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THE WRONGS of PASSAGE: Inhuman and Degrading Treatment of New Recruits in the Russian Armed Forces

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THE WRONGS of PASSAGE: Inhuman and Degrading Treatment of New Recruits in the Russian Armed Forces Human Rights Watch October 2004 Vol. 16, No. 8(D) THE WRONGS OF PASSAGE: Inhuman and Degrading Treatment of New Recruits in the Russian Armed Forces ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................... 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY......................................................................................................... 2 BACKGROUND: THE STORY OF ONE CONSCRIPT.................................................. 5 INITIATION PRACTICES AND HUMAN RIGHTS......................................................23 Torture, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment ....................................................................25 Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health .........................................................28 Right to the Peaceful Enjoyment of One’s Possessions...................................................29 Government’s Responsibility to Investigate.......................................................................29 DEDOVSHCHINA ABUSES: AN OVERVIEW...............................................................29 Expectations of Servility to Dedy..........................................................................................30 Food, Money and Other Belongings...............................................................................31 “Stodnevka”.........................................................................................................................32 Confiscation of the Property of Conscripts ...................................................................33 Confiscation of Salaries .....................................................................................................34 Confiscation of Money and Food from Correspondence............................................36 Visits by Relatives...............................................................................................................36 Demands for Money, Cigarettes, and Other Goods.....................................................38 Off-Hours............................................................................................................................39 Nighttime Chores...........................................................................................................40 Rituals...............................................................................................................................40 Food and Health.............................................................................................................42 Punishment ..............................................................................................................................43 Individual Punishment.......................................................................................................43 Shaving with Lighter......................................................................................................45 Collective Punishment .......................................................................................................45 Gratuitous Abuse....................................................................................................................48 Drunken Abuse...................................................................................................................49 Sexual Violence...................................................................................................................50 THE CONSEQUENCES OF DEDOVSHCHINA ...........................................................52 Desperate for a Way Out.......................................................................................................52 Flight.....................................................................................................................................53 Suicide Attempts and Suicidal Thoughts ........................................................................56 Suicides, Deaths, and Suspicious Deaths........................................................................58 Physical Consequences...........................................................................................................59 Psychological Consequences.................................................................................................61 Disclosure of Medical Condition upon Discharge ............................................................62 DEDOVSHCHINA AND THE ROLE OF OFFICERS..................................................63 Good and Bad Units: The Contrast.....................................................................................64 Oversight..................................................................................................................................66 Prevention Mechanisms.........................................................................................................68 Complaints and the “Rule of Silence”.................................................................................69 Complaining to Medical Professionals............................................................................71 ACCOUNTABILITY................................................................................................................72 Investigation of Abusive Practices.......................................................................................72 The Disciplinary Code .......................................................................................................74 Disciplinary Punishment for Dedy ........................................................................................74 Disciplinary Punishment for Officers..................................................................................75 Criminal Prosecution of Dedy................................................................................................76 Criminal Prosecution of Officers .........................................................................................78 RECOMMENDATIONS.........................................................................................................79 Public Commitment to Combating Dedovshchina................................................................80 Prevention................................................................................................................................81 Training of Officers ...........................................................................................................81 Enforcement of Existing Prevention Mechanisms .......................................................81 Learning from Best Practices............................................................................................82 Accountability..........................................................................................................................82 Independent Monitoring........................................................................................................84 Structural Reform ...................................................................................................................84 Recommendations to the International Community.........................................................85 GLOSSARY.................................................................................................................................86 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Jane Buchanan, researcher in the Europe and Central Asia division of Human Rights Watch, Diederik Lohman, senior researcher of the Europe and Central Asia Division of Human Rights Watch, Anna Neistat and Alexander Petrov, respectively director and deputy director of the Moscow office of Human Rights Watch conducted research for this report in the cities of Cheliabinsk, Moscow, Novokuznetsk, Novosibirsk, St. Petersburg, and Volgograd. Diederik Lohman is the author of the report, which was edited by Rachel Denber, deputy executive director of the Europe and Central Asia Division of Human Rights Watch, Veronika Leila Szente Goldston, advocacy director of the Europe and Central Asia Division of Human Rights Watch, Dinah PoKempner, General Counsel at Human Rights Watch, and Widney Brown, deputy program director at Human Rights Watch. Invaluable assistance was provided by Kristina Alessi, Ludmila Belova, and Anna Sinelnikova, associates at the Europe and Central Asia division of Human Rights Watch; and Angelika Bykadorova, Timur Onica, Sandra Sirota, Isabella Gourgenian, Hanna Gronborg, Karina Frayter, all interns with the Europe and Central Asia division of Human Rights Watch. This report would not have been possible without the many young men who shared their often traumatic experiences in Russia’s armed forces with us. Thank you for your courage to be so frank with us. We also extend our warmest gratitude to the phenomenal staff of the Association of Soldiers’ Mothers of Cheliabinsk Province, the Soldiers’ Mothers Committee in Novosibirsk, the Committee for the Protection of the Rights of Military Servicemen in Novokuznetsk, the Moscow-based Union of Committees of Soldiers' Mothers of Russia, the Soldiers' Mothers of St. Petersburg, and the Right of the Mother in Volgograd and Uriupinsk, who generously shared their unique knowledge of Russia’s armed forces; helped us organize dozens of interviews with conscripts, officials, and others; and gave us access to their often extensive archives. 1 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH VOL. 16, NO. 8(D) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Throughout the first year of their military service,
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