject: SP2/Ong Dan weir Commune: Tan Lap. District: Kon Ray. Province: Kon Tum.

Meeting Officials: Dang Tuan Tinh CPC Chairman

Official Scanned List of Meeting Participants:

162 Appendix 3

6. List of Participants – Gia Lai Province

Name of Subproject: SP1/Ia M’La Commune: Ia M’La. District: Krong Pa. Province: Gia Lai.

Meeting Officials: Name Title Mrs. Pham Thi Van PPC Chairwoman Mr. Dinh Xuan Duyen Head of District Agricultural Division Mr. Nguyen Van Tuan Officer of District Agricultural Division

Official Scanned List of Meeting Participants:

Appendix 3 163

Name of Subproject: SP1m/Ayun Ha Commune: Doan Ket. District: Ayun Pa. Province: Gia Lai.

Meeting Officials: Mrs. Nguyen Thi Ha Chi PPC Vice-Chairwoman

Official Scanned List of Meeting Participants:

164 Appendix 3

Name of Subproject: SP1m/Ayun Ha Commune: Ia RBol. District: Ayun Pa. Province: Gia Lai.

Meeting Officials: Bach Thanh Long PPC Chairman Nay Pol PPC Vice-Chairman

Official Scanned List of Meeting Participants:

Appendix 3 165

Name of Subproject: SP1m/Ayun Ha Commune: Chu A Thai. District: Phu Thien. Province: Gia Lai.

Meeting Officials: Phung Trung Toan PPC Chairman Siu Tinh PPC Vice-Chairwoman Sui Ani Cadastral - Construction Officer Nguyen Thi Hong Them Cadastral - Agricultural Officer

Official Scanned List of Meeting Participants:

166 Appendix 3

Name of Subproject: SP1m/Ayun Ha Commune: Ia Yeng. District: Phu Thien. Province: Gia Lai.

Meeting Officials: Nguyen Van Ty PPC Chairman Kpa Rin Chairman of Farmer Association

Official Scanned List of Meeting Participants:

Appendix 3 167

Name of Subproject: SP1m/Ayun Ha Commune: Ia Trok. District: Ia Pa. Province: Gia Lai.

Meeting Officials: Ksor Tam PPC Chairman Rcan Dzuy PPC Vice-Chairman Hoang Van Nam Cadastral - Construction Officer

Official Scanned List of Meeting Participants:

168 Appendix 3

Name of Subproject: SP1m/Ayun Ha Commune: Ia MRon. District: Ia Pa. Province: Gia Lai.

Meeting Officials: Luong Van Hieu PPC Chairman Dang Ngoc Thien Cadastral - Construction Officer

Official Scanned List of Meeting Participants:

Appendix 3 169

Name of Subproject: SP1m/Ayun Ha Commune: Ia Le. District: Chu Pu. Province: Gia Lai.

Meeting Officials: Truong Viet Trung PPC Vice-Chairman

Official Scanned List of Meeting Participants:

170 Appendix 3

7. List of Participants – Binh Phuoc Province

Name of Subproject: SP3/Can Don Town: Thanh Binh. District: Bu Dop. Province: Binh Phuoc.

Meeting Officials: Phan Van Hiep CPC Chairman Tran Cong Kich CPC Vice-Chairman

Official Scanned List of Meeting Participants:

Appendix 3 171

Name of Subproject: SP3/Can Don Commune: Tan Tien. District: Bu Dop. Province: Binh Phuoc.

Meeting Officials: Duong Van Gan CPC Vice-Chairman Hoang Van Bach Officer of Fatherland Front

Official Scanned List of Meeting Participants:

172 Appendix 3

Name of Subproject: SP4/Loc Ninh Commune: Loc Thanh. District: Loc Ninh. Province: Binh Phuoc.

Meeting Officials: Nguyen Van Hai CPC Vice-Chairman Nguyen Thi Trang Cadastral Officer Pham Van Tuan Road-Irrigation Officer

Official Scanned List of Meeting Participants:

Appendix 3 173

Name of Subproject: SP4/Loc Ninh Commune: Loc Quang. District: Loc Ninh. Province: Binh Phuoc.

Meeting Officials: Hoang Anh Tinh CPC Chairman Nguyen Van Tien Cadastral Officer

Official Scanned List of Meeting Participants:

174 Appendix 3

Name of Subproject: SP4/Loc Ninh Commune: Loc An. District: Loc Ninh. Province: Binh Phuoc.

Meeting Officials: Dieu Khinh CPC Vice-Chairman Hoang Tan Hop Vice-Chairman of Farmer Association Nguyen Thi Lan Vice-Chairwoman of Women Union Doan Xuan Hong Chairman of Fatherland Front Pham Hong Dang Secretary/Chairman of People's Council Dieu Son CPC Chairman Vu Minh Chinh Cadastral Officer

Official Scanned List of Meeting Participants:

Appendix 3 175

Name of Subproject: SP1/Dau Tieng Commune: Dong No. District: Hon Quang. Province: Binh Phuoc.

Meeting Officials: Hoang Son Dong CPC Vice-Chairman Nguyen Van Phuong Officer in charge of land, agriculture and environment Bui Van Hoa Road-Irrigation Officer

Official Scanned List of Meeting Participants:

176 Appendix 3

Name of Subproject: Pilot Sub-project of Binh Phuoc Commune: Tan Loi. District: Dong Phu. Province: Binh Phuoc.

Meeting Officials: Tran Van Giang Cadastral Officer

Official Scanned List of Meeting Participants:

Appendix 3 177

Name of Subproject: SP2/Phuoc Hoa Commune: Minh Long. District: Chon Thanh. Province: Binh Phuoc.

Meeting Officials: Nguyen Van Xuan CPC Vice-Chairman Le Duc Ngoc Road-Construction Officer Nguyen Manh Hai Environment-Cadastral Officer

Official Scanned List of Meeting Participants:

178 Appendix 3

Name of Subproject: SP2/Phuoc Hoa Commune: Thanh Tam. District: Chon Thanh. Province: Binh Phuoc.

Meeting Officials: Chuong Dinh Cuong CPC Vice-Chairman

Official Scanned List of Meeting Participants:

Appendix 4 179

APPENDIX IV: Photos of Public Consultations

Quang Ngai Province

Meeting in Ba Lien CPC - Ba To District Meeting in Duc Minh CPC - Mo Duc District

Kon Tum Province

Meeting in Sa Loong CPC - Ngoc Hoi District Meeting in Dien Binh CPC - Dak To District

Meeting in Ngoc Reo CPC – Dak Ha District Meeting in Dak Ma CPC – Dak Ha District

Meeting in Village No. 1 - Dak To Lung Meeting in Tan Lap CPC – Kon Ray District Commune, Kon Ray District

180 Appendix 4

Gia Lai Province

Meeting in Ia M’La CPC - Krong Pa District Meeting in Doan Ket Ward PC - Ayun Town

Meeting in Ia Brol CPC - Ayun Pa Town Meeting in Chu A Thai CPC - Phu Thien District

Meeting in Ia Yeng CPC - Phu Thien District Meeting in Ia Trok CPC - Ia Pa District

Meeting in Ia Mron CPC - Ia Pa District Meeting in Ia Le CPC - Ia Pa District

Appendix 4 181

Binh Phuoc Province

Meeting in Thanh Binh Town - Bu Dop District Meeting in Tan Tien CPC - Bu Dop District

Meeting in Loc Thanh Com - Loc Ninh District Meeting in Loc Quang Com - Loc Ninh District

Meeting in Loc An-Com - Loc Ninh District Meeting in Dong No Com – Hon Quan District