EXTENDED CARRIER SCREENING Peace of Mind for Planned Pregnancies
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Melanocytes and Their Diseases
Downloaded from http://perspectivesinmedicine.cshlp.org/ on October 2, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Melanocytes and Their Diseases Yuji Yamaguchi1 and Vincent J. Hearing2 1Medical, AbbVie GK, Mita, Tokyo 108-6302, Japan 2Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 Correspondence: [email protected] Human melanocytes are distributed not only in the epidermis and in hair follicles but also in mucosa, cochlea (ear), iris (eye), and mesencephalon (brain) among other tissues. Melano- cytes, which are derived from the neural crest, are unique in that they produce eu-/pheo- melanin pigments in unique membrane-bound organelles termed melanosomes, which can be divided into four stages depending on their degree of maturation. Pigmentation production is determined by three distinct elements: enzymes involved in melanin synthesis, proteins required for melanosome structure, and proteins required for their trafficking and distribution. Many genes are involved in regulating pigmentation at various levels, and mutations in many of them cause pigmentary disorders, which can be classified into three types: hyperpigmen- tation (including melasma), hypopigmentation (including oculocutaneous albinism [OCA]), and mixed hyper-/hypopigmentation (including dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria). We briefly review vitiligo as a representative of an acquired hypopigmentation disorder. igments that determine human skin colors somes can be divided into four stages depend- Pinclude melanin, hemoglobin (red), hemo- ing on their degree of maturation. Early mela- siderin (brown), carotene (yellow), and bilin nosomes, especially stage I melanosomes, are (yellow). Among those, melanins play key roles similar to lysosomes whereas late melanosomes in determining human skin (and hair) pigmen- contain a structured matrix and highly dense tation. -
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CCR PEDIATRIC ONCOLOGY SERIES CCR Pediatric Oncology Series Recommendations for Childhood Cancer Screening and Surveillance in DNA Repair Disorders Michael F. Walsh1, Vivian Y. Chang2, Wendy K. Kohlmann3, Hamish S. Scott4, Christopher Cunniff5, Franck Bourdeaut6, Jan J. Molenaar7, Christopher C. Porter8, John T. Sandlund9, Sharon E. Plon10, Lisa L. Wang10, and Sharon A. Savage11 Abstract DNA repair syndromes are heterogeneous disorders caused by around the world to discuss and develop cancer surveillance pathogenic variants in genes encoding proteins key in DNA guidelines for children with cancer-prone disorders. Herein, replication and/or the cellular response to DNA damage. The we focus on the more common of the rare DNA repair dis- majority of these syndromes are inherited in an autosomal- orders: ataxia telangiectasia, Bloom syndrome, Fanconi ane- recessive manner, but autosomal-dominant and X-linked reces- mia, dyskeratosis congenita, Nijmegen breakage syndrome, sive disorders also exist. The clinical features of patients with DNA Rothmund–Thomson syndrome, and Xeroderma pigmento- repair syndromes are highly varied and dependent on the under- sum. Dedicated syndrome registries and a combination of lying genetic cause. Notably, all patients have elevated risks of basic science and clinical research have led to important in- syndrome-associated cancers, and many of these cancers present sights into the underlying biology of these disorders. Given the in childhood. Although it is clear that the risk of cancer is rarity of these disorders, it is recommended that centralized increased, there are limited data defining the true incidence of centers of excellence be involved directly or through consulta- cancer and almost no evidence-based approaches to cancer tion in caring for patients with heritable DNA repair syn- surveillance in patients with DNA repair disorders. -
Incidence of Inborn Errors of Metabolism by Expanded Newborn
Original Article Journal of Inborn Errors of Metabolism & Screening 2016, Volume 4: 1–8 Incidence of Inborn Errors of Metabolism ª The Author(s) 2016 DOI: 10.1177/2326409816669027 by Expanded Newborn Screening iem.sagepub.com in a Mexican Hospital Consuelo Cantu´-Reyna, MD1,2, Luis Manuel Zepeda, MD1,2, Rene´ Montemayor, MD3, Santiago Benavides, MD3, Hector´ Javier Gonza´lez, MD3, Mercedes Va´zquez-Cantu´,BS1,4, and Hector´ Cruz-Camino, BS1,5 Abstract Newborn screening for the detection of inborn errors of metabolism (IEM), endocrinopathies, hemoglobinopathies, and other disorders is a public health initiative aimed at identifying specific diseases in a timely manner. Mexico initiated newborn screening in 1973, but the national incidence of this group of diseases is unknown or uncertain due to the lack of large sample sizes of expanded newborn screening (ENS) programs and lack of related publications. The incidence of a specific group of IEM, endocrinopathies, hemoglobinopathies, and other disorders in newborns was obtained from a Mexican hospital. These newborns were part of a comprehensive ENS program at Ginequito (a private hospital in Mexico), from January 2012 to August 2014. The retrospective study included the examination of 10 000 newborns’ results obtained from the ENS program (comprising the possible detection of more than 50 screened disorders). The findings were the following: 34 newborns were confirmed with an IEM, endocrinopathies, hemoglobinopathies, or other disorders and 68 were identified as carriers. Consequently, the estimated global incidence for those disorders was 3.4 in 1000 newborns; and the carrier prevalence was 6.8 in 1000. Moreover, a 0.04% false-positive rate was unveiled as soon as diagnostic testing revealed negative results. -
Inherited Metabolic Disease
Inherited metabolic disease Dr Neil W Hopper SRH Areas for discussion • Introduction to IEMs • Presentation • Initial treatment and investigation of IEMs • Hypoglycaemia • Hyperammonaemia • Other presentations • Management of intercurrent illness • Chronic management Inherited Metabolic Diseases • Result from a block to an essential pathway in the body's metabolism. • Huge number of conditions • All rare – very rare (except for one – 1:500) • Presentation can be non-specific so index of suspicion important • Mostly AR inheritance – ask about consanguinity Incidence (W. Midlands) • Amino acid disorders (excluding phenylketonuria) — 18.7 per 100,000 • Phenylketonuria — 8.1 per 100,000 • Organic acidemias — 12.6 per 100,000 • Urea cycle diseases — 4.5 per 100,000 • Glycogen storage diseases — 6.8 per 100,000 • Lysosomal storage diseases — 19.3 per 100,000 • Peroxisomal disorders — 7.4 per 100,000 • Mitochondrial diseases — 20.3 per 100,000 Pathophysiological classification • Disorders that result in toxic accumulation – Disorders of protein metabolism (eg, amino acidopathies, organic acidopathies, urea cycle defects) – Disorders of carbohydrate intolerance – Lysosomal storage disorders • Disorders of energy production, utilization – Fatty acid oxidation defects – Disorders of carbohydrate utilization, production (ie, glycogen storage disorders, disorders of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis) – Mitochondrial disorders – Peroxisomal disorders IMD presentations • ? IMD presentations • Screening – MCAD, PKU • Progressive unexplained neonatal -
Dermatologic Manifestations of Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome in Patients with and Without a 16–Base Pair Duplication in the HPS1 Gene
STUDY Dermatologic Manifestations of Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome in Patients With and Without a 16–Base Pair Duplication in the HPS1 Gene Jorge Toro, MD; Maria Turner, MD; William A. Gahl, MD, PhD Background: Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) con- without the duplication were non–Puerto Rican except sists of oculocutaneous albinism, a platelet storage pool de- 4 from central Puerto Rico. ficiency, and lysosomal accumulation of ceroid lipofuscin. Patients with HPS from northwest Puerto Rico are homozy- Results: Both patients homozygous for the 16-bp du- gous for a 16–base pair (bp) duplication in exon 15 of HPS1, plication and patients without the duplication dis- a gene on chromosome 10q23 known to cause the disorder. played skin color ranging from white to light brown. Pa- tients with the duplication, as well as those lacking the Objective: To determine the dermatologic findings of duplication, had hair color ranging from white to brown patients with HPS. and eye color ranging from blue to brown. New findings in both groups of patients with HPS were melanocytic Design: Survey of inpatients with HPS by physical ex- nevi with dysplastic features, acanthosis nigricans–like amination. lesions in the axilla and neck, and trichomegaly. Eighty percent of patients with the duplication exhibited fea- Setting: National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, tures of solar damage, including multiple freckles, stel- Bethesda, Md (a tertiary referral hospital). late lentigines, actinic keratoses, and, occasionally, basal cell or squamous cell carcinomas. Only 8% of patients Patients: Sixty-five patients aged 3 to 54 years were di- lacking the 16-bp duplication displayed these findings. -
Amino Acid Disorders 105
AMINO ACID DISORDERS 105 Massaro, A. S. (1995). Trypanosomiasis. In Guide to Clinical tions in biological fluids relatively easy. These Neurology (J. P. Mohrand and J. C. Gautier, Eds.), pp. 663– analyzers separate amino acids either by ion-ex- 667. Churchill Livingstone, New York. Nussenzweig, V., Sonntag, R., Biancalana, A., et al. (1953). Ac¸a˜o change chromatography or by high-pressure liquid de corantes tri-fenil-metaˆnicos sobre o Trypanosoma cruzi in chromatography. The results are plotted as a graph vitro: Emprego da violeta de genciana na profilaxia da (Fig. 1). The concentration of each amino acid can transmissa˜o da mole´stia de chagas por transfusa˜o de sangue. then be calculated from the size of the corresponding O Hospital (Rio de Janeiro) 44, 731–744. peak on the graph. Pagano, M. A., Segura, M. J., DiLorenzo, G. A., et al. (1999). Cerebral tumor-like American trypanosomiasis in Most amino acid disorders can be diagnosed by acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann. Neurol. 45, measuring the concentrations of amino acids in 403–406. blood plasma; however, some disorders of amino Rassi, A., Trancesi, J., and Tranchesi, B. (1982). Doenc¸ade acid transport are more easily recognized through the Chagas. In Doenc¸as Infecciosas e Parasita´rias (R. Veroesi, Ed.), analysis of urine amino acids. Therefore, screening 7th ed., pp. 674–712. Guanabara Koogan, Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil. Spina-Franc¸a, A., and Mattosinho-Franc¸a, L. C. (1988). for amino acid disorders is best done using both South American trypanosomiasis (Chagas’ disease). In blood and urine specimens. Occasionally, analysis of Handbook of Clinical Neurology (P. -
Harlequin Ichthyosis
orphananesthesia Anaesthesia recommendations for patients suffering from Harlequin ichthyosis Disease name: Harlequin ichthyosis ICD 10: Q80.4 Synonyms: Harlequin baby, ichthyosis congenita, Ichthyosis fetalis, keratosis diffusa fetalis, Harlequin fetus, Ichthyosis congenita gravior Disease summary: Harlequin ichthyosis (HI) is an autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis. HI is an extremely rare and most severe form of ichthyosis. The condition is caused by mutation of the ABCA12 gene resulting in impaired lipid transport in the outermost layer of the skin, the epidermis. During the neontatal period, harlequin ichthyosis manifests phenotypically as dramatic large polygonal plate-like scaling of the skin that cracks and can slough, revealing the underlying diffusely bright red skin. These thick skin plates can pull and distort facial features. The tightness of the skin can also pull on the eyes and mouth resulting in difficulties with closing these structures. The tightness also causes the eyes and the mouth to turn inside out resulting in ectropion and eclabium. Other features include hypoplasia of the fingers, malformation of the ears and nose, and alopecia. Affected neonates often do not survive and mortality is commonly attributed to respiratory failure and/or sepsis. Clinical data obtained from 45 HI patients revealed 25 survivors and 20 deaths with an overall survival rate of only 56%. The ages of survivors ranged from 10 months to 25 years and death usually occurred in the first 3 months. HI infants need to be cared for in a neonatal intensive care unit immediately after birth. Several harlequin neonates have survived. They tend to have severe erythroderma and fine scaling, even with optimal management. -
Erythrokeratodermia Variabilis Et Progressiva Allelic to Oculo-Dento
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector COMMENTARY See related article on pg 1540 translocated into the plasma membrane. Once expressed on the cell surface, the hemichannel docks with a connexon of an adjacent cell to form a channel that Erythrokeratodermia Variabilis et is termed gap junction. Connexons can form either homotypic (docking of two Progressiva Allelic to Oculo-Dento- identical connexons), heterotypic (docking of two dissimilar homomeric Digital Dysplasia connexons), or heteromeric (docking of two heteromeric connexons) channels Sabine Duchatelet1,2 and Alain Hovnanian1,2,3 (Mese et al., 2007). These diverse Erythrokeratodermia variabilis et progressiva (EKVP) is a genodermatosis with combinations of connexins create clinical and genetic heterogeneity, most often transmitted in an autosomal different types of channels, each having dominant manner, caused by mutations in GJB3 and GJB4 genes encoding unique properties (ionic conductance, connexins (Cx)31 and 30.3, respectively. In this issue, Boyden et al. (2015) report permeability, sensitivity to voltage, or for the first time de novo dominant mutations in GJA1 encoding the ubiquitous pH). Of note, several connexins may also Cx43 in patients with EKVP. These results expand the genetic heterogeneity of form functional nonjunctional hemi- EKVP and the human disease phenotypes associated with GJA1 mutations. They channels, although their physiological disclose that EKVP is allelic to oculo-dento-digital dysplasia, a rare syndrome relevance remains uncertain (Pfenniger previously known to be caused by dominant GJA1 mutations. et al., 2010). Mutations in 11 connexin genes cause a variety of genetic dis- Journal of Investigative Dermatology (2015) 135, 1475–1478. -
Disease Reference Book
The Counsyl Foresight™ Carrier Screen 180 Kimball Way | South San Francisco, CA 94080 www.counsyl.com | [email protected] | (888) COUNSYL The Counsyl Foresight Carrier Screen - Disease Reference Book 11-beta-hydroxylase-deficient Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia .................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 21-hydroxylase-deficient Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia ...........................................................................................................................................................................................10 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin Synthase Deficiency ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................12 ABCC8-related Hyperinsulinism........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 14 Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 16 Alpha Thalassemia............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. -
Molecular Characterization and Structural Implications of 25 New ABCB4 Mutations in Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis Type 3 (PFIC3)
European Journal of Human Genetics (2007) 15, 1230–1238 & 2007 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 1018-4813/07 $30.00 www.nature.com/ejhg ARTICLE Molecular characterization and structural implications of 25 new ABCB4 mutations in progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3 (PFIC3) Dario Degiorgio1, Carla Colombo2, Manuela Seia1, Luigi Porcaro1, Lucy Costantino1, Laura Zazzeron2, Domenico Bordo3 and Domenico A Coviello*,1 1Laboratorio di Genetica Medica, Fondazione IRCCS, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Milano, Italy; 2Centro Fibrosi Cistica, Universita` degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Milano, Italy; 3Bioinformatica e Proteomica Strutturale, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3 (PFIC3) is an autosomal-recessive disorder due to mutations in the ATP-binding cassette, subfamily B, member 4 gene (ABCB4). ABCB4 is the liver-specific membrane transporter of phosphatidylcholine, a major and exclusive component of mammalian bile. The disease is characterized by early onset of cholestasis with high serum c-glutamyltranspeptidase activity, which progresses into cirrhosis and liver failure before adulthood. Presently, about 20 distinct ABCB4 mutations associated to PFIC3 have been described. We report the molecular characterization of 68 PFIC3 index cases enrolled in a multicenter study, which represents the largest cohort of PFIC3 patients screened for ABCB4 mutations to date. We observed 31 mutated ABCB4 alleles in 18 index cases with 29 distinct mutations, 25 of which are novel. Despite the lack of structural information on the ABCB4 protein, the elucidation of the three-dimensional structure of bacterial homolog allows the three-dimensional model of ABCB4 to be built by homology modeling and the position of the mutated amino-acids in the protein tertiary structure to be located. -
Alkaptonuria.Pdf
Alkaptonuria Description Alkaptonuria is an inherited condition that causes urine to turn black when exposed to air. Ochronosis, a buildup of dark pigment in connective tissues such as cartilage and skin, is also characteristic of the disorder. This blue-black pigmentation usually appears after age 30. People with alkaptonuria typically develop arthritis, particularly in the spine and large joints, beginning in early adulthood. Other features of this condition can include heart problems, kidney stones, and prostate stones. Frequency This condition is rare, affecting 1 in 250,000 to 1 million people worldwide. Alkaptonuria is more common in certain areas of Slovakia (where it has an incidence of about 1 in 19, 000 people) and in the Dominican Republic. Causes Mutations in the HGD gene cause alkaptonuria. The HGD gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called homogentisate oxidase. This enzyme helps break down the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine, which are important building blocks of proteins. Mutations in the HGD gene impair the enzyme's role in this process. As a result, a substance called homogentisic acid, which is produced as phenylalanine and tyrosine are broken down, accumulates in the body. Excess homogentisic acid and related compounds are deposited in connective tissues, which causes cartilage and skin to darken. Over time, a buildup of this substance in the joints leads to arthritis. Homogentisic acid is also excreted in urine, making the urine turn dark when exposed to air. Learn more about the gene associated with Alkaptonuria • HGD Inheritance This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. -
ABCB6 Is a Porphyrin Transporter with a Novel Trafficking Signal That Is Conserved in Other ABC Transporters Yu Fukuda University of Tennessee Health Science Center
University of Tennessee Health Science Center UTHSC Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations (ETD) College of Graduate Health Sciences 12-2008 ABCB6 Is a Porphyrin Transporter with a Novel Trafficking Signal That Is Conserved in Other ABC Transporters Yu Fukuda University of Tennessee Health Science Center Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.uthsc.edu/dissertations Part of the Chemicals and Drugs Commons, and the Medical Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Fukuda, Yu , "ABCB6 Is a Porphyrin Transporter with a Novel Trafficking Signal That Is Conserved in Other ABC Transporters" (2008). Theses and Dissertations (ETD). Paper 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/etd.cghs.2008.0100. This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Graduate Health Sciences at UTHSC Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations (ETD) by an authorized administrator of UTHSC Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABCB6 Is a Porphyrin Transporter with a Novel Trafficking Signal That Is Conserved in Other ABC Transporters Document Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Program Interdisciplinary Program Research Advisor John D. Schuetz, Ph.D. Committee Linda Hendershot, Ph.D. James I. Morgan, Ph.D. Anjaparavanda P. Naren, Ph.D. Jie Zheng, Ph.D. DOI 10.21007/etd.cghs.2008.0100 This dissertation is available at UTHSC Digital Commons: https://dc.uthsc.edu/dissertations/345 ABCB6 IS A PORPHYRIN TRANSPORTER WITH A NOVEL TRAFFICKING SIGNAL THAT