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Cistercian Architecture and Medieval Society Brill’S Studies in Intellectual History Cistercian Architecture and Medieval Society Brill’s Studies in Intellectual History General Editor Han van Ruler, Erasmus University Rotterdam Founded by Arjo Vanderjagt Editorial Board C.S. Celenza, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore M. Colish, Yale University J.I. Israel, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton A. Koba, University of Tokyo M. Mugnai, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa W. Otten, University of Chicago VOLUME 221 Brill’s Studies on Art, Art History, and Intellectual History General Editor Robert Zwijnenberg, Leiden University VOLUME 5 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/bsih Cistercian Architecture and Medieval Society By Maximilian Sternberg LEIDEN • BOSTON 2013 Cover illustration: Villelongue, north face of the sculpted capitals of the central group of columns in the south gallery of the cloister (photo: author). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sternberg, Maximilian, 1979– Cistercian architecture and medieval society / by Maximilian Sternberg. pages cm. — (Brill’s studies in intellectual history, ISSN 0920-8607 ; volume 221) (Brill’s studies on art, art history, and intellectual history ; volume 5) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-25180-9 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-25181-6 (e-book) 1. Cistercian architecture. 2. Architecture and society—Europe—To 1500. 3. Civilization, Medieval. I. Title. NA4828.S74 2013 726’.7712—dc23 2013026160 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 0920-8607 ISBN 978-90-04-25180-9 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-25181-6 (e-book) Copyright 2013 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS List of Illustrations ......................................................................................... vii Acknowledgements ....................................................................................... xiii Abbreviations .................................................................................................. xv A Note on Translations ................................................................................ xvii Introduction .................................................................................................... 1 PART ONE ICONOLOGIES OF CISTERCIAN ARCHITECTURE 1. Medievalist Imaginaries ............................................................................ 15 2. Between Romanesque and Gothic ......................................................... 49 PART TWO HORIZONS OF REFORM 3. Monastic Reform and Societal Renewal .............................................. 75 4. Vita Activa ..................................................................................................... 94 PART THREE PERMEABLE BOUNDARIES 5. The Paradigm of St. Gall ........................................................................... 113 6. From Gatehouse to Choir Screen ........................................................... 131 7. The Inner Enclosure ................................................................................... 181 PART FOUR CISTERCIANS AND THE CITY 8. Toulouse ......................................................................................................... 207 9. Paris ................................................................................................................. 237 vi contents Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 261 Appendix: Cistercian Male Houses in the Languedoc ....................... 267 Bibliography .................................................................................................... 269 Index .................................................................................................................. 293 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Lucien Hervé, Le Thoronet, interior of the abbey church, © Lucien Hervé ........................................................................................ 2 2. Map of Southern France ........................................................................ 10 3. Le Thoronet, east end of the abbey church (photo: Paddi Benson) ....................................................................................................... 18 4. Le Thoronet, cloister (photo: Paddi Benson) .................................. 18 5. Sénanque, east end of the abbey church (photo: author) .......... 21 6. Ernst Kállai, caricature of the Bauhaus master Joost Schmidt (1930) ........................................................................................................... 26 7. Caspar David Friedrich, Eldena Ruin (1825), Neue Pinakothek— Munich, © bpk ......................................................................................... 27 8. Tour Saint-Jacques, Paris (photo: author) ........................................ 30 9. Sénanque, plan of the claustral nucleus ........................................... 35 10. Sénanque, cloister (photo: author) .................................................... 35 11. Sénanque, sculpted corbel in the cloister (photo: author) ......... 36 12. Plans of the abbey churches of: (a) Fontenay, (b) Clairvaux III and (c) Vaucelles ...................................................................................... 37 13. St. Bernard with the monks of Cîteaux taking possession of Clairvaux Abbey, fifteenth-century miniature from the Chroniques abrégées des anciens Rois et Ducs de Bourgogne; British Library, ms Yates Thompson 32, f. 9v, © British Library ...................................................................................... 38 14. Villard de Honnecourt, sketchbook, plan of ‘church composed of squares planned for the Order of Cîteaux’; Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, ms fr. 19093, folio 14v, © BnF .......................... 39 15. Villard de Honnecourt, sketchbook, plan of the ‘presbytery’ (presbiterium) of Vaucelles; Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, ms fr. 19093, folio 17r, © BnF ................................................ 40 16 Fontfroide (Languedoc), plan of the claustral nucleus ................ 42 17. Fontenay (Burgundy), plan of the claustral nucleus .................... 42 18. Hirsau (Germany), plan of the abbey church ................................. 45 19. Silvacane (Provence), west façade of the abbey church (photo: author) ......................................................................................... 46 20. Fontfroide (Languedoc), west façade of the abbey church (photo: author) ......................................................................................... 47 viii list of illustrations 21. Cluny III (Burgundy), reconstruction of the abbey church by Kenneth J. Conant (1959), © Penguin ......................................... 51 22. Plans of the abbey churches of: (a) Fulda, (b) Steinbach and (c) Reichenau ............................................................................................ 56 23. Plans of the abbey churches of: (a) Cluny I, (b) Cluny II and (c) Cluny III ............................................................................................... 57 24. Fontenay (Burgundy), cloister (photo: author) .............................. 58 25. Silvanès (Rouergue), nave viewed to the east (photo: author) .... 68 26. Beaulieu (Rouergue), west end of the abbey church (photo: author) ......................................................................................................... 68 27. Villelongue (Languedoc), choir of the abbey church viewed to the east (photo: author) ......................................................................... 69 28. Obazine (Limousin), grisaille window in the nave of the abbey church (photo: author) .......................................................................... 70 29. Moissac (Languedoc), principal portal in the west end of the abbey church (photo: author) .............................................................. 71 30. Alexander of Hales, Commentary of the Apocalypse, illumination depicting Saint Stephen Harding and the first four foundations of the Cistercian order (late thirteenth century), Cambridge University Library, MS Mm. 5. 31f. 113r, © Cambridge University Library ......................................................... 86 31. Plan of St. Gall (ninth century), © Stiftsbibliothek St. Gall ........ 115 32. Obazine (Limousin), tomb of Saint Stephen of Obazine, c. 1260–1270 (photo: James France) .................................................... 125 33. St. Dénis Abbey, tomb of Capetian prince Phillip of France (d. 1235) formerly belonging to Royaumont Abbey (Île-de-France),
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