MULTIMEDIA EXHIBITION

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THE ART OF PROTEST MEMORIES OF THE STRUGGLE – MULTIMEDIA EXHIBITION THE ART OF PROTEST Photo: State Library of NSW & Search Foundation &Search NSW of Library State Photo: Bruce Childs and Johnny Makateni. MP,Senator Keane Maurie Dolan, Cliff President ACTU Funde, Eddie right to left from including Sydney in Protest

2017 2016 2014 PROTEST OF ART THE

Cape Town Hope of Good Castle The Democracy Canberra of Australian Museum Pretoria of University Customs House Sydney

MEMORIES OF THE STRUGGLE – MULTIMEDIA EXHIBITION Voices and Memories

ANGUS LEENDERTZ | CURATOR

THE ASAA TEAM CONTRIBUTORS The global anti-apartheid movement was arguably the greatest social movement of CURATOR Angus Leendertz Father Richard Buchhorn the 20th century and Australia can be very proud of the important role it played in Will Butler and Pamela Curry – Australian High Commission Pretoria, ASSISTANT CURATORS the demise of apartheid. The history of the anti-apartheid movement in Australia Tracy Dunn (Director Ephemera Research & Logistics, University of Pretoria Exhibition 2014 Collections) & James Mohr David Corbet – University of Pretoria Catalogue Design from 1950 to1994 was a story waiting to be told. Ken Davis & Dr Helen McCue – APHEDA (Union Aid Abroad) MUSEUM OF AUSTRALIAN Introduction DEMOCRACY CURATOR Professor Andrea Durbach – HRC Centre, University of Libby Stewart Professor Gareth Evans – Former Australian Mininister of Foreign Affairs In this exhibition, you will hear the voices and In 1997, I responded to ’s general call memories of some of the Australians, South Africans for skilled South Africans to return to their country ASAA REFERENCE GROUP Dr Gary Foley – Victoria University and people of other nations who worked hard of birth and assist in building the new free South Kerry Browning Eddie Funde – ANC Australia over decades to bring about the end of apartheid. Africa. After living overseas for many years, I moved Dr Meredith Burgmann Irene Gale and Sybil Wakefield – CARE South Australia They often faced bitter opposition, and some were back to Cape Town, where I changed the focus of jailed for their actions. Memories of the Struggle my professional practice to the Heritage Sector Jane Harris Paul Kaplan – West Australia pays tribute to the dedication and commitment and undertook skills-based craft training within the Natalie Hendricks Professor Peter Limb – Michigan State University of everyone who took part in the movement. broader community. Some of these new-found skills 4 5 Ish Larney Michael Philips – MoAD 3D Model were used in the landmark interiors of the Parliament The source material for the exhibition was drawn from Patrick Wagner Warren Ludski – Past journalist, Canberra Times of in Cape Town. I developed a number books, PhD theses and documentaries, but the majority of prestigious projects, including sections of the Audrey McDonald – Union of Australian Women of the information, photographs and other anti-apartheid Robben Island Museum and the Permanent Exhibition memorabilia came from the personal and organisational MULTIMEDIA Greg Miller & Reverend Dorothy McRae-McMahon – Uniting Church on Slavery at the Slave Lodge in Cape Town. archives of activists and supporters. This afforded us Georgia Wallace-Crabbe John Myrtle – South Africa Defence and Aid (SADAF) – Film Projects the opportunity to create a multimedia exhibition that THE ART OF PROTEST Lynette Simons – Mandela foundation speaks of the commitment of many Australians from all The Australasian South African GRAPHIC DESIGN Jane Singleton – Mandela Foundation & walks of life to supporting the struggle for democracy in Julia Park – Creative Park Alliance (ASAA) Algernon van der Hoeven – South Australia South Africa. A picture emerges of continuous protest in the fields of politics, sport, the trade unions, civil I returned to live permanently in Sydney in 2010, and Klaas van Woldring – Northern NSW society and the clergy. Many who led the vanguard of set about working with a small group of South Africans the anti-apartheid movement did so against the wishes and Australians to raise funds for South African non- of the state and federal governments of the day, and governmental organisations. It was from this start some sustained injury or were imprisoned as a result. that the group called the Australasian South African

Alliance (ASAA) came into being, and our first project MEMORIES OF THE STRUGGLE – MULTIMEDIA EXHIBITION I immigrated to Australia in 1980 after completing was to organise a photographic exhibition celebrating PARTNERS my studies in Amsterdam. In Sydney, I started Australia’s role in the anti-apartheid struggle to mark COVER my design career doing corporate office, café & Aboriginal activist Gary the 20th anniversary of democracy in South Africa. Foley wearing the same restaurant design, and after a time with a Sydney Springboks jersey he wore when leading firm, I created my own design practice. demonstrations against the 1971 tour. Photo: Fairfax Syndication The launch of Memories of the Struggle She also researched and coordinated the installation of the ephemera on display at Customs House, some Memories of the Struggle – Australians Against of which is in the Museum of Australian Democracy Apartheid was launched by Former Prime Minister (MoAD) exhibition. When we realised that not all the Bob Hawke at the Parliament of NSW in early information we had collected could be included in the 2014 and was facilitated by NSW Leader of the Customs House show, Tracy came up with the idea of Opposition and current Labour MP Linda Burney. making a scrapbook of our research. This scrapbook The first meeting of ASAA was held at the Sydney home is one of the most interesting items in the exhibition. of Jane Harris and James Mohr. Present were Meredith Jane Harris, Natalie Hendricks, Ish Larney and Burgmann, Tracy Dunn, Jane Harris, Natalie Hendricks, Pat Wagner worked tirelessly throughout the life of Ish Larney, James Mohr and Kolin Thumbadoo. the project and were an invaluable resource, never CLOCKWISE FROM too busy to assist with whatever was required. TOP LEFT TO RIGHT MP Linda Burney Julia Park, our graphic designer, became an indispensible speaking at the launch The Seed funding of the Memories of the member of the group, and it is she who is responsible Struggle – Australians The ASAA drafted a proposal to the Australian High Against Apartheid at for bringing elegance and legibility to the many complex NSW Parliament, 2014. Commissioner in Pretoria, HE Mr. Graeme Wilson, put strands of information presented in the exhibition. HE.Mr Sibusio Ndebele forward the idea of entering into partnership to curate South African High Commissioner to a photographic exhibition which would celebrate 20 Australia is accompanied by HE Mr Adam years of democracy. The exhibition would outline the McCarthy Australian High The research Commissioner to South historical ties shared between Australia and South Africa Africa at a recent vist to At a meeting in July 2013 at a coffee shop in the MoAD. Photo: DFAT and the role they played in bringing about the downfall Glebe, Meredith Burgmann, Ish Larney and I began Dr Meredith Burgmann of apartheid in South Africa. It would also celebrate the with former prime efforts of those Australians who gave so much to the listing the network of individuals who were active 6 minister Bob Hawke and 7 curator Angus Leendertz cause in those difficult years. The proposal was successful in the anti-apartheid years. The entire reference at the launch of the Memories of the Struggle and we received seed funding from the Australian group then mapped the decades of anti-apartheid – Australians Against Apartheid in Canberra. High Commission in Pretoria. Natalie Mendelsohn, activity in all Australian states and created a

HE Mr. Graeme Wilson Second Secretary at the AHC in Pretoria, facilitated detailed timeline. Key organisations and individuals with Archbishop throughout Australia and abroad were consulted. . the proposal and assisted High Commissioner Graeme In memory of HE Wilson in communications with our group. Sadly, Mr. Mr. Graeme Wilson, Out of this process, a timeline emerged that illustrated former Australian High

THE ART OF PROTEST Wilson passed away before the exhibition was realised in Commissioner to South the full story of anti-apartheid activism across all Africa, who worked Pretoria, but his contribution was crucial to the project. tirelessly to advance layers of society in Australia from the mid-1950s the Australia-South Africa relationship to 1994, when Nelson Mandela became the first during his tenure and democratically elected president of South Africa. who was a driving force behind this exhibition. The curators and reference group Not all the information gathered could be used as there The ASAA group with Every member of the ASAA group worked hard to Gareth Evans at the were constraints on both time and exhibition space, opening of the Memories get the detail right and sustain the onward movement of the Struggle exhibition but all contributions are recognised and valued. in Customs House of the exhibition, but special mention must be made Sydney, September 2014. of the contributions of two people in particular – At the 2015 opening “We realised that we had the beginnings of a MEMORIES OF THE STRUGGLE – MULTIMEDIA EXHIBITION of the Memories of the assistant curators, James Mohr and Tracy Dunn. Struggle exhibition, good exhibition, one that not only focused MoAD. From left to right: Anthony Abrahams James Mohr tirelessly researched many archives for on the enormity of ending apartheid in (One of the Wallabies detail and photographs we could include in the who refused to play South Africa, but one which illustrated the the Springboks), exhibition, and Tracy Dunn catalogued all the Kerrie Browning, development of Australian society in the and curator information and ordered it for use in the final panels. Angus Leendertz. years of the struggle.” Tracy Dunn, 2014 Our work began in earnest. Peter Limb, author of on apartheid and the individuals targeted by it. The anti-apartheid movements in Australia and After his death, Sir Donald’s son wrote that amongst Aotearoa/New Zealand 1 was extremely helpful in other factors, Meredith’s letters helped his father to providing information to the project concerning arrive at the decision to stop the tours of the racially anti-apartheid activities in Victoria, Queensland, selected South African cricket team in 1971/72. the Northern Territory and Tasmania.

Warren Ludski, a native of Cape Town and The Wallabies former journalist with the Canberra Times, made that newspaper’s archive of photographs available The Wallabies put their principles ahead of their playing to us at no cost. Without these acts of generosity, CLOCKWISE FROM futures when they announced that they would not be TOP LEFT TO RIGHT the exhibition would not have benefitted from the available for selection to play against the all-white racially Protest against South African surf lifesavers same richness of material. selected Springbok team in 1971. It was a choice that was at Sydney’s Coogee not only without precedent in Australian sport, but was Beach in March 1971. I met with Jane Singleton, who organised the Nelson Frances Letters (lying also very unpopular at the time. The tumultuous protests down), Meredith Mandela tour of Australia in 1991, and she made Burgmann (holding on and disruptions led directly to a ban on all sporting to reel). Photo: Fairfax available the Australian Mandela Foundation archives. Syndication ties with South Africa which, coupled with economic Meetings with Lynette Simons added considerably to Anti-apartheid activist sanctions and product boycotts, helped greatly to hasten Meredith Burgmann, my understanding of the events as they happened. wearing a dark wig, the downfall of apartheid. It demonstrates a period of and her sister Verity are Lynette, in collaboration with Penny O’Donnell, wrote arrested by police during modern Australian history of which we can be proud. the Springboks versus Australians Against Racism: Testimonies from the Anti- Sydney match at the Apartheid Movement of Australia2, which was a great Sydney Cricket Ground, 6 July 1971. resource for us. Photographs and other ephemera were Photo: Newspix A major role in the protests shared freely with the project and valuable insights Former Wallabies and event organisers at the were gleaned from the authors’ personal archives. Prominent Aboriginal activist Gary Foley played Heroes’ Dinner in Sydney 8 on 6 July 2001. 9 an important role in the protests against the L to R: Tom Hickie, Yvette Andrews, Bruce Springboks and other South African sporting codes. Taafe, Paul Darveniza, Meredith Burgmann, Meredith Burgmann He is known to have questioned the anti-apartheid Anthony Abrahams, actions of Australian activists when the issue of Barry McDonald, Jim Meredith Burgmann was a central contributor to Roxburgh, Terry Forman, Indigenous rights at the time remained unresolved. and Jim Boyce. this process, not only with her personal archive In the interview for the exhibition he said v display at MoAD. and her ongoing contact with so many people who THE ART OF PROTEST Aboriginal activist Gary were instrumental in the struggle of the time, but “It was important that we [made] our own Foley wearing the same Springboks jersey he also for her academic rigour and tireless energy. people more politically aware not only about wore when leading their own situation...but also the situations demonstrations against Meredith was a founding member of the Stop The Tours the 1971 tour. Photo: of other oppressed peoples around the Fairfax Syndication 1. Limb, P. (2004), campaign and assembled a comprehensive archive The anti-apartheid world, the people of South Africa... what During the 1971 protests movements in Australia of the sporting boycotts across a variety of sports. Aboriginal activists and Aotearoa/New we saw to be part of an international Paul Coe (left) and Zealand, in South Apart from the numerous photographs and protest- Billy Craigie mocked African Democracy underclass similar to us.” Gary Foley, 2015 South African Prime Education Trust (Ed.), related ephemera, she offered me the letters between Minister John Vorster’s The Road to Democracy words when they wore in South Africa, Vol. 3: her, a student activist at the time, and Sir Donald Springboks jumpers International Solidarity, provided by former MEMORIES OF THE STRUGGLE – MULTIMEDIA EXHIBITION pp. 907-982, Unisa Bradman, the most famous cricketer in the world and Wallaby Jim Boyce. Press, Pretoria. chairman of Australian Cricket’s Board of Control. Photo: Fairfax Syndication 2. O’Donnell, P. & Simons, L. (1995), Australians The Bradman letters document an important Jim Roxburgh (left), Against Racism: one of seven Wallabies Testimonies from conversation in which Bradman questioned players who refused the Anti-Apartheid selection for the 1971 Movement of Australia, Meredith’s protest actions and requested advice Springboks tour, playing Pluto Press, Sydney. a game in the 1960s. The African National Congress unravelling the web of organisations, individuals (ANC) in Australia and political parties who played a role in the anti-apartheid movement in Australia. As plans for the exhibition progressed, I made contact Ken Davis of APHEDA contributed invaluable new CLOCKWISE FROM with key organisers in the Australian anti-apartheid TOP LEFT TO RIGHT movement and also went to South Africa to research information about the support of the gay movement Former prime ministers who were all actively the archive at Fort Hare University. From there, I for providing information and education about the involved in supporting spread and treatment of HIV/AIDS, as well as the work the struggle for travelled to Johannesburg to meet Eddie Funde, the democracy in South ANC representative in Australia from 1983 to 1992. of the unions in this area both before and after 1994. Africa. L to R: Gough Whitlam, Bob Hawke and Eddie was central to the anti-apartheid movement Malcolm Fraser. Photo: Fairfax Syndication and led awareness campaigns across Australia. It Former Prime Minister was he who facilitated important contact with the The Pan African Congress (PAC) in Australia Malcolm Fraser and Oliver Australian trade unions, who were early supporters Tambo relax at Fraser’s Canberra-based Kerry Browning, who was married property, ‘Nareen’, near of the struggle for democracy in South Africa. Hamilton in the Western to Maxwell Humbelani Nemadzivhanani, the PAC District of Victoria. Photo: Fairfax representative in Australia, provided important Syndication insights into the numerous activities and protests Prime Minister Bob The Australian Government Hawke greets Nelson in Canberra over many years. Kerry provided Mandela in his office at Parliament House, The role of Australian politicians was explored in our posters, photographs and artworks relating to the Canberra, 23 October 1990. Photo: The research, and the specific actions of three prime ministers struggle and facilitated our access to the National Canberra Times

are celebrated in the exhibition. Gough Whitlam, Bob Museum of Australia’s Kerry Browning Collection. Prime Minister Bob Hawke, Eddie Funde and Hawke and Malcolm Fraser all played an important part, Cliff Dolan AO at Sydney demonstrating their commitment to ending the scourge airport on 25 September 1986. Photo: APHEDA of apartheid by applying sporting and economic pressure South Africa Defence and Aid Fund (SADAF) In 1985 the Southern 10 over the years and supporting various boycotts and bans. Africa Liberation Centre 11 John Myrtle, the coordinator of the Campaign Against was set up opposite the South African Racism in Sport (CARIS), worked closely with John Embassy by the Soweto Mobilisation Committee, and Margaret Brink, the founders of SADAF, which the ACT Trades and The Trade Unions coordinated efforts to support the families of political Labour Council and other ACT anti-apartheid Australian trade unions played a pivotal role in the prisoners in South Africa. John generously provided groups. Photo: Kerry Browning struggle for democracy in South Africa. Important important history and significant insights into SADAF, as First national AIDS well as detailing his personal experiences of the sporting conference of the THE ART OF PROTEST contributors to this exhibition are Helen McCue, former Congress of South head of Australian People for Health, Education and boycotts and the response of the clergy to apartheid. African Trade Unions, funded by APHEDA, that Development Abroad (APHEDA), Audrey McDonald, was held near Soweto, formerly of the Union of Australian Women, and Peter South Africa, in 1991. Dr Helen McCue and Jennings and Ken Davis from APHEDA, all of whom Audrey McDonald visit spent time and energy in informing me of the work the Memories of the Struggle exhibition of the unions and APHEDA during the struggle. at MoAD. Kerry Browning Canberra This group offered numerous stories, photographs and based activist at the Memories of the Struggle interesting ephemera for the exhibition, and James exhibition at MoAD. MEMORIES OF THE STRUGGLE – MULTIMEDIA EXHIBITION

Mohr and I spent many hours investigating the APHEDA Prime Minister Bob Eddie Funde, the Hawke meets Oliver ANC representative in archive of the years prior to the first democratic elections Tambo in 1987. Australia, addresses the Photo: APHEDA crowd at a Sydney rally in and beyond. This group of Union organisers spent 1984. Standing alongside endless hours assisting with the timeline document Former Prime Minister him is Stan Sharkey from Malcom Fraser with the BWIU. Photo: State which informed the exhibition, and were key to Nelson Mandela, 1990. Library of NSW & Search Photo: National Archives Foundation of Australia The role of the churches Former Foreign Minister Gareth Evans The Museum of Australian Democracy (MoAD) Canberra

Dorothy McRae-McMahon Former Foreign Minister Gareth Evans was a friend of the Following the success of the exhibition at Customs House Museum in Sydney and at the University of Pretoria Dorothy McRae-McMahon was the minister of Memories project from the beginning. His role as Foreign in 2014, I approached MoAD about mounting an expanded version of the Customs House show. We were very the Pitt Street Church in the mid-1980s. After Affairs Minister in the Hawke Government’s campaign pleased MoAD welcomed the opportunity to work with us on the expanded exhibition, which features a significant Archbishop Desmond Tutu’s visit to Australia against apartheid is well documented, and we were multimedia component but also includes new information unavailable to us at the time of the first exhibition. in 1987, her congregation began to support the honoured when he agreed to open the Customs House anti-apartheid movement. Dorothy shared her exhibition in Sydney in September 2014. experiences of that time and was happy to loan her human rights medal to the project. “If we in Australia had washed our hands of apartheid, on the comfortable but indecent Father Richard Buchhorn justification that it was too far away or too intractable a problem, we would not only have Father Richard Buchhorn was a lifelong supporter of failed in our humanitarian duty, but have the struggle in South Africa and the plight of Aboriginal debased the very values which are the core of people in Australia. John Myrtle gave me access to the our sense of human dignity.” Gareth Evans, extraordinary archive of cards and letters that Father former Minister for Foreign Affairs, 1997 Buchhorn exchanged with the families of political prisoners in South Africa over many years. Some of the cards were sent in response to his letters, some to Gareth Evans was honoured with the Order of the thank him for taking the time and effort to remember CLOCKWISE FROM Companions of OR Tambo (Silver) by the South TOP LEFT TO RIGHT the recipients at a time when many of them were under African Government in Pretoria in April 2015, and Memories of the Struggle house arrest or subject to banning orders, while other exhibition, reception he generously gave permission for us to display the area at Customs House members of their families were languishing in prisons Sydney, September 2014. 12 medal and ceremonial staff in the exhibition at MoAD. 13 with little hope of being released. The intensely personal Memories of the Struggle exhibition at MoAD 2015. relationship between the individuals engaged in this Nelson Mandela at correspondence shows the importance of this contact Sydney Opera House, 1990. Photo: Newspix with an Australian to those hardest hit by apartheid. At the opening of the Memories of the Struggle exhibition, MoAD in 2015: The ASAA team with THE ART OF PROTEST curator Angus Leenderz, artist George Gittoes, former Prime Minister Bob Hawke and HE Mr Sibusio Ndebele South African High Commissioner to Australia. LEFT TO RIGHT Exhibit with multimedia Dorothy McRae-McMahon screen at MoAD 2015. with the 1988 Human Rights Medal. HE Mr Sibusio Ndebele Photo: James Mohr South African High Commissioner Father Richard Buchhorn, to Australia with with his parents, Counsellor v from MEMORIES OF THE STRUGGLE – MULTIMEDIA EXHIBITION returning from Rome in the SAHC. January 1962. Photo: Richard Buchhorn HE Mr Sibusio Ndebele South African High Nelson Mandela is Commissioner to accompanied by Gareth Australia with former Evans on his arrival in Prime Minister Canberra during his 1990 Bob Hawke. tour of Australia. Photo: The Canberra Times Photos: James Mohr Anti-apartheid activism across the states The Matchstick Boat From the 1960s to the 1990s, activists in every Andrea Durbach is a South African educated lawyer Australian state and territory were involved in anti- who I met through my circle of South African friends. apartheid protests. Groups representing students, From 1985 to 1991, Andrea and her colleagues fought trade unions, churches, Indigenous people, political the largest death penalty case in South African legal parties, sportsmen and women, musicians and cultural history. The ‘Upington 25’ were convicted of the murder figures sprang up in towns and cities everywhere. of one policeman, and 14 of the 25 accused were Beginning with small gatherings and protests sentenced to death. The barrister in the case, human in the 1960s, the momentum for change grew and rights advocate Anton Lubowski, was assassinated pressure mounted on the federal government to in Namibia in 1989, after which Durbach came to take action against South Africa’s racist policies. Australia. She worked in a major law firm in Sydney where she qualified as an Australian lawyer, but she Some of the largest demonstrations were against returned to South Africa in 1991 for the appeal against South African sporting teams playing in Australia. the Upington judgment. The appeal court overturned In 1971, a South African Springboks rugby tour drew 21 of the murder convictions, and all 14 death sentences protests in many cities, and South African surf lifesaving were commuted. Andrea says of the Matchstick Boat: teams competing in Sydney and tennis players at White City also attracted large protests. In Canberra, much “Each week my clients would give me a shopping of the protest activity centred on the South African list, which curiously included boxes and boxes Embassy. The Southern Africa Liberation Centre of matches. The boat is the result of their distributed information about apartheid in a temporary ingenuity and represents their imaginings structure set up opposite the Embassy. In Western and longing for freedom. It is my most Australia, waterfront unions took a strong stand against treasured possession.” Andrea Durbach 14 South African ships, while the South Australian Campaign 15 Against Racial Exploitation became an active anti- apartheid body that engaged in extensive sanctions Andrea migrated to Australia after the appeal and is CLOCKWISE FROM TOP LEFT TO RIGHT and boycotts. Individuals and groups throughout the currently a professor of law and Director of the Australian March Against Apartheid country supported those being persecuted in South Human Rights Centre at the University of New South in Perth on 26 October 1985. Photo: Paul Kaplan Africa, welcomed influential South African visitors, Wales. I wrote to her to ask if she would allow us to The Soweto Day Rally and rejoiced when anti-apartheid revolutionary include the boat in the MoAD exhibition and she replied, held at Parliament House, THE ART OF PROTEST Adelaide, in 1988 was Nelson Mandela was released from prison. “I’d be happy to sail my boat to Canberra to be part of a mass gathering of anti-apartheid activists the exhibition”. led by former South We expanded the reference group and invited Australian Premier Don Dunstan and supported contributions from Paul Kaplan in Western Australia, by ANC representatives. and Algernon van der Hoeven, Sybil Wakefield and Photo: Algernon van The surfers who spoke out against apartheid der Hoeven Irene Gale in South Australia. We received a wealth The Matchstick Boat. of information from them concerning the timeline, Australian surfers Tom Carroll, Martin Potter and Australian Prime Minister as well as photographs, flyers and other ephemera Cheyne Horan spoke out strongly against surfing in the Bob Hawke (left) with champion surfer Tom emanating from their states. South African world of segregated sport. Tom Carroll Carroll, 15 April 1993. ignited a storm in professional surfing when he alone MEMORIES OF THE STRUGGLE – MULTIMEDIA EXHIBITION Photo: Newspix Dr Klaas Woldring brought to our attention the support Cheyne Horan riding his announced his boycott of the South African leg of the ‘Free Mandela’ board in for the struggle in Northern New South Wales. Hawaii. Photo: Gordinho Pro tour in 1985.

Gay Solidarity Group banner in anti-apartheid rally, Hyde Park Square, Sydney, c. March 1988. Photo: Ken Lovett George Gittoes Multimedia The Exhibition In our search for an Australian artist who had first hand Polaroids. I think they thought I was some kind As the expanded content of the MoAD exhibition grew, Working mainly with the material from our research, experience of South Africa, we were very fortunate to of commercial photographer. They offered to pay Georgia Wallace-Crabbe and Gregory Miller of local we collaborated closely with the MoAD production find George Gittoes, who was willing to contribute to me to take a Polaroid of them together on this production company Film Projects were commissioned team and imposed the curatorial rigour required for the project. A small selection of his South African suite historic day at the Mandela Inauguration. They had to carry out a series of interviews with the main players an exhibition of this importance. Libby Stewart, the has been featured in the exhibition. spent their savings coming down from Soweto to in the story and to produce expanded video content senior historian at MoAD, edited volumes of text and be here and had their Sunday best clothes on. for the exhibition. This included a multi-screen video simplified the content to adhere to the museum’s “In 1993 I had witnessed the successful elections wall which would tell the history of the Australian standards whilst never losing sight of the story. in bringing an end to suffering They were still ‘high’ from hearing Mandela’s Rainbow anti-apartheid struggle. Interviewees included former caused by the Khmer Rouge. Humanity Speech from behind his bullet-proof glass booth. PM Bob Hawke, Meredith Burgmann, Zimbabwean seemed to be on the right path and I knew that I offered a couple of Polaroids for free, if they would Sekai Holland, Natalie Hendricks, Jane Harris, Bulelwa Memories of the Struggle – Australians Against Apartheid 1994 would see one of the greatest triumphs pose for a sketch. The pose made their kiss last for Freer, Tracy Dunn, union aid organisers Helen McCue will travel to South Africa in late 2017 and will be of the human spirit, ever, with Mandela a couple of minutes; long enough for a small crowd and Audrey McDonald, Cheyne Horan (who rode a hosted by The Castle of Good Hope, the oldest colonial leading South Africa into a future without of appreciative supporters to form around us. As surfboard with the signage “Free Mandela” in the structure built by slaves in South Africa in the centre apartheid. I wanted my art to express this the kiss continued, the crowd began to cheer their 1980s), Jack Mundey (former secretary of the Builders of Cape Town, where it will run for three months. It will joyous dance of freedom.” George Gittoes delighted support. Everyone was feeling so elated Labourers Federation who lead the green bans in then travel to Johannesburg/Pretoria and Durban. they were searching for ways to express their joy. In 2015, Gittoes was awarded the Sydney Peace Prize. the 1970s), and Aboriginal academic Gary Foley. It seemed this kiss said it all for those who witnessed The video content features the new interviews combined it. This couple, as old as Mandela, ‘created’ ‘The Long with archival footage courtesy of the ANC Archive, the THE LONG AWAITED KISS OF FREEDOM Awaited Kiss of Freedom’. Now I have to stop writing ABC, Frontyard Films, Abracadabra Films, Essential as Elizabeth, having seen my sketch, wants a copy of 1994 | oil on canvas | 45 x 67 cm Media, and Alchemy Films, and archival photos from the it as well as the Polaroids. How can I refuse? She is as National Library of Australia and private collections. “Jacob and Elizabeth are both in their 80s. They are excited as a teenager. Jacob tells me today has made 16 17 related to my friend Ali, who brought them over them feel like newlyweds.” to me with a request. They had seen me taking – George Gittoes, Pretoria, South Africa, 10 May 1994 THE ART OF PROTEST

LEFT Multimedia screening interviews at MoAD.

RIGHT Georgia MEMORIES OF THE STRUGGLE – MULTIMEDIA EXHIBITION Wallace-Crabbe (left) and Tracy Dunn (right) in the forground at the Memories of the Struggle exhibition opening in the government section of the exhibition at MoAD, Canberra in April 2016.

Photos: James Mohr

LEFT TO RIGHT Margaret Brink, wearing her black sash, leads SADAF supporters’ vigil at the Sydney Cricket Ground. Photo: Sharon Zwi and the Brink Family

Anti-apartheid demonstrators lie on the street in Melbourne, Victoria, in protest at the 1971 South African Springboks rugby union tour of Australia. Photo: Newspix

Demonstration at Government House, Canberra, as the South African ambassador presents his credentials. Photo: The Canberra Times

On the field at Sydney Cricket Ground, July 1971. Photo: Wayne Davies

1948 1960 1966 1971 1972 1975 1977 n Start of the apartheid era: n The Sharpeville massacre takes n SADAF arranges a tour of n The United Nations General n In June there is a large n In its first week in office in December n Western Australian chapter of CARE n On 15 June the Gleneagles The Nationalist government place in South Africa. This is the Australia by Robbie Resha, ANC Assembly declares 1971 the demonstration at the first the Whitlam government bans is established in Perth by Betsy and Agreement is signed by members of South Africa is elected and government’s response to a protest Director of International Affairs. International Year for Action Springboks rugby match in Perth. South African sporting teams Dave Buchanan, Lesley Corbett, of the Commonwealth Heads of begins to enact laws to define against the new apartheid Pass to Combat Racism and Violence and arrests continue from entering or transiting Paul Kaplan and Les Stone. Government. Prime Minister Malcolm and enforce segregation. Laws, initiated by the Pan Africanist Racial Discrimination. at later games in Melbourne, through Australia. It also places Fraser plays a leading role in the Congress under the leadership 1969 n Former Wallaby Jim Boyce and Sydney, Canberra and Brisbane. a ban on sporting tours involving formation of the agreement, which of Robert Sobukwe. Sixty-nine n Campaign Against Racism in six eligible players boycott the n In June and July British anti- South African teams. Subsequent 1976 is designed to discourage sporting 20 1955 demonstrators are killed. Sport (CARIS) formed by John upcoming tour by the South African apartheid leader Peter Hain governments maintain these bans. n On 16 June the Soweto Uprising, contacts with South Africa. It is the 21 n The Freedom Charter, the statement Myrtle, John Brink and Logan rugby team, the Springboks. tours the country to advise led by high school students, first Commonwealth-coordinated of principles of the African National Moodley following writer Dennis Anthony Abrahams, Paul Darvenzia, and support the Australian takes place in South Africa. Up to action against South Africa’s Congress (ANC) and its allies, 1963 Brutus’s call for Australians to Terry Forman, Barry McDonald, Anti-Apartheid Movement. 1973 700 are killed by police. Rallies apartheid regime and comes in is officially adopted on 26 June n Having fled to Sydney in 1961, protest against sporting links n The Southern Africa Liberation and marches of support for the the wake of public outcry over James Roxburgh and Bruce Taafe n In August Queensland Premier Joh 1955 at a Congress of the People John and Margaret Brink form the with apartheid South Africa. Centre (SALC), the Sydney-based protestors are organised by SALC. police repression following are the first Australians to refuse Bjelke-Petersen declares a state of in Kliptown, South Africa. South Africa Defence and Aid Fund information and public education the 1976 Soweto Uprising. n Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM) selection on political grounds. Prime emergency following mass arrests (SADAF) with other South African office, is established to promote n n Norman Jeffrey (Waterside forms with Denis Freney, Meredith Minister Billy McMahon calls them at a Springbok game in Brisbane. A Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) Workers’ Federation), the expatriates, to help families of Burgmann and Peter McGregor ‘a disgrace to their country’. liberation struggles in Africa with office is established in Australia. n In August Meredith Burgmann is THE ART OF PROTEST political prisoners in South Africa major input from Sekai Holland, Australian representative of co-convening with CARIS on the Opposition Leader Gough n given a two-month jail sentence Qantas withdraws flights to South the World Federation of Trade and to educate the Australian public. ‘Stop the Tours’ Campaign. Whitlam, South Australian Premier one of the founders of the Anti- for her anti-apartheid protest Africa in protest over the murder Unions, promotes trade union n Dennis Brutus and John Harris Don Dunstan and Western Apartheid Movement in Australia. activities in Australia. of Steve Biko, a prominent activist support and helps develop contact form the South African Non-Racial Australian Premier John Tonkin who died as a result of brutal with South African unions. Olympic Committee, resulting 1970 speak out against the tour. n The Australian Cricket Board (ACB) police treatment. in a ban on South Africa at the n cancels a tour by the South African 1974 n On 27 February black dye bombs are In March there are demonstrations n The Waterside Workers’ cricket team over the summer n Tokyo Olympics. Brutus later thrown into Drummoyne Olympic against South African surf lifesaving In October there are protests of 1971–72. Sir Donald Bradman, Federation refuses to handle 1959 twice visits Australia to bolster swimming pool to protest against teams at Sydney’s Coogee Beach against South African golfer Chairman of the ACB, declares South African vessels. n Chief Albert Luthuli, the President of the anti-apartheid movement. the upcoming Australian swimming and in Wollongong, and against Gary Player at the Australian there will be no further cricket tours the ANC and South African Council team tour of South Africa. South African tennis players at Golf Club, Sydney. Kaye Bellear, involving South Africa until its teams of Trade Unions, calls for the boycott White City, Sydney. Meredith Burgmann, Ken Davis, n On 5 December there is a protest are chosen on a non-racial basis. Terry Johnson, Angelo Rosas and 1978 1963–64 n of all South African products. In In March the Reverend Richard n at Sydney airport against a visit by Protests are held against the MEMORIES OF THE STRUGGLE – MULTIMEDIA EXHIBITION Australia the Waterside Workers’ n As a result of the Rivonia Trial in Robert Tickner are all arrested. Dr Dani Craven, President of the Wootton leads a Presbyterian South African Cricket Federation and the Seamen’s Union South Africa, 10 leaders of the n The Campaign Against Racial South African Rugby Union. Church delegation to South Africa International XI in Sydney. of Australia (SUA) enact an embargo ANC are charged with sabotage for six weeks. They observe Exploitation (CARE) is formed on all South African flagged vessels. and other violent actions. Eight the effects of apartheid at first by exiled South African student are convicted and jailed for life, hand, meet ANC and church leader Neville Curtis to coordinate 1979 including Nelson Mandela. representatives, and make contact anti-apartheid and anti-racism n Wallabies tour of South Africa with Anglican and Catholic leaders. activities across Australia. is cancelled by Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser. LEFT TO RIGHT Protest against South African Airways in Sydney in 1984. Photo: State Library of NSW & Search Foundation

Anti-apartheid rally in Canberra in 1987 led by Maxwell Nemadzivhanani and Kerry Browning. Photo: Kerry Browning

Members of Thabo Mbeki’s ANC delegation and ALP leaders meet at the ANC Regional Conference in Sydney in September 1989. Mbeki (third from the left, with Gareth Evans on his left) later became the second post-apartheid president of South Africa. Photo: APHEDA

ANC Deputy President Nelson Mandela at an official luncheon in the Great Hall of Parliament House in Canberra with Prime Minister Bob Hawke, 23 October 1990. Photo: The Canberra Times

n Students Against Racism and the 1981 1984 Soweto Mobilisation Committee 1986 1987 1988 1990 1993 n Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser n Australian People for Health, (SMC) organise a Boycott SA n Between February and May the n In January Nelson Mandela is given n In October police raid the Canberra n The President of South Africa, n Key ANC leader Chris Hani is refuses permission for aircraft Education and Development Products Campaign to protest Commonwealth EPG tours South the Freedom of the City of Sydney. homes and offices of Maxwell F.W. de Klerk, announces the lifting assassinated at his home in carrying the Springbok rugby team Abroad (APHEDA), the ACTU aid against major supermarkets Africa, meeting ministers and n ANC president Oliver Tambo Nemadzivhanani of the PAC and of bans on the ANC, the PAC, the South Africa. A memorial service to refuel on Australian territory organisation, is established by stocking South African products. becoming the first international tours Australia in March and April. Kerry Browning and charge both SACP and other organisations. for him is held at the Uniting en route to their controversial Helen McCue and Cliff Dolan. They group of leaders allowed to visit with arson attacks on diplomatic Church, Pitt Street, Sydney. n 16 June is marked as Soweto Day. Thousands attend a talk at Sydney n On 11 February Nelson Mandela 1981 tour of New Zealand. begin discussions with senior ANC Nelson Mandela in prison. cars. Eventually, all charges against The Southern Africa Liberation Town Hall. The AANCSC is actively is released unconditionally after n Australians for Democracy in South personnel about scholarships and Nemadzivhanani are dropped and Centre organises a seven-month- n On 17 April Eddie Funde and the involved and the Solidarity Choir 27 years’ imprisonment. Africa forms to raise funds for the other development support. Browning is acquitted on all counts. 22 long, 24-hour picket line outside the AANCSC meet with Minister for is formed for the occasion. n In October Mandela tours Australia, electoral process in South Africa, 23 1983 n front of the South African Embassy, Foreign Affairs Bill Hayden. n South African ANC Support The ANC Solidarity Group (South welcomed by Prime Minister Bob with former Prime Minister Gough n In June the ANC Support Group endorsed by the ACT Trades n In June a week of Action Against Group Sydney is formed by Australia) and the South Australian Hawke and greeted by huge crowds. Whitlam as Chair and Michael (Sydney) is formed by anti-apartheid 1985 and Labor Council and rostered Apartheid takes place with expatriate South Africans living trade union movement mount a On 24 October the Minister for Raper as National Convenor. activists and expatriate South n Headquarters for the PAC by SMC and union members. numerous events organised around in Sydney to raise funds for successful campaign to prevent Foreign Affairs, Gareth Evans, Africans to raise funds to support office are established in Griffith, representatives of De Beers n The Commonwealth Heads of Australia for the 10th anniversary of and provide information about hosts a major event at the Sydney an ANC office in Australia. Canberra, with assistance from the Consolidated Mines being hosted 1994 Government meeting in the Bahamas the Soweto Uprising. ANC programs in Australia. Opera House to welcome Mandela. n On 16 December ANC representative Builders’ Labourers Federation. in South Australia to present their n On 27 April the first South African establishes an Eminent Persons n South African attaché Koos Albert n The Mandela Foundation of Australia Forty thousand people turn up. Eddie Funde arrives to set up a n APHEDA implements extensive 1988 award for jewellery design. democratic election is held. The Group (EPG) to investigate the is expelled from Australia following is set up to raise funds for political THE ART OF PROTEST national office in Sydney’s Trades development assistance n ACTU helps set up polling stations South African issue. Former Prime an assault on a protestor. prisoners and other victims of In December the first major event to Hall with the support of the Building programs with the ANC. Minister Malcolm Fraser is appointed support the ANC office in Australia, 1991 in Australia to enable South Africans n On 26 August Eddie Funde and the apartheid. Prime Minister Bob Workers’ Industrial Union (BWIU). n The Australian ANC Support co-chairman with former Nigerian a New Year’s Eve ball at the Gazebo n Visit to Australia by Walter to vote. Nelson Mandela is elected AANCSC meet with Prime Minister Hawke and former Prime Minister n Maxwell Nemadzivhanani Committee (AANCSC) is President Olusegun Obasanjo. Hotel, raises the profile of, and funds Sisulu, Deputy President of the South Africa’s first black president, Bob Hawke to discuss the possibility Malcolm Fraser are co-patrons and is nominated as the PAC established to support the work for, the ANC office in Sydney. ANC, and his wife, Albertina. effectively ending apartheid. n Australian Anti Apartheid Movement of assistance for the ANC and former South Australian Premier representative to Australasia. of the ANC office in Australia. n ADISA organises a large and NSW is formed with Michael Clifford sanctions against South Africa. Don Dunstan is its first president. n Sydney People Opposed to Racist as Secretary to mobilise public joyous celebration in Petersham n Australia rescinds the landing 1989 Tours (SPORT) is established to opinion and organise concerts, letter Town Hall (with Gough Whitlam rights of South African Airways. n oppose cricket tours to South writing and consumer boycotts. An assassination attempt is made presiding) to mark the coming Africa led by Kim Hughes, who n Malcolm Fraser calls for the on Eddie Funde and his family, with of democracy in South Africa. had represented Western Australia release of South African political bullets fired into his Sydney home. prisoners as a result of his visit and Australia as well as Natal. MEMORIES OF THE STRUGGLE – MULTIMEDIA EXHIBITION WACARE is heavily involved to South Africa as co-chairman in protests against the Rebel of the Commonwealth EPG. Cricket tour to South Africa. n Southern Africa Liberation Centre is established on grounds opposite the South African Embassy in Canberra. MULTIMEDIA EXHIBITION