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Self-Driving Electric Vehicles for Smart and Sustainable Mobility Self-Driving Electric Vehicles for Smart and Sustainable Mobility: Evaluation and Feasibility Study for Educational and Medical Campuses Final Report | Report Number 21-16 | April 2021 NYSERDA Department of Transportation Self-Driving Electric Vehicles for Smart and Sustainable Mobility: Evaluation and Feasibility Study for Educational and Medical Campuses Final Report Prepared for: New York State Energy Research and Development Authority Robyn Marquis, Ph.D., Project Manager and New York State Department of Transportation Ellwood Hanrahan, Project Manager Prepared by: University at Buffalo Adel W. Sadek, Ph.D., Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Chunming Qiao, Ph.D., Department of Computer Science and Engineering Roman Dmowski, Research Scientist and Project Manager Yunpeng (Felix) Shi, Graduate Research Assistant with Wendel Elizabeth C. Colvin, Senior Project Manager Michael Leydecker, Associate Principal David C. Duchscherer, Chairman Emertius Global Dynamic Group Joah Sapphire, Managing Partner John Wolff, Managing Director Steve Madra, VP: Policy & Regulation Niagara International Transportation Technology Coalition Andrew Bartlett, Ph.D., Transportation Engineer Niagara International Transportation Technology Coalition NYSERDA Report 21-16 NYSERDA Contract 112003 April 2021 NYS DOT Contract C-17-01 Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. C-17-01 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Self-Driving Electric Vehicles for Smart and Sustainable Mobility: Evaluation and April 2021 Feasibility Study for Educational and Medical Campuses 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Adel W. Sadek, Chunming Qiao, Roman Dmowski, Yunpeng (Felix) Shi, Andrew Report No. 21-16 Bartlett, Joah Sapphire, John Wolff, Steve Madra, Elizabeth C. Colvin, Michael Leydecker, and David C. Duchscherer 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. University at Buffalo, 204 Ketter Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260 Wendel, 375 Essjay Road, Suite 200, Williamsville, NY 14221 11. Contract or Grant No. Global Dynamic Group (GDG IoT), 40 Wall Street, 28th Floor, New York, NY 10005 Niagara International Transportation Tech Coalition, 93 Oak St, Buffalo, NY 14203 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) Period Covered 17 Columbia Circle Final Report Albany, NY 12203-6399 and NYS Department of Transportation 14. Sponsoring Agency 50 Wolf Road Code Albany, New York 12232 15. Supplementary Notes Project funded in part with funds from the Federal Highway Administration. 16. Abstract Automated Vehicles (AVs) have the potential to improve transportation safety, increase system capacity, enhance mobility, and solve the first- and last- mile problem associated with public transportation. This project has three inter- related objectives: (1) to evaluate the technical feasibility, safety and reliability of a low-speed, self-driving shuttle known as Olli; (2) to research the public policy changes needed to allow for AVs to be tested and driven on New York State public roads; and (3) to conduct an evaluation of the costs and benefits of using AV technology on a realistic case study involving the Buffalo-Niagara Medical Campus (BNMC) in downtown Buffalo. The study tested Olli on the University at Buffalo (UB) Proving Grounds for Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs), using a set of twelve testing scenarios. Riders of Olli were surveyed and the results from these surveys, along with the results from other surveys conducted in the Buffalo-Niagara region, were analyzed to determine the factors that contribute to public acceptance of AV technologies in an effort to address them. The study also developed a new set of four principles, which we called the “Buffalo Principles,” to facilitate taking the legal and regulatory action required for the sustainable testing and deployment of AVs. Finally, the project conducted a simulation study and a business case analysis of a scenario involving developing a small fleet of the self-driving shuttle Olli to serve the first- and last- mile segments of trips undertaken by a subset of BNMC employees. 17. Key Words 18.Distribution Statement Automated Vehicles; Self-driving, low-speed Unrestricted shuttles; Automated Vehicle Testing; Public Acceptance; Discrete-choice Modeling; Transport Public Policy; Simulation Modeling 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Class. (of this page) 21. No. of 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified Pages 230 ii Notice This report was prepared by the University at Buffalo, Wendel, Global Dynamic Group (GDG IoT), and the Niagara International Transportation Technology Coalition (NITTEC), in the course of performing work contracted for and sponsored by the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) and the New York State Department of Transportation (hereafter the "Sponsors"). The opinions expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect those of the Sponsors or the State of New York, and reference to any specific product, service, process, or method does not constitute an implied or expressed recommendation or endorsement of it. Further, the Sponsors, the State of New York, and the contractor make no warranties or representations, expressed or implied, as to the fitness for particular purpose or merchantability of any product, apparatus, or service, or the usefulness, completeness, or accuracy of any processes, methods, or other information contained, described, disclosed, or referred to in this report. The Sponsors, the State of New York, and the contractor make no representation that the use of any product, apparatus, process, method, or other information will not infringe privately owned rights and will assume no liability for any loss, injury, or damage resulting from, or occurring in connection with, the use of information contained, described, disclosed, or referred to in this report. NYSERDA makes every effort to provide accurate information about copyright owners and related matters in the reports we publish. Contractors are responsible for determining and satisfying copyright or other use restrictions regarding the content of the reports that they write, in compliance with NYSERDA’s policies and federal law. If you are the copyright owner and believe a NYSERDA report has not properly attributed your work to you or has used it without permission, please email [email protected] Information contained in this document, such as web page addresses, are current at the time of publication. DOT Disclaimer This report was funded in part through grant(s) from the Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of Transportation, under the State Planning and Research Program, Section 505 of Title 23, U.S. Code. The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the official views or policy of the United States Department of Transportation, the Federal Highway Administration or the New York State Department of Transportation. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, regulation, product endorsement, or an endorsement of manufacturers. iii Preferred Citation New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) and New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT). 2021. “Self-Driving Electric Vehicles for Smart and Sustainable Mobility: Evaluation and Feasibility Study for Educational and Medical Campuses.” NYSERDA Report Number 21-16. Prepared by A.W. Sadek, C. Qiao, A. Bartlett, J. Sapphire, E.C. Colvin, M. Leydecker, and D.C. Duchscherer. nyserda.ny.gov/publications iv Abstract The last few years have witnessed an unprecedented interest in automated vehicles (AVs) as a means to address many of the challenges affecting current transportation systems. AVs have the potential to improve transportation safety, increase system capacity, enhance mobility, and solve the first- and last- mile problem associated with public transportation. This project has three interrelated objectives. The first objective is to evaluate the technical feasibility, safety, and reliability of using AV technology, and in particular a low-speed, self-driving shuttle known as Olli, to provide a self-driving vehicle capable of transporting passengers safely and reliably. The second objective is to research the public policy changes needed for AVs to be tested and driven on New York State public roads. Finally, the third objective is to conduct a detailed evaluation of the costs and benefits of using AV technology on a realistic case study involving the Buffalo-Niagara Medical Campus (BNMC) in downtown Buffalo. To achieve the first objective of the research, the study tested Olli on the University at Buffalo (UB) Proving Grounds for Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) located at UB North Campus in Amherst, NY. This was accomplished using a set of twelve testing scenarios designed for testing various aspects of Olli’s driving behavior and maneuvering. The study also surveyed Olli’s riders during the numerous demonstrations performed as a part of the study, and used the results from these surveys, along with the results from other surveys conducted in the Buffalo-Niagara region, to determine the factors that contribute to public acceptance of AV technologies in an effort to address those factors. With respect to the second objective, the study developed a new set of four principles, that we have defined as the “Buffalo Principles,” designed
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