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Home , Caesium, Silumin

 The which regulates  The metal with highest melting Blood Pressure in human point is . (3868K)  There are 116 elements known beings is .  The most harmful metal to today, out by which 90 are human beings is . naturally existing.  The metal related to arthritis is .  Lead has poorest electrical  The first man made element is conductivity, has Technicium (atomic no: 43)  The metal present in Insulin is zinc. highest electrical and thermal  Promethium is also a man made conductivity. element (atomic no: 63)  Zinc is concentrated on the eyes of human beings.  The lightest and simplest  Man made elements are known element (gas) - . as transuranics.  The most common by weight in earth’s crust is  kept under kerosene  Modern Periodic Table is . are Sodium, Potassium, based on of Caesium etc. elements.  metals at room - temperature are  Iodine is also kept under  Mendeleev’s Periodic Table is , , Caesium, kerosene. based on atomic weights.  The lightest metal element - .  The father of periodic table is  Liquid non-metal at room- Mendeleev.  The heaviest gaseous element temperature is Bromine.  The most common element in - radon  The non-metal, which shows the universe -hydrogen.  The heaviest (densest) electric conductivity Graphite  The most ionic compound is element - osmium () .  Most stable element - Lead  The natural element having  Most electronegative element  Lithium is kept by covering highest atomic weight is - is Fluorine. with paraffin wax. .  Most electropositive element is Francium (or Caesium).  The element with highest METALS AND is Carbon  The element which shows METALLURGY highest affinity is (diamond) (4000K)  Metallurgy is the various chlorine. process involved in the  Noble gases are listed in extraction of metal from its 18 of modern periodic ores. table.  Ore is the mineral from which  Enemy of is Sulphur. the metal is conveniently and  Non-ferrous metal is economically extracted .  Ore has definite composition  White phosphorus is a strong (formula) poison. As it burns itself in the  Clay is the mineral of air it is preserved under . Aluminium.  Red phosphorus is non-  Bauxite and cryolite are the poisonous - It is used in the main ores of Aluminium. manufacture of match boxes.  Sulphide ores are purified by  The most abundant metal in Froth-floatation process. The father of periodic table earth's crust is Aluminium  Tinstone, Pyrolusite etc are Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev was a  The most common element by purified by magnetic Russian and inventor. He weight in earth’s crust is separation. is credited as being the creator of .  Calcination is the process of the first version of the periodic table  The most common element in heating the ore below its the atmosphere - Nitrogen. of elements. Metal Ore Important minerals and 1. Aluminium Bauxite major places in India 2. Haematite, Magnetite, Iron pyrites Nitre (Potassium) 3. Copper Copper pyrites, copper glance, malachite Bengal & Haryana 4 Zinc Zinc blend, calamine Magnesite, Dolomite () 5. Uranium Pitch blend, Tamil Nadu 6. Monozite Gypsum, Limestone (Calcium) 7. Lead Galena, Litharge, Cerussite Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, J & K, M.P. 8. Magnesium Magnesite Bauxite (Aluminium) 9. Sodium Rock salt (Halite) Orissa, Tamil Nadu, J & K 10. Stibnite Tinstone () 11. Pyrolusite Bihar, Orissa 12. Chromium Chromite Chromite (Chromium) 13. Garnierite, pentlandite Bihar, Karnataka, Orissa, Tamil 14. Titanium Rutile Nadu. 15. Silver Argentite, Pyrargyrite, Stephanite, Born silver Pyrolusite (Manganese) 16. Mercury Cinnabar Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka. 17. Lithium , Haematite (Iron) Bihar, Karnataka 18. Potassium , Sylvine kainite Cobaltite () 19. Calcium Gypsum, Limestone, Dolomite, Fluorspar Rajasthan 20. Barite Copper pyrites (Copper) 21. Zinc Zincite, Sphalerite Bihar, M.P, Orissa 22. Tin Cassiterite Native (Gold) Karnataka, A.P melting point in absence of air in Living Organisms ------Zinc Blende (Zinc) to remove volatile impurities Vanedium, Potassium. Rajasthan like , Arsenic etc.  Most abundant metal present water are chlorine, sodium,  Roasting is the process in in developed animals ...... magnesium, sulphur, calcium, which the ore is heated below Calcium. potassium, carbon etc. its melting point in presence  Most abundant element  The extracted from of air to oxidise the impurities. present in our body –– oxygen. sea-water are chlorine and eg: Carbon, Sulphur etc remo-  Most abundant compound bromine. ved as their gaseous . present in animals ......  The atmosphere mainly  Gangue is the impurity present Water. consists of nitrogen (78.09%) in the ore.  Magnesium is concentrated in and oxygen(20.95%)  Generally gangue is silica. chloroplast.  Lithosphere is the  Flux is the substance used to  Major metals present in of the earth and is made of neutralise and remove gangue chloroplast are magnesium, different types of rocks. as slag. manganese, copper and iron.  Lithosphere is the major  Acidic flux is silica.  Some elements behave source of metals.  Basic flux is limestone. chemically both as metals and  Most abundant elements of  Metals extracted from sea- non-metals. Such metals are earth’s crust are and water are magnesium and called . Eg: Boron, oxygen - (about 75%) sodium. Silicon, etc.  Core is the central portion of  Metals generally accumulated  Major elements present in sea- earth.  Metallic Core valuable metals  Metal present in the bath soap like Manganese, Iron, Cobalt, is potassium. Nickel, Copper, Irdium,  Metals usually combine with , Gold etc. oxygen to form basic oxides.  Sulphide Layer contains  The first metal to be used by phosphorus, sulphur, zinc, man is copper. , tin, antimony,  Some metals react with water. Sodium reacts violently even , lead, mercury etc. with cold water forming  Most abundant metal present sodium hydroxide and in blood is Potassium. hydrogen. Gold does not react  The elements which lose even with steam. in chemical reaction Georg Agricola, author of  Some metals react with acid and are called metals. De re metallica, an important replace the hydrogen in  A metal is an electropositive early book on metal extraction their molecules. Gold, Copper element which is hard, and silver are unaffected with lustrous, malleable, ductile . with tensile strength, and a ing. This is a measure of their  Mercury is the metal having good conductor of heat and tensile strength. Some metals lowest melting point electricity. like tungsten have very high (–390C). tensile strength.  Wrought iron is the purest type  Metals form basic or of iron that contains least amphoteric oxides.  Mercury and gallium are met- als which are at room amount of carbon.  A non-metal is an electro temperature.  When iron rusts, its weight in- negative element which occurs creases.  The hardest metal is chromium. as , liquids and gases..  Aluminium is the most abun-  Heaviest metal occuring in na- They are generally poor dant metal in the earth’s crust. ture is uranium. conductors of heat and  Extraction of metals from their electricity.  The first known super ores and refining them for use  Non-metallic solids are usually conductor is mercury. is called metallurgy. soft and brittle.  Metals like gold and copper are  Titanium is the metal of future.  Non-metals form acidic or mostly found in old igneous  Sparkling and colour after the neutral oxides. rocks. blast of fire cracker is due to  Silver is the best conductor of  The metal which is least the presence of strontium. heat and electricity. affected by the exposure to the  Enamels are mixtures of sili- cates, backed on to iron or steel  Metals can be hammered into atmosphere is tin. object. very thin sheets. This property  is used in the dials of .  Iron coated with zinc is called is called malleability. Gold and galvanised iron and with tin is  Cobalt is useful in making rust silver are among the best mal- called tin - plate. resistant alloys. leable metals.  Element extracted from  The property of metals capable  ‘King of metal’ is gold. monozite sand is thorium. of being drawn into wires is  Silver, platinum and gold are  White phosphorous is a strong known as . Gold is the known as noble metals. poison. most ductile of all the metals.  Platinum metal occurs in its pure  In high temperature thermo  The metal, silver is an excellent form in earth’s crust. meters, the space above the reflector.  Mercury flows so easily and mercury column is filled with  Metals can be stretched to rapidly that it is sometimes nitrogen to reduce its evapo- some degree without fractur- called quick silver. ration. Alloys Constituent Metals Uses 1. Steel Iron (Fe), Carbon (C) Construction of ships, tanks, railway lines, bridges and machinery. 2. Aluminium, Bronze Aluminium (Al), Copper (Cu) To make coins, statues. 3. Invar Iron (Fe), Nickel (Ni) To make pendulum. 4. Bronze Copper (Cu) Tin (Sn) Statues, Ornaments, coins, cooking utensils, (Bell metal) bells and medals. 5. Aluminium (Al), Nickel (Ni), To make magnets Cobalt (CO), Iron (Fe) 6. Nichrome Nickel (Ni), Chromium (Cr), To make heating elements Iron (Fe) 7. Manganese Iron (Fe), To make rock driller, plates, Steel Manganese (Mn) rails, protecting shields etc. 8. Constantan Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni) To make electrical instruments. 9. Brass Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn) Utensils, parts of machinery, wires, musical in- struments, Ornamental objects. 10. Aluminium (Al), Copper (Cu), aircraft parts Magnesium (Mg), Manganese (Mn) 11.Magnelium Aluminium (Al), Magnesium (Mg) external parts of troller, steamer etc. 12. Phospher Copper (Cu), Tin (Sn), Springs and suspension Bronze Phosphorous (P) filament in electrical instruments. 13. Silumin Aluminium (Al), Silicon (Si) engine parts 14. Type metal Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), To make types in printing Tin (Sn), Antimony (Sb) 15. Chrome Iron (Fe), Vanadium Chromium (Cr), axils of motor cars Steel Vanadium (V), 16. Sterling Copper (Cu), Silver coins silver Silver (Ag) 17. Coinage Copper (Cu), Coins silver Nickel (Ni) 18. Chrome Iron (Fe), Springs, Steel Chromium (Cr) tools etc 19. Gun metal Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn) Tin (Sn) barrels of gun 20. Nickel steel Iron (Fe), Nickel (Ni) drills crankshaft bearings 21. German Copper (Cu), Utensils, resista- Silver Nickel (Ni), Zinc (Zn) nce wire etc 22. Stainless Iron (Fe), Cooking utensils Steel Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni) Cutlery, surgical instruments. 23. Solder Lead (Pb), Tin (Sn) Electrical connections  White phosphorous is kept Materials are sometimes classi-  The inert gas, which produces under water because it burns fied by the type of bonding crimson glow when an electric in air. present between the : discharge passes through it is,  The natural element which Ionic crystals, Covalent neon. possess greater atomic weight crystals, Metals, Inter-  In the family, iodine is Uranium. metallics, Semiconduc- exists as a solid and bromine  The most common element in the tors, Polymers, Compos- as a liquid. atmosphere is nitrogen. ite materials, Vitreous  The element present in the  Compounds of fluorine are materials largest amount in rocks and used as cooling agents in Metallurgy – the study of met- minerals is silicon. refrigerators als and their alloys, including  Metallurgy is the process of  Fluorinated polymer, teflon, their extraction, microstructure extracting metal, in a pure state finds numerous uses as it is and processing. on a large scale from its ore by tough and fire- resistant. physical and chemical means.  Chlorine, either as liquid perfumes and synthetic drugs.  Ores are commercially viable chlorine or chlorine water, is  Pig Iron is used in the minerals. manufacturing of steel and used for bleaching.  Minerals are solid, naturally cast iron.  Chlorine is used as an occuring as deposits in the  Phosphorous is used in the oxidising agent. earth’s crust and contain metals fertiliser industry.  is an anaesthetic, in the combined state, along sodium hypochloride is an  The element used to increase with associated earthly the hardness of rubber is antiseptic, PVC is a plastic etc impurities (gangue). are compounds of chlorine. sulphur.  Liquation is used to refine  The heaviest gaseous element  Rhombic sulphur is the most metals having a low melting - Radon stable form of sulphur and point. eg: lead and tin. exists at room temperature.  The heaviest or densest  The method used for refining  Element stored in kerosene to element - Osmium metals containing volatile prevent oxidation is sodium.  The most chemically active impurities is oxidation.  The lightest and simplest element - Fluorine  Distillation is used to refine element or gas is hydrogen.  The most chemically volatile metals like mercury and  Most abundant metal on the active element is chlorine. zinc which contain non-volatile earth crust is aluminium.  Chlorine is used to kill germs in impurities.  The most common element by an indoor swimming pool. weight in earth’s crust is  Chlorine is also used as a  Electro - refining is an oxygen. bleaching agent. economical and effective method for purifying metals.  The lightest metal element -  Silicon is used for making Lithium integrated chips used in eg: Cu, Al, Pb  Commercially, aluminium is computers, wax, greases and  Flux is a chemical substance extracted from Bauxite through polish. added to the ore during the a combination of the Bayer’s  In noble gases, radon is not extraction of metals by carbon process and the Heroult - Hall present in air. reduction, which combines process.  Neon is used for making with the gangue and results in  Zinc is used in galvanisation advertising signs. the formation of a fusible and dry cells.  Most stable element is lead. compound called slag.  Zinc, as a reducing agent, is  In a dry cell, zinc and carbon  In extraction of iron, calcium used in the manufacture of act as electrodes. acts as a flux.  Malachite is the mineral of crystalline rock.  Ants contain in copper.  is an in which their body.  The most plentiful mineral is one of the components is mer-  Sulphuric acid is called the felspar. cury. 'King of Chemicals.'  Calamine is zinc carbonate.  Silunite is the commercial name  Sulphuric acid is mainly manu-  Monozite is an ore of thorium. of or asbestos which is factured by contact process. used for making electrical in-  Vermilion is made from the  The chemical name of aspirin sulators. mercury ore, Cinnabar is acetylsalicylic acid. (Mercury-sulphide).  Carborundum is used as an  The acid used in lead storage abrasive for cutting and grind-  Gold and platinum occur batteries is sulphuric acid. exclusively in free state. ing glasses.  Earliest known acid is acetic  Copper, mercury and silver  An alloy is homogenous mix- acid. occur partly in free state. ture of a metal with other met- als and non-metals.  To purify gold, it should be  Most of the metals occur in the treated with concentrated ni- form of oxides, sulphides,  Alloys are generally harder and , sulphates, more resistant to corrosion. tric acid. chlorides and .  The properties of an alloy are  The acid that can be used as a  Tungsten has the highest different from those of the hypnotic is barbituric acid melting point (metals). constituent metals.  Vitamin C is chemically ascor-  Silver is the best conductor of  Duralumin is used for making bic acid heat. aircraft parts.  Dilute phenol is called Car-  Lead is the poorest conductor  Pewter is an alloy of tin and bolic Acid. of heat. lead.  Weakest (inorganic) acid is  Osmium is the densest  Sterling silver is an alloy of sil- Hydrocyanic Acid. ver and copper. element.  The acid functions as digest-  Tungsten has the highest ing agent in our body is hy- of all the ACIDS drochloric acid. elements. Hence, it is used for  Acids are substances which  The acid which fumigates filaments in electric bulbs. produces hydronium when exposed to air is nitric  Cesium is used in atomic (H O+) in its aqueous solution. acid. clocks. 3  The major acid present in  Apple contains ascorbic acid  Pure silicon is a semi-conductor grapes is Tartaric Acid. and malic acid. and is used in electronic  Oil of vitriol is sulphuric acid.  Pure milk contains no acid but devices as the for minute integrated circuits (ICs).  The acid present in vinegar is sour milk contains lactic acid. acetic acid.  Boric acid is a mild antiseptic, Alloys  Oranges and lemons contain used as a eye-lotion  Alloys are generally made by citric acid.  Cola contains phosphoric mixing the metals in a molten  Curd contains lactic acid. acid. state.  Old name of hydrochloric acid  Ordinary soda water is chemi-  Electrium is an alloy of gold cally Carbonic Acid. and silver. (HCl): muriatic acid.  Sulphuric acid is used in the  Metals blended with other me-  Tamarind contains tartaric manufacture of dynamite tallic or non -metallic sub- acid. (). stances.  Tea contains tannic acid.  Sulphuric acid and nitric acid  Diamond is the purest form of  Urine contains uric acid. are used in the manufacture of Manufacture of fertilizers, chemicals, fertilizer, chemicals, , 1. Sulphuric acid: paints etc. explosives, paints, dyes and drugs. Also used in manufacture of fertilizers, chemicals,  The acid used in tanning and 2. Nitric acid: printing industry is hydrochlo- explosives, paints, dyes and drugs. Tanning and printing industry. ric acid. 3. Hydrochloric acid:  Old name of nitric acid is 4. Citric acid: In medicine (source of vitamin C), flavouring drinks. Aquafortis. 5. Boric acid: As an eye-wash, preservation of grains.  Flavouring food, food preservation. The acid which fumes in air is 6. Acetic acid: nitric acid. Food preservation. 7. Benzoic acid:  Benzoic acid is used for food Lends ‘fizz’ to aerated drinks. 8. Carbonic acid: preservation. In ink-stain removers. 9. Oxalic acid:  Gastric juice contains hydro- Tartaric acid : Constituent of baking powder (reacts with chloric acid 10. sodium bicarbonate to release carbon dioxide which makes the  Potassium hydroxide is used in dough light and spongy). alkaline batteries, sodium hy-  The component present in droxide in the manufacture of containing a positive ion larger quantity is called the soap, calcium hydroxide in (cation) and a negative ion solvent and the other one, the softening of hard water. (anion). solute. Bases  (NaCl) is a  The process of crystals depos-  Oxides and hydroxides of normal salt. iting from a solution is called metals (or metal like radicals)  Hydrolysis is a reaction in crystallisation. are called bases. which a salt reacts with water  The finer the particles, the Sodium hydroxide: to form a solution which is more is the solubility. Manufacture of soap. either acidic or alkaline.  The more the shaking or Calcium hydroxide:  Salts containing water of agitation, the more is the crystallisation are called i) Manufacture of bleaching solubility. powder, mortar hydrated salts.  The higher the temperature, the ii) Softening of hard water,  is the property greater is its solubility. of salts to absorb atmospheric iii) Neutralizing acid in the soil Water and in water supplies. moisture at ordinary tempera Potassium hydroxide: ture without dissolving in it.  Water is known as the ‘Univer- sal Solvent’ because it is a re- Alkaline batteries. Anhydrous , Conc. Sulphuric acid, Phos markable solvent and dis- Magnesium hydroxide: phorus pentoxide, Calcium solves many susbtances form- As an antacid to neutralize (quick lime), Silica gel, ing aqueous solutions. acidity caused by hydrochloric are the examples of acid in the stomach.  Water exists in all three states Hygroscopy substances. of matter. Aluminium hydroxide: Foaming agent in fire Solutions  pH value of pure water is 7 and extinguishers.  A solution is a homogenous it is considered to be neutral. hydroxide mixture of two or more sub-  Pure water contains 89% of dis- Used to remove grease stains stances, whose composition solved water. from clothes. can be varied within certain  Oxide of deuterium is called limits. Salts heavy water.  The substances forming a so-  Water has the greatest  Salts are ionic compounds lution are called components. at 40C. This behaviour of water per- Elements and their occurrence in Earth mits fishes to survive in ponds  Earth is a rich source of elements, found either in native state or in through severe winters. compound form.  Water is a poor conductor of  The major elements are chlorine, sodium, magnesium, sulphur, calcium, heat and a pure non conduc- potassium and carbon in that order. tor of electricity.  The minor elements are bromine, boron, strontium, silicon, nitrogen,  Permanent hardness of water lithium, aluminium and . is due to the presence of  Chlorine, Bromine, Sodium and Magnesium are recovered sulphates and chlorides of cal- commercially from sea water. cium and magnesium. It can be  The gaseous phase of the earth is called atmosphere. removed by adding washing  Examples of elements accumulated in living organisms are: Iodine in soda or by distillation. sea weeds, Vanadium in sea cucumbers, Potassium in plant life  Examples of elements concentrated in different parts of living beings  The pleasant of good are: Iron in blood, Zinc in the eyes of certain animals, Magnesium in drinking water is due to chloroplast. dissolved air and CO2 and mineral water.  Nitrogen is the largest single Important Elements  Atomic number is 8.  It is a member of the constituent of the Earth's Hydrogen group on the periodic table. atmosphere (78.082% by volume of dry air, 75.3% by  Oxygen is the third most  Hydrogen is produced weight in dry air). abundant element in the commercially from water, mainly  Atomic number – 7 universe by mass after by the Bosch Process.  Nitrogen obtained from air  Pure hydrogen is a colourless hydrogen and helium. through fractional distillation gas without any smell or taste.  All major classes of structural is called Atmospheric  It has the lowest density among molecules in living organisms, nitrogen. the gases. such as proteins, carbo  Nitrogen obtained from  It is almost insoluble in water. hydrates, and fats, contain nitrogenous compounds is  It is a constituent of many oxygen. called Chemical nitrogen. gaseous fuels.  Uses of oxygen include the  Nitrogen is neither  Through hydrogenation of production of steel, plastics combustible nor a supporter of coal, petrol is produced. and textiles; rocket propellant; combustion.  Also, used in the production oxygen therapy; and life  Nitrogen is a non-poisonous of ‘Vanaspati-ghee’, through support in aircraft, submarines, gas. Nevertheless animals die hydrogenation of vegetable spaceflight and diving. in an atmosphere of nitrogen oil.  Smelting of iron ore into steel for want of oxygen they need  Hydrogen is used in extraction consumes 55% of commer- to breathe. of certain rare-metals, e.g.  The Nitrogen Cycle : The sum cially produced oxygen.. tungsten (used as electric total of the tranformations  Another commercially produ filaments) and undergone by nitrogen and ced oxygen is used by the (used in radio waves). nitrogeneous compounds in Oxygen chemical industry. in relation to the living Nitrogen  Oxygen is a colourless, organisms. tasteless and odourless gas.  In the free states, nitrogen  Many industrially important  Oxygen does not burn but constitutes nearly 80% of the compounds, such as , helps things to burn. air. nitric acid, organic (propellants and explosives), and , contain Noble Gases nitrogen. are: Helium, Neon, , Krypton, and  The element nitrogen was  Noble Gases discovered by Scottish Radon physician Daniel Rutherford  Also called ‘rare gases’, as they are present in very small in 1772. quantities in the air. Radon is not present in air.  It is a constituent element of  amino acids and thus of  Also called ‘inert gases’, as they do not enter into chemical reactions. proteins, and of nucleic acids Helium is used for filling meteorological balloons and also by (DNA and RNA).  sea-divers.  It resides in the chemical Neon is used in making advertising signs. structure of almost all  Argon is used to create an inert atmosphere in chemical reactions neurotransmitters, and is a  and in electric bulbs. defining component of  Krypton and Xenon are used in electrical valves and TV tubes alkaloids, biological molecules and also in lighthouses and miner’s lamp. produced by many organisms.  It is created by fusion  Ammonia emulsifies fats and  Chlorine is used as an oxidising processes in stars, and is grease so that they can be agent. estimated to be the 7th most removed without leaving any Sulphur abundant by residue. Thus, it acts as a mass in the universe. cleansing agent.  In the free state, sulphur is found in volcanic rocks and Ammonia Chlorine gases.  Ammonia is a compound of  Chlorine is a member of  In combined state, it occurs as, nitrogen and hydrogen with halogen group. metal sulphates; Gypsum, the formula NH . 3  Other halogens are: Fluorine, Glauber’s salt, Epsomite, Barite  It is an intermediate gaseous Bromine, Iodine, Astatine, of Metal Sulphides; Iron pyrites, product in the decaying which Astatine is a radioactive copper pyrites, Galena, Zinc process of dead organic matter. element. blende, Cinnabar (ore of  Industrially, it is manufactured  It is a poisonous gas. mercury). through Haber‘s Process.  Chlorine, either as liquid  Coal and crude petroleum  It is a colourless gas with a chlorine or chlorine water, is contain traces of sulphur. strong pungent smell and used for bleaching.  Organic compounds like slightly alkaline taste.  Chlorine is used for sterilizing protein, egg, onion, garlic and  It is lighter than air. drinking water. wood also contain small  Highly soluble in water.  Bleaching powder is used as a quantities of sulphur, which  It is used in the manufacture bleaching agent. gives them a unique odour. of fertilizers, nitric acid and  Sodium hypochlorite is used as  Sulphur is non-poisonous to sodium carbonate. an antiseptic. humans but toxic to lower  Nylon, rayon, plastics, dyes,  Chloroform is used as an organisms. and explosives are all made anaesthetic.  Its commercial uses are from ammonia.  Carbon tetrachloride is used as primarily in fertilizers, but it is  Ammonia can be liquefied a solvent. also widely used in black easily and liquid ammonia is  Poly-vinyl-chloride is an gunpowder, matches, highly volatile. important plastic. insecticides and fungicides.  Sulphur is used in ayurvedic  Important ores of aluminium Iron and Steel medicines. In allopathy, are bauxite, cryolite and  Haematite and magnetite are sulphur based ointments are corundum. the richest ores of iron, used for the treatment of skin  Commercially, aluminium is containing upto 70% iron. disorders. Sulpha drugs are extracted from bauxite.  Limonite has 60% iron, pyrite used as antibiotics to fight  Aluminium is one of the and siderite contain 50% iron bacteria and colloidal sulphur lightest metal, weighing only while taconite contains 30% is used in medicines for blood 2720 kg per cubic . This iron. purification. is about one-third of the weight  Pig iron containing 1.0-3.0% of steel. silicon is called cast iron. Sulphuric Acid  Aluminium is a good  Types of Iron and Steel:  Ferrous sulphate crystals are conductor of electricity. Pig Iron, Wrought Iron and known as Green Vitriol. Zinc Steel  Sulphuric Acid is also known  Stainless steel contains iron, as ‘Oil of Vitriol’ and ‘King of  The most important ore of zinc chromium, nickel and carbon. Chemicals’. is zinc blende. Calamine and  Nickel steel contains iron,  It is manufactured through zincite are other important ores nickel and carbon. ‘contact process’. of zinc.  Tungsten steel contains iron,  Pure, concentrated sulphuric  Zinc is used in galvanisation tungsten and carbon. acid is a bad conductor of and in dry cells. electricity while the dilute acid  Zinc is used in dye-casting CHEMISTRY IN is a good conductor of because of its low melting point DAILY LIFE electricity. and high tensile strength. Polymers:  The acid is highly corrosive in  Zinc, as a reducing agent, is nature and burns the skin, Rubber, Cellulose, Starch silk, used in the manufacture of turning it black. wool etc are natural polymers. perfumes and synthetic drugs. Plastic, Polythene, nylon,  The reaction between water and sulphuric acid is  Brass, an alloy of zinc with rayon, teflon etc. are Human exothermic. copper, is used in catridges, made polymers. musical instruments and Rubber:  Sulphuric acid is used in the  Rubber is a naturally available manufacture of chemicals, electrical fittings. dyes and pigments, soaps and  Bronze, an alloy of copper, zinc elastic polymer. detergents, plastics and fibres and tin, is used in statues.  Ordinary rubber is a thermo- plastic substance. (rayon).  German silver, an alloy of zinc  If sulphur is added to rubber  It is used in the manufacture with copper and nickel, is used and heated, its shape can be of fertilizers (super in jewellery and coins. of lime, ammonium sulphate), Difference between natural rubber and synthetic rubber explosives (nitroglycerine and trinitro i.e., TNT). Natural rubber Synthetic rubber  It is used in petroleum refining, Low hardness high hardness tempering of steel and in lead easily flammable not easily flammable storage batteries. Dissolves in organic solvents Does not react with organic Aluminium solvents  Aluminium is the most Loses stability at high temperature keeps stability at high abundant element in the temperature earth’s crust. Less elastic More elastic Synthetic rubber Property Uses into a fine powder and mixed in the fixed proportion. This is heated in a Butadiene High frictional force, tyres furnace at a high temperature rubber (SBR) Not easily broken, foot wears (1500°C). Clinkers, which is a com- Resists ozone, plex mixture of calcium and Gets easily oxidised calcium aluminate is formed. Gyp- Neoprene rubber Not easily flammable, Cable insulation, sum is added to clinker and the mix- Does not easily reacts Conveyer belt in ture is powdered to make cement. with oils and solvents, coal mines,  Complex molecules formed by Stable at high the addition of simple mol- temperature Making hose ecules are called polymers. Thiokol High elasticity, Tanks for storing  Cellulose and silk are natural solvents, polymers and nylon, rayon, Hardness, Making seal, teflon etc., are man made poly- Doesn’t dissolve in mers. organic solvents Making hoses  Thermoplastics and thermo- setting plastics are two types maintained and its hardness  In 1824, a British Engineer, Jo- of plastics. increased. The process of seph Aspidin made a binding  Polythene, nylon etc., are ex- heating rubber with sulphur for material by mixing lime and amples for thermoplastics and the betterment of its properties, silica and firstly it was named polyester, bakelite etc., are ex- is called vulcanisation. as ‘portland cement’. amples for thermosetting plas-  Vulcanisation enhances the  The setting of cement is due tics. following properties of rubber: to the hydration of calcium sili-  Rayon is known as artificial silk tensile strength, cates and calcium aluminates. and is used in carpets, hardness,  The mixture of cement, silica tyrecode, surgical dressings, elasticity, and water is called cement fabrics etc.  ability to withstand heat mortar. Caprolactum [(C6H11NO] is changes  Concrete is reinforced by em- produced from cyclohexane.  These properties can be var- bedding steel in cement.  Sodium potassium salt of ied by changing the quantity  A suitable site of a cement plant stearic acid, palmitic acid and of sulphur, temperature and requires proximity to limestone oleic acid is called soap. taken for vulcanisation. and gypsum.  Sodium hydroxide is utilised in Cement:  Gypsum is CaSO .2H O washing soap and potassium 4 2 hydroxide in toilet soap.  Cement is complex mixture of Manufacture of cement:  Tyres filled with air are called aluminates and silicates. The raw material are ground pneumatic. Raw materials used for cement production  The process of adding NaCl, to the solution for the separa- Compound Chemical composition % tion of soap from glycerol is called ‘Salting Out’. Lime CaO 60-67  Synthetic detergents are a mix- Silica SiO 17-25 2 ture of sodium salts of aromatic Alumina Al O 3-8 2 3 and aliphatic sulphonic acids. Iron Oxide Fe O 0.5-6.0 2 3  Vinyl plastics are used as ad- Magnesia MgO 0.1-4.0 hesive. Sulphur trioxide SO3 1-2  Many man made substances are Soda+Potash Na2O + K2O 0.5-1.3 not bio-degradable. Glasses Different colours can be given to glass using different  Glass is a super cooled liquid. metallic oxides or :  Safety glass (manufactured by pasteing a weightless plastic sheet Metal compound / ion Colour in between two glass plates) is used Ferric ion Yellow in manufacture of bullet proof Ferrous or Chromium Green screens, wind sheilds etc. Cobalt ion Blue  Fibre glass is also used for insulating Manganese dioxide Purple stoves and refrigerators. Nickel salt Red  It is also used for making the body Cupric oxide Red of aircrafts, boats, helmets etc. Cadmium sulphide Lemon Yellow  Metal oxides provides colour to the Uranium oxide Greenish Yellow glass. Cryolite/Calcium phosphate Opaque milk white colour Eg: Cobalt salt provides blue colour, Nickel salt provides red colour etc. Glasses Components Use Compound

Soda lime glass (soft glass- Silica (SiO2), Sodium carbonate Window doors, mirror, Na2O.CaO.6SiO2

Silica glass) (Na2CO3), bulbs, bottles, jar

Hard glass (heat resistant Silica, Potassium carbonate, Laboratory apparatus, K2O.CaO.6SiO2 glass) Calcium carbonate factory and kitchen wares

Boro silicate glass Boric oxide, , Laboratory apparatus, K2O.CaO.Al2O3

Silica, K2O.Na2O factory and kitchen Na2O.6SiO2 wares

Flint glass (optical glass/ Silica, K2CO3, Lenses, Prisms K2O.PbO.6SiO2 lead glass) Lead oxide

Fibre glass Silica, Na2CO3, CaCO3 Industry Insulator,

Furniture Na2O.CaO.6SiO2 Explosives pH values

 TNT is trinitrotoluene. It is highly explo-  The measure of the acidic or basic character of a sive substance. It is manufactured by the liquid or solution is the pH value. action of concentrated nitric acid on tolu-  The pH scale is introduced by Sorrenson ene.  pH value generally starts from 0 and ends at 14  Explosive power is measured in terms of  Pure neutral solutions are having pH exactly 7. TNT.  pH value greater than 7 and upto 14 is basic.  RDX - Research and Development Explo-  pH value 0 to 6.9 is acidic. sive is a highly explosive substance.  Human Blood has pH value 7.3 or 7.4 (slight basic)  PETN-Penta Erythritol Tetra is more  Generally other human secretions have pH 6.1 to 6.9 lethal and deadly explosive than RDX.  Acid rain has pH 3.00 to 4.5  Gun cotton (nitro cellulose) is a powerful  Sea water has pH 8.5 explosive formed by the action of nitric acid  pH of human stomach is about 3.5 on cellulose, used in the manufacture of  pH of Sodium chloride solution is 7 gunpowder.  The pH of Alcohol is 7