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Immunological Lesions in Human Uracil DNA Glycosylase

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Immunological Lesions in Human Uracil DNA Glycosylase Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 85, pp. 2339-2343, April 1988 Medical Sciences Immunological lesions in human uracil DNA glycosylase: Association with Bloom syndrome (monoclonal antibodies/DNA repair/human genetic disorders/marker enzyme/clinical diagnosis) GITA SEAL, KILIAN BRECH, SETH J. KARP, BARBARA L. COOL, AND MICHAEL A. SIROVER Fels Research Institute and the Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140 Communicated by Sidney Weinhouse, November 23, 1987 ABSTRACT Three monoclonal antibodies that react with syndrome could be potentially characterized by a unique uracil DNA glycosylase of normal human placenta were tested reaction to one monoclonal antibody (23). Accordingly, we to determine whether one of the antibodies could be used as a examined whether altered reactivity of the glycosylase with negative marker for Bloom syndrome. As dermed by enzyme- this monoclonal antibody, 40.10.09, has the potential to be linked immunosorbent assay, monoclonal antibody 40.10.09, used as a negative marker for Bloom syndrome. We report which reacts with normal human glycosylase, neither recog- here the immunological properties of the uracil DNA gly- nized nor inhibited native uracil DNA glycosylase from any of cosylase from 24 diverse human sources. The uracil DNA five separate Bloom syndrome cell strains. Immunoblot anal- glycosylases isolated from 5 separate Bloom syndrome cell yses demonstrated that the denatured glycosylase protein from strains display an identical immunological aberration to all five Bloom syndrome cell strains was immunoreactive with antibody 40.10.09 that is unique to Bloom syndrome. This the 40.10.09 antibody. Further, each native enzyme was singular lack of immunoreactivity identifies this monoclonal immunoreactive with two other anti-human placental uracil antibody as a negative marker to provide potentially a means DNA glycosylase monoclonal antibodies. In contrast, ELISA by which to identify individuals with Bloom syndrome prior reactivity was observed with all three monoclonal antibodies in to the onset of clinical symptoms. reactions of glycosylases from 5 normal human cell types and 13 abnormal human cell strains. These results experimentally MATERIALS AND METHODS verify the specificity of the aberrant reactivity of the Bloom syndrome uracil DNA glycosylase. The possibility arises that Purification of Human Uracil DNA Glycosylase. Normal determination of the lack of immunoreactivity with antibody human skin fibroblasts (CRL 1222) were purchased from the 40.10.09 may have value in the early diagnosis of Bloom American Type Culture Collection. Bloom syndrome fibro- syndrome. blasts (GM 1492, GM 2548, GM 3402, GM 3498, and GM 3510) were purchased from the Human Genetic Cell Repos- itory (Camden, NJ). Each Bloom syndrome cell strain was Bloom syndrome is an autosomal recessive human genetic derived from a different patient in the Bloom Syndrome disease that clinically presents low body weight at birth, Registry (Registry nos. 44, 71, 9, 87, and 47, respectively). stunted growth, cutaneous rash, and immunological defi- Cell strains were grown in humidified 5% C02/95% air in ciency (1, 2). Individuals with Bloom syndrome are predis- Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (GIBCO) supple- posed to infection and are cancer prone (3, 4). Currently, mented with 2 mM glutamine, 10%o fetal calf serum, and 100 individuals with this disease cannot be readily identified units of penicillin and 100 mg of streptomycin per ml (13, 14). prior to the appearance of clinical symptoms. Bloom syn- Cells were harvested at confluence and sonicated at 60 W for drome cells are characterized by their high rates of chromo- 20 sec. Cell debris was pelleted by centrifugation. Uracil somal aberration (5, 6), spontaneous hypermutability (7-9), DNA glycosylase from each cell strain was then purified by hypersensitivity to environmental agents (10-12), and a gradient elution through DEAE-cellulose and then phospho- unique series of temporal alterations in the proliferative- cellulose column chromatography (22). dependent regulation of DNA repair (13-15). In particular, Monoclonal Antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies against the cells fail to enhance DNA repair pathways prior to the normal human uracil DNA glycosylase were prepared as initiation of DNA replication during the cell cycle. As a described (16). The antigen used was human placental uracil result, miscoding lesions remaining in the DNA are evi- DNA glycosylase chromatographed sequentially through denced by hypermutability and chromosomal aberrations DEAE-cellulose, phosphocellulose, and hydroxylapatite. that contribute to the debilitation in this human genetic The glycosylase monoclonal antibodies 37.04.12, 40.10.09, syndrome. and 42.08.07 were chosen for further study because of their To begin to examine the regulation of the involved genes ELISA reactivity with the normal placental enzyme. Each in Bloom syndrome at a molecular level, a series of mono- was further analyzed in detail by enzyme immunoprecipita- clonal antibodies were prepared against the uracil DNA tion with a second antibody and by glycerol gradient sedi- glycosylase of normal human placenta (16). The uracil DNA mentation with only the monoclonal antibody. With the glycosylase excises uracil from DNA during base-excision homogeneous human placental enzyme, ELISA showed that repair (17-19). Uracil can arise from the utilization of dUTP each monoclonal antibody recognized determinants on the instead of TTP during DNA synthesis (20) and by cytosine normal human placental glycosylase molecule (22). The deamination (21). Detailed analyses have shown that three of control monoclonal antibody, 1.05, was prepared from a these antibodies recognize different determinants on the spontaneous hybridoma that was isolated from a fusion with placental glycosylase molecule (22). An early finding raised spleen cells from unimmunized mice. Antibodies were puri- the possibility that the uracil DNA glycosylase in Bloom fied from culture medium by ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Protein con- The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge centrations were determined by the Bradford method (24). payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" ELISA. Enzyme samples (10-50 p.l containing 10-50 ng of in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact. protein) were added to 96-well polyvinyl chloride microtiter Downloaded by guest on October 2, 2021 2339 2340 Medical Sciences: Seal et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. ScL USA 85 (1988) plates. Each plate was incubated at 370C for 2 hr and then at 40C for 48-72 hr. The wells were washed twice with Dul- becco's phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) followed by a 30- min incubation with 1% (wt/vol) bovine serum albumin in PBS at 370C (200 ul per well). Each well was rinsed twice with PBS. For storage, 100 gl ofPBS was added to each well and removed just prior to analysis. Monoclonal antibodies (1 ng/pul) were added in aliquots of 50 jul and incubated for 2 hr 0 V1.0- B at 370C. Each well was rinsed with washing buffer (New 0 England Nuclear; 10 mM Tris*HC1, pH 8.0/0.05% Tween 40. 20). Sheep alkaline phosphatase-conjugated F(ab')2 fragment 0 too anti-mouse IgG antiserum (New England Nuclear) as second 0.5 antibody was then applied (50 1.l of a 1:250 dilution) for 2 hr at 370C; the wells were washed once with washing buffer 0 followed by two washes with deionized-distilled water. Immunoreactivity with the second antiserum was detected 1.0- C by incubation with 0.05 M p-nitrophenyl phosphate as sub- strate in the dark for 16 hr at 250C. The reaction was ended by addition of 50 1.l of 1 M NaOH. Colorimetric determina- 0.5- tions were performed at 405 nm with a Uniskan plate reader. Uracil DNA Glycosylase Assay. Uracil-containing polynu- cleotide substrate was prepared by using Escherichia coli 0* DNA polymerase I and [3H]dUTP as precursor (25). Uracil 0 25 50 DNA glycosylase was determined in a reaction mixture (final PROTEIN (ng) volume, 100 1,u) that contained 100 mM Tris*HCl (ph 8.0)/10 mM FIG. 1. Abnormal ELISA reactivities of Bloom syndrome uracil K2EDTA/5 mM dithiothreitol/1 ,ul of poly(dA).poly DNA glycosylases. Human uracil DNA glycosylases were purified ([3H]dU) (specific activity, 5,000-15,000 dpm/pmol), and sequentially through DEAE-cellulose and phosphocellulose as de- 1-2 ,ug of purified enzyme or cell extract. The mixture was scribed (22). ELISA was performed in triplicate with each anti- incubated for 30 min at 37°C. The reaction was terminated by human placental uracil DNA glycosylase monoclonal antibody over the addition of 300 ,ul of 95% ethanol (- 20°C), 60 ,u1 of 2 M the indicated range of protein concentrations. (A) ELISA with NaCl, and 100 ,u1 of 1 mg/ml heat-denatured calf thymus antibody 37.04.12. (B) ELISA with antibody 42.08.07. (C) ELISA DNA. The ethanol precipitate was collected by centrifuga- with marker antibody 40.10.09. o, Normal human fibroblast (CRL tion at 2300 x g for 10 min at 4°C. Uracil DNA glycosylase 1222); A, Bloom syndrome cell line GM 1492; e, Bloom syndrome activity was measured by the release of [3H]uracil into the GM 2548; A, Bloom syndrome GM 3402; r, Bloom syndrome GM ethanol supernatant. 3498; m, Bloom syndrome GM 3510. could not be detected (16). In contrast, this second peak of RESULTS activity could be observed by using an anti-DNA polymerase Immunoreactivity ofBloom Syndrome Uracil DNA Glycosyl- a monoclonal antibody that recognizes the glycosylase when ase. The ELISA reactivity of the glycosylase of each Bloom it is bound to the polymerase (16, 26). syndrome cell strain was examined with all of the monoclo- The ability of each monoclonal antibody to inhibit the nal antibodies raised against the normal enzyme. Each Bloom syndrome glycosylase (GM 2548) was then ascer- Bloom syndrome enzyme reacted with antibodies 37.04.12 tained.
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