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Drones and Night Vision: Militarised Technology in Paintings by George Gittoes and Jon Cattapan Kathryn Ann Fox Bachelor of Arts (University of Queensland) A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2017 School of Communication and Arts 1 Abstract This thesis focusses on the representation of militarised airborne drones and night vision technologies in paintings by Australian contemporary artists, George Gittoes and Jon Cattapan. Drawing on substantial primary research, including extensive interviews with both artists, the argument is developed through a cross-disciplinary framework that incorporates discourse from art history, critical theory, cultural studies, and political theory. Particular attention is paid to debates surrounding increasingly autonomous, persistent surveillance, and rapid response targeting capabilities associated with airborne drones and night vision technology. Gittoes and Cattapan have both lived or worked in war and conflict zones; Gittoes in numerous zones since 1986 when he went to Nicaragua during the Sandinista Revolution (1979-1990), and Cattapan in Timor Leste in 2008 as Australia’s 63rd official War Artist. Both artists have used night vision technology in conflict zones, and Gittoes has witnessed the deployment of airborne drones. Despite their conceptual and political affinities, their works have not previously been analysed together, and no detailed studies of their engagement with contemporary militarised technology have been undertaken. This thesis not only offers a significant addition to art historical understandings of the artists’ works, but also presents novel insights into the capacity of contemporary painting to critically engage with ethical and political issues associated with developments in militarised technology. The structure of the thesis is in two parts. Chapter One, “George Gittoes: Scoping the Horror of War”, draws on Paul Virilio’s critiques of screen-based technology to examine how Gittoes’ paintings trigger questions about militarised drone vision. It contests the use of words such as seeing and vision when applied to contemporary militarised technology, offering Gittoes’ paintings as evidence that scope and scoping more aptly describe drone surveillance and targeting capabilities. In Chapter Two, “Jon Cattapan: Ghosts and Data Proxies, Disappearance and Reappearance”, Jean Baudrillard’s speculative writings on war and cyber technology are applied to Cattapan’s enigmatic paintings where dripped paint is overlaid with digital-like spectral markings. This chapter proposes that Cattapan’s paintings provide evidence of human disappearance through data proxy digital replacements, exposing the cyber-world as both battlefield and weapon. Throughout the thesis, theoretical critique is consistently paired with detailed and close visual analyses of key paintings by the artists. 2 In bringing together the works of Cattapan and Gittoes through the lens of militarised technology, this thesis generates new understandings of the ways in which contemporary painting can critically engage with issues associated with developments in contemporary warfare. It argues that the paintings and artistic practices of Gittoes and Cattapan expose particular kinds of dehumanising processes propagated by the deployment of remotely piloted militarised drones and night vision technologies. The argument critiques the way developments in drone systems inform “future of war” rhetoric that emanates from military sources and manufacturers of militarised technology. It demonstrates that the artists’ paintings and practices prompt important questions that address current as well as future implications of militarised technology. In an age dominated by cyber and digital technology the artists’ paintings, created with hands-on analogue processes, provide evidence of contemporary painting’s political and radically subversive agency. 3 Declaration by author This thesis is composed of my original work, and contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference has been made in the text. I have clearly stated the contribution by others to jointly-authored works that I have included in my thesis. I have clearly stated the contribution of others to my thesis as a whole, including statistical assistance, survey design, data analysis, significant technical procedures, professional editorial advice, and any other original research work used or reported in my thesis. The content of my thesis is the result of work I have carried out since the commencement of my research higher degree candidature and does not include a substantial part of work that has been submitted to qualify for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution. I have clearly stated which parts of my thesis, if any, have been submitted to qualify for another award. I acknowledge that an electronic copy of my thesis must be lodged with the University Library and, subject to the policy and procedures of The University of Queensland, the thesis be made available for research and study in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968 unless a period of embargo has been approved by the Dean of the Graduate School. I acknowledge that copyright of all material contained in my thesis resides with the copyright holder(s) of that material. Where appropriate I have obtained copyright permission from the copyright holder to reproduce material in this thesis. 4 Publications during candidature Brimblecombe-Fox, Kathryn. “Airborne Weaponised Drones and the Tree-of-Life.” Australian Women’s Book Review 27, no. 1 and 2 (2015/2016): 59-64. https://hecate.communications- arts.uq.edu.au/files/2673/AWBR%20vol27%201and2.pdf. Brimblecombe-Fox, Kathryn. “Cover: Kathryn Brimblecombe-Fox: Red Rain.” Hecate 42.1 (2016):131-134. Brimblecombe-Fox, Kathryn. “George Gittoes: Night Vision.” Review for Eyeline: Contemporary Visual Arts 86 (2017): 79. Publications included in this thesis No publications included. 5 Contributions by others to the thesis No contributions by others. Statement of parts of the thesis submitted to qualify for the award of another degree None. 6 Acknowledgements I am grateful for the encouragement and support provided by my initial supervisors Dr. Fiona Nicoll and Dr. Amelia Barikin, and for the continued support from my finalising supervisory team, Dr. Amelia Barikin and Dr. Paolo Magagnoli. I am thankful for the unwavering and enthusiastic support given by my daughters, Clementine, Edwina and Winsome, and from my mother, Elsie Brimblecombe. 7 Keywords George Gittoes, Jon Cattapan, contemporary painting, militarised technology, airborne drone, night vision, Jean Baudrillard, Paul Virilio, Gregoire Chamayou, Eyal Weizman Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classifications (ANZSRC) ANZSRC code: 190102, Art History, 50% ANZSRC code: 190104, Visual Cultures, 25% ANZSRC code: 200299, Cultural Studies not elsewhere classified, 25% Fields of Research (FoR) Classification FoR code: 1901, Art Theory and Criticism, 50% FoR code: 2002, Cultural Studies, 50% 8 Table of Contents List of Figures 10 Introduction 12 Chapter One 36 George Gittoes: Scoping the Horror of War Chapter Two 74 Jon Cattapan: Ghosts and Data Proxies, Disappearance and Reappearance Conclusion 109 Painting, Human Agency and Existential Risk Bibliography 114 Appendix 1. Figures 132 Appendix 2. Ethical Clearance Approval 153 9 List of Figures 1. George Gittoes, Simurg, pencil and collage on paper, 44 x 62 cm, 2008. Collection of the artist. 2. George Gittoes, Night Vision 2015, oil on canvas, 120 x 200 cm, 2015. Courtesy of the artist and the Sydney Peace Foundation. 3. George Gittoes, The Artist, oil on canvas, 210 x 173, 1996. Collection of Mike Mitchell, Brisbane. 4. George Gittoes, Discarded, oil on canvas, 173 x 260 cm, 1995. Courtesy of the artist. 5. George Gittoes, Mojo Rising, oil on canvas, 200 x 260 cm, 2009. Courtesy of the artist and Mitchell Fine Art, Brisbane. 6. George Gittoes, Charon, oil on linen, 200 x 260 cm, 2009-2010. Courtesy of the artist and Mitchell Fine Art, Brisbane. 7. Mrs Joy Allen, holds her daughter Meredith at George Gittoes' puppet show, “Aquarius Festival of University Arts”, ANU, Canberra, 1971. Photo, courtesy of The Canberra Times. 8. Pablo Picasso, first Dove of Peace, emblem “The World Congress of Peace”, Paris, April 23, 1949. 9. George Gittoes, Night Vision, pencil on paper, 44 x 62 cm, 1993. Courtesy of the artist. 10. George Gittoes, Khats, pencil on paper, 1993. Collection of the Australian War Memorial. 11. George Gittoes, Tightrope Cowboys, Ink on paper, 59.5 x 49.5 cm, 1971. Courtesy of the artist. 12. George Gittoes, Why Am I Here?, oil on canvas, 87 x 101 cm, 1997. Courtesy of the artist, collection unknown. 13. Baidoa, Somalia, Emaciated Child Sitting in the Courtyard of the Orphanage, Located in a Former Jail and Now Operated by a Care Agency. The Child is being Sketched by Australian artist, George Gittoes. Photographer unknown. 1993. Collection of the Australian War Memorial. 14. George Gittoes, Voyeur, pencil on paper, 44 x 62 cm, 1993. Collection of the Australian War Memorial. 15. Jon Cattapan, Night patrols (Around Maliana), oil on linen, triptych 120 x 300 cm overall, 2009. Collection of the Australian War Memorial. 16. Jon Cattapan, Night Figures (Gleno), acrylic on linen, 180 x 250 cm, 2009. Collection of the artist. 10 17. Jon Cattapan, Imagine a Raft (Hard Rubbish 1), oil and acrylic on linen, 194 x 165