THE OOMPO UNDING OF ENGLISH WORDS

WHEN AND WHY

JOINING OR SEPARATION IS PREFERABLE

WIT H

CONOISE RULES AND ALPHABETICAL LIS TS

BY

F. HORACE TEALL

NEW YOR" JO HN IRELAND 1197 BRO ADWAY

AUTH RS PR NT ER TEACH ERS TELEGRAP HEn O , I S , , s,

STEN GRAPHERS T PE -WR T ERS AND ALL O , Y I ,

WHO CARE FO R THE CO RRECT

WR TIN O F EN L SH I G G I ,

THIS FIRS T SYST EMATIC ATT EMPT TO DIS ENT ANGLE THE PERPLE"ITIES O F ENGLISH COMPO UNDING

IS

E TFULLY DED AT ED RESP C IC .

P RE FACE .

FO R nearly five years I have d evoted m ost of my available tim e to the study of En glish in regard to the com oun din of words and earl disco ered p g , y v that all the rules heretofore prom ulgated are prae tical alueless m ainl becau se the are not based lyv , y y u n n r l n h ic rin Th sub ec po a y ea sy t et p ciples. e j t has apparently been regarded as of slight im

ortance thou h som e of the m an wr ters who p , g y i have touched upon it have perceived a need of a m ore careful investigation than has yet been m e Dr William nc F l r in ad . hu s . Chau e ow e T , y ,

“ ” his n lish in its lem ents and Form s a ram E g E , g “ m ar for colle e stud en ts sa s : Com ound or g , y p w ds in n lish as distin u shed rom d eri at es ha e E g , g i f v iv , v rece ed com arati el bu t l ttle attention et iv p v y i y ,

rom the reat ariet of the com onen t arts f g v y p p , and the different relations in which they stand

o each other it is e iden t that these w r t , v o ds ” de erve a m ore minute in s i ion s ve t gat .

M ohn Wilson in hi s Tr i n n l sh r. eat se o J , E g i

unctu ation i es the matter m ore detail ed c n P , g v o 6 PREFACE .

Dr F l id hi Sidera on than . ow er d et s conclud n ti , y i g paragraph is as follows

“ For further i nform ation on this difli cult su ect the bj , . ’ reader is referred to Mr. oold Brown s invalua le wor G b k,

efore u oted from w ic w ile ven turin in som e re b q ; h h , h g s ec ts to difi er i n O inion we a ve d erived n ot a li ttl e p p , h assistan c e a s to the n a ture of c om ou nds an d the form s in p ,

ic ould be resente d Bu t th u is n t wh h they Sh p . e s bjec t o e au sted and he who wit the sc olars i and ind ustr xh ; , h h h p y of t a t entlem an will d evote hi mself to the c lassification h g , of all the c om ound s in the l an ua e would erform a ood p g g , p g se rvic e to a bran c h of literat ure whic h has been sadly

” n eglected .

That principles exist upon which a classification of all n ecessary compou nds m ay be based can hardl be doubted an it i m firm con iction y . d s y v that an acc urate exposition of them mu st afford a clearer understandin g of the subj ect than any on e

now has. ha e attem d such an e os tion I v pte xp i , ac om an in it wi h r a n ill r ion s to c p y g t ules d ust at , the best of m abil t but as the attem t is the y i y ; , p

first of its kind it is n ot unlikel that som e m odifi , y

m er cation s and additions will be necessary . I p

eet as the treatise ma be und howe er am f y fo , v , I confiden t tha t it affords a better guide to approx im ate consistency than do scattered references in PR EFACE . 7 gramm ars or mere chapters in books on pu ne tu ation wh ch u ntil now ha e been the onl , i v y

sources of in orm ation so far as can ascerta n . f , I i The term s given in the lists are selected with a

iew to ractical u til t e en if the u ser does not v p i y, v a l r dopt al of their fo ms. Many words which are really compou nd s find no lace in this treatise merel becau se thev are p , y compou nded of foreign el em ents not separately u in n l h T e discu ssion is en r l n sed E g is . h ti e y co fined to the qu estion whether certain pairs of English words should be written separately or

oined in orm and if oin ed whether he com j f , j t poundi ng shou ld be don e with or without the

n hyphe .

In lan nin the essa decided tha he p g y, I t t best result could be attained by making it m eet a prae tical need of som e one large class of workers in lan u a e and ha e selected r nters a g g , I v p i s the persons whose work m ost largely dem ands efficient

ui n ha e accordin l endea re o g da ce . I v g y vo d t give the results of my study in the way best adapted

he u s ri n r to t e of p te s. Proof-readers m ay save them selves m uch annoy ance by perusing the lists and checking form s for ado tion or re ection as best suit h i p j , s t e r cou ve P 8 REFACE.

nience if the whole select o is a r e I , i n not pp ov d . t will certainly be advantageous to have a record of

the orms to be u sed and t i m u ch ea i r f , i s s e to revise and chan ge a record already made than it

is to m a ke a new one .

Compositors would undoubtedly be benefited by having such a work in which to check the style

of an certain offi ce as asc rt ned e en if th y , e ai , v e

proof-reader does n ot make the full record for them ; an d the checkin g might be changed to suit

her offic es w th a differen ho ot i t met d . Printers do not con stitute the only large class

f ersons to be benefited such a record o p by . I

h nk the oll ow n rom a o m unicat on t i f i g, f c m i to the “ ” n l sh Notes and uer es afford s e de ce E g i " i , vi n that the m atter is of direct economical impor tance in connection with telegraphin g

Som e tim e ago I had a. practical difficul ty with regard to

u nd ord I wan d order a utter- n ife the se "c ompo w s]. te to b k

wire and the com ou nd word as ar ed as two words. by , p w ch g

In answer to an e ostul ation I wa s inform ed t a t n word xp , h o ’ ’ not foun d in Nu ttall s or Webster s Dictionary is accepted

f c e a in l cordin o t s rul e by the P ost O fi s a S g e word. Ac g t hi

ttmzkn c is n ot one w ord t o b tter- rint is ba rn bu if , h ugh u p ;

- or is one house door is or are wo . T is se em som e do , , , t h s

t r itrar . Some c om ound are e ainl n essar wha a b y p s c rt y ec y. Thu s in Lanca shire brea d-10af is di stin guished from bun-loaf PREFACE . 9

- - and lum loa . P lum loa the wa is n ot in the die p f f, by y,

- tionarie s but lum ca ke is. I can onl su ose the reason , p y pp to be that the n atural te nde ncy to m ultiply such c om pounds woul d soon swamp the di c tion aries were n ot a line

‘ r w But w er l T t re ntl de en ds d awn som e here . h e ha appa y p somewhat upon the taste an d fa ncy of the diction ary ” ma ers for t e c ertainl are n ot all a reed . k , h y y g

course the rule thu s laid down b the ostal Of , y p

u hori ies of Great Bri ain who c ontrol the tele a t t t ,

ra hic s stem there m ust im l the com le g p y , p y p mentary rul e that a compound found in either of the dictionaries named would be accepted as one word ; but there is probably not a m an living who could a l this rule in all cases because pp y , some unquestionable solid compou nds are n ot in the dict onar vocabularies — as for in stance i y , , snow a ll China ma n brasswork and carria ewa f , , , g y and because the vocabularies contain som e hy phened compounds which Should each undoubt edl be two words as Dav - lam Ca enne- e er y , y p, y p pp ,

- and German millet.

The reason for omission of m any hyphened com

un s lies in the act that with the rl mitive po d f , p words alread d efin ed the com ounds are sel y , p f

l inin A ture of ic ion r m exp a g. fea d t a v treat ent wh ch am sure that man eo le ne er disco er i I y p p v v , 10 PREFACE . and which has an interesting bearin g upon this m atter is a s ecial rov sion for com ounds that , p p i p

n It is a nice uestion are not separately e tered . q whether the telegraphic rule woul d exclude such

- r The compounds from the Single word catego y . prov1s10n i s made in paragraphs like the foll ow ’ “ in rom Webster s defin tion of ea l The g, f i m word is sometimes employed in forming self

l inin com ounds as mea l- bin mea l- house exp a g p ; , , , ” - - - m l man mea l an er meal tub and the like. ea , m g , ,

cou rse these are i en as m odels and e er Of g v , v y such statement m eans that every term j ust like

he m l i a com und word t ode s s po . I Shall ventu re to note a curiouscircumstance su ggested by this mention of provision through m odels. It is that not one of these compounds with mea l is en b Nu ttall e ce t mea lman giv y , x p , notwithstandi ng the followin g paragraph in his “ preface : The compound words are very numer ous in the n lish lan ua e and m ateriall con E g g g , y

i u to i co ou nes The rea m s tr b te ts pi s s. g t as of them are omitted in our ordinarv dictionaries ; but their great importa nce has in duced the editor to insert all that are presu med to be of general

” n r t e n u n n in ’ i utility . U de h o ha d Webster s d c

ionar m an com ounds are rovided for of t y y p p , PREFACE . 11

h ch Nuttall has none thou h few of them are w i , g

- - no of en eral ut li . H a nd or an hand renade t g i ty g , g , hand- saw hand- ri e hand-stroke and hand- un , g p , , g

’ n can not hel are some of Nuttall s omissio s. I p suspectin g that even this lexicographer missed the lists of m o els an d if he did so how can it be d ; , expected that others will not ? I have seen and heard decisive evidence that steno ra hers teachers au thors and in act all g p , , , , f , educated persons need more practical information

n h u n her r o t e s bj ect than a y etofore p ovided . The m ost directly practical method of m eeting this demand would be the m akin g of a full alpha betical list of all common compounds ; bu t this is

m racticable for ob iou s reasons. In formulat i p , v in m care ull stud ed conclus ons ha e ke t g y f y i i , I v p in view the fact that general assent to all of them can n ot be e ected and ha e accord n l endea xp , v i g y vored to impart them in su ch manner that they m a be u se ul e en to dissenters b stat n one y f v , y i g Side of the question so that it m ay help as well

To k r in indicating its opposite . m a e the wo k as

ractical as oss ble ha e dis la ed in se a p p i , I v p y p rated orm man term s which the d ct onaries f y i i , in m o inion erroneousl com ound and ha e y p , y p , v carefully collated in another list the compounds 12 PREFACE . wh ch ud o be correct in the solid orm t e i I j ge t f ,

errin he decision as to h hened com ounds f g t yp p ,

i h ce tions to the dictionar e . In w th t ese ex p , i s “ doin his ha e consu lted the Centur Dic g t , I v y

ionar as far as ublished at the time and ha e t y p , v consequ ently included a number of term s not “ li r i i rie The n w Web given in the ear e d ct ona s. e

’ ” ster s International was not pu blished u ntil after

his treat se was mostl in t e and is se aratel t i y yp , p y

Th oc ional re erences to Webs r considered . e cas f te

are to the issue d ated 1882 . CONTENTS .

I . ’ WEB T ER S NT ERNAT O NAL D C T ONAR . II. S I I I I Y

D OMATIC PHRASES III . I I

AD ERB AND PREPosrrIO Ns USED As AD IV . V S

E T E NO UNS USED As ADJ C IV S . NEEDLESS JO ININGS OF ADJECT IVE AND NOUN LIST O F PHRAS ES NEEDLESSLY COMPO UNDED

H NG BY NO TED TEA 0 BAD TEAC I CHERS .

WHEN Two WORDS BECO ME ONE

CO MPO UNDS O F SOLID FO RM . LIST O F INSEPARARLE

MP UNDIN F EN LI H W D CO O G O G S OR S.

A E CH PT R I .

I TI NAR AB LAR D C O Y VO C U IES .

DIFFERENT writers have always had very difi er ent deas about oinin two words into one and i j g , n aturall le co ra hers who in the m ain onl y xi g p , y record what others ha e done e h b t in h ir v , x i i t e ork a c rres ond n la t of s m P w o p i g xi y yste . robably som e of this laxity is inevita ble ; but there are extensive categories of word -pairs in the English lan gu age for which u niversally comprehensive rules m a be ormulated and a first attem t at y f , p

the r orm ulation is made in this book . It is i f , howe er a act to be re rette d that we ha e no v , f g v dictionary which exhibits consistent treatment of any one category of analogou s terms with n o oinin or se arat on in orm refere ce t j g p i f . an ua e aboun ds in names and also in hrase L g g , p olo of a descr ti e and assert e nature of a gy ip v iv , kin d which m akes two or more words frequently 15 16 DICTIONARY VOCABULARIES .

Con e but one namin describin or assertin v y g, g, g i r m r n of a lan ua e dea . G am ar a ra ges the words g g SO that a succession of them may be used together with no oflice ou tside of a descriptive or assertive namin of one thin et of such com le n atur e g g, y p x that the in di i du l word r m in in v dual ust v a s e a di i , j as one part or m ember of any m echanical construc tion m ay still be considered separately even when all the parts are assembled into the whole con r i st uct on .

ohn Stuart ill sa s For as one word is J M y , re uen tl not a na me bu t onl art of a name f q y , _ y p , SO a number of words often compose one Single

n am e and no more . Thus in the o enin of the , p g dise Lost these lines P ara ,

—the fruit

“ ' ' Of t a t for idden tree w ose mortal ta ste h b , h Brou t de at in to the world and all our woe gh h , , Wit oss of Eden till one re ater Man h l , g Re re u s and re ain the lissful se at sto , g b , form in the estim ation of the logician only one ” rm nam e ; one Categorem atic te . his of course is a s stem atic lo ical ew of T , , y g vi h su b ec t and is not ntended as bearin u on the t e j , i g p question of j oinin g two word s into one ; but it is probable that a similar reasonin g has afi ected n r oc bularies the sel ection of term s for dictio a y v a . Many pairs of words which are grammatically correct without j oinin g in form have such u nified

D 18 ICTIONARY VO CABULARIES . two word s if oined at all should be solidified , j ,

in to one continu ou s word . His work was m ade as supplementary to the other dictionaries of his — time to explain term s not given in them a nd he a e su ch one -word orms as ba ttlc a intin g v f p g, camelswa llower court a rasite dee r ectin el , p , pp oj g, f

’ lowcandzda te oundlin hos ita l islandem ress , f g p , p , " la tel u rchased ma rria esettleme'nt romontor y/p ? g , p y shoulder rocura tionmone a l itSO histr rest , p y, p p p y, lessrollin sta e estm ' e ta estr han in and a g, g g , p y g g, great nu mber of others j ust as odd ; a nd he even gave this solid form to all su ch words in quota tion s from au thors who u ndoubtedly had written the term s as hyphen ed compounds in som e in n n h This stran e sta c es a d as t wo words in ot ers. g craze for solidifying had one c uriou s efi ect well ’ “ ” r h n in In PO e s d sse there is wo t ot g. p O y y a n ll n f ” m e tion of a the pha ntom na tio s o the dead . Jodrell gave as on e of his words not theretofore “ e lained hantomna tion with the definition A xp p , , ” l f r The later dictionaries mu titu de o spect es. ha e actuall co ied this takin the orm as if v y p , g f m f hantom and the suffi - a tion with - n in ade o p x , ’ serted for euphony " Webster s dictionary has A rance a of a hantom P ha ntomna tion a . ea s , pp p ; ” W ion b and ra m P o e. orcester illu s . "O s ] p “ ” “ n ll i n P o Th Im P hantomna tion . u s o . e. e t , I p ’ perial repeats Webster s entry verbatim " ’ Mr Jodrell s work e em lifies m erel a cur . x p y i ous crankiness which never obtained the support DI CTIO NARY VO CABULARIES . 19

of actual usage ; but there is extant in one of the ’ latest dictionaries Cassell s Encyclopedic Dic ” tion ary an ontré method which even the Phi lology on the English Langua ge did not surpa ss ” in surdi In the nc clo e c a la r ab ty . E y p di ge m aj ority of the phrases which have subordinate osit ons are rinted with h hens re ardless O f p i p yp , g m i l n tr ion I i ull of such the gram at ca co s uct . t s f

orm s as enitentia l-ca nons enitentia l-disci line f p , p p ,

h sica l- a stronom h sica l- educa tion and h si p y y, p y , p y

l- o r ca ge g aphy. ’ If the vocabul ary of Webster s dictionary d ated 1882 were followed throu ghou t in a work having m an n am es with ro er ad ectives the result y p p j , would be an illogical confusion like this : D utch clinker Dutch oven ndian corn I ndian cress I n , , I , ,

dian ile French- berr French-cha lk F rench- hone f , y, , y

suckle French leave German - millet German- aste , , , p , Germa n sa usa e Germa n silver Germa n steel Ger g , , ,

man tinder S a nish- ba onet S an ish cha lk S a nish , p y , p , p

erreta Welsh mort a e Welsh mutton etc . f , g g , , Accordin g to Worcester these n am es wou ld be

Dutch-clinkers Dutch-oven I ndian-corn I ndian , , ,

cress I ndian - le F rench- berr F rench-cha lk , fi , y, ,

F ren h- h n u kle French l a ve erma n- l c o e s c e G mi let. y , ,

German- aste Germa n- silver German - steel Ger p , , ,

ma n- tinder S anish- cha lk S a nish- erreto Welsh , p , p f ,

- mort a e Welsh mutton etc . In this dict onar g g , , i y, where the h henin idea re ails is the a bomi yp g p v ,

nable orm I ndian-arrow-root which no on e u ses f , ; CT 20 DI IONARY VOCABULARIES .

but the Six n ames given with Chinese are each two words their ro er orm as are also Dutch ( p p f ), ol n u g d a d D tch minera l. In the m erial D ion r all hinese I p ict a y C , Dutch I ndia n and Welsh name ar each two , , s e words but e er thin F rench German r S anish , v y g , , o p com ou is p nded . Probably as stran ge-seeming as any other c om ’ o nd be di co ere i W e l - orest p u to s v d s ebst r s B ackf , as to which term it is hard to find a reason why it hould be in di tionar cab ar in an orm s a c y vo ul y y f , n e i i merel e r l m It e em l si c t s y a g og aphica na e. x p i fies a s a compound a kind of reasoning the utility and applicability of which may be doubted ; it is a translation of a German name always written as one word Schwa rzwald and the le co ra hers , , xi g p m ust have given j oint form to the E nglish nam e sim l o m ake it a ree i h he ri n Th p y t g w t t o gi al . e n lish diom howe er differs rom the Germ an E g i , v , f in j ust the way which gives two English words as a translation of one Germ an word of this kind ; Black Forest is the orm of this nam e i n n l sh f E g i , ill a nd always w be . here is alwa s has been and robabl alwa s T , y , p y y will be con siderable disagreement among gram m arians as to detail s in the class fication of words i , an d this affects the consistency of treatment in the

ction aries. For nstance a ter is de ned as di i , f fi a n “ ecti e w th he remark tha it i u sed in adj v , i t t s ” - com os t on as in a ter a es. Now the rim ar p i i , f g , p y D CT I IONARY VO CABULARIES . 21 function of an adj ective IS the qualifyin g of a nou n as a separate word ; and if after in a ter- a es is an ad ecti e there is no rammat f g j v , g ’ cal reason for the com oun Webs er s n o i p di ng. t te abou t high in composition is given with the “ ad erb hi h in these word s : Hi h is e ten si el v g , g x v y u sed in the form ation of compoun d words insta ncin hi h- arched hi h- browed hi h crowned g g , g , g ,

i h- ri - h ced hi h roo ed and man others. Is i g p , g f , y t not fairly inferred that high in these words is taken as bein g an adverb ? But when we find a remark to the sam e effect abou t low placed with the ad ect e low w th low-a rched low- browed low j iv , i , , crowned low- riced and low-roo ed do we not in er , p , f , f reasonably that the lexicographer con siders this low to be an adj ective ? An d can any one say that hi h so u sed is one art of S eech and low g p p , another ? S uch differences in treatm ent run throu h all of the dict onar es and while each g i i , one ha s such incon sistencies no one a rees at all , g o i h hil Webster defin es p ints w t any other . W e “ low as an adverb in the clau se to sell wheat ” “ low the Centur Dic ionar c alls it an ad ec , y t y j “ ” “ ti e in wheat was low m ean n at a low v , i g ” ial efini price ; and while Webster gives a sp e c d “ ” an ad erb low for he m oon ru ns low tion of v t , the Cen tu r d oes not m ention his sentence y t , leaving its explanation to the adj ective definition “ ” with the example the sun is low. It is clearly seen that one authority considers low in such u se D 22 ICTIONARY VO CABULARIES . to be an ad erb and that the other classes it a s v , i an adj ect ve . If there is a series of anal ogous term s given in a dictionary with some in on e form and som e in another that series will n e er be r nted in , v p i any ordinary book With deliberate adoption of the — dictionary forms as F rench- cha lk and Spa nish

cha lk for instance . Su ch con u sion is here evi , f deu ced as to on e k nd of hrase and it affords i p , sufiicien t basis for the statem ent that there is no printing done in any offi ce or of any kind in which any diction ary vocabula ry is exemplified without han e Writers and rinters are all too lo cal c g . p gi to approve of and adopt such incon sistency in its entiret thou h of cou rse literature enerall y, g g y n i n o c m un ord is i cons ste t as t o po d w s. A ain the dictionaries are n ot intended b their g , y m akers to be taken as a n absol ute guide with mere reference to the forms as printed in the vocabu lario I is e identl su osed tha eo l in s. t v y pp t p p e general will apply some reasonin g anal ogou s to “ that of Sir Thomas Browne when he wrote : The m ortalest enem unto knowled e and that whi ch y g . hath done the reatest e ecution u on t ru th hath g x p , ” n erem tor adhesion un to authori Peo bee a p p y ty. le mu st do som e thinkin for them sel es an d p g v , n ot accept unhesitatin gly that which at first glance seem s to be rescribed bu t which m a u on fur p , y p ther examin ation be discovered to be in no sense a ormal rescri tion f p p . DICTIO NARY VO CABULARIES . 23

W ho re cri tion it ut something like a. formal p s p wh ch m a be relied u on as such howe er the i y p , v , persons m ost concerned with the practical exposi tion of lan guage m ust inevitably be at a loss in d ecidin g what is the best m ethod for attaining a ro ima e corr c ess pp x t e tn . The words of the English la nguage are classi fied and ar n r n l cal rules ra ged acco ding to a a ogi , and the na me of each pa rt of speech is given to a cate or of words each of which fu1fils S ecial g y , p classifying requirements as a separate member in the con r f en nc Gra mmat cal st uction o a s te e . i classification is not intended for the inclu sion of m ore than one word in each instance as a part ” of speech ; two or m ore words may be a n om nal hrase an ad ect al hrase a erbal hrase i p , j iv p , v p , an ad erbial hrase a re ositional hrase or an v p , p p p , nter ect onal hrase but n ot a nou n an ad ec i j i p , , j t e a er an ad erb a re osit on or an nter iv , v b, v , p p i , i ection e ce t b o n n the two or more for u se j , x p y j i i g as one or r diculous tatements ha e w d . Many i s v been m ade by grammar- writers which could a nd would have been avoided if this very Simple

ro osition had been reco nized . For nstance p p g i , “ a text - book in its fortieth edition says : An ad — . A r The recita tion j ective m ay consist of Wo d . r The hour or r hour has arrived . A P h ase. f eci

rr e A ent n e. The hour in ta tion has a iv d . S e c which we recite has arriv Whether recita tion as in the first sentence is an adj ective or not is a I T O N E 24 D C I ARY VO CABULARI S .

’ qu estion open to differin g opinion s; but for reci “ ” — tation is certainly not an adj ective it is a re osition an d a noun a re ositional hrase p p , p p p ; “ ” an d in which we recite is n o an ad ecti e nei t j v , “ ” her is it a n i ion is i n t se tence . This c tat g ve m erely as a sample of extreme carelessness which is only too common in School -books - the kind O f books which Should be preeminently accurate " “ ” Al l the world and the rest of mankind have been contributing m aterial for thir ty years ast toward the makin of a reat dictionar the p g g y, rst olu m e of which to the end of B is n ow u b fi v , , p “ lished as A New n lish D ctionar on Bistor E g i y, i ” al rin i les i D A . H r c c ed ted b r. am es u ra P p , y J . M y. It will undoubtedly contain a m ass of philological m aterial so valuable in itself that m ere inconsis tene in deta l ca n hardl afi e t i y i y c ts useful ness. It would not be u nreasonable to expect in su ch a work somethin g like a consistent classification of words whether S im le or com ou nd and a least , p p , t an approach to an application of principles so far ssible Y h of as po . et bot these desiderata are b olu l lackin a s te y g . S om ethin g m ay well be said here about the ” historical prin ciple in its bearin g on word form S . Dr urra as an e am le of one of his . M y, x p “ r nci les sa s that Sea Anemone is considered p i p , y ” lin uisticall as a s ecies of An em on e e identl ( g y) p , v y in tending this to be c onstrued as a statem ent that o r the n am e is pr pe ly written as two word s. It is

26 DICTIO NARY VO CABULARIES .

Here is a ra ndom selec tion of term s from the ” New n lish Dic tionar S howin di ersit of E g y, g v y treatment

’ Aaron s-be ard best-m an ’ Aaron s Rod be st m an ’ add er s-grass bond -holder ’ a dd er s-Spe ar bon dhold er ’ — - adder s tongue brick field ’ Bird s bill brickfield ’ Bird s P ease Bristol - red

’ Bird s tongue Brun swi ck black ’ bishop s-cap che ek blades ’ bishop s eld er ja w-bl ad es ’ bishop s-hat bush ald er ’ bishop s-l e aves bush-be an ’ bishop s w eed silk-worm ’ Cra n e s Bill Silkw orm ’ Lady s Sm ock m arrowbone Bank Cress m arrow -bon e Hedge -m u stard Sla ve - child al e-hon se paper-m on ey alehouse be ech-fin ch potato fru it be e ch m arten

All the possessive form s in this list are nam es of lants and as such the are strictl analo ou s p , y y g ’ bull s- e e in its usual arbitr r u Th i r to y a y se. e d ffe ences Shown as to compounding are as inexplica ble as the u se of capital letters in som e and not

in others. There is n o room for dou bt that di verse m ethods of word - treatm ent can be found on al m ost any page of the book ; yet it is impossible DICTIO NARY VO CABULARIES . 7 to accept this as evidence that the lexicographers think it u n necessary to indicate a preference for one orm o er another in an i en case Since f v y g v , such preferences a re occ asion ally distin ctly ex r In n i p essed . a art cle headed after it is said in cfiect that the very u ncommon term after-pagan ism is one wor but that a ter- roceedin s should d, f p g

- be two words. A ter course is se aratel defined f p y , “ ” an i ro erl wo ords d sa d to be p p y t w . This etym ology is given for bedside : Coalesced ’ rom bed s side in r hrases like b the beddes f p ep. p y ’ ” i = n o r m S de beside the bed ; thu s t a t ue co pound . “ ” Bankside is s m l sa d to be rom ba nk with i p y i f , n m n x n b w n l o o o e tion of side. Beeswa a d ees i a s s g, p sessive hrases coal esced are here et molo ized p , y g ” ” as bee and wa x and bee and win entirel , g, y rlo kin i Bedside is the on on ove o g the possess ve . ly e ” of these words marked as n ot a true com ou nd p , and this is said immediately after the statement “ ” that it is oalesc Coal escence is e actl w c ed . x y hat m akes such term s com ou nds an d all of the e p , s words are the tru est of tru e com ounds p . ’ Here is all of the article on bi rd s-nest which is

l wo or r 1 . h pe tinent : (Usual y t w ds. ) T e n est of bird 2 A cask or s mil ar shelter o r a . . i t p o ’ ” teet the m an on the look-ou t a crow s n us ; est. J t ’ “ ollowin are the erb bird s-nest to search for f g v , ’ ” ’ b rd s nests and the n ou n bird s-nestin search i , g, ’ ” - n The n r ing for bird s ests. o ly p oper form for ” ’ Simply the nest of a bird is bird s nest; but note D 23 ICTIO NARY VO CABULARIES . the definition of a lookout-basket by the possessive ’ phrase crow s nest (which can properly m ean n othin but an actual n est of an actu al crow g ), al so the use of the singula r possessive bird s with h lur l n t e p a ests. “ ” Brea d-crumb a c umb of bread is said to be , r , ” ro erl two words et brea d as a erb is de p p y , y v ” n to dre s with brea d- rumbs Bread-crumb fi ed s c . i n t ro rl wo wor s o p pe y t d s. There can be no doubt that carelessness and confusion in regard to classification are largely responsible for the lack of system in dictionaries ; and la nguage-teachin g books of all kinds will each undoubtedly contain m u ch m at ter u nworthy of u niversal acceptance as au thoritatively accura te

' u ntil some wr ter wiser than his redecessors i , p , exclu des from his work everything n ot directly warran ted by esta blished or thorou ghly support able principles. CHAPTER II .

B TE ’ NT T NAL D T NA WE S R S I ERNA IO IC IO RY.

’ THE foregoing referen ce to Webster s di ction ary is to the issue dated 1882 as are all others made , in Webst r ic this book . That edition is the e d tion ary which has been so long a standard author it an d it was e iden l m ade w th a ie w to its y, v t y i v use as such as well in re ard to word - orm s as , g f to an other eatu re thou h its orm s ha e not y f , g f v all b en n rr e a d could not all be adopted as co ect . A n ew edition is ust ubl shed with the title j p i , ’ ” Webster s nternational Dictionar and a er I y, v y prominent fact in its make-u p is a direct disclaim er o f wor Such f authority as to the compounding o ds. absolute reversal of m ethod in a standard work cer tainly in vites inquiry into the reason and the result — ' of it an inquiry which m ay best be begun with the citation of a paragraph under the head of ” lanator Notes on a e c iii as ollows Exp y , p g x v , f

“ It will be observe d that the hyphen "me aning the hyphen in c ompou nd s] is less freque ntly u sed t han in form er dit n S om w d i r not in fre uentl e io s. e or s wh ch a e q y so c onnecte d "m e a ning c onn e cted by the hyphen] are given a c ntinu ou ord t er a r e s. The en in com s o s w s, o h s s ph as hyph

29 WEB TER ’ NTERNAT NAL D T NA 30 S S I IO IC IO RY.

oun ds seem s to m a e the com on en t word s vi i l di tinct p k p s b y s . The ra c tic e of l e ic o ra ers a ut ors a nd ri nters is so p x g ph , h , p various in this m atter that in a m ultitude of in stan ce s it is hype rcritic al or whim sic al to pron oun c e dogm atic ally that

‘ e ither the u se or the omission of the hyphe n is the only c orre c t form The e n ra rin i f . g e l p c pl e ollow ed in this work is to refra in from u sin the h hen 1 w e n the words g yp , ( ) h have the sa m e m e an in g in u nc onnec te d suc c e ssion as when oin ed a nd 2 w e n the c om ound m h o j , ( ) h p a y have t e f rm of a c ontin uous w ord without confusin the e e But t i n g y . h s pri ci le owever re ason a l e c an n ot be ri idl a li d p , h b , g y pp e , e c a use ood usa e w ic m u st be re s ecte d d oe s n b g g , h h p , ot ” in vari l c onf rm to i ab y o t .

“ Now the ractice of l e ico ra hers ha b n , p x g p s ee ostensibl a s it u ndoubtedl should be the record y, y , in of the best literar u sa e i n all res ec ts and it g y g p , was reasonable to suppose that the editor of Web ’ ster s dictionary had m ade su ch a record to the best of his abilit . The scholarl world a s well as the y y , o ular has assu m ed that this was done but it p p , ; can n ot be assu m ed in re ard to the n ew edition g , becau se such a ur ose is distinctl i ow p p y d sav ed . Hyphened compound words exist plen tifully in the En glish l angu age so plentifully that no lexicographer has ever m ade a full exhibit of them ; but it is only the confu sed practice of authors a nd printers which gives the lexicog r hoice of orm for hi r r I raphe a c f s s eco d . n de ciding that the tearin g apart of m any thorou ghly established compound word s is proper for a sta nd ard dictiona r the editor of the work u nder con y, ’ WEBSTER S INTERNATIO NAL DICT IO NARY. 31

Sideration tries to j u stify his decision by obj ecting “ ‘ that the hyphen in compoun ds seems to Inako the ” component words visibly distinct ; and here he catches up a fact which Should have influenced him to ado t one mode and uses it as a n e cuse p , x r ad n another The ordinar h hened fo opti g . y yp compound in English is a sort of tran sition between the hrasal orm and that of the continuous word p f , and the hyphen when properly used m arks the fact that the words j oined by it are arbitrarily ssocia ted in literal m eanin thereb becom n a a g, y i g compound instead of a gramm atically constructed r his is the onl r nc le wh ch can ph ase . T y p i ip i l hrou h c re ul com riso r be evo ved t g a f pa n of fo ms. Many literal compounds have assu med the con

~ tin uous .fi ure for ar ou s reasons thou h these g , v i , g term s are so few comparatively that they m ust be nsi r c n nstead of consti u n co de ed as ex eptio s. I t ti g a le itimate ob ection to the h hen the ac t that g j yp , f “ ” it m akes the component words visibly distinct is h re on for i s u se t e exact a s t . There is a nother reason for the use of the hyphen (or rather another phase or part of the foregoing reason) which has been overridden in h i r r As a m er of r n t e c ted pa ag aph. att p i ci le it is onl because the words in unconnected p , y succession have not the sam e meaning as when joined that the hyphen is u sed ; therefore there is no principle that j ustifies the frequent disrupt ing of real compounds which has been ind ulged in ’ N N TI NAL D CTIO N 32 WEBSTER S I TER A O I ARY.

nin The difieren for the reason based on m ea g. ces of meaning as between phrasal and hyphened form s are a mply illu strated in the practical part

of this treatise. When the c ompound m ay have the form of a ” continu ous word Without confusing the eye sug r Is i gests a pregna nt qu e y . t to be expected that ’ a ny one m an s decision that a certain solid -word form does n ot confuse his eye will be accepted as full j ustification for that form ? Of course the expression is in tended to apply to English eyes in general ; but it wa s an individ ual eye which made the dec ision s for the work in which the forms are shown and there are m a n of these orm s which , y f

o i r Th e - u m wil l n t su t some othe eyes. e ye j dg ent of one m an can n ever stand as the absolute

on nt of a rinci le in l n ua exp e p p a g ge. F nall the assertion that ood usa e mu st be i y, g g ” res ected is here laced in an odd connection p p , since good u sage has been ve rv little respected in “ ’ ” kin he Web t r s ntern tion I ma g t s e I a al . t will be pertinent to select som e fa miliar term s and show orm the ha e in this diction ar the f s y v y . Walking-stick is probably as widely recognized n h hen ed com ound and man other nam as a y yp p , y es of the sam e kin d are u niversallv written with the

h hen thou h n ot so m an as should be . hi s yp , g y T class of j oinin gs is so familiar even as to have “ ” ri to a oke in Pu ck robabl su ested given se j , p y gg ’ by some printed m ention of a printer s imposing

B E ’ 34 WE ST R S INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY.

’ Every one knows bull s-eye as a hyphened com ound and there are m an Sim lar com ound p , y i p

words most re uentl as names of lants. , f q y p Of course usa e is n ot settled as to he e term s but g t s , there is no reason to beli eve that a n atural differ an n d u be e n n of h m ence c be poi te o t tw e a y two t e . “ ’ ” Here are a few from Webster s I nternational

’ ’ lady s bower add er s-tongue ’ ’ l ady s Slipper crane s-bill ’ ’ dragon s he ad snake s- head ’ ’ miller s thu mb tiger s-foot ’ ’ goat s ban e d og s-ban e ’ ’ Sheep s be ard sheep s-eye

Thi s list shows all the continuous form s of thi s kind which were noticed in a somewhat hasty e rch here are m an nam es of th s nature s a . T y i in the book enerall a series in each nstance , g y i of he r occu rren ce and the two-word orm and t i , f the hyphened compound have alm ost a regular na i ll throu h alter t on a g . A category of term s widely recognized as com

- - n poun ds comprises words ending in er and i g. In the n ew Webster these term s appear in three orms as ollows f , f

apple borer a nt-eater figeater bell be arer armor-bearer cu pbe arer cave dweller lake - dwell er bu shfighting c otton stainer l ady-killer Offic eholder razor grinder hay-cutter vin edresser water breather water-bearer streetwalker EBSTER’ INTERNATI AL TI N R W S ON DIC O A Y. 35

Names of fishes b rds and shells mollusks , i , ( ) appear with the following inconsistencies

band fish n eedl efish bal loon fish c andlefish razor fish prickl efish bur fish swa llowfish

bower bird riflebird hummi n g bird yellowbird tailor bird thornbird weaver bird thistl e bird apple shell tongue -shell boat Shell turtl e - shell needl e shell tulip- shell ra zor Shell turnip-shell

It will be seen that the n a mes with fish exhibit no u se of he h hen bei either two r t yp , ng words o a sol d word and that e - bird is the onl h hen ed i , gg y yp orm with bird wh le on the other hand the shell f ; i , , n m r w s i h r h hened r se r d a es a e al ay e t e yp o pa ate . The differences shown in the list are typical of No f r the rk all throu h. w o cou se one m a wo g , y find these names in any shape or all shapes in literatur e ; but is it n ot the duty of a lexicog rapher to select one gen eral form for such n me and to Show them all in that orm be a s, f cause it is as nearl as he can decide the best' , y , way in which to write them ? If the lexic og raphers will not express any authoritative Opin ion about a m atter SO eas to dec de who is o y i , t resolve the dou bt ? Certainly it is not well to WEB ’ 36 STER S INTERNATIO NAL DICTIO NARY.

conclude that this whollv unnecessa ry c onfusion m n I i o lik that ust remain unchalle ged . t s n t ely a ny one m an could m ake a record of all English phraseology SO clearly classified and diiferentiated that it would be u nquestionably adopted by every one but there is no room for doubt with respect to the advisability of giving to the nam es above noted one eneral orm and there is n o wei ht of g f , g o u in ood u a e has n ot been go d sage a ga st it . G s g ’ respected in this m atter in m aking the Webster s ” nterna ional n or in the orm s of the ne t l st I t , f x i

air way d og fan cier hair grass baby fa rm d oghol e hair worm baby jumper d ogsick harpin g iron bla st pipe dogsleep hu mmin g bird ’ bre echblock d ogtrick l eopard s bane breech pin ear sn ail lowborn bu shha mm er earc oc kl e m arsh m allow c an dle bom b e arre ach m a ster w ork c an dleholder earwitn ess m eal w orm checkstring eyetooth m oor fowl chim n ey c ap fan cywork m oss rose c him n ey- piec e farfetche d m usk root cl osehan ded fast d ay n eedl ebook closefisted fi eldpiece nerve fibe r close mouthe d fire beetl e n ewfa shi oned clothespre ss flower he ad n icker nu t c offe ehou se gall bl adder night key c orn dodger gold en - eye old wife 1 c ustomhouse golden -rod otter hound dishwater grainfield paper w eight down stroke gun cotton parrot weed 1 A fi sh or a bird and ro erl old wi e for either. , p p y f ’ WEBSTER S INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY. 37

pa ssin g bell powderfla sk splinterproof pinfe ather powder room sid esa ddle pipe fitter powd ermill sla ughterhouse pl an t c utter ropedanc er sugarhou se pocketknife rudderhole thun d ershower pollen m a ss rudd erpost wasteba sket pou ncet box sand bag weatherboarding powderhorn san dglass woolgathe ring

In place of the paragraph in the old edition which S aid that hand is m uch u sed in c omposi “ t on we n o re told tha nd is o ten u sed i , w a t ha f ad ecti el or in com ounds as ha nd blow or j v y p , ” “ nd - l Un er r i is said tha t a er ha b ow etc . d a e t , p p p p is o ten u sed ad ecti el or in combinat on f j v y i , ” - as a er wei ht a er wei ht a erwei ht etc . p p g , p p g , p p g , here are m an m ore of these indecisi e rem arks T y v , and in m ost instances the u nreasonable two-word form which happen s to be so pregnant in excuse fir I i r l Of omitted titles is placed st . t s p obab y be cause of thi sill-fou nded Opinion (that the first ele ment in the term is an adj ective) that one can not ascerta in by mean s of this dictionary what a

or- r r i The term is not i en in an col bea e s. g v y form ; an d am ong other words which are not entered are color-box color-cha rt color- circle color , , , com ara tor color -cone color-c linder color-dia ra m p , , y , g , color-doctor color- ua rd color- line color- a rt color , g , , p y, reaction color -sensa tion color-striker color- tria ngle , , — , , l r- a ria tion olor- variet 7 all terms wh ch ar co o v , c y i e not sel -e lainin as m a be seen b consult n f xp g, y y i g ” the entur D ctionar from wh ch th C y i y, i ey are 38 WEBSTER’S INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY

B a all e s d f t e act h t selected . ut wh t Sh b ai o h f t a there is n o definition of mind-reader in this new Webster nor of m an other t rms which certa nl , y e i y dem and definition The omissions m ay be left to k f Spea or themselves. B wa of ca n the cl ma it m a be noted y y ppi g i x, y “ ’ that the Webster s International gives such three-word form s as wa ter star grass (three n ouns in u nconnected succession orsooth meadow reed , f rass three nouns sea wood louse another tr o g ( ), ( i ’ “ of nou ns and a lse Solomon s sea l as if the eal ), f ( s ” of alse Solomon but in realit a lant called the f , y p ’ l n - fa se Solomo s seal). It is somewhat rem arkable that this dictionary should in effect declare that the recommendations in its former editions were hypercritical and ” “ wh msical ust when it is nnounced tha t the i , j a uniformity observed in the use of the hyphen has ‘ ’ already m ade The Century Dictionary a sta ndard ” - Ho r rue i l in many printing ofiices. weve t th s atter nnouncement ma be the m ere act that a certa n a y , f i dictionary is uniform in this respect (and it cer tainly is m ore nearly so than any other) does not m eet the demand for reasons why some words n d n other r should be j oi e a d s sepa ated . HA C PTER III.

T IDIOMA IC PHRASES .

IT woul d seem an easy logical decision that any arrangement of words in regular grammatical construction m ust be correctly written as . a suc cess on of se arate words Since rul es of ramm ar i p , g and word-classification m ust be made in accor d n e i r ze and tabl hed u of wor a c w th e c ogni d es is ses ds

in their normal relations. It is not hard to find e idence howe er that th s ro os t on the er v , v , i p p i i , v y simplest possible about lan guage in its primary use does not alwa s resent tsel to the resum , y p i f p ably scholarly mind with Su fii cient force to secure h r i u n ue na n i l t e c edence to which it s q stio bly e t t ed . A forcible illustration of the fact that a scholar may be misled to a remarkable extent by hasty m ressions is ound in the ollowin from Phi i p f f g, ” - lolo of the n l sh on ue b the Rev. ohn gy E g i T g , y J

arle an ord ro essor. He is reatin of E , Oxf p f t g what he classes as one of three orders of English com ound s the runnin to ether of all the words p , g g of a phrase in normal constru ction

The c hief symbol which threads together "such] com ‘ ’ ’ oun ds i s the ro osition of a s c oat- of-arms will -o p p p , , ’ the-wis eat-d -nine-tail man -of-war li t-o -love tic et p, s, , gh , k D T P 40 I IOMA IC HRASES .

of-leave The di tincti n e n m d . s o betw e co poun s and constructs is a delicate on e so m uc so t at two ersons of li e irt , h h p k b h o i r and e du c ation m ay be foun d t d fi e upon it . When how ’ ever we see the o a rad ed to o or w en we ear it in f b , h h ’ s eec as we often ear man-o -war t en t ere is no dou t p h , h , h h b f r i n T i f of the compoun d sta te o that exp ess o . h s cla ss o com ounds is essentiall Frenc an d it is from our n i p y h, e gh t f m in bors that we have caught he art o ak g them . Thus we ’ sa after t em word -o -comma nd m ot- d ordre oi nt-o y h f , p f ’ n - n But the instances in w ic e m honor poi t d hon eur . h h w ake use of it are far le ss nu merous than those in which we keep to our natur l com und t at of the First O rder . His a po , h " “ ” n I l first order is the c oupling of two oun s. ] t is on y nec e ssary to ofi er a few examples by whic h it will appear how very far we are from overtaki ng the Fren c h in the use ’ of t eir com ound —master- iece chef-d aauvre countr -house h p p , y m aison-de -c am a ne rail-roa d c emin -d e -fer ni ht-ca bon p g , h , g p net-d e-nuit o -hea d tete-d e- avot lush- breeches culottes ,p ppy p , p

- - - - de eluc e P ost ( ice Bureau de Poste . An d if we ac ce t p h , M p som e of t eir com oun ds wit de we imi ta te n one of t ose h p h , h — which they so readily m ake with other prepositions arc

-eiel ra inbow verre a vin wine - lass m anc e a al ai e n , g , h b ” - broom stick.

This paragraph is quoted here for the express u r ose of criticism notwithstandin the act that p p , g f its criticiser would advocate an entirely different method in any ordin ary instru ctional writing ; its office is one of such u tility that the criticism may reasonably be expected to exhibit at Sight a suffi ’ r Previous uni ersal ne le r cient ra ison d et e. v g ct o carelessness in regard to thi s phase of language renders it absolutely impossible to teach any kind of approxim ate consistency without warnin g

IDI I P 42 OMAT C HRASES . writer Should seriously propou nd an opinion so u tterly unfounded as that when the word of is a braded to o’ in writ n or when th ou nd wh ch i g, e s i ’ “ 0 re resents is heard there is no dou t of the p , b compoun d state of that expression ” "Such Short eh in ndicates merel hast s eech an d has n o g i y y p , bearin u on the nu mber f r k g p o wo ds Spo en . A soldier for nstance is occas onall s oken of as a , i , i y p ” ma n of war a nd these word o u sed should al , s s wa s be taken as three words in literal m eanin y g, ” a man concerned with war ; yet a person given ’ to hasty speech would be as likely to say man 0 ’ ’ war for this m eaning as m an -O - war or Ship 0

r- M n- -w i r war for a wa essel. a o a r s ht and v f ig , shi o war is ri ht and the both co rectl name p f g , y r y a vessel o war the first term is a com oun d word f ; p , and each of the other term s is a phrase composed of three se arate words and can n e er ro erl p , v p p y ’ be a com oun d an more than Tam o Sha nter in p , y ’ ’ ’ its l teral sense bar l o our cake 0 soa book i , fl , p, 0’ h la or an other hrase of the same char t e p y, y p

acter . The statement that this class of compound s is ” essentially French can not readily b e proved to r l u n ounded s nce it is n ot im roba l be enti e y f , i p b e that such compounds may ha ve been m ade in French before any one actu ally gave the j oined form to an English term of this kind ; but it is at least of dou btful utility to say u n qualifiedly r treatin solel of the use of h hens in a chapte g y yp , IDI TI P OMA C HRASES . 43

e en in a book on hil olo that e co the v p gy, w py

French in su ch a m atter . It is er eas howe er v y y, v , to Show that this writer has allowed a hasty im pression to mislead him into writing somethi ng very erroneou s instead of the helpful exposition of prin ciples which his better judgment might have e ol ed if e ercised There i in th n v v x . s e se tence crit ’ icised a violent contradiction of the writer s own remark ust reced n it that that lo cal lan , j p i g , gi ua e the French is stron er in s n tax than in g g , , g y ” com ounds. French is stron er in s nta and p g y x, so is English in the matter of literal expression of the articul ar construction here cons dered ord p i . W of command and point of honor are the proper and ’ u ni ersal orms in n lish mot d ordre an d oint v f E g , p ’ d honneur in French; these term s never have the oint orm in e ther lan u a e and the should not j f i g g , y The Fr n ri mai m n have it . e ch w te son de ca a e p g , chemin de er bonnet de nuit tete de avot culottes f , , p , de eluche Burea u de P aste and n e er com oun p , , v p d n n f h m r n ra ik h m T a y o e o t e o a y ph se l e t e . hey ’ do wr te de nt- de-lion for l on s-tooth d andelion i i ( ), an d other com oun d nouns of this kind an d so p , consistently that it m ust be don e for the sam e reason which leads to Similar compou nds (as man

o -war for a Shi in n lish P lush-breeches is f p) E g . absolutel erroneou s an d it m a be doubted y , y whether m any people can be fou nd who would “ wr te it so it means breeches m ade of lush ” i ; p , and it is a perfectly familiar principle in English 44 IDIOMATIC PHRASES . that the name of the m aterial of which a thing is m ade is a separate attributive adj ective before the nam e of the h n as in brick house an d stone wa ll t i g, , for instance n am es wh ch e en this same writer , i v Bu h f cites in the separated form . t t e height o inconsistent carelessn ess or careless inconsistency is reach d h n we fin d below in e em l n a e w e , x p ifyi g difference of com oundin in the two lan ua es p g g g , — form s which are not even here compou nded verre " d vin and ma nche d ba lai " Surely if the French ” so readily m ake compounds with prepositions other than de and they do u nder certain condi — , tion s one might reasonably expect a m an who teaches lan ua e in m ak n such a com ar son g g , i g p i , to cite compou nd form s rather than in stances of the strong syntax whi ch even he acknowledges as the prevalent French m ethod " If the m atter criticised could be truthfully con sidered as Showing a m ere personal and excep tion al a ar there could hardl be an v g y, y excuse r i n mu ch a ten n T fo g vi g SO t tio to it. his is j usti ed howe er b the act hat er a r fi , v , y f t ev y u tho in whose work the writer has found anything about compou nd words has written something j ust as here is no e cu for n unreasonable. T x se co sidering as com ounds such literal hrases as coa t o arms p p f , r icket o leave w r m oint o hono t o d o co mand etc . p f , f , f , , though all of those m en tioned have been so con sidered in the writings of well-known philologists ;

r . arsh who was cer a nl and M . G. P M , t i y well known D I I IOMAT C PHRASES . 45

as a h lolo st nstanced in a oot-note as a t cal p i gi , i f ypi

clu ms French com ound canne-d-sucre-de- la Chine y p , a phrase nam e 1 which no Frenchman would ever think of compounding " The Simpl e principle in dicated above is directly opposed to on e kind of compounding which is not — u ncommon adverb an d adj ective in attributive ” - use as in a newl married cou le for instance. , y p , The adverb and adj ective together really express one attr but e dea but it is a com le idea not i iv i , p x , a com ound one and is accuratel re resented b p , y p y the two se arate words which are thus in the p , regular construction provided for them by gram m — r m i es h ar the adve b od fi t e adj ective. N0 one “ writes a compound in a clau se like a more numer ” ous cl s of words et the same e nc ul as , y d fe e wo d be avail able for more- numerous that has to be adduced for newly-married there is really but one r u e dea in each of them thou h each i att ib tiv i , g s or It onl h properly written as two w ds. is y w en the adverb is without the regul ar termination which at once m arks it as such that there is any a n in com ound n it with an ad ect e as in g i p i g j iv , ” h earliest- known rel cs to d stin u sh it rom t e i , i g i f

1 rm is used ad visedl inste ad of hrasa l na me to ill us This te y, p , I m n nam h in trate the proper effect of meaning. t ea s a e a v g the ” -n sh uld e i n for the m n form of a phrase. P hrase a me o b wr tte ea ” in “ n m of a hrase as in s eakin of the term ad verbial g a e p , p g phrase ” as bei ng the n ame of a phrase having the effect of an

ad verb. O f course the parti cula r disc rimination is rather minute i i n o for i u r i n for real practice ; t is g ve nl y ll st at o . 46 IDIOMATIC PHRASES .

“ ” “ the earl est known relics the first mean n the i , i g relics which were earliest known (known befor e an others and the second und ers in h y ), , tood t e l ht of ramm atical cons ruc tion be n nca abl e ig g t , i g i p “ of conveying any idea other than the earliest ” relics wh ch are known of earlies ex stence i ( t i , o earliest dis o er If su rm h n t c v ed). ch a fo as t e abo e newl -ma rried is ri ht then m u st Herbert v y g , ’ Spencer s frequ ent com pou nds of the same nature be ri ht and his works are disfi ured b them g , g y ” throu hou t as in litera ll - descri tive nam e g , y p , ” meta hori ca ll -descri tive n ame a arentl p y p , pp y ” a rti cia l cerem on sca rcel - erce tible n fi y, y p p

exclusivel -militant stru ctures increasin l y , g y im ortant u nction s an d m an other S m l ar p f , y i i But the conclu ion i res ful l u phrases. s s pect y s b mitted that there is n o gain of any kind in such o nin s and that on the contrar there is the j i g , , y, gain of Simplicity and constru ction al accuracy in not m aking them . CHA T IV P ER .

A VER D T D BS AN PREPOSI IONS USED AS ADJECTIVES .

IT m ay be well to say here that a principle kept constan tl in iew and a lied throu hout thi s y v , pp g treatise is that or s should e class ed as arts , w d b ifi p of speech accordi ng to their Significance rather than because of re orm A ca e in o nt is me f . s p i h wor a r n u rm i is a t e d cco di as ust sed . In o t g, j f art ci le but w n used bo e i is in i s si ni p i p , he as a v t t g

fication an ad erb. In l ne with this durin an v i , g, other art c al orm is a re os t on and near p i ipi f , p p i i ; , nearer nea rest ni h ni her ni hest and next the , , g , g , g , ( last bein g really but another form of nighest) are used ell t call as re osition s notw thstand n ip i y p p , i i g the fact that grammar does n ot provide for com “ ar son of re os t ons. hu s in the nearest p i p p i i T , ” “ hou se and the next hou se nearest and next are ad ect es becau se the are in the attr buti e j iv , y i v relation to house they attribute to the house a In re in e same certain relative position . exp ss g th dea th nclu on of the rel ated ob ect as in i wi i si j , “ this nearest house to ones’s ” the next house J , ’ ” be ond ones s nearest nd nea t rema n d ec y J , a i a j

47 43 ADVER BS AND PREPOSITIONS

tives but the attr but e de r e nde , i iv i as a e xte d to neare o n ’ n n ’ ” st t Jo es s a d ext beyond Jones s. If these phrases are so u sed instead of the other ’ ” construct on as in the hou se nearest o ones s i , t J , “ ’ ” the house ne t be on d ones S nearest and nea t x y J , are ad erbs meanin in the losest os t on v , g c p i i “ ” and at the least di stance ; the attri bu tion is chan ed to red cat on and three arts of s eech g p i i , p p are used in the red cati e assert on an ad erb p i v i v , a re os t on and a n ou n be n to ether what p p i i , i g g might reasonably be called a complex adjective ” e r s n but not an ad ect e becau se n xp es io , j iv , a e is ro erl a word onl No hin can adj ctive p p y y. t g be m ore important to a systematic understanding of language construction than the proper restric tion Of classifyin g na mes. N0 other interchange of classification is more re u ent than that of ad erb and re osit on and f q v p p i , vic v rsa and in these cases at l east the chan e e e , g is enerall due to elli s s. Down for nstance is g y p i , i , ” in down to the street but it is a re an adverb , p p “ osition in down the street in the first expres sion it indicates direction without a recipient object (that toward which the motion is directed is o erned b the re osition to and in the sec g v y p p ), ond it indicates the direction of m otion as upon an ob ect tsel o ernin street h s same in j , i f g v g . T i terchange of relation is seen in the last-mentioned use of nea rest and nea t and the same clauses with to and be ond om tted but without chan e of y i , g

50 ADVERBS AN D PREPOSITIONS

inaccurate could be said about this word and ’ others than the ollowin rom Goold "Brown s f g, f “ ” Grammar of n l sh Grammars a e 287 : E g i , p g

The term s ore and hind ront nd rear ri ht and le t f , f a , g f , in and out hi h a nd low to a nd bottom u and down u er , g , p , p , pp and under mid and a ter all but the la st air are in direct , f , p , contra t wit c r M n f t em are often oined s h ea h othe . a y o h j in com osition wit ot er words and som e w en u sed as p h h ; , h ad ec tives of l ace are rarel se arated from t eir n ouns j p , y p h

- - as inlan d out ou se mid sea a ter a es. Practic e is ere , , h , , f g h so c a riciou s I fin d it difficult t d termine w et er the p , o e h h com ou ndin of t e t rm i r r r n o It is a c se p g h se e s s p ope o t . a a out whic he t at in uires m ost m er a s be m ost in b h h q , ay p h p u If th do bt . e join ing of the words prevents the possibili ty of mista in the ad ective for a re osition it revents al so k g j p p , p the se arate cla ssification of the ad ective an d the noun a nd p j , thus in som e sen se d e stroys the form er by m aking the whole ” a noun .

Somethin er m uch m ore sin ular howe er g v y g , v , n i Dr A H urr in has bee sa d b . . a he y . J . M y, t ” New n l sh D ctionar about the word a ter E g i i y, f , in n r in In h both the i t oduction and the text. t e ” General lanations under the sub-head Exp , Comb nations ” is the ollowin i , f g

‘ In the t ree sentences A ter consid era tion had ee n h , f b ’ ‘ iven to the ro osal it wa s dul acce ted A ter con g p p , y p , f ’ ‘ id era tio n the ro osal was ac ce ted A ter-considera tion s p p p , f ’ had own him his mista e we ave first no imm e dia te Sh k , h syntactic relation between after ( c onjunctive adverb) an d considera tion secon dl the relation of re osition an d oh y, p p ct t irdl the relation of attri ute and su sta n tive closer je ; h y, b b , he fir t l u l h nd in t i than t s , ess sua t an the sec o (s ce af er s m ore USED As ADJECTIVES . 51

But ter-con c om m on ly a pre position tha n an adjective ) . af sid era tion is n ot reall a sin le word an more than subsc y g , y u cnt considera tion ulle r considera tion the en bein q , f hyph g m erel a c onvenient el to the e nse w ic would be y h p s , h h c l e arly expressed in speech by the differe nt phrase -ac centua ’ i n An d as t is el to the se nse is not alwa s t o . h h p y u all n ec essa r nor its ne d u ll a recia ted in the e q y y, e eq a y pp

a m e lace it is im ossi le t at its u e s ould be un iform . s p , p b h s h N eve rt eless a ter-considera tion as u ed above is on the h f , s , w a to ecom e a sin le word w ic reconsi era tion c ie y b g , h h d ( h fly e c ause re is not a se arate word but also ecause we b p , b ” v re n is be ha e co side r) reckoned to .

That Goold Brown Should confess a difliculty determ n n an th n is r ther sur ris n bu t i i g y i g a p i g, m r r m i n n o o e so than a e so e of his determinat o s. He wa s r ht in sa n h r iou ig yi g t a t practice is cap ic s. It is certa nl better in such a e howe er that i y cas , v , a c onsisten t treatment be nd thou h that i icated , g c ould hardly be done by a grammarian who rec ognizes the fact that an adj ective paired nor m ally with a following noun should be a separate word and et can not erce e that a ter is not , y p iv f n d ecti in he u e men n Dr urra a a j ve t s tio ed. . M y labors under the same lack of er e t on and is p c p i , by it misled into the rem arkable assertion that “ ” a ter-comidera tion is not reall a sin le word f y g , “ i n h ” but s o t e way to becom e a Single word . Su ch a term as after- considera tion can never chan ge in form ; as such m atters stan d now in n l sh it can ne er be one wor hou h E g i , v d wit t t e

h hen A ter- on dera on n - yp . f c si ti a d after ages are 52 ADVERBS AND PREPOSITIONS

not ad ecti e an d nou n but re osition a nd noun j v , p p ; the only grammatical reason for the compounding — — and it is a sufficient reason is that it prevents the possibility of mistaking the preposition for an ad ecti e rather than the contrar wa in whi ch j v , y y Goold Brown puts it " S uch term s can be accu rately defined only with after used as a preposi ” “ tion as in considerat on a ter an e en t a es , i f v , g ” a ter a c ertain er od of time an d such defin t on f p i , i i is instinctively u nderstood whenever the terms are u sed ; the full expression incl udes an adj ective idea bu t a ter is a re osition o ernin the , f p p g v g u nderstood noun and so whil e it lainl re re , , p y p sents an ad ecti e it is m erel trans lanted into j v , y p a connection impossible to provide for in any way m kin n n Th f bu t by a g a compou d oun . e ew cases in which after may properly be cal led an adj ective “ are the nautical uses in which it m ean s more aft ” and e en these are not al wa s clearl dif , v y y h r ferentiated from the ot e uses. Down u a r throu h an d some other words , p , f , g , of the sam e nature have seldom been classed as ad ecti es b rammar an s or le co ra hers j v y g i xi g p , being generally j oined with the noun in com nd orm It seem s clear that in som e instan pou f . ces of u se before a nou n any one of these words is fully entitled to the separation belonging to an ribu i e ad ecti e which meanS of course that att t v j v , , , in he articul ar u se it is an ad ecti e. horse t p j v , ide and o da are alwa s or at least ener of s , ff y y ( g ED A US S ADJECTIVE S . 53 all treated each as two words the n a bove and y) ; , , within are often used before a n oun without “ ” “ oinin as in the then President the abo e j g, , v ” h ” acts and t e w th n a ers. The last three f , i i p p are not ele ant e ress on s but the are in actu al g xp i , y ‘ use and that is suflicient for the resent ur ose. , p p p All the qualifyin g words in these examples are e actl analo ou s to down u ar and throu h x y g , p, f , g th ar c mm nl d r i i n N0 ey e o o y a ve bs or prepos t o s. one would wr te then-President a bove- a cts within i , f ,

- a ers or 0 horse etc . or at least an one of p p , , ; , , y these form s would certainly be considered an oddit the reader ha ened to not ce it w h y, if pp i it

an thou ht of orm . Down train down tri u y g f , p, p train u tra ck a r side throu h ticket throu h , p , f , g , g assen er and all other Similar airs of words p g , p m lar as o sen se of course — Show such al a si i t , p p bl likeness to the others abo e m entioned and e v , are so read l de ens ble each as two words that i y f i , n othin g m ore than the mere comparison seem s actually necessary by way of argument ; yet som e of these phrases are comm only treated as com “ i ri The m er al Dic pounds in the d ctiona es. I p i ionar defines throu h as an ad ecti e with t y g j v , through passenger and through j ourney as exam les et it es throu h- ticket throu h- tra c and p , y giv g , g ffi , som e others as compou nds ; an d this is only one of innum erable inconsistencies which exist in all dictionaries " ” “ The then President mean s the then-incum 54 ADVERBS AND PREPOSITIONS AS ADJECTIVES .

” n bent President. The a bove facts mea s the - r n is a down above sta ted facts. A down t ai ” - i ward going train . A through train s a. ” - n through going train . Every such term is insti c tively u nderstood with som e suCh natural exten s on nd he e tended e ress on is certa nl i , a t x xp i i y adj ective ; therefore an adverb or a preposition used in i s stead become an ad e i e and has t s j ct v , the function of a separate word in regular adjec i h n n wh h an t val relation to t e oun . The cases i ic adverb or a preposition should be j oined to a fol lowing noun are fully typified by after in com n pou ds. N N U ED A JE T C U S S AS D C IVES .

NO TwrrHS TANDmG the acknowledged fact that almost an n oun ma be used attr buti el er y y i v y, v y few words which are primarily and most com m oul y nou ns are defined as adjectives in the die Th mi a u n n tionaries. e most fa li r way of si g a ame ecti el is the no n in connect on with a a dj v y ti g, i wh ch names some h n made r abr cated n oun i t i g o f i , h m aterial of wh ch it is made b us n the t e i , y i g m e of he m ater al us be ore he her n ame n a t i j t f t ot , An m m a s in gold pen and silk dress. y na e of a ate rial m ay be so used as well as any other ; there

is no choice . Wh then do the lexico ra her y, , g p s m ake a choice b de nin some and om t n , y fi g i ti g others ? Their work is ostensibly a record of a ll ood u ses of words and man eo le n g , y p p i sist that a word not defin ed in the dictionary can not be a ’ rd r i n good wo . Worceste s d ctio ary gives adjec t ve definitions of cherr co er cora l cotton i y, pp , , , lass old iron la wn linen sa ti n silk stone vel g , g , , , , , , , vet, an d robabl man o h r s h r I p y y t e uc wo ds. t does not so de ne brass brick bronze lead ma ho an fi , , , , g y,

55 N UN E A I E 56 O S US D S ADJECT V S .

’ oa k ine tin or zinc. Webster s dict onar has , p , , i y ad ect e entr es rom amon the words ih j iv i , f g stanced of cherr co er lass iron linen and , y, pp , g , , , velvet but not of an other thou h som e ad ect e , y , g j iv

uses of such words are noted in the noun entries. These inconsistencies are mentioned here mainl y becau se this very laxity of system is probably re Sponsible for the m any cases in whi ch certain u ses n r l r c of am es a e erroneous y eckoned as adj e tive. The wi' iter has heard an o n on as comin rom pi i , g f a gentlem an who is supposed to know the language well that there is n o reason for writin a er box , g p p for on e m eanin g and paper-box for another ; and of course he mu st have considered paper as an i e i bo h c s adj ect v n t ase . An ad ect e is a word added to a noun but j iv , remainin a se arate word to attribu te or assert g p , a u alit u ant t chara cter stic or l m tation q y, q i y, i , i i which actually distinguishes the thing named from “ others of a Similar nature . hu s a box m ade , T , ” of paper is distinguished by the u se of paper as an ad ective in the hrase a er box from a box j , p p p , “ m ade of an o h r m a rial A box u k y t e te . sed to eep ” a er in ma be of an mater al and so is n o p p y y i , t distinguished or defined by the use of paper and box together as its n am e unless the two words are o ned nto one which o n n i alwa s m in j i i , j i i g s y ade ’ — - speech by m eans of accent pa per box in this ’ case the dist nct on which is of the th n s use i i , i g , and not of the th n itsel is not in a r al ne i g f, p pe o ,

N E As A E T 53 O UNS US D DJ C IVES .

fact that a word is an adj ective entitles it to stand The llow n i as a separate word . fo i g c tation is from ’ ” a ham s work ent tled The n l sh an ua e L t i E g i L g g , page 125 of the second volu me :

The word bee steak is evidentl a com oun d idea u f y p ; b t, i r; n o dis arit of acc en t it is n ot a c om ou t h e p y , p nd word . Its ense is com ound its f orm is not c om un d but d s p ; po , ou ble Thi s indi ca tes the o ection an tici ated whi ch is i . bj p , th s

viz. t a t a defini tion w ic woul d e clu de suc a h , h h x h w ord a s bee stea k fr om the list of com oun ds is for t at ver r f p , , h y e a

son c e tion a le . I answer to t is t at the term in ue s , ex p b h , h q ti n i m ound idea and n ot a com ound f rm in o s a co p , p o ; other ° words that it is a c om oun d in lo ic but not a c om oun , p g , p d i n ” e tym ology .

It is remarkable to sa the least th , y , at a m an noted as a scholar shoul d answer an obj ection to his statement by a mere repetition of that state m ent " The term in question has a decided dis arit of accent bein alwa r p , g s onou nced w th a y y p , i m arked stress on bee and is now al w f, ays written bee stea k it is so romin en tl a sin le word bo h f p y g , t in s eech and in writin that i h p g, t as even been ado ted as bi tek into the French lan ua e an p f g g , d al so as a sol d word into other lan ua es i g g . Dr. ’ Latham s assertion that it is n ot a compoun d in etym ology is bu t a nother way of saying that beef is an ad ect e and there ore ramm aticall j iv , f g y sepa A bee stea k is S m l a slice f rate. f i p y o beef ; is a slice of beef a slice con sisting of beef The flesh of an ox or cow is onl a defin t on of bee and i y i i f, t is not at all satisfactory to define a thing as con NOUNS USED AS ADJECTIVES . 59

l B in the word bee steak is Sistin g of itse f. eef f i Dr ‘ th m m us ha e been in not a n adj ect ve . . La a t v he ha Dr Ohn fluenced to some extent by t fac t t t . J n had read so de ned the d a nd some so al y fi “ , later lexicographers have retained the erron eous n n defi itio . Any and every nam e which is used before an other nam e for the in dication of a distinctive u alification such a s to affect the notion of the q , thin i self in an wa is in that use ro erl g t y y, p p y u n in ul k a separate adj ective . Compo d g Sho d ta e place only when the first of two primitively n m n words rem ain s a noun in other words a i g ; , only when n o real change or distinction of aspect

is attr buted to the second b the first. h s in i y T i , ’ efl ect is a re etit on of what has been said be ore , p i f , and it is to be said again in the section devoted to compoun ds ; the repetition is thought to be n ot onl u stified but alm ost demanded b the act y j , , y f that hasty j u dgment an d neglect of necessary comparison have misled grammarians and lex i her in o m u h rr ne u s cla fi cograp s t c e o o ssi cation . ’ I W. l rk n the fortieth edition of S . C a s Fracti ” cal Grammar for instanc e the absurd n orm , , i f a tion is given that the plural of ignis-fa tuus is

i nis- a tuuses and that the lural of arm- ull i g f , p f s arm-fa lls " This gramm arian actually selected non - existent and erron eous form s (instead of i nis a tuus i nes a tui arm ul an d arm uls to il g f , g f , f , f ) lustrate a principle which might easily have been N N E A AD E E 60 O U S US D S J CTIV S . exemplified by perfectly fa miliar an d acc urate forms " When one fu lly realizes the fact that throu h all the eneration s rom the er start of g g , f v y n lish ram mar its students ha e not been ro E g g , v p vided with a single text-book which did not contain som ething as bad as or worse than these word orm s bv Clark re ou s won der a he m n f , p vi t t a y erroneous classifications and combination s in die tionaries is almost changed to admiration of our lexicographic accuracy "

old Brown sa s in the introd u i n z Go y , ct o to his ” Grammar of n lish Gramm ars a e 104 E g , p g Where in ention an d di sco er are recluded v v y p , here is little room for o l ” H t n e t . e mea n s v y , of course that in ention of rammatical rin , v g p ciples should not be ind ulged in ; but when in accu racies are disco ered n o m atter ho idel v , w w y the m a ha e been reser ed and tau ht who will y y v p v g , say that there is n ot room for the n ovelty of cor “ roeting the m i In vention in gramma r is certainly n o wanted but that disco er is recluded m t , v y p ay

well be doubted . In a certain sense howe er the , v , fact that E nglish dictionaries exhibit many erro neousl com ounded words an d utterl ne lec y p , y g t ro er com ounds is not an actu al di some p p p , s over here but this is the first record m ade of c y , that fact in detail . a l is in its comm onest u se a nou n but in a H f , hr i ha cl r ad i few comm on p ases t s a ea j ect ve force . “ ” ” hrases hal a bushel hal a n hour and The p f , f , N N ED A AD O U S US s JECTIVES . 61 others like them Show the m ost frequen t u se of the word and the one which seem s m ost robable , p as its earliest u se ; and these phrases are elliptical “ ” for a half of a bushel etc . where ha l is clearl , , f y a nou n Wh h r limi h . et e the ted use of t e word as an adj ective historically prec edes the nou n or is deri ed rom it is sli htl doubt ul in the l ht v f g y f , ig of recent le ico ra h but that doubt does n ot x g p y, influenc e the conclusion as to proper separation from or j oining with a following n ou n ; the same

orms result rom both start n - oints and it will f f i g p , be um r n u n i r m ar ass ed he e that the o s p i y . We have as a be inn n then ha l as the name of one g i g, , f of two e ual ortions of a thin actu all di ded q p g y vi , and naturally after this as part of the name of that which is equal to such a portion without actu al division ; and it is this fact of its being in such cases strictl a ar t of a name an d n ot an entire y p , nam e which m akes ro er su ch com ou nds as , p p p

- - ha l bushel ha l hour etc . f , f , “ In ha l - bushel m eanin that which is hal as f , g f ” “ much as a bu shel and n ot one of two ortions , p ” nto which a bushel is di ided bushel is m erel a i v , y specializin g referen ce to a measure twice as large as the on e named ; n o existing bushel is u nder consideration an d so of course no bushel can be , u l fi h h r hand in attribu tin to a ed . O n t e o e q i t , g

an thin hal a s mu ch al ue e tent etc . as that y g f v , x , , of som ethin e actl similar but re rese nt n or g x y , p i g ha n a whole stan dard alu e e tent etc . ha l vi g v , x , , f N 62 O UNS USED AS ADJECTI VES . placed before the nam e becom es an individual i i i attr but e ad ecti e . hus a ha l ticket s a v j v T , f ticket which costs half as m uch (or a sum con sidered as half as mu ch) as a certain m axim um h r e f i h l of a c a g or a t cket . It is sometimes a f ” ticket but the nam e is com monl understood as , y that of an entire ticket of ha lf va lue ; a nd so ticket is actuall ualified b ha l u st as va lue is. In y q y f, j ha l a ha l rice and e er sim lar hrase ha l f p y, f p , v y i p f

is a se arate ad ecti e for he same reason . p j v , t Probably the comm onest mistake in regard to this u se of ha l is the wr tin of ha l - note ha l f i g f , f

- rest ha l ste etc . of m u s c and simil arl ua rter , f p, , i ; y q ,

ei hth and six teenth. Th s ndard u nit of al ue g , e ta v in mu sic is the m a imum al ue and a note ha n x v , vi g this value is called a whole note ; the other na mes are u sed in direct correlation to this and in each , instance the first word has the sam e relation to i ts noun that is borne b whole. ach note ste y E , p, ton e or rest i a whole one in the sense of intrin , s sic entiren ess. Whole as in whole note is n ot de “ fined in the diction aries ; it m eans having full ” al u e. Similarl ha l m eans havin the alue v y, f g v of one of two e u al ortions of a standard unit ” q p , and the other c orrelated words have the same clearl attribu t e orce which m akes each of y iv f , hem ro erl tan an n i u l t p p y s d as i d vid a word . F ore is somet m es a n oun m eanin the front i g , n i i som im e It i r a d t s et s an adj ective . s f equen t in com ounds and in them it is sim lv the noun p , p NO UN S USED AS ADJECTIVES . 63 used as art of a r The refix ore as in ore p wo d . ( p f f “ ” e wh i m n re i h m cast tc . ere t ea s be o s not t e a e , , f , s wor a t n i r ion Wh n d s he one u nder co s de at . ) e the nam e in which fore occu rs is that of a part of som ethin it is a ro er com ound as orearm g, p p p , f , ” the ore or ore art of the arm and ore round f , f p , , f g , the fore of the grou nd the func tion of fore in these names is u rel nominal as the ull e res p y , f xp sions am l ll r i When som e actu all p y i ust ate t . y entire thing is nam ed with fore precedin g the n am e and distin uishin the thin b attributin , g g g y g to it a position relatively different from that of another as in ore le a l e which is in ront , f g g f distinguished from hind leg a leg Situated in the ” back or rear art or hind art ore is clearl p , p f y a se arate ad ect e e actl in kee in w th the p j iv , x y p g i ad ecti e use of ha l . Back ront middle rea r j v f , f , , , to bottom side and some other noun s are also p, , , a tr but el in certain hra ses such as back used t i iv y p ,

door ront room middle in er etc . , f , f g , he d ction aries state and m an school Al l t i , y o ks teach that ma n he ellow and other words b o , , , f , h m re used in com os t on he re like t e a p i i . T y a ; but it m ay easily be Shown that the composition is erron eous if it is to be ud ed b broad rin , j g y p

ci le. A man ser vant is an adult ma le ser ant p v , n man is u sed as an ad ec t e m eanin adul a d j iv , g t ” male the orm man-servant su ests an d would ; f gg , ” be the ro er orm for a ser ant of a m an p p f , v , a ’ ” m n ser ant u st as entleman- armer wh a s v , j g f ich 64 NO UNS USED AS ADJECTIVES . is given as a compound in one of the best diction “ aries the m erial su ests one who arm s , I p gg f

entlem en as a ba b - a rmer is one who make s g , yf ’ ” n h rs a i Adult ma le a business of reari g ot e b b es. certainly expresses a clear adj ective attribution ; man is used in stead of it with e actl the sam e , x y orce and this makes m an a n ad ect e when it f , j iv u lifi noun in h s a ma n is a n q a es any t i w y. If ad ective in such u se other n oun s of the sam e j , r l o e i hen imil rl u kind a e a s adj ct ves w s a y sed . “ ” hu s bo servant m eans oun male ser ant T , g y g v ; d so al so in child wi e he bear brother o icer an f , , fi , mother countr ellow citizen an d in m an other y, f , y such pairs (of which those c ompou nded in die tionaries are recorded in our list of two- word term s t e first word is ro erl in each case a ), h p p y i e The term s instanced are but separate adj ect v . a few of their kind which are often written as n om ar son of these with r e l compou ds. C p i pe f ct y analo ou s airs which are ne er com ounded or g p v p , so rarel oin ed as to look er odd in that orm y j v y f , Should convince any one that ma n servant is a better c onstruction than man- servant for the com m on sense of the ame so likewise all the other n ; , ,

term s are better each as two words. Ca t kind , madder amil rebel enera l an el visitor ira te f y, g , g , p ca tain ne ro mercha nt air ueen an d com p , g , f y q , panion illustra tion are a few of the innu merable two-wo term wh ch are e actl Sim lar in kind rd, s i x y i o hose men ioned b t t t a ove as erroneou s compounds.

66 NO UN S USED As ADJE CTIVES. would give them a specific aspect not properly belon n to them and et m a be called ad ec gi g , y y j fi ion u h tives only through a grammatical ct . S c are business news a er ma azine district arish , p p , g , , p , and others u sed as these are in business o ice fl , news a er re orter ma azine editor district a ttor p p p , g ,

ne and arish riest. As a m atter of act in y, p p f ,

these nam es the o ce the re orter etc . are a ffi , p , , t

tribu ted rather than business etc . et in such , , ; y u se these words are properly treated as adj cc tives because the m erel dist n ui sh and do not , y y i g , , strictl s eak n S ec — in each case the s ec y p i g, p ify p i fication is in the term as a whole not in e ther , i i r n i m S ngle wo d . O a foot n g Si il ar to that of busi

ness etc . are su ch words as commission extension , , , , a bsor tion and torsion in commission mercha nt ex p , , tension table a bsor tion s ectrum and torsion bal , p p , ance compou ndin g would impart a Specific aspect which is n ot ro erl inherent in the first word p p y , and it is much better to write su ch names with u n o t j oin i g. HA E VI C PT R .

F AND N N NEEDLESS JO ININ GS O ADJECTIVE O U .

IN determini ng a m ethod to secure approximate consistenc of com oundin the act that er y p g, f v y many Engli sh readers dislike the frequent u se of o rl oked h re is the hyphen sh uld n ot be ove o . T e in English literature a comm on tendency toward

' the u se of s ecialized an d shorten ed e ress on s p xp i , very often involvi ng a collocation of words which m ay properly be placed together only in j oint form ; and while such brevity in m any in stances m s a er ain stren h an d beau t to lan ua e i part c t gt y g g , it is at least reasonable to su ggest that almost as i r An frequ ently the reverse method s bette . y — thing m ore than a m ere su ggestion of this that is an eneral exem lification or ar ument , y g p g here IS a woul d be foreign to the purpose here. T hase of th s sub ect howe er which is er ectl p i j , v , p f y erman e n am el the robabilit that while the g , y, p y , fact of arbitrary collocation is often n ot acknow led ed b com oundin m an oinin s which a re g y p g, y j g u tterl n eedless n ot actuall im ro er owe y , if y p p , their existence to a certain specious reasoning too 68 NEEDLESS JO ININGS .

hast l cred ted The commonest allac and the i y i . f y, one leadin to the m ost in elicitou s results is the g f , idea that when an adj ective and a n oun are u sed together specifically they Should be j oin ed a s a compou nd n ou n ; the pecul iar diflicul ty in this case bein g du e to an indication of logic which is i on i t i r mm r I em har l n e os n c fl c w th g a a . t se s d y c sar to sa that ramm ar rather than lo ic Should y y g , g ,

rm n rd- orm s and so while m an airs dete i e wo f , y p of words have a logical sin glen ess of naming Sig nificance that is not in all cases a suflicient reason , h m in orm We ha e seen for compou ndin g t e f . v

Dr h m hel his iew but h m e n . that . at a d t e ad a L v , unfort un ate exemplification of it ; he might have instanced any of num erous term s to which his ar um ent would a l accuratel bu t be selected g pp y y, one that does not correctly support the argu m n r rm i h n r e t. Eve y te wh c is to be co side ed here Shows thi s differen ce as between logic and gram m ar bu t someth n m ore than th s bare statemen , i g i t n a r is ecess y . Chief-j ustice and high-priest are given as com oun ds in m ost dictionar es and are o n p i , fte so r nted in other book In romin n m p i s. a p e t aga zine Chief-Justice in one line was actuall y followed ia t u ti n lin ach f by Assoc e J s ce in the ext e. E o these t rms is used as a s ecific t tle and is thu s lo call e p i , gi y but one nam e ; and this mu st be the reason why eo le m ake th m com un r h some p p e po d wo ds. T ey “ ” are generally defined as chief j udge and chief NE EDLESS JOININGS . 69

” riest names of dent cal construct on et n p , i i i , y give each as two words robabl because the are n , p y y co sidered as slightly more general in application ; but as a matter of fact the latter two n ames are some tim es as s ec a he fi In m p ial s t rst two. co pounding any such nam e there can be no gain in regard to a correct understanding,and the fac t of regular it in m i y gra mat cal construction is un qu estionable. The specific aspect is not inherent in either part

of the name but is in he name as a whole . , t Many names composed of an adj ective and a noun are com ou nded in d ct onar es and also in . p i i i , other books undoubtedl for no o her reason but , y t that the thing spoken of is not of the kind which the noun ro erl n m i h p p y a es. Notwithstand ng t e fact that such a reason goes far toward the j usti

- fication of orms like hal dime orea rm etc. it f f , f , , may still be Shown that arbitrary application of the n oun is not in itself a suflicient indi cation of com un in rm l k- i on f he com po ding fo . B ac lead s e o t monest erron eous o ni n s of its k nd and robabl j i g i , p y no one would defend it on any ground other than the fact that what it nam es is not lead ; but while most eo le know th s act the nam e undoubtedl p p i f , y “ ” was i en or nall as to lead which is black g v igi y , an d undoubtedly always is u nderstood to have u m n S ec l drill in n his one s ch ea ing. p ia g o t point wou ld be necessary before people generally woul d or could know that the hyphen is inserted because h m i l that w ich is na ed s not ead . 70 NEEDLESS JO IN INGS .

Sweet-pota to is a common form which m ay well llustrate the ob ection to such com oundi n whil e i j p g,

black-bass scarlet- ever live-oa k an d other orms , f , , f l ke them Show essentiall the sam e error and are i y , l m n The m k am enab e to the sa e obj ectio . ista e in regard to the potato is d ue to the fact that the sweet potato is not the sam e kind of tuber as that now known by the unqualified name po a o th act n rise t he l ci i e t t , is f givi g o t fal a ou s d a that

it is not a otato at all . Now the nam e ota to as p , p ( ba ta ta ) was actually given to the tuber now called sweet ota to be ore the r sh otato was so call ed p f I i p , and it was only when the latter became very com m on that the form er began to be di stinguished f h en no h by m ean s o t e adj ective sweet. Ev w t e French call the sweet potato ba ta te or pa ta te (bein g the original Haytien ba ta ta transmitted throu h S an sh and the other otato is alwa s g p i ), p y “ called in French omme de terre literall a le of p , y pp ” earth. In German also the or nal name Ger igi , m anized as ba ta te or ota to is i en to the s ee p , g v w t ’ otato and the other is call ed karto el. The p , fi sweet potato is likewise som etim es called the S anish ota to ust as the tuber which has bor p p , j rowed the na m e pota to is often cal led the I rish ot t Th ul im a e eifec of h k n of rro p a o. e t t t t e i d e ne ous reasoning which denies tha t a sweet potato is a potato is seen in certain definitions of bison and ’ bu a lo Nu ll i nar n ff . tta s dict o y defines biso as a ” “ w ld ox the buffalo and bu a lo as a wil d ox i , , ff , NE DLE E SS JO ININGS . 71

” i rl i r a Her part cula y the b son of North Ame ic . e the actual buifalo is ent rel unnoted s m l be i y , i p y cause an anim al which is really n ot a buffal o is n k n n commo ly ow by that name . People who consider black bass a proper com pound say that it is so becau se the fish is n ot a

bass. Bass itself howe er is a corru t on of , v , p i barse whi ch is used in some arts of n land as , p E g the nam e of the fish comm only call ed perch and this corrupted nam e is u sed alone for a fish re sembl n the orch wh le a ualif in or s ec i g p , i q y g p ify ing word is added to the nam e for another similar fi h Th nam i r for n i s . e e bass s j u st as prope o e as t is for another and its old er orm barse is S m l , f i p y the original English nam e of the perch. Every name of the kind m entioned which is compounded by any one is an exception to the common treatment and for that reason al one the , compounding is obj ectionable ; but it is more oh jectionable because it is not based upon any real n i l l umba o is to ha e a nam e guiding pri c p e. If p g v wh ch is nherentl inaccurate because it resem i i y , bles someth n el se that act is no better m arked i g , f by making an erroneous compound black lea d than b usin the na me as two words which it ac tu all y g , y is it Is not and can n ot be a s stematic ofiice of ; , , y th h h n n h n m is m sa li d e yp e to i dicate t at a a e i pp e . Black lea d and bla ck bass represent adequ ately ust what is understood in hear n the nam es as j i g , well as many of the same kind which are never NEEDLE ININ 72 SS JO GS . com ounded as for nstan ce a lse winter reen p , , i , f g , a lse window a lse and innumerable o h rs f , f egg, t e

The natural con cl usion is tha t every term ex actly similar to one of those above discu ssed is ro erl two words no matter how closel the p p y , y y o t l i m ay be ass cia ed og cally .

H 74 LIST O F P RASES .

“ ’ ” The new Webster s Int ernational Dictionary has not been examined with reference to the m akin of th s l st since its tendenc is rather g i i , y toward questionable separating than toward ques ionable o n n wh ch latter was resent to a t j i i g, i p ’ great extent in the previou s Webster s Am erican ” Dictionary. The forms Shown are not intended as decisions wh ch mus be tak en in whol e un uest oned but i t q i , are rather given as the m ost reasonable form s ’ r r nt of Foot-notes are from the w ite s poi view. given with a few of them by way of illustrating this point of view in detail ; and while som e of the o nions ma be rather do mat call stated it pi y g i y , Should be borne in mind that they are written as O in ons merel thou h of course ith th ho e p i y, g w e p ha h ll b w el t t t ey wi e id y acceptable.

abl e seaman E olian harp above all 1 African 1i Abraham man after part 2 absorption bands Aix beds absorption lines Albert chain absorption spectrum Al bion metal accomm odation ladder albumin be er account day albumi n pa per Adrian ople red all along

1 An idiomatic expression which is given in Worcester’ s diction ar as a com ound ad verb h hened but which no one woul y p , yp , d or - shoul d write in any but the tw o word form . 2 After i s properly usable as an adj ective onl y in a fe w phrases h ter end and a ter a rt where an actual osition is n o suc as af f p , p ted n h r - as being more art than a ot e . S ee pp. 50 52. LIST O F PHRASES . 75

all amort apple tart ’ All Fools day appl e wine all hail April fool 1 alliga tor forc eps April-fool day all in all Argan d l amp ’ ’ All Saints day arm s end ’ ’ All Soul s day arm s length ’ Al m ayne rivet arm s reach almond fu rna ce Armstrong gun almond willow army list Al sike clover arrack pun c h alto clef Artesian well alto viol a Ascension day ambul ance cart Ash Wedn esday ambul an ce wagon assault at arms Angola cat assize sermon Angol a pea atl as folio Angora goat auld lang-syne Angostura bark Ave Maria apple brandy 2 Babbitt m etal appl e bu tter bac k door 3 apple dumpling bac k parlor apple pie bac k room

1 H ere a lli ator is used as a ualifier describin the sha e of the g q , g p - r s o be u forceps. Alliga tor forceps suggests a fo cep t sed on alli ators ” and would be ro erl c om ound ed in such m eanin but g , p p y p g,

as actually used the term is t wo word s. 3 App le bra n d y, app le bu tter, and apple wine seem t o be ad vie able forms art bec a use these na m es are al wa s ronounced , p ly y p each as two w ords bu t m ain l because a le is of trul a ective , y pp y dj force in such term s as a le d u m li n com are d ia mon d rin pp p g ( p g) , and it is well to give similar forms to n ames apparentl y simil ar in - make. A le sa uce however al wa s has the ac c ent of a com ound pp , , y p , and the three first m entioned are exac tl y like it in sam e. 3 When ba ck attributes a position in the rea r t o that which is

- named it is ro e rl a se arate word . Even in d efinin back door , p p y p g as a com ound Webster’ s di ctionar sa s it is a door on the b ck p , y y a a rt of a buildin ” thu s reco nizin back as a se arate a ective p g, g g p dj . 76 LIS T or PHRASES .

back settl ement barber surgeon back stairs bar iron 1 ba ck yard barley broth bag fil ter barom ete r flowers 2 bag net barrel curb bag pump barrel drain Bagshot sand barrel organ bag wig barrel pen ’ bakers salt barrel va ul t Bala limeston e barrow pump bal as ruby bar pin bald buzzard bar shoe ball ad farce base broom ballad Opera basem en t story ball c ock basket button ball grinder ba sket c arriage ball gudgeon ba sket grate ball ironstone basket hilt balloon net basking shark ball valve bass clef band spectrum bass horn bank fe nc e bass viol Bank hook bastard alkan et

- Ba ck bone ba cka che etc . are merel the two nouns from a hrase , , , y p ” like bone of the b ack , and thi s ba ck is not attributive . In ba ck spring and back-stroke the sel ection is from a phrase like a spring ” back (or ba ckwa rd ) , and ba ck is an ad verb . It does not seem sure that it would not be well enough to write ba ck sp ring and back “ “ stroke takin them as m eanin backward s rin and bac k , g g p g ” ward stroke .

1 - - B a r iron is iron having the shape of a bar. Ba r i ron , pig i ron , sheet- lass la te- lass and other simil ar com ounds are often g , p g , p h l n written , bu t t e rea se se of the word s d oes not indicate c ompoundin g. 2 B a rrel cu rbs d rains ens and va u lts are sim l thin s of a , , p , p y g ba rrel sha e c lindric and c om oundin is not ad vi sable since p ( y ) , p g , ba rrel ro erl attributes the sha e and i s therefore an ad ectiv p p y p , j e.

A ba rrel orga n is an organ cha racterized by ha ving a barrel. msr or PHRASES . 77

bastard c abbage -tree Bengal light bastard c edar Bengal stripes bastard dittany bevel joint ba stard indigo Berlin blue bastard toadflax Berlin ware bastard wing Berlin -ware house Bath brick Berlin wool best work Bath c hair better half Bath metal Bidd ery ware Bath ston e birch broom batten d oor birch wine battle arra y bird of paradise ’ bayonet clutch bird s-eye maple ’ ba yon e t join t bird s n est ’ bay rum bishop s court ’ bay wi ndow 1 bishop s l awn be ad moul di ng bitter almond beam ca liper bitter apple be am compass bitter ash ’ bear s grease bitter be an beef tea bitter cucu mber beehive house bitter damson beet-root sugar bitter gourd beggar brat bitter oak bell gla ss 2 bitter vetc h bell jar bl ack act bell roof bl ack art

l Ba a window is iven as a com ound in all the di ctionaries but y g p ,

the writer can see no reason for the j oining . B a y wi nd ow, bow window oriel wi nd ow rose win dow have direct reference to sha e , , , p as a disti n ui shin feature and thus se aration of the word s is g g , p ’ right . 2 B ell glasses and bell j a rs are so nam ed m erely be cause they are ” be h - li s aped . Bell is of clear adj ective forc e , and bell gla ss is obj ectionable unless for a gl ass having some connection with a ” bell which is no a robabl e m ani , t p e ng . H 78 mm or P RASES .

bla ck ash bl ack martin black bass blac k match blac k-berried heath bl ack Monday black bindweed black monk black book bl ack n aphtha black bryony bl ack oat-grass bla ck canker bl ack ochre bl ack c attle bl ack pepper bla ck c halk bla ck pigment black currant bla ck pine black de ath bl ac k plate bl a ck disease bl a ck pudding bl ack draught black rood black drops bl ack salts bl ack e agle bl ac k sheep bl ack earth blac k silver bl ac k fl ag bl ack spruce blac k squall Black Forest black tea bl ack friar blac k tin bla c k hole blac k turpeth bl ac k iron black vom it blac k kn ot bl ack waln ut bl a ck l ea d 1 bl ac k wash bl ac k l etter blank ba r 2 bla ck li st blan k bond

Compoundi ng thi s name (as black-lea d ) d oes not reall y enforce the fact that plumbago is not l ead ; the n a m e al ways bears to the m ind the id e a of l ead which i s bl ack . T he other terms with blac k a re am enabl e to the sam e reasoning . N ot one of them is realLv d ifferent in natu re from our m an na mes with a lse for insta n c e y f , , a s a lse keel which Worce ste r e n ters as a c om ound but m akes two f ( p , word s in his te xt a lse win ter reen etc . E ver such nam e is ram ) , f g , y g m aticall c orrec t as two word s and is not l o icall in ac cu rate in y , g y such form ; therefore separation se ems d ec id edl y preferable . 2 Bla nk is rim aril an ad ective and therefore it should n ot be p y j , - compound ed with its noun . Some writers consid er blank book as L T IS or PHRASES . 79

blank cartridge blue grass blank credi t blu e laws bl ank door blu e m ould blank endorsement bl ue ochre blank tire blue ointm ent blank verse bl ue peter blank wall blue pill blank window bl ue ribbon blessed thi stle bl ue ruin blind coal bl u e verditer blind fire blu e vitriol blind man blue water ’ blind man s buff body politic blin d side Bol ogna phial blind vessel Bologn a phosphorus blink beer Bologn a sau sage blobber lip Bologna stone bloc k tin bolt upright blon d l ac e bon ded ware house bl ood puddin g bonu m m agnum bloody flux bon vivant bloody ha nd border w arrant bloody swea t Born e o c am phor blow-off pipe borou gh English blu e blood 1 borough session s blu e ~book bosom friend blu e c at Botany Bay oak bl ue devils Botany Bay resin a ro er com ound however as namin a book of bl ank s but p p p , , g it se em s re ason abl e an d preferable to tak e it simply as a book which is bl ank ” unl ess the book m eant is actuall one containin , y g n papers wi th printed headings for m att er to be written u d er. l B lue blood and the other n a mes with blu e are gramm aticall y h n m of om hi correct e ach as two word s, bein g eac the a e s et ng “ ” which is blue . These are c ases of c onflict between logic and gramm ar, and gramm ar should prevail ; ea ch of the names shoul d be two word s. L 30 IST or PHRASES .

Bbttger ware bribery oath bottle c ompani on bric k tea bottle friend bridl e -rein pac kin g ’ bottle gourd Bright s disease bottom bed Bristol bri ck bound ba ilifi Bristol diam ond Bovey coal Bristol paper bow compass Bristol stone bow drill Britain crown Bow dye Britanni a m etal bow pen British gum bow window broad arrow box ca r 1 broad pennant box drain broad seal box girder broken meat boy bishop Brora beds ’ boy s pla y brother german 3 2 brain cora l brother twin Bramah l ock brother uterine Bram ah press brown bread branc h lin e brown gull branched work brown paper brass band brown spar Brazil tea brown stout bread puddin g brown study

1 Two words for a car whi ch is box-shaped ; bow-ca r w ould be ” “ ” ri ht for a car l oad ed with bo es or to c arr bo es. Boa: g x , y x

- d ra i n and box gird er a re also box shaped there fore two w ord s. fi Brain c oral and fan coral are n ot coral conne c ted in any w ay with a brain or a fan , but bra in and fa n attri bute a similitud e , i If bra in or n and are properly separate adje ct ves. fa is accente d in the nam es it is onl b wa of em hasis. , y y y p 3 This is m erel y a relic of the old idiom in whi ch the adjec tive h foll owed the noun , and the te rm m eans j ust w a t germa n brothe r ul hers lik e this are cou n t a la tin e court m rti a l kn wo d . O t y p , a , ight erra n t la w mercha n t etc . whi ch are m erel a la ti ne count m , , , yp y , ar tia l cou rt, etc . , in the old idiomatic ord er.

32 LIST or PHRASES .

Carron oil Christmas l og Castile soap Chri stm a s pie c asting voice Christma s rose c asting vote Christm as tale Ceylon m oss Christm as time chain belt Christma s tree c hain cabl e c hurc h attire c hain m ail church authority c haise l ounge church burial cheer up c hurc h court c herry bra ndy church di scipline cherry rum churc h governmen t c herry wine c hurch history Chief Ba ron c hurch ju di catory Chief Justice church living ' Child erma s d ay churc h militant c hild wife 1 c hurc h m od e China aster churc h m usic Chin a ink church plurality China orange c hurc h power Chin a pink church preferment Chin a rose churc h qua c k Chinese a ster church revenue cholera asphyxi a chur ch rul e c holera m orbus churc h servic e Christian n am e Chu rch Sl avic Christm as box c hurc h town Chr istma s c arol church writ Christm as d ay c irc ul atin g medium Christm as eve c ity c ourt

l Here chi ld is reall a ualif in word and so ro erl s y q y g , p p y epa r bl e It i s sim l an e m hatic word or r a . p y p f ext e mely young rel a ” tivel which is c ertainl nu attributive e ressi on . Child wi e y , y xp f is sim il ar t o bo riend a n el visi tor which has been erron usl y f , g ( eo y d efined a s angelic and innum erabl e other such names hich are reval entl written wi hou m o i w p y t t co p und ng. LI ST O F PHR AS ES . 83

city solicitor common l a w city ward comm on m ea sure clay slate Comm on Pleas cleft palate Common Prayer Clic hy whit e common sen se clifi limestone c ommunion service clock stocking compass timber coat armor compass win dow cock sparrow concert pitch cold comfort cork fossil Cologne earth c ork jacke t Cologne water cork l eg coming in 1 c orn bread commission agent corn dodger commission day corned beef c ommission m erc ha nt corn fritter common bail corn oyswr common coun cil corn pipe comm on crier cotton velvet comm on hall cotton‘ wool

1 The need of compoundi ng such terms as coming in is question

- able . S om e techni cal terms (like biti ng i n i n etc hing) are of real utilit as com ound s but common terms of the kind seem m uch y p , h r wo oo d better considered as idi om atic uses of t e sepa ated rd s. G l Brown was misled by this singula r idiom into writing a very remarkable statement in an a endi to his rammar of , pp x G En lish Gramm ars ” on a e N ouns are often derived g , p g from artici les in i n and occ asionall one is formed from p p g, y such a word and an ad verb or a perfe ct participl e j oined with it ; ’ ’ as The tu rn i n -a wa H is oin s- or th our ha vin -boa sted , g y , g g f , Y g ’ - of it. It m ay well be d oubte d that ha ving boa sted will ever be un m in m l e o c o widely ad opted as a no . The na e the e xa p is n t m pl ete without the other two word s if there is a noun in the cl ause , it should be ha cin —boa sted —o -it Som e uncertaint there mu st b g f . y e in the cases m entioned , bu t the distinction between c ommon idi o m ati c e ressions and tec hni cal names seems a ood one —unl ess xp g , ind eed the te chnic al n am es be includ ed in the fi rst c a r n , te go y a d o n compounding be done . 34 LIST or PHRASES.

c ountry gentleman coversed sin e county court covert way c ounty pal atine 1 cow c alf ’ county town Cowper s glands c ourt amour crab-apple tree court breeding cradl e vault c ourt bubble cran berry tart c ourt chaplain cree pin g crowfoot court dress cre sted diver

c ourt element c risscross row court fashion crossba r shot court favor crossc ut saw court fool c rown je wels c ourt guide crown l and 2 court hand c ourt lady crown ofi c e court lands c ourt l eet cunn ing m an c our t life cunning woma n c ourt manners c up gall c ourt martial cup val ve c ourt mourning c urb roof court parasite curling stufl court party c urrant jelly c ourt sword c urra nt wine cousin german curtain lec ture Coventry blue Cusc o bark c overed way Cusco c hina

l This term is ente red and d efined as county-pa lati ne in Women ' dictionar and a ain as cou nt a la tin e un d er al ti ter s y, g y p p a ne . o d fines it twice but in each instanc e a s Webste r al s e , two word s,

re ct form . S ee . 80 n ote 3 . its cor p , 2 “ l nd i ” In the gene ral sense of a perta ning to the c rown, or “ ” tha i the i cr held by the crown ( t s, sovere gn) , own la nd is the ” correct form. In the s ecial sense of a fi ed territorial division p x , cm wnla n d is right. LIST O F PHRASES .

Cusc o cinchona deadl y nightshade cushion capital dead on end custom -house broker dead reckoning cylin d er pre ss 1 dead ripe cyni c spasm dead rope Cyprus l awn dead set damson c heese dead sheave d ead shot ’ day s work d ead stand dead beat 2 dead wall dead centre dead wa ter dead coloring dead weight dead d oor dead well dead freight dead wind dead ground d ead wood dead heat dea d works ’ dead hedge dea th s d oor ’ dead horse dea th s-head moth dea d l etter Denm ark satin dead lift derrick crane deadl y carrot dia m ond borer 3

1 The Century is the first Americ an dictiona ry ha ving cylin der rese a s a c om ound word and it i s ecul iarl infelicitous there p p , p y , because its treatment in vol ves a referen ce b ack from the l ater volum e containing the article p rinting-p ress for some of the most prominent m atter whi ch bel ongs with the l atter titl e . Cylind er ” ress m eans c linder rin tin - ress and c lind er is a uali p y p g p , y q tying word in e ach phra se. 2 Dead bec omes properly pa rt of a compound onl y when it i s - itself a n oun , as in d ea d house (a house for the d ead ) , or when it is an a ec tive but does not ualif the noun with which it is used dj q y , as in d ea d -line (a line for the pa ssi ng of which one m ay be c ome - dead be shot) , in which dea d is rel ated to a personal word und er li - h l is simil a r o d lin e b i stood , and not to ne . Cold c ise t dea , e ng the name of a chisel used for cutting cold metal , not of a chi sel

which i s c ol d . 3A diam ond borer or di am ond d rill is a tool with a di amond to do

the boring or drilling, and thus characterized by a diamond , which 86 LIST or PHRASES .

di am ond drill d oubl e crown diam ond ring dirt pie doubl e entry discou nt broker dou bl e first district attorney doubl e floor district cou rt dou ble flower district judge doubl e letter distric t m essenge r doubl e oc tave i district par sh doubl e plas. district school double quarrel ’ Dobereiner s lamp double refraction d og-legged stairs double salt ’ d og s meat double security ’ d og s-tooth grass d ou ble shufl e d og-tooth Spar doubl e star dog-tooth vi olet double vault ’ donation party Dover s powder donkey engin e dovetail joint donkey pump d ovetail moulding Doomsday Book down train Douay Bible drawn battle 1 double bar drone bee d ouble-bass viol Drummond light

is an adjective sense . If the tool s were named from the fact of use in o eratin u on diam ond s di a mond -borer m - p g p , and dia ond d rill woul d be correc t form s ; but this is not the actual sense of the

l Double is a se arate a ective meanin two o or d u l ” p dj , g f ld p e, either literall or fi urati vel . Thus a dou l e r y g y , ble tte is n ot a d r fold ed bu l etter that is d ouble o , t two l etters (the same chara c ter repeated ) representing one soun d ; a d ouble bar in m u sic is two n u sed to e ther Dou ble r parallel vertical li es g . is prope ly part of a ound when u sed with a verb an ad verb or an a ective bein comp , , dj , g h n the a ective u sed in the c onnecti on ro er to an ad verb t e dj p p , as in the verbs d ou ble-cha rge (to put in a d oubl e charge) and dou ble l ock d ubl and in the a ective double-b elled h lock (to o y) , dj arr ( aving

two barrels) . LI T S or PHRASES . 87

dry bellyac he eighth rest duchy c ourt e lec tric c urrent dumb show e lec tric eel dumb waiter electric tel egraph dun fish elephan t paper dwarf wall Epsom salt earl marshal 1 earth bank e quity dra ughtsm an earth house equity ju dge Easter d ay errant knight Easter due s e veni ng gun E ast er egg evening hymn w inn ing p rim rose easy c hair 2 eau de Cologne evening star eau d e Lu ce eve n kee l ebb tide everla stin g pea eccentric gear evil e ye egg n og e xc ha nge broker egg sauce Expecta tion wee k eighth note 3 exten sion table 4

1 A clear case of a osition an earl who is a m arshal ” havin pp , , g about the sam e effect a s the old idiom of an adje ctive following its ti noun , as in brothe r ger ma n , cou n ty p a l a ne , etc . 2 l n A term in regul ar gram mati ca constructio , but of such specific l ogical u nity when used a s the name of a partic ul ar kin d of chair that it is certainly not wrong to write it as a hyphened compoun d ; if i t is used in the eneral sen se however as merel a cha ir g , , y ” which is eas it shoul d be two word s. y , 3 An eighth note is a note ha ving one eighth as m uch val ue as a ” whole note and ei hth is ro erl a ualif in a e ctive . S e , g p p y q y g dj e - r m arks on ha l etc . . 60 6 2. e f , , pp 4 This use of ea te nsion is exactly like the comm on use of regu la ” n ti on as in a regul a ti on proce ed ing , of combi a tion as in a com ” bina tion l ock etc . Man names like these are com ound ed in the , y p dictionaries but such com ound s are seld om found in ac tual liter , p ary use , so far as c an be determined without waste of time in e xtend ed research. 33 LIST or PHRASES .

fac e value 1 fan c oral fac tion fight fan crest fair play fan cy ball fairy king fan cy fair fairy queen fancy stoc k fairy ta le fannin g bre eze ' fal ling sl uic e farthing s worth falling st ar far We st fall ow d e er fatigue dress fa lse conce ption fatigue du ty fal se fac e fatigue party fa l se keel feather bed false rail feather duster fal se roof feathering float fa mily head feathering pa ddl e family m an feathering screw family name 2 featherin g wheel family way fee simple

l R ice -va l ue seem s to be a rather ed antic com oundin since p p g, here is no ossible ambi uit in the two words ace va lu e taken t p g y f , ” as ertainin to n oted on the fac e . So al so ma rket va l ue p g ( ) , tra d e rice and m an others. From a strictl ramm atic al oint p , y y g p rm be w ll fen as u of view, any such te m ay e de d ed a compo nd , but it is m ore in kee in with a arentl re valent usa e d e cid ed b p g pp y p g , y com arison of m a simil ar terms to write each of them as o p ny , tw

3 Fa mil is used attributivel in a wi d e ran e of a li catio I y y g pp n. t is fully establi shed as a separate adjective in fa mily n a me as the nam e pertaining to a famil y in the sense of being common to all r of the m embers, or usable fo naming any one of them indi vid u of h m coll c v l As u o ally as well as for all t e e ti e y . sed f a classifie d anim al or ve etable rou however in which c onnecti on th g g p, , e name of a famil is alwa s a lur al word and of course not us bl y y p , a e -n m for one individu al , fa mily a me see s to be the better form for the term since it m ean s the nam e of the famil a s an indivisibl , y e ” - ” unit . So al so en us na me for nam e of n Bu t tr y g a ge us. a de “ ” na me ( a n am e in trad e use ) and others like it seem bett er as

90 LIST or PHRASES .

floating bridge flying buttress floa ting cl ough flyin g ca mp floating d ock flying gum ard floating island floating light flying lemur floating m eadow flying party floating pier flyi ng phal anger fl a n-ting warehouse flying pinion fl yi ng shot flock paper Fl orida wood flower clock fol ding doors flowering ash folding screen flowering fern folding stool ’ flowering rush fool s erra nd ’ flower piec e fool s parsl ey floss silk foot rul e flyin g army 1 forbidden fruit 2 flying artil lery fore en d 3 ’ flyin g bridge Forefathers day

l —r m - r Flying a y is in Worcester, but not in Webste r ; fl ying a rtille y, however is iven in both di ctionaries. The shoul d not be com , g y ound s because the m ean ust wha t the se arated word s sa and p , y j p y , n fo hi M ost of h anim could not be mi stake r anyt ng else . t e al nam es with flying are given in compoun d form apparentl y because the animal s are not real ly of the kind nam ed but the term s al wa ys con vey the id e a of such anim als as are nam ed having the power of

in an d the h hen d oes not contradic t this id ea . The word s fly g , yp are correctl se ara te d as words and the utili t of the com ound y p , y p i bl in g is very quest ona e . 2 ” A s fruit whi ch is forbid d en, this term shoul d be two words. There is a s ecifi c fruit which has the nam e orbidd en - ruit an d p f f , h m o in i in this u se t e c o p und g s proper . 3 In notin g a forward position of a ny entire thing fore shoul d be n min of thi n b h in separate from i ts noun . I na g a part any g y t e j o t use of fore and the n ame of the whole thing the n am e should be a c om ound as orea rm for the fore forward art of the arm . See p , f ( ) p pp. 62, 63. LIST or PHRASES . 91

free school fre e servic es free spirits free State

free stufi

fork chuck free vi ntn er forlorn hope free warren fossil c ork free will fossil fla x fre e woman fossil wood French bean ’ founders dust French chalk ’ founders sand French fake ’ foundhn g hospital French honeysuckle fountain pen Fre nc h hem fram e bridge Fren ch pie frame house French plum Frankfort bl ack Frenc h polish free agency 1 Fren ch red fre e chapel French roof Free Church Fren c h tub fre e city French white free denizen French willow free fisher fresh force ’ fre e fisherman friar s bal sa m fre e fishery Frieslan d green fre e grace front d oor free l ove fron t lin e fre e pass front room fre e play fron t vi e w fre e port ful l bu tt free public house full chi sel 1 h These terms with free s ow no reason for compounding, unless used in com ine d a - - b ttribution , as f ree tra de in free trade d oc ” trines, for instance . 92 LIST O F PHRASES .

full d rive gentlem an farm er ’ fuller s earth gentleman pensioner ’ ful ler s thistle gentleman usher ’ fuller s weed Germ an clock full m oon 1 Germ an millet full split Ge rm an paste full swing German sarsaparilla fury goddess German silver game leg Germ an steel gard en flower Germa n tin der garre t story germen inferior Gatling gun germ theory general offi cer ginger beer 3 general stafi ginger c ordi al Geneva Bibl e 2 ginger pop Gen eva wa tc h ginger wine gentlem an c omm oner glass hive

l Fun-moon a s the n ame of the moon when it is full is about as sur risin a com oun d word as an thin could be et it is foun d p g p y g , y in r er’ s voc bul r There is a d efiniti on of the hras u ll Wo cest a a y . p e f m oon in W bster und er the word u ll whi ch mi ht ustif com e , f , g j y

oundin the na m e but this sense was overlooked b Dr. Worces p g , y “ ” ter ; it is, the tim e when the moon is full , an d mu st be m eant

- ” for e ressions lik e it is ull moon now . E ven in this l atter use xp f , thou h com oun din d oes not seem absol utel n ecessar idi o g , p g y y ; m atic support for the elliptical use of the separated words m ay be foun d in l en p ty . 2 It is a curious circm nstance that whil e Worcester’ s dictionary ha s Geneva -Bible h hened the m erial Dictionar ives yp , I p y g this term a s t wo word s Gen eva Bi ble but its ne t en tr is Gen eva ( ) , x y wa tch with a h hen . Webster al so has Gen eva Bible but neith r ( yp ) , e of the Am erican dictionaries m entions the watc h .

3 T he di ctionaries com ound these nam es wi th in er but the p g g , pl ai nest analogy in the m ake of the l angua ge pre scribes the two f h h m If b ob h m un word form or eac of t e . it e j ec ted t a t c o po d ing is necessar in i n er o bec au se o is not an established se y g g p p , p p p i arate n am e, and therefore the te rm s n ot a general n am e with u al ifi cation a sufi cient answer is that the id ea con ve ed b the q , y y t f h ” te rm is tha o pop c aracterized by ginger, and thi s is a two n ew or PHRASES . 93

glass shade golden pheasant gla ss te ars golden robin Gla stonbury thorn golden rule ’ Glauber s salt golden samphire ’ goat s milk golden saxi frage God spe ed golden thistl e ’ God s a cre golden wasp ’ God s penny gold lace ’ gold -beater s skin gold pl ate gold c up 1 gold size golden fleec e gold wi re golden l ungwort good breedin g 2 golden maidenhair good day golden m ouseear good den golden number good evening word id r f r ea . As a matte of act, however, pop is defined in Webste and the Century a s a beverage which issues from the bottl e wi a o ” The o ec ion m n n h nl likel th p p . bj t e tio ed seem s to be t e o y y

one .

1 This nam e is a ro er com oun d as he n me of a l an t which p p p t a p , is its onl d e finiti on in Worc ester It is d efined in the m erial y . I p as a cu m of ” h in at -cu hi h p ad e gold , un der t e head g go p , w c treat m ent e em lifie s a not uncomm on mistak e of the l exico ra hers x p g p , that of pl acin g a d efinition of a strictly two-word phrase und er a one- o fo uc t n i nl l i h rem ov w rd rm . S h trea m e t s o y a s g t e from

defining a term und er an e ntim foreign heading . 3 Good and at are often oined to a noun with a h hen as in j yp , ' ood -well and ill-will and the first of these has certainl one sense g , y in which it should always be compounded the good -will of a busi

ness. G ood bree din is rim a ril breed in of a ood ua lit and g p y g g q y, with this as the evid ent m eaning good breed i ng is surely the

ro er form . In sa in that a m an shows ood breed in the p p y g g g , real sense ma be ro erl taken a s ood ness of breed in ” and y p p y g g, in this use ood -breed in is not intri n sic all ob ectionable nor is g g y j , “ ” the com ound in rea t ood-hu mor or an other such constru c p g g , y i Th f u nt in n is nc sho wn in lite ture in t on . e req e co s te y ra the use of

such terms however is d ecid edl ob ectionabl e . E ven in bo , , y j ok s ha vin a few of them as com ounds m an others e a ctl simi g p , y x y l ar - a hil ood ilt e r ppear as two words ; w e g w , good hu mo , and a few 94 LIST or PHRASES .

good fell ow grand vicar Good Friday grand vizier good hum or gra pe shot good lack gravel walk good luck gray mare good m ann ers gray owl good m orning gra y P9 3 8 0 good morrow 87 9 3-13 80 good night Grec ian fire good sense Greek fire good speed Greek rose good will green crOp goose pie green earth Gra ham bread green ebon y grand d uchess green 83 8 9 grand d uc hy green grosbea k grand d uke green hand grand jury gree n linne t Grand Master gre en sickness grand piano gre en te a grand relief green vitriol ’ gran d seignior grocer s itc h 1 grand stand ground floor

others are ver commonl com ounded ood -tuck ood -tem er y y p , g , g p , ood -beha vior and man m ore term s of the kind are com arativ l g , y p e y seldom h hened even in the same books with the first-named com yp , n d wri r d o s n ot re ll m an instances in li r u f pou s. The te e ca y te at re o ' such com oundin with ba d and no difi erence su ests itself as p g , gg between ba d and good . The co n clusion seem s rea sona ble that l grammatical construction shoul d govern in a l such cases, and should b w wo Cer in e sh ul d that each of the t erm s e t o rds. ta ly th y o all be treated al ik e . See page 153. l Whil e this n ame c an hardl y be said to m ean a stand which is ” om on nse o r nd h r ou h f the rea l grand , in the c m se f g a , t e e is en g o attributi ve force in ra n d to m ake se aration ad vi sable and g p , - gra nd sta n d is better than gra nd sta nd . The compound form is used but not revailin l . , p g y LIST or PHR ASES . 95

1 ground form half caden ce groun d pl an half holiday m ure Grub street half eas f m oon guava jelly hal lf note Guelder rose ha Gulf Stream half part gum ara bic half pay gum elastic half pike gum juniper half post gum lac half pric e gum resin half rest gum sa ndarach half shift l r gum Senegal half scho a gum traga canth half step ’ Gunter s chain half ticket gutta seren a half tide hacking c ough half tint hair broom half way hair gl ove hall dinner hair pencil hall door l e hair pyrites Hamburg ak m ur w ite hair shirt Ha b g h h m ie hair sieve a p

1 In the editions of Webster’ s dictionary preceding the one j ust u iss ed at the tim e of writing , ha lf is treated a t l ength as a noun , “ with the rem ark H a l is mu ch used in com osition as ha l -ba rrel , f p ; , f , - l ” i m ar t hrou h ul ha lf d o la r, etc . Th s re k is rue , but t g some occ t ’ ratioc ination it has disappeared , and in its place the Webster s In ternation al gives exampl es of ha lf as an adjective such as ha lf di ” in me , ha lf doll ar, etc . , as if a d ol lar or a dime was q ua lifi ed som e

- wa b ha l . A hal f d ime is not a dim e and this is un iversall y y f , y d od it is a in m ” un ersto di st ct coin , worth ha lf as much as a d i e, and the n am e is c omposed of the two n ouns ha lf and d ime j oined in to one . In the term s iven in the li st however ha l is trul an g , , f y “ a ec tive m ain l in the sen e of havin ha lf a s m uch value a s dj , y s g ” som e stand ard unit and in such use it is ro erl a se arate , p p y p word . O f course any one of the terms becom es a compound ad j ecti ve before another noun . 96 LIST O F PHRAS ES.

han d in hand head first Handsel Monday head foremost hanging brac ket head m an 2 hanging buttress head m aster ha nging gard en head servant hanging side head wind hanging sl eeves head workman hanging valve heart cam ’ hard drinker 1 heart s bl ood hard drinkin g heather roof 3 hard m oney Hebe vase hard wood heir apparent 4 harlequin be etle Henry rifle harlequin d uck hero errant harlequin sna ke Hessian bit harvest l ady Hessian boots harvest l ord He ssian fly harvest month hickory shirt harvest moon high admiral harvest queen high altar Hastings sands high bailifi hasty pudding High Church

l Ha rd as in ha rd d rin ker and ha rd d rinki ng is intrin sicall y h n ” bu an ad verb , and a hard d rinker is one w o d ri ks hard t a d fo verbs are often consid ered as adjecti ves when used be re n ouns, and thi s ha rd is a aren tl att ributive the re fore at least well pp y , nou H rd d r in ker an d ha rd -d ri nki n seem ed an e gh separate d . a g p tic as c om ound s to sa the l east and a re seld om so used . p , y , 2 H ea d is full establ ished in a ec tive use in the s ense of chief y dj . , principa and a hea d m an or a head m aster is simply a principal m an or m aster(school m aster) . ” 3 N ot recisel a roof m ad e of heather but of simil ar force p y , c ri ti m (heather being the chara te s c aterial ) , therefore two word s. t d uster ir m tt 8 0 fea her bed , fea ther , ha a ress, excetsior ma ttress, etc . 4 i f The old idiom of adj ec t ve oll owing the noun. So knight erra nt, la w m ercha n t, cou rt ma rtia l , etc . De ri vatives from these terms are ro er as com ounds as heirs a a renc kn i ht-errantr to p p p , pp g, g y, - cou rt ma rtia l a person .

93 LIST or PHRASES .

horn ed owl Ic eland m e ss horned peppy Iceland spar ’ horned scream er i faith horn m erc ury ignis fatuus 2 horn qu icksilver iii blood 3 hem sil ver ill bre eding horseshoe crab ill humor horseshoe magn et ill lu ck horse shoe vetc h ill n ature hospital gangrene ill temper hot bl a st ill turn Hotten tot cherry ill will hot water 1 income tax hot-water pump Indi an arrowroot hu e and cry Indi an berry hu ll d own Indian c orn hu m ble pie Indian cross Indian fig hun g beef Indi an file Hungary water Indian ink hu nter train In dian oak hunter troop In dian poke ic ed water In dian red

1 Surely one m ight alm ost con cl ude that the hyphen is a m ere nuisanc e if it m ust be intruded between words like thi s adjective “ and noun . It i s so in Worce ster, with the d efinitions he ated water ” and a state of troubl d n i ” The om un di n e an conte t on . c po g was robabl su ested b the l atter sense but it is mere fi ura p y gg y , ly g tive in tha t sense . If m ere simil e is to indi cate com oundin what p g, — ' a peppe ring of hyphens w e m ust ad opt " "uery Is Webster s ’ utter n egl ect of the figurative phrase bett er than Worc ester s erroneous compoun di ng i 2 A Latin noun an d a ective alwa s ro erl two word s but dj , y p p y , d eliberatel re scribed as a com ound b G oold Brown and at y p p y , le ast on e other ramm aria n for the e ress ur ose of teachin g , xp p p g that its plural shoul d be ignis-fa tu uses 3 8 ce . 93 note 2 . p , ' mer or PHRASES . 99

Indian rubber Jamaica pepper ’ Indian sum mer Jam es s powder Indian turn ip Jerusal em artic hoke Indian yellow join t fiat 1 in ner pl ate joint heir inner post joint stock inner square joint tenan cy insuranc e broker j oint tenant insuranc e clerk judgm en t debt in surance company "en dal green insuran ce oiIic e "en t bu gle insuran c e policy kettle hat ’ intelligence emce king s cushion ’ iron c rown "ing s English ’ iron hat king s evil iron pyrites "i ngston m etal ’ Italian iron king s yell ow jack arc h kippered salmon Jac k "etch kissin g cru st jack pl ane kit-c at roll jack rafter kitc hen gra te ja ck timber kitc hen range ’ Ja c ob s ladder kn ight ba chelor 2 ’ Jacob s m embran e knight bann eret ’ Ja cob s staff knight baren e t ’ Jacob s ston e kn ight erran t

1 Join t is shown in composition in all the di cti on ari es except the ’ ” C entur and the new Webster s nternation a l but the y I ,

reason is hard to find . Used with a noun it is cert ainl arall el , y p

with dou ble in su ch use , but of cou rse with a different m eaning . The Webster of 1882 sa s of oin t : In c om osition held with a y j p , oi n t- he ir I s a oin t heir on who is held fell ow or assoc iate ; as, j j e ‘ ’ with a fell ow i Is it a crim e to be a j oint-heir with a hyphen ? u i of n Then (or any wa y) let us se a space n stead the hyphe . 2 These n am es with kn ight are each tw o n oun s i n a pposition

ce t kni ht erra n t whi ch is noun and a ecti ve . E ach of these ex p g , dj ons in d ic ates se a ration of the word s coll oc ati p . 100 m mor PHRASES .

knight marshal Leyden jar ’ knight s court Leyden phial ’ l amb s wool life annuity lame duck life estate Lancaster gun life in terest Lancaster rifle lifting bridge l an cet arc h light horse l anc et window light infantry l and estate light wood l ast heir Limoge s ware latten bra ss Lincoln green l aw langua ge linen scroll l aw Latin Lisl e glove l aw merc hant Lisl e thread lawn sl eeve little go l aw phrase live oak l ay brother livery c ompany l ay clerk le af sugar lay elder l ean society l ay figure Lochaber axe l ay sermon l oc om oti ve car l ed horse locomotive engine l ee lurc h l og cabin 2 left hand 1 log can oe

l We bster’ h r of le t-ha nd as a noun with s dictionary as an ent y f , ” the d efini ti on the hand on the left sid e ; it also sa ys left ba n k of a river h “ w to , t at which is on the leftha etc ., and left ard , ” the le t ha nd . This shows in c on siste n c but the work is at l east f y, consistent - both d e in enterin g right ha nd , so that the hand s are .

- fi ned. Worcester on the contrar ives ri ht ha nd with the , y , g g , definition the hand on the right a r m opposed to the left ” - ha nd but has no entr of le t ha n d as a noun . In Worcester , y f , also ri ht ha nd and ri ht side a ear in the ro er form in the , g g pp p p te xt . 2 o - i - infre uen L g ca b n , log hu t, and those others with log are not q t in lite rature as com ound s but the are ver erroneous and p , y y unnecessar com ound ne of t sim l somethin y p s. Every o hem is p y g

w 102 ar or PHRASES .

m arket rate middl e class marri age articles middl e earth m r i a r age portion middl e ground m arrow pudding middle ti nt

M - artini Henry rifle middl e voice m a t s er builder milk porridge m ast r mar e iner milk pun ch ma r m ste ason milk pottage ma ster workman m 1 atter of fac t mince pie M u a n dy Thursday Minerva press M ay m orn min t jul ep m eat biscuit mint sauce m eat ofi ering mob law m eat pie m ob opinion meat pudding Mocha cofi ee m di l e c a rubber mock epic Melton cloth me ek fight ’ Merc ator s chart m ock m odesty ’ Merc ator s sailing mock rain bow m erc hant prince m ock sun 2 m erc hant seaman moist star ’ m erc hant service m oney s worth m erc hant ship Montgelfier ball oon ’ m erchant tailor m onk s seam m e sh stru cture m onthly nurse m eta l c a sting me et ca se

1 As a n am e this i s ro erl three word s which statement is a p p y , ma tter o ac t e ressed in a ma tter-o - a ct wa or a w a which f f , xp f f y , y is ver m tm a ct all of the u ses as to form and osition y ff , , p . being c orrec t. 2 This is a Shakespearea n figure of speec h, m e aning the moon by ” all usion , bu t in the li tera l sense a star whic h is m oist a some what arad o ic al e lana tion but a tw o one . B literal sense p x xp , y is meant the sense of the word s a s w ord s. The fact is that the m oon

’ is tak en as a star and moistevid entl refers to the m oon s in uence , y fl h id upon t e t es, as is shown by the connection, the moist starupon war or PHRASES . 103

meet court m u d wall 2 m oot point m ul tiple poinding m orning gift m ushroom anchor m orn ing star m utton broth Morse alphabet m utton pi e ’ m other c hurc h Nspier s bon es ’ mother country Napier s rod s m other queen Naples yellow mother tongue n eap tide mother wit nea t c attle moun tain ash 1 Nepaul pepper m ou ntain ba rom eter Newgate c alendar ’ m ou ntain lim estone Ne w Year s day ’ m ou nte d patrol New Year s gift moun te d police New "e alan d fl a x m ourn ing piec e New "ealan d tea m ourning pin ni gged ashler m ourn ing rin g night bell

’ whose in uence N e tune s em ire d ” Worces r iv moist fl p p stan s. te g es sta r but it is moist sta r and co rre ctl so in m an edi tions of , , y , y ha S k espeare . l Thi s and other names with mou n ta i n , and som e with mea dow, are comm onl written each as tw o words and m ost of them are so y ,

ronoun ced . Mou n ta i n and m ea d ow a re c ertainl not a ectives p y dj , though n o one compound s moun ta in strea ms or m ou n ta i n ha bi ta tion s. Mou nta in a sh is in its nature simil ar t o the te rm s l ast m en tioned and so are all literal nam es of l ants or ani m als with , p m ou nta i n ; but m any nam es of exac tly this kind with sea and la nd for instanc e are alwa s com ound ed b the best wri ters. , . y p y The Century Dic tionary ” has all settled nam es of pl ants with mounta in and with mea dow h hened whil e Webster se a rates yp , p each of those with moun ta in in to two word s bu t h hen s tho , yp se - u h a nam s m ou n ta inf rid e shoul with mea dow. S c e a p d certainl y be com ound ed as bein too arbitrar for the othe r form . O f the p , g y two m ethod s how ever com oundin of all such s ecialized n am es , , p g p seem s be tter , since there is no a c tual mistake in such t reatm ent . 3 “ ” Two word s for a wall made of mud , but mud wa ll as the name of a bird . 104 LIST O F PHRASES .

ni ght brawl Ota heite salep m night bre eze Oxford chro e n oble liverwort Oxford cla y Nordhause n acid Oxford mixture N orfolk crag Oxford oc hre n orthern drift O xford school n orth pole oyster patty n orth star oyster pie n orth wind pa ir royal Norway l obster pale al e Norway m a ple pale fen ce Norway spruc e pale fen cing Norwich crag Palissy ware P alm Sun day oak pa per palm win e oar propeller P almyra palm ofi sea son P an am a hat efi sid e Panc ake Tuesday old age paper credit old ba chelor paper currency old-clothes m an paper mon ey old maid paper shade old oil P aris blue old style Paris gard en Old Testament 1 P aris green olive crown parish chi ld orange pekoe parish cl erk organ harm onium parish prie st e riel window parish register Osage orange P aris red O sborn e serie s parlor board er Oswego starc h parol arrest ’ Oswe go tea parson s nose

1 The Old Testament is separately defin ed a s Old -Testa ment by t Worcester, though he writes O ld Tes a m en t and N ew Tes ta men t in

the text and d efines the l atter onl in the entr of Test men t. , y y a

106 LIST OF PHRASES .

platform scal es prickly pear platinum ste e l pw a donna Plough Monday Prime Minister 2 plum broth prin ce royal ’ plum e alum P rin c e s m etal plum pie princ ess royal plum porridge privy c oat plum pudding privy cou ncil Plymouth cloak privy purse pocket edi tion privy seal poet laureate privy signe t pontoon bridge procurator fiscal pork pie proof spirit pork sausa ge Proven c e oil ’ porter s lodge Provence rose port town provost m arshal port ward en prussic acid P ort wine public house potte d meats public prosecutor pottern ore Pullm an c ar ’ potter s clay pulpit el oqu ence poun d covert 1 pulpit oratory poun d overt prayi ng mantis pyroacetic spirit prickly ash qua lity binding pric kly bullhead qua rt bottle 3 pric kly he at quarter note

1 Pou nd cover t and pou nd overt are instance s of the old idiom noted und er brother germa n and county p a la ti ne noun followed in stead of bein reced ed b the a ective g p y dj . 2 Lo icall one nam e but ra mm atic all two word s in re ul ar g y , g y g h t -mi tr construc tion, lik e C i ef J us ice, high p riest, etc . Prime nis y, however is a ood com ound thou h well en ou h also as two , g p , g g word s if ac h ord has a i l l r e w cap ta ette . 3 m f h i - - d f S o e o t e di ct on aries have qu a rt bottle, pi n tpot, an a ew others of the kind h hened thou h there are m a n such terms in yp , g y ood use hi ch th m i T h re is no in n g w ey o t al together. e thing a y ' E msr or PHRAS S . 107

quarter rest red chalk quarter sessions red c opper queen bee red c oral queen consort red -cross knight queen dowager red currant queen m other red de al queen regent red fire queen regnant red iron ore ’ queen s coun sel red iron vitri ol ’ que en s metal red la ttice ’ queen s ware red l ead ’ qu een s yellow red lea d ere quid pro que red m anganese quill nib red m aple quince pie red m arl quin ce wine red mulberry racking pac e red oak rack punch red ochre ’ ragm an s roll red pe rch rail fence red pin e raised beac h red san d ers rape wine red sanderswood rear line red silve r ore rear ran k re d sn ow rear vaul t red sorrel

red ant red vitriol red an timony R e qua battery red ash return ball red bay return c haise red birch return m atc h red book return ticket 1 red cedar revenue cutter

ua rt merel attributes such term which calls for compou nding. " y o a certain capacity t o the b ttl e . 1 Revenu e-cu tter is too su ggestive of a sense lik e one who or that which cuts the revenue the actual sense is a cutter per 103 LIST or PHRASES .

revenue ofiicer R obin Hood rhomb solid robin redbreast ribbon ja sper robin ruddock Ribbon lodge Roc hell e powders ribbon m ap R ochelle salt Ribston pippin roc k alu m 1 ric e pudding rocking stone ric e soup roc k ruby ric e wine rock salt ridge roof rock soap ridi ng rhymes Rom an Catholic 2 right hand R om an type right whale R om an white ring arm or root house 3 ring c ouplin g rope band ring c ou rse repe l adder ring dial rope m at ri nged snake rope pump ring fenc e rose diam ond ring gauge rose engin e ring mail rose knot R obin Goodfellow rose quartz

” tainin to used in the revenue service and there is no ossibl g ( ) , p e ambi ui in th - rm e enue cu t g ty e t wo word fo r v ter. 1 im il r la te l k ri u i f S a to p g ass, etc . R oc is att b t ve o shape or con

dition and therefore d escri tive in rock a lu m rock r ub etc . , p , , y, 2 Worcester unac coun tabl y gives Roma n Ca tholic a s a hyphened

n oun . He uses the term attributive l as two words i n the d efinition y , wh r ” one o a d he es to the R oma n Ca thol ic religion , where there u m on for h in r N is m ch ore rea s compounding t an the othe use. o

harm is d one by insertin g the hyphen in either u se , since the n am e is und oubtedl y a logical unit ; but gramma tic all y it is two word s in

the n amin u se and not ac tu all so attributivel . The ca ital g , y y p i l e tters are su ffic ent even in the l atter use , however, to rend er j oining unnec essary . 3 Fe r a house m ad e of roots, root house : for a house to contain - se roots, root hou .

110 M ar or PHRAS ES .

scarlet ma ple sec ond floor scarlet oak sec on d sc ent Sc heele’s green se con d sight school committee Seidli tzpowder school di stric t Seidlitzwater school di vin e Seltzer water school di vinity serpent fence school theology servant maid scotched c ollops servant man S cotc h fir settle bed Sc otch pin e ’ Scotch rose sheep s wool Sc otch thistle sheet copper 2 screw belt sheet glass screw clamp sheet iron screw propeller sheet lead screw rudder sheet tin screw stea mer sherry cobbler scrub rac e Shetland pony ’ scuttl ed butt ship s husban d ’ season ticket ship s papers second c ousin 1 shoe stirrup

” scarl et condition of the skin , and this meaning is att ributive, though of c ourse the fever itself is not the thi ng whi ch is scarl et. c l l w e - S a r e t fever and ye lo f ver are d ifferent from cold chisel , whi ch is a c om ound bec au se cold stands alm ost in the offi ce of a noun p , as elli tical for cold me tal ust as the ood ” m ans the ood p , j g e g ” peop le. 1 Second cou sin s simil r t i a to scarle fever , in so fa r as it d oes n ot ou h m ean a c sin w o is second in a re gul ar enu meration of cousins, but a c ousin of the second d e ree Second is a u in ord in g . q alify g w in this sense a s well a s the other, and so in re gula r separate c on u f r noun n d str ction be o e its . In seco sight a nd second scent, also, the fac t of regul a r construction is sumcient reason for the two word form . 9 Sheet is an adjective in this use , because its force is that of cl ear S he co e r i im l attribution . e t pp s s p y copper ha ving the form of a sheet, being thus distinguished by an inherent qua lifi cation . LIST or PHRASES . 111

shooting star slacked lim e short allowance sl ate rocks shot silk sl iding keel Shrove Tuesd ay slid in g rul e side cut 1 slidin g sc al e side gl anc e slip -c oat cheese side l ever sm all be er side pipe small c oal side-saddl e flower small craft side table sm a ll fry sid e view sm al l pic a side win d small stufi sign m anua l 2 small talk silk-c otton tree sm all ware s ’ sil ver-bell tree snake s-head iri s singing bird snow bl anket singing m an sn ow house singin g wom an sn ow hut single entry sofa be d skeleton bill Southern Cross skel eton key Spani sh bl a ck

l sid e c an hardl be call ed an a ective et in the term s iven y dj , y g in the l ist it seem s to ha ve an a ttributive force . As a na me for a short conn ec tin road or ath for instan e branchin from the g p , c , g sid e of a m ain road or ath sid e cu t is at l ea st a l ausibl e form in p , p di stinction from side -out for a c uttin in to the sid e of an thin or g y g, for a woodc ut t o be pl aced in the sid e of the page inste ad of the centre Sid e seem s to ha ve a simil a r se ara forc e in h o r . p te t e the terms al so in line with the common u s of ba ck n t , , e s , fro , rear, fore, hi nea r e . i nd , , tc Compare w th sid e ou t such term s, also, as br n h store cen tre b uild in t m a c , g, bo to la yer , top la yer , etc ., and the m r nt f r anal ogy see s appa e o sid e a s an a djec tive . A s see n in sid e ‘ - ache sid e iece etc . however sid e is m erel on e of tw o nouns , p , , , y ” “ taken from a hrase like ache in the side iec e at the sid e ” p , p , n d the two words ha in n etc ., a , v g o real relation to ea ch other, com m erel arts of one ne w noun be e y p . 11Th old idiom of n oun foll o e wed by adj ective , with the same

effect as if written ma nu a l sign . 112 LIST or PHRASES .

Spani sh broom spring feed 2 Spanish brown Spa nish burton sprin g gun Spani sh chalk spring rye Spanish cress spring wheat Spanish elm spruc e beer Spanish ferrete Spy Wednesd ay Spanish fly square c oupling Spa ni sh grass squ are fil e Spanish moss Spanish potato square rig Spani sh red stage door Spanish soap stage whi sper Span ish white Stanhope press Spanish windl ass star fort spread eagl e star-headed hyacinth sprig crystal state ball 3 spring bal ance 1 state barge

l Thc re al force of this nam e is a balance characterized by a ” spring, and the word s a re u se d in a rel ation simil ar to that of

- dia mond rin c li nd er ress etc . S rin ba la nce is commonl g, y p , p g y in written , but is obj ectionable as be g suggestive of tha t whi ch bal ances a s rin ” which is n ot at all the com mon meanin as p g, g ; a m atter of rinci l e therefore s rin ba la nce is better. p p , , p g 2 S rin su mmer a u tu m n or a ll and wi nter are so c ommonl p g , , f , y used as a dj ectives that it i s rather surprisin g to fi nd the terms i u h ic i nari e g ven in the lists compo nd ed in t e d t o es. Th y are j ust lik e su mme r va ca tion and it see ms hard l nece ssar to sa an , y y y y thin more to convi nce an one that the h he nin is wron g y yp g g. 3 8 ta te is used as a se arate a ecti ve in m an l oc utions as in p dj y , ” sta te a ers a ers e rtainin to affairs of sta te . The di c ion p p , p p p g t aries whi ch ive such com oun d s as sta te-ba ll sta te-ca rria e and g p , g , the lik e d o not therein exhibit an a ccurate record of preval ent usa e which certainl se arate s the word s e ce t as in sta te room . g , y p , x p Sta te is an a ec tive howe ve r onl as bein an attributi ve use of dj , , y g the noun and there is n o intri nsic error in he c om oundi u , t p ng ; b t there is ce rtain ly no reason able obj ection to the t wo-word forms shown in the list .

I H 114 L ST or P RASES .

through rate triply ribbed through ticket truc k system through traflic true love through train true-l ove knot ’ tight rope true lover s knot tile tea trunk engin e Tilgate beds truss bridge timber brick trustee proc ess timber mare trust estate tissue paper Tul a m etal title rol e turf drain Tobago c ane turf hedge tooth orn am ent turf house torsion bala nc e 1 Turkey carpet town cl erk 2 Turkey red town coun cil Turkey slate town crier turnpike re ad town hall turn-rest pl ough town house turret ship town l and turtle sou p town poor twin brother town talk Tyburn ticket trade allowan ce Tybum tree trade pric e Tyrian purple travelling cran e Ulster badge trea sure trove undershot wheel trembling poplar under side Trent san d union jack tre stle bridge upper ten thousand 3 trial trip upper world

1 A nam e actl simil ar to s rin ba la nc e a n d lik e it frc uentl e x y p g , , , q y h hened but better a s tw o word s. yp , 2 r e F or j ustifi ca tion of the se te rm s a s se pa ated word s, see pag 66 . 3 A c omm on literal hrase with n o su estion of uni t be ond p , gg y y h whi h is inherent in the hrasal nstructio With an id ea t at c p co n. y of an alo as bearin u on word-forms how m an h hens gy g p , y yp LIST or PHRAS ES . 115

Welsh wig V enic e glass west end vica r a postolic We st India tea vin ordinaire wet finger wading bird wheel barome ter wage r policy wheel window walking gen tlem an white ant 1 walking la dy white antimony Walpurgis night white arsenic War Department whi te a sh waste -steam pipe white bay wa te r hemp-agrim ony white be ar wax baske t white brant wax c andl e white campion wax dell white caterpillar waxe d cloth white ceda r we a ther a nc hor white ce ntaury weather bow White c hapel c art weather eye white cle ver weather helm white c opper weather roll white c opperas we ather side white c rop Wedgwood ware white darnel Welsh hook white feather Welsh mu tton white gunpowder Welsh oni on white he at Welsh rabbit whi te herring might we n ot use if Worcester’ s upp er-ten-thousa nd be c omm onl y adopted i Where coul d any lin e be d rawn ? There is n ot a phrase in the l an guage which w ou ld n ot be as prope rly c onnected all i h n through w th hyp e s. 1 There is n ot one of these nam es with whi te which m eans any thin but ust what the two word s sa as t wo w ord s either lite rall g j y , y It is bu a onishin l rverte d record of the or figuratively . t n ast g y pe form s of the En glish l angu a ge whic h exhibits such n am es as com ounds since there is not on e of them in su ort of which p , pp actuall y good or established usag e can be evid enc ed . L T r E 116 IS o PHRAS S .

white horehound white wax white hersefish whi te wha le white iron white willow white win e whi te land white witc h white lead Whitworth ball white le af Whitworth gun white leather wild basil 1 white lie wild boar white light wild bugloss white lily wild c ha m omil e white line wild cherry white m anganese wild cu c u mber white meat wild du c k white metal wil d fowl white m oney wild germander white oak wild goose white pine wild -goose chase white pe plar wild honey white poppy wild indigo white pre cipitate wil d lan d white pudding wild lic hen white pyrites white repe wild oa t white shark wild olive white spruce wild pl anta in white squall wild rice white swelling wild rosema ry white tall ow wild servi ce -tea white vitriol wil d suc c ory

1 All of these names with wil d mean but j ust wha t is said in the d there is no o d u a - separated words, an g o sage gain st the two word - hem . Wild som s form for any one of t fl ower is etime compound ed , but there seems to be no m ore reason for it tha n for any of those in the list .

CHAPTER VIII .

B EA HE AD TEACHING BY NOTED T C RS.

THE ise ro ress and resent Structure of R , P g , P ” the En lish an ua e b the Rev . atthew Har g L g g , y M r s M n h on A . . ublished i 1850 has a Short c a i , , p , p ” ter headed Com ound erm s o ned b H he n p T J i y yp , in which a few eneral ru les are i en and the r g g v , i intended beneficial effect is summarized in the fol lowing sentence

Then (to work out the principle ) we m ay hep e to see the master uilders the s i - ui lders the l ord c anc ellors the b , h p b , h , sc ool -m asters the rim e minister the i -c urc -m en h , p , h gh h h , and the low -c u re -m e n men-sin ers and wom en -sin ers h h , g , g wit silver-ton ue d voic es to et er wit the o era-danc ers h g ; g h h p , a nd the orse - uards and the foot- uard s the c ow- ee ers h g , g , k p , the c oal - orters the li ter-m en the c o er- smi t s the p , gh , pp h , tin -m en he music al -in ru n m r l di i , t st me t an ufa cture s, a e s n sil owns a n d water-m en in c or ac ets a n d waiters wit k g , k j k , h c or - screws a nd win e -c oolers even the an ti- sta -and -corset k , y

ou n -wom en - illin -societ all in a uic - sailin vesse l y g k g y, q k g ,

oin to se e the su bw man made the mil -m an of Mar g g , by k y ’ is- e n e an d t en roce edin to view the ard -le n -tailed b , h p g y g m on e a nd the ele an t ossessin the stren th of a k y, ph p g g twent - erse - ower stea m -e n ine n e w e hi itin in Bis o y h p g , x b g h p ” - - - - - a te street wit ou t a si t n ever to be for otte n . g h , gh g BAD TEACHING BY NO TED TEACHERS . 119

Probably this writer thou ght he had exemplified his prescribed principles for compounding m ost lucidl y in thi s clumsy sentence ; but he uses many h hen which e en hi s su erficial rul es based yp s v p , ent rel on accentuat on would e clude and e en i y i , x , v goes so far as to partially disj oint several form s which had grown into and have remained as familiarly in separable words as any original sin gle

ocable. These are schoolmaster li htermen co v , g , p

ersmiths tinmen and corkscrew. here are so p , , T many snags appar ent in the fairway laid out for

h u ck-sailin essel that thou h one m ht t is q i g v , g ig tr to racefun w sh its assen ers bon vo a e it y g y i p g y g , m ust inevitably be with the prem onition that the snow ma n is apt to m elt before the dimcul t n avi

at e n is con uered so far and that the ard-l on g i q , y g tailed m onkey would have foun d opportunity to u se his handy prehen sile organ in flight before the sight n ever-to-be-forgotten (with three erron e l n rlo in h hens ho int i T ous y i te p g yp ) ve o v ew . o e em lif the con ct between rul es and u sa e here x p y fli g , “ is one of the rules : When two substantives are in a os tion and e ther of the two is se ara l pp i , i p te y a licable to the erson or thin des nated omit pp p g ig , ” he h hen It would be m t yp . i possible to find form s conflicting with this rul e m ore directly than do men-sin ers and women sin ers u s in h g g , ed t e m li in n n u ot exe p fy g se te ce q ed . “ The sam e w ter sa s an d trul The n li ri y , y, E g sh language admits of compound term s with great 120 BAD TEACHING BY NOTED TEACHERS .

” ac l t . h s howe er is not in strict accord f i i y T i , v , with the opini on held by many other prominen t h h lolo sts am on t em Mr. G. . arsh who p i gi , g P M , , ” in hi s ectures on the n lish an ua e sa s L E g L g g , y

The power of deriva tion and composition was eminently c aracteristic of our m aternal An lo-S a on b ut was m uc h h g x , dimini s ed u on the introduction of the Norm an Fren c h p h, or to s ea m ore ustl the Latin elem ent w ic refused , p k j y, , h h to acc omm oda te itself to this organic facul ty of the Saxon n u O ur re ent o er o deri tion nd c m to g e . p s p w f va a o posi tion is m uc restricted and w ile ma n ot er livin la n h , h y h g ua e s ca n c a n e a ll n ouns su stantive an d ad ec tive into g g h g , b j , e ac ot er or into ver s and vice versa still retaini n the h h , b , , g root-form w ic m a e s the n e w-c oin ed word at on c e under , h h k stood e ve r native ear we on the c ontrar a re c on by y , , y, stantly obliged to resort to c ompounds of fore ign and to u s unm eanin roots w enever we wis t o e ress a c om le g , h h xp p x ” id a sin l word ea by g e .

Mr arsh in the same lecture al so s s . M ay

The fa cility of derivation an d c omposition in the Greek and ot ic lan ua e s is al most u nlimite nd a native G h g g d, a , on ce m aster of the radic a ls an d full ossessed of the law s , y p of form ation c an at an time e tem orize a word for the , y x p pre cise expre ssion of any c omple te idea he m ay choose to em od in a in le voca le Aristo an es ha s a word b y s g b . ph of fourte en s lla les from six radic als si nif in m eanl y b , , g y g y rising -e arly-and -hurrying-to the tribunal to-d enoun ce -an other-for-an -infrac tion- of- a Jaw-c onc erning-the -exportation of-fi s so t at one word e resse s an id e a the tran slation g , h xp , of w ic in to En lis oc cu ies twen t -t o Voss ha h h g h p y w . s framed a Germ an e ui val ent for the ree word m or en q " G k ], g dammernn hiindelmache h v r m w d run gs rrec ts erde b iih an e g,

122 BAD TEACHING BY NOTED TEACHERS .

’ — - - - m ay be endu red, bu t canne-d sncre de la Chine ca n only be paralleled by our m ongrel pocket- ha nd ker ” chief Consciou sly overriding the real intentio n f he lec u rer which is al able but n ot er o t t ( p p , g m ane and takin his rem arks at ace alue there ), g f v , m A l an ua e is a direct con tradiction in the . g g m uch restricted in facility of combination woul d n ” hardly have comm on triplicate compou ds. That an expert phil ologist could say that Chinese sn ar-cane m a be endured is remarkable but not g y , so m uch so as the statement that the Fren ch writ e

n - - n - d l in Chinese su ar-cane is the ca ne d s cre a d Ch e. g onl ro er n lish orm and a Frenchm a n y p p E g f , ul n e r m oun e r n h hr Th wo d ve co p d th F e c p ase . e cutting u p of pocket- hand kerchief into its ultim ate four elem en ts is entirely contrary to the spirit of the n lish lan u a e since it is correctl re arded E g g g , y g as a com ou n d of onl two words ocket and p y , p handkerchief. H a ndkerchief is a compou nd of ha nd a nd the com oun d kerchie an d in tu rn enters as p f, one elemen t into the still m ore extended com

oun d . It is e ident that these lectures whi ch p v , deal lar el w th the m ake-u of the lan ua e g y i p g g , afford n o reliable inform ation as to propriety and n of c om undin in n li h exte t po g E g s . William Chau n ce F o l r in Dr. w e his reall y , y “ valuabl e book entitled English in its Elements ” an Form s sa s d , y

om ound word s in En lis as distin ui C p g h, g shed from derivatives ave rec eived com arativel but littl , h p y e atten BAD T EACHING BY NO TED TEACHERS . 123 tion et from the rea t variet of the c om on ent arts ; y , g y p p , an d the different relations in whic h they sta nd to e ac h ot er i t is evident t at t ese word s deserve a m ore minute h , h h in ” ve stigation .

It is er d sa o ntin a ter such an introduc v y i pp i g, f tor statement to find amon the words in stanced y , g but ourteen com ound d ecti es and none of f p a j v , n o her kin n ou n It is still m ore a y t d except s. disappointing to fin d no strictly synthetical con S deration of com ounds and no teachin as to i p , g principles except thi s

om osition is a develo ment of word s for constant not C p p , m er l for o c ion l u It is not an ar itrar r e y c as a se . b y p oc ess in l an ua e or sic a rocess to be ado ted at le a sur g g , " ] p p p e . A proper c ompound must express a spe c ific id ea form ed l e W e re r i for perm anen t u se in the anguag . h ve t takes l ac e t ere s ould be an ad e u ate c au se or occa i n p , h h q s o . Not every c ombin ation of two ideas in to one is properly ex sed c m un d Id a s c om ined a t the m om en f pres by a o po . e b t o s ea in or writin for the first time d o n ot form c om ound p k g g, , p It i wi n to thi s rinci le t at w e a ve dea th words. s o g p p h h wound n ot l e-w und a ther-la nd n ot son- la nd ox-hunter , if o f , f , not shee -hunter earth- ua ke n ot sea - uake brown brea d p q , q , not resh brea d sea -sick n ot terror-si ck ec ause the l atter f , , b ” term s of t e l t re n et c ll ed for h se coup e s a a .

T wo m ore citations m ay well be con sidered in connection with the foregoin g

“ th c om ou nd m odi fies the sec on d it As the first part of e p ,

o di tin ui s etwe en bea n- ole a ole for e an s is easy t s g h b p , p b , d ole- bean a e an that rows aroun d oles work- house an p , b g p ; , for wor and house-work wor done in a ouse a house k, , k h ; B TE BY T E 124 AD ACHIN G NO TED EACH RS . chestnut-horse a orse of the color of a c e stnut and horse , h h , ” tn r ches ut, a l a ge nut . “ P er ec t om osition —W en the two ords form one f c p . h w c om le id ea t en the com osition is com lete or erfec t . p x , h p p p i t in d : 1 W en the two arts of the Of th s there are wo k s . h p in iti n r n c er compound a re appos o o co c ord with e a h oth . r b includ 1 Th uni on of two c om m n He e ma y e ed , ( ) e o

- m e Foe ma n . 2 Th uni on of th c n n a s ; as, ( ) e e spe ie s a d

- en us a s Oak tree. 3 The union of a ro er n am e and g ; , ( ) p p the enus a s Flint River. 4 The uni on of two ro er g ; , ( ) p p ” me a Cha rles Richards. n a s ; s,

“ The assertion that ideas combined at the mo m ent of s eakin or wr t n for the first tim e p g i i g, , ” do not orm com ound words taken literall is f p , y,

- ill considered . Fa therland for instance was a s , ,

truly a compou nd the first tim e - it was u sed as it is n ow; and the same is true of any similar u se of two words in a reall unified u ncti n Th y f o . at

shee -hunter sea - ua ke and terror-sick are no p , q , t re uent is n ot of the sli htest ertinen ce s nce f q g p , i occasion to u se any one of them m ay arise at any time and an on e of them would be a ro er , y p p compoun d as well the first time of u sin g a s at h r im It is difli cult to find a r on f any ot e t e. eas or “ ” rown brea d not resh bread since the ar n b , f , y e ot r nted as com ounds an d the cha ter in whi ch p i p , p they appear is ostensibly devoted to the investi

r in i r Chestnut- horse gation of wo ds j o ed n fo m . is o l r roneous in orm as chestnu tis a re ul ar abs lute y e f , g col r ad ecti e recisel like brown bla ck white o j v , p y , , , h r i ro erl two wor etc . and chestnut o se s as ds , p p y

126 BAD TEACHING BY NOTED TEACHERS .

’ forest in the following passage "from "eats s Endymion Twa s a lay More su tle-c adenced more forest wild b , , ’ d ” Than Dryope s lon e lulling of her chil .

“ Again : Brick and stone are su bstantives ; but m ere position before another substantive tu rns ” them nto ad ecti es as brick house stone wa ll. i j v , , The current system of grammatical terminol ogy has been cons dered uate throu h centur es i adeq g i , and the advisability of investing the present terms with a m ore comprehensive m eaning is nl u l doe n t seem l k el certai y q estionab e . It s o i y that either of the two changes mentioned by r s or arl will r k l P ofe s E e eve ta e p ace. A general principle simple enough to commend itsel to e er bod and still suflicientl com re f v y y, y p hensive to leave very little room for disagreement except in regard to c omparatively few m atters of mere detail and those of such n ature as to be reall , y unim o ta nt would certa nl be ad anta eou s. It p r , i y v g can hardl y be doubted that such a principle may m ore easily and m ore advantageously be formu l on the basis of re ent classification w thou t ated p s , i chan e or e tens on than b introducin no elt es g x i , y g v i Su ch a eneral rinci le must n atu of any kind . g p p rally attempt nothin g m ore than the attain ment of ro im e onsistenc in the u se of words and app x at c y , especially in regard to their real relations one to

another. AD TEA BY TED TE B CHI NG NO ACHERS . 127

The principlewhich su ggests itself as m ost likely to be w dely adopted is that each word should , i al ways rem ain separate when u sed exactly in a norm al relation e en when it and another ord , v w together have a j oint unity of sense ; and that each pair of words n ot in normal relation to each other shou ld be oin ed to i e one orm - which reser es j , g v f p v the proper constru ction in stead of two whi chviolate m wi h ll f ur i . his a be don e t a owance or nat al t T y , differen ces of o inion as to details of classification p , and also for the fact that there m ust be some ex ce tions to an ru le without the sli htest real p y , g change of any kind in gramm ar ; but the m ere adoption of su ch a principle can not straighten matters without careful recognition of real cl assi f in i inc ions y g d st t . With such a principle clearly impressed upon the ind it should be m oss ble for a n one to sa m , i p i y y “ n r In lin r that forest can be a adve b. the e Mo e ” subtle-cadenced m ore orest wild there is one , f , adj ective made by j oining the two words subtle an d ca denced in to one orm and the oinin m u st ha e f , j g v been don e considered ro m a ra mm atical o nt , if f g p i of ew sim l becau se subtle is an ad ect e and Vi , p y j iv , not an adverb ; the writer wanted a m ore obscure s llable than the re ul ar ad erbial termination y g v , and therefore u sed the word subtle instead of the ramm aticall re uired subtl ri htl reco n zin g y q y, g y g i g the abnormality of its use by m aking a compound adj ective rather than pl ac ing two separate adjec BAD A HIN BY N TED TEA 128 TE C G O CHERS .

n Th u e of an tives together in such a positio . e s adj ective as an adverb is m u ch m ore frequ ent tha n such he noun tho u h the latter som etim es use of t , g occurs; but it is not in accordance with the tru e spirit of the language to introduce n ew u ses of "eats or his either k n d w th rare e ce tion s. i , i x p ( printers) failed to perceive a very eviden t fact in the construction of the line which is that ores t , f and wild together represent one predi cation of con

dition u st as tru l as su tle an d cadenced do. F or , j y b est-wild is the orm wh ch should ha e been used f i v , s nce orest actu all rema n s a nou n thou h it i f y i , g stands in the constructional position of an adverb ; m akin g the whole term stan d as one adj ective wou ld be m uch m ore artistic than overriding all s stem b usin orest as an ad rb his noun y y g f ve . If t so u sed is con sidered ro erl an a d erb an “ p p y v , y other n oun m ay becom e an adverb in the sam e way ; yet m any su ch cases are conceivable which woul d be in sta ntly condem ned by the writer who says that m aking forest an adverb is a su dden stroke of art. The idea that m ere position before another su b ” stantive tu rn s a n oun into an adj ective is a very comm on one a nd brick is an ad ecti e in brick , j v house meanin a hou se m ade of br r , g ic but m e e osition is not what m akes this brick an ad ecti e p j v , bu t rather its m eanin which is the sam e as the g,

old in ection -en would ive it in bricken were that fl g , orm u se u w n i f d j st as oode s. Position alone is

130 BAD TEACHIN G BY NOTED TEACHERS .

A head showin g its real m eanin g very readily. ine in a news a er not ced ust be ore writ l p p , i j f in h s m a ser e as a ood illustrat on . It is g t i , y v g i “ ” “ i e Sa n his Business and it m eans ife L f vi g , L i in ” N0 one would or coul d savin g "is]h s Bus ess. mistake it for anythin g but what it is intended for er read n a l ttle of the art cle but at first si ht aft i g i i , g — it suggests the savin g of a business by Life a s if a person named Life was saving his business r ome hreatened di saster The ntended f om s t . i ” “ mean n is of course the sa n of life life i g vi g , ” sa in and the reason n which led to the orm v g, i g f life saving must have been that life is an adj ective ual in savin li e howe er is merel the nam q ify g g; f , v , y e of wha is sa ed and can not b cons dered de t v , e i scriptive or attributive in any way to any direct

effect u on savin . one should sa Them p g If y, ’ ” eo le doesn t know nothin about it no one could p p g , os bl misunderstand the ntention but e er p si y i , v y one of any education woul d know that the expres sion was not right ; yet it would be fully as accurate

as li e savin for li e-savin not m ore accurate f g f g, if , since som e other n oun and participle might for the sam e reason applied to life savingbe written as two words with the effect of actually misleadin g the reader wh le m ere mi in of numbers and cumu , i x g l no m lation of negatives cou d t islead . A very careful search after existing rules for compounding fail s to reveal any which give a clear idea of the cases in which two words should figure BAD TEACHIN G BY NO TED TEACHERS . 131

n er writer who has m ade rules dwells as o e. Ev y on the m atter of accent largely to the exclusion l her cons derations an d the result is that of al ot i , people are told in a general way that some kinds f om oun ds should ha e the h hen and certain o c p v yp , h r hould not the di st nct on bein en ot e s s , i i g giv as entirely dependent upon accent ; an d this would be all very well so far as it goes if the cases were r n i As a m atter f clearly diffe e t ated . o fact every — — , book examined and they are many violates its own rules and not one of them i es a sin le cl r , g v g ea direction as to any synthetic principle by which to decide whether certain word s in certain u ses should m or n t be co pounded o . “ A Manu al of En glish Pronunciation an d Spell ” in b ichard Soule associate ed tor of Worces g, y R , i ’ r dic ion ar and William A Whe ler te s uarto t . e q y, , ’ associate editor of Webster s dict onaries has in i , its introduction eighteen paragraphs about com ounds with two rules an d a number of exce p , p “ n The rules are : When each of the arts tio s. p of a compound word is pronounced with a distinct accent the should be oined with a h hen as , y j yp ; , ’ ’ ’ l low-crea ture twen t Wh n fe , y e on e of the words of which a compound is formed is pro noun ced without a distinct accent n o h h , yp en should be nserted between them as bla ck’ smith i ; , , ' ’ ' ” cler man earth ua ke ink sta nd. gy , q , Am on g the solid words in the vocabul ary which are referred to the rul e for a single accent are bla me D T IN BY N E TEA 132 BA EACH G OT D CHERS . worth bookbinder brea kwa ter a dra on entle y, , , fl p g , g woman lad love loveletter o tmaster tea kettle , y , , p s , , thankworth wa a rer wea thercock and others y, yf , , l ke them wh le w th h en and re err i ; i i yph s, f ed to the rule for two accents there are note-worth , y,

i eon-hole razor-back sea- arer sea -worth sna p g , , f , y, p dra on wa ter-s out wa ter-wort and others l ke g , p , , i them wh ch are an d were at the tim e the i , book was ubl shed ro erl sol d word s. p i , p p y i Of words which really have but one accent the ocabular es bed la te do da do sta r oot v y giv p , g y, g , f ua rds lasshouse hour lass ackblock li eblood g , g , g , j , f , milk a il scar skin sta tehouse woodhouse and others p , f , , , which should not be solid word s ; and with the h hen bull-do re- hill-side ke - boa rd ost yp g, fi fly, , y , p chaise ra ce- course a rd-arm and others m ost of , , y , which should be solid words and for which he , t h rul e given so provides. An exception to t e sec “ ond rule is : Compounds in whi ch the first word ends with the sam e letter or digraph as that with ’ which the secon d be ns as sh -sho a gi ; , fi p, fl g/

- ” ra ss head dress etc . but the ocabular has g , , ; v y brickkiln lowworm and sackcloth and other , g , , olat ons of the e ce ti n The book h vi i x p o . w ich gives these examples of confusion happens to be better avail able for the pu rpose of ill ustration han an other at hand because of the e tended t y , x vocabulary from which to select ; but every book am n d shows s milar contradictions and the ex i e i , inevitable conclusion is that m ere accen t is not a

sufficient ide.

BAD TEA HIN BY N T 134 C G OTED EACHERS .

wh ch stand so e en in the citat on . hus under i v i T , “ ” the headin re o it ons of omance ri n he g P p s i R O gi , t book m entioned has this list : (2) Compounded a Substanti e a cross via beca use a ro os o ( ) v , , , p p f, b means o b virtue o in a ccordance with in a y f, y f, , d ” dition to in case o in com ari son to and e h en , f, p , ig te other h ases the last of which is with w p r , a vie to. The classifying n ame compounded substantive p rep osition was a re elat on to the resent writer who v i p , can not perceive any advantage in callin g a series of “ ” two three or e en our words a re osit on whe , , v f p p i , n the name preposi tion is m ade for a word as a part of S eech and when som e of the hrases contain hree p , p t r sof s eech instead of on ” a t e . w th a ew to p p If i vi , or an hrase is a re osition the sen tence of our y p , p p , f full lines previously quoted from Milton is a noun althou h th s senten ce con ta ns three articles ten g i i , nouns three ronoun s se en ad ecti es hr , p , v j v , t ee erbs ou r re ositions and three con unct on i v , f p p , j i s, t is cons dered l o call as bein one name that of h i gi y g , t e

ree and a nam e is a n oun . An reasonin in a r t , y g f vo “ of calling one of the two expressions a part of ” eech mus be e uall a licable in the o h r sp t q y pp t e case. “ course n either e ress on is a art of s eech ” Of xp i p p . In the followin g pages the word compound is restric ted in application to actual j oinings in form of two (or m ore) English words so as to figure a s h n r s l d one word (hyp e ed o o i ) . CHAPTER I".

N Tw D ME E WHE o WOR S BECO O N .

ANY person satisfied with the proposition that more placing of two substantives together m akes the first of the two an ad ecti e and that the ad j v , ective is ro erl alwa s a se a rate word Shoul d j p p y y p , hardly find occasion ever to write a c ompound nou n orm e ce t that e er one has to admit f , x p v y hat som e airs of words have reall become t p y , t hrou h familiar t of u a e established in g i y s g ,

c mb ned orm . It is ha rdl likel howe er that o i f y y, v , even a writer who believes that correct compound in i ntirel a m atter of amiliarit withou t a g s e y f y,

real uidin rinci le would a ro e of ba rn~roo g g p p , pp v f and ac tor roo as seen close to ether in one f y f, g m a azine of sand-hill and sand ba r as in another g , , ,

f hie - ustice and ssocia te u tice as in or o C f J A J s , a A er lon e erience in con nection with third . ft g xp he m ak n of books a nd news a ers m ostl for t i g p p , y “ ” o who did n ot belie e in com ou ndin pe ple v p g, and after earnest examination with a view to de terminin the w dest an d best u sa e the conclus on g i g , i seems inevitable that many m ore compounds m ust

135 136 WHEN TWO WO RDS BECO ME O NE . be m ade t an some r ers ha e hereto ore u sed h w it v f , and m an ewer than some others ha e m ad e be y f v , fore approximate consistency can be attained full recognition of the proper separate u se of a word is er essential and it is also essent al that u nder v y , i certain circ umstances the word shoul d become

part of a compound . The only plau sible reason for makin g a com ound word i n an case is that su ch orm differ p , y , f entiates the u nified term in m eaning from that represented by the separate words ; and the difi er entiation can be marked much m ore effectu ally by a l in analo ical rinci les takin som e nu pp y g g p p , g uest onable com ou nd as a m odel a nd in q i p , giv g u nity of form to all terms which are exactly like that m odel in si nificat on e en when there is g i , v no possibility of misunderstanding them 1 n either orm In sel ec in the m odels u on which he f . t g p t rules here i en are based ull consideration has g v , f been en to the resent usa e of the best writers giv p g , and great care has been exercised again st actual nno ation thou h it is almost m ossible to con i v , g i p ceive a m odel not exem plified som ewhere in liter

ature. It is believed that n ot one of the combina tion s recommended can be understood as anything a com ound whether r tten as one word r but p , w i o r r as sepa ate wo ds. The rules in this chapter are made for hyphened com ounds which are m ostl com osed of words p , y p l ll u r rar oll d era b t in a b t c ocat on . u se it y, i y i

138 WHEN TWO WORDS BECOME O NE .

sider the entire name as a unity ; door and trunk can not possibly be said to describe anything when so u sed and in act e en the whole com , f v ound describes the ke onl in erentiall if at p y y f y, all S nc there are m an sha es and sizes both , i e y p

- n f runk- k O n he o her of door keys a d o t eys. t t ha d a a er boa: is di stin u shed rom a tin r n , p p g i f ba b an actual descr t on seen in a a alone which y ip i p p , “ attributes to the box the quality of bein g m ade ” of a er as difi eren tiated from that wh ch is p p , i “ ” m a de of tin ; a nd paper and tin are separate d ti es because each con e s a d stinct idea of a j ec v , v y i ju st the kind which gives the adjective its cl assifi uch cation as s . Every noun made by compounding two nouns is m erely an elliptical condensation of a phrase conta n n the two and some other word or words i i g , and the two are gen erally inverted in position ;

thu s door- ke is a m ere condensat on of ke or a , y i y f r The differences in m ean n shown b the doo . i g y u nderstood particles are preserved in the com ou n ds which m a be anal zed as of at least p , y y ur een distin t k nds as ollows fo t c i , f

1 Th n am e of a art or a enda e or of an . e p pp g , y thing connected with another special thing in i re lar use cou led w th the name of that ts gu , p i

l n h r-le he l of a hi h . it be o s as c ai t e to w c g , g ( g hair la m - wick a w ck of or for a lam c ), p ( i p),

- o l ol for u e a h iano piano st o (a sto s t t e p ) . WHEN T BE ME NE WO WORDS CO O . 139

2 The nam e of a r e acl or c n n r of an . ec pt e o tai e y kind (whether m erely for d eposit or for pu r oses O f con e ance traffic ntercourse et p v y , , i , c. ) and that of a s ec al content or occu ier as p i p , book shelves shel es for books club- house a ( v ), (

house for a club to u se rei ht- train a tra n ), f g ( i

to carr re ht dru -store a store for the y f ig ), g ( l f ru sa e o d gs) . 3 Th name f a n h n n or om n m . e o yt i g as se t c i g fro a special source cou pled with that of its

source as ri e-ba ll a ball to be sent rom a , fl ( f r fl e store-clothes cl othes rom a store ra e i ), ( f ), g p

h n am e of ha hich is ncidental oward 4. T e t t w i t a result cou led th that of the th n resultin p wi i g g,

a brea d -dou h dou h for bread rose-bud a s g ( g ), (

h ch is to be a rose thunder-cloud a bud w i ), (

cloud indi cating thunder) . n m f n im lem ent or a ent of action 5. The a e o a p g coupled with that of the obj ect acted upon

hai r-bru h a br ush for the hair or with, as s ( ),

-bru h a brush for a l n aint tele paint s ( pp yi g p ), r ire of he le ra h graphpole (a pole fo w s t te g p ) . 6 The n am e of a S ec al sha e or con d t on of a . p i p i i substance m ade b n am n the substance and , y i g h or con i on to ether as dust-hea its s ape d ti g , p

a hea of du st dia mond- owder owdered ( p ), p (p

- i m ond sand bar a bar of sand . d a ), ( ) The n am e of som ethin as acted on or s ec al 7. g p i u l n it i h he nam e of the act on ized by co p i g w t t i , 140 WHEN TWO WO RDS BECOME O NE.

as entrance-ha ll a hall for ntrance exit- a ( e ), p s a e a assa e for e it s g ( p g x ) . The name of an ac t on s ec al zed b cou l n 8 . i p i i y p i g it with the n ame of that toward which the ao

- tion is d rected as re worshi worsh of fire . i , fi p ( ip ) 9 The na me of a con e ance or a m otor s ec al . v y p i ized by c ouplin g with it that of its m otive

ower as hand -cart a cart to be ushed b p , ( p y

hand horse-car a car drawn b horses stea m ), ( y ), n in n n n r m e g e (a e gi e d iven by stea ) . The n am e of som ething as a m otive power cou led w th that of a con e ance or m otor p i v y ,

as car- horse a hor r car ( se to d aw s) . The name of a mean s of passa ge coupled with that of a s ec al lace or of somethin a s p i p , g specialized in connection with a particular lo

cat on as barn-door the door of a barn a r i , ( ), g

den-sea t a seat in a arden window- ardenin ( g ), g g n n in n r (garde i g or ea a window) . The n ame of anythin g coupled with that of a location or situation which is especially affected by the particular Species nam ed by

the com ou nd as la nd - i ra te a rate o erat p , p ( pi p

in on land corn - adonis the art cular k nd g ), ( p i i of the lant adon s wh ch rows in corn-fields p i i g ), marsh-chickweed (the Species of chickweed n n which is fou d i m arshes) . The nam e of that on or in which something is produced coupled with that of the Special oduct as rose-bush a bush on wh ch r ses pr , ( i o

142 WHEN TWO WORDS BECOME ONE .

i rom an other in orm unless it is S ec lized t f y f , p ia “ in sense as street-peddler would be if it m eant one who peddles streets (making the streets the th n s actuall addl ed wh ch actual m ean n i g y p ), i i g

m k arthenwa r - d r l n a es e e pe dler eal y a compou d . The m a n reason wh as a rule a nom nal hrase i y, , i p Should be written as a compound word when re duced to a m ere ell tical u se of the two nou ns ip , and why such u se of the two nou ns as separate ords should be considered exc t on al is n w ep i , ot m erel rammatical but is m uch m ore m arkedl y g , y rhe oric l learness of e res ion i nd t a . C xp s s u oubtedly facilitated by difi erentiation of form when words are u sable together in any one of two or m ore k nds of m ean n and Cle rne s i a un u n i i g, a s s n q estio ed i r m S ok n l n des de atu . p e a guage poin ts such differ entiation throu h n ect on of the oice and it is g i fl i v , reasonable to prefer a system in written language which meets this act throu h difi eren e in r f g c fo m . Centu ries of tacit in consistency an d neglect to orm ulate such a s stem ha e how er e ol ed f y v , ev , v v a certain bias that would brand as hypercritical and pedantic som e distinction s a nd an alogical in elu sion s which would have been considered per fectly reasonable had they descended to us through n u I is in e rence o hi these ce t ries. t d fe t t s educated bias that in ormulatin a s stem certain fl xi , f g y , e bilities of u sage m u st n ot be too violently com bated e en b one who ins sts that m an errors , v y i y , “ ” both o ular and scholarl should be corr p p y, ected . WHEN TWO WORDS BECO ME ONE . 143

There is a nother good reason why two nouns used together as one noun Should be a compou nd word an d it is of eneral a l cation in other , g pp i as ell It is a r n that lan ua e cases w . t ite sayi g g g grows without reference to classification . If a new nam e is wanted the m ost su est e one is , gg iv at once ad o ted and in m ost ns nces the new p , i ta name is composed of two or more elements. A man of scien tific attainm ent in language will generally take Greek or Latin elem ents for his word and con se uentl w ll lea e no chance for , q y i v doubt as to its unity ; but there is another and eas er method re alent n amel the select n of i p v , y, i g the two nouns from a comm on phrase for use without the connect n words as a m ere shor en i g , t in of the hrase nto a S n le or h s m e hod g p i i g w d . T i t of n amin g thi ngs is now so widely exemplified that it is admissible in almost any case where it is desirable to indi cate a specialization of the m ean i n of the hrase no ma r how sli h . g p , tte g t A good ill ustration of this is the compound

r- Wh n wri n - r w s fir t ack pape box. e ti g pape a s p ed in bo es a box for that use was as it of course is x , , ” “ et a box to hold a er a box in which to y , p p , ” ack a er or an such hrase of similar sense p p p , y p mi h b i name AS it as desira ble to is g t e ts . w d tin uish such a box as one for writin - a er how g gp p , e er the comm on m ethod was oll owed and it is v , f , not unlikely that the phrase was condensed into

a r- oa: m dia el p pe b im e t y . 144 WHEN TWO WO RDS BECO ME ONE .

A name which might have been made for boxes so u sed and which robabl would ha e been su , p y v g gested and adopted if the purely English one had n ot reclu ded the necessit of makin it is a p y g , p py

ro zc rom Greek a ros a er and xis box . py , f p py , p p , py , N0 one woul d question the solidity of this nam e ; yet it is simply a compou nding of two nou ns in to

one j ust as trul y as if the two were English nouns. Its counterpart in English is no way different in

n ature a nd there ore is a true com ou nd . , f p Of course this does n ot interfere with the u se of the English words as two words when a box is de scribed as bein m ade of a er S nce in all case g p p , i s the classifying m eanin g Should be allowed its full

effect. There ca n be no d oubt that all names of exactly similar m ake should have the same form ; there ore w th the decision that a er-boz when it is f , i p p , hi m ere in erted conden sation of box or a er t s v f p p , is a ro er orm we can n ot but decide that ha t p p f ,

box ill- box or an other n am e of a box Sim larl , p , y i y m ou n ded an su h Specialized shoul d be co p . If y c of a box is a ro er com ound of course n ame p p p , any other n ame made by condensing and inverting i r n such a phrase s a p oper compou d . This is just as true on principle the first tim e the n am e is i r can be n otwithstand n the teach used as t eve , i g ing of some gramm aria ns that frequency of use m u st intervene before such a term becomes a r r m n p ope co pou d .

WHEN TWO WO RDS BECOME ONE.

hucklebe rry-pickin g pape r-c utter ice-harvestin g sn ow-shovelling je wel - se tting theatre -m an ager kn ife-grinder train-de spatcher l etter-writer vinegar-m aking map-m aking wall-papering n e wspa per-read er window-trimmer

hi rule ndicates a ed cate or absolutel T s i fix g y, y without exception ; it is given as a separate r ule for his reason onl s nce the term s are reall t y, i y r l No h n oul b ll covered by the fi st ru e. t i g c d e i us trated more clearly than the principle of this rule is illustrated in the occasion al colloquial verbs

dressma ke housekee etc . The su flix is alwa s , p, y added to a verbal expression which might be used alone like those instanced sa e that there is no , , v a n in so usin it thus an earthenware- eddler g i g ; , p ” i ne who earthenware- eddles ust as a hou s o p , j se ” kee er is one who housekee s the erbs no p p , v t be n here nstanced as ood ones bu t onl i g i g , y as showing the actual constru ction of the n am es r i N0 u h n m i i u nde discu ss on . s c a e s n its re l , a s n cance a com ou nd of two nou ns e er ig ifi , p ; v y — one is intrinsical ly a verb an d a suffix the suf fix being added to what is signified by the rest of he name as a whole not to an se arate art of it t , y p p . No mistake can be m ade in writing a name wh ch this rule reall co ers as a com ou nd word i y v p , r n i m en ne no m atte how ew t ay be . Ev if o chose to use such a term of a person searching the sky WHEN TWO WORDS BECOME O NE . 147 for clouds cal lin im unter o l u s an , g h a h f c o d unlikel case but not m oss ble and u sin this y , i p i g shortened elli tical k nd of e ression the nam e p i xp , would be ro erl cloud- hunter not cloud hunter p p y , ; “ the latter would be right if used to m ean a cloud ” wh ch is a hu nter as if a l ed to on e clou d ur i , pp i p su n hu ntin no h r i g ( g) a t e . Su ch names as prison keeper and bank teller shoul d not be m staken as comin un der the rul e i g , “ ” since they do not mean one who keeps a prison ” “ or one who tells a bank bu t a kee er of ris , p ( p ” oners em lo ed in a r son and a teller of ) p y p i , ( ” mon m lo in ey) e p yed a bank.

ULE — A v e rbal n ou n e n din in w R III . ( g i n g) a n d a su bst a n t iv e foll ow in it u e d t o ethe r g , s g a s the n a m e of so m ethin g in stru m e n t a l t ow a rd or in c id e nta l t o the a c tion n a m e d

th r l n n form a c o m n d n n by e ve ba ou , pou ou .

addi ng-m achi n e lightin g-apparatus blackin g-brush m owing-ma chi ne c alling-card n umberin g-m achine drawin g-paper packing-hou se etchi ng-instr uments readi ng-room fishing-station sewing-m achin e growing-pain s tentin g-groun d haltin g-pl a ce walkin g-stick illuminating-gas writing-paper

This class of words exhibits great diversity of re m in literature some wr ters seldom com t at ent , i 143 WHEN Two WORDS BECOME ONE.

pounding any but a few very familiar nam es like

wa lkin -stick for nstance and som e others m ak g , i , in a reat man su ch com ounds but n o one g g y p , , so far as e amination discloses showin an th n x , g y i g hrou h or k n an like real consistency all t g . W i gm and working-man are both frequent form s of this nam e et htin man and la borin man are al , y fig g g l m ost invariab y written as two words. The only reasoning as to these nam es at all cons s en w th he rules of ra mmar wh ch ro i t t i t g , i p vid e particul ar ways for each kind of word to be u sed and are them sel e ormulated in accor , v s f dance with the best u sa e is that wh ch deter g , i mines that such terms are com ounds there ore p ; f , and becau se it is the only m ean s avail able to dis tinguish one u se of the words from another very common u se the rul e i en seem s to nd cate the , g v i i ibl n sisten tr a m only poss e co t e t ent. With a few exceptions the di ctionary-m akers seem to have given nam es of thi s kind their ro er orm but the ha e not defined e er one p p f , y v v y un rm Th that should have the compo d fo . e rule here given m ay be applied in every case that is actual ly covered by it without violating any prin l r an n f establ shed usa e here ar cip e o c o o i g . T e m any phrases which might mi stakenly be supposed

Com u nder the ru le. Sta in owers in to e y g p , fly g ca acit and workin a cilities for nstance are p y, g f , i , cases of ad ecti e and n u n and some others are j v o , i in h included n the preced g list of p rases.

150 WHEN Two WORDS BECOME ONE . hand the same hrase u sed as the n am e o f a lant , p p has nothing in it at all Significant of the thing named an d the whole e ress on is not onl , xp i y urat e but is so e tremel arbitrar that it fig iv , x y y mu st be taken as a u nit is absol utely not resolv able nto arts e ce t that of course the com ar i p , x p p i son to a queenly person can not but be perceived

in the u se of the nam e. No defence can be foun d for the use of one arbi trar nam e of a certain m ake as a com ou nd and y p , of others of the same make and e uall arbitrar , q y y, as several words ; and as such a nam e as forget-me not for nstance is ull as a r i r r th first , i , f y b t a y e t me it is u sed as it e ver can be not reall m ore i , if y so than it e ver will be a ain com oundin is as g , p g necessary in the first use of such nam es as in any later u se . It should be considered ju st as erroneous to separate the elements in any of these absolu tely arbitrary figurative nam es as it is to use a wrong l i spe l ng.

An tw o w ord s u se d in a rbitra r RULE V . y y a ssoc iat ion a s a n a m e be c om e prope rly a o n c om pou n d n u .

B s des the orm s alread m ent oned there are e i f y i , at least ten classes of purely arbitrary combinations of two words into one name each combinat on , i showing plainly that its elem ents if left as two separate words in such connection would have no WHEN TWO WORDS BECO ME ONE . 151 n aming significance of the kind actually intended in the o nt u se indeed m ost of them ha e no j i ; , v real naming significance even in the compound form ex u i n he are cept thro gh suggest o . T y

1 . An ad ect e and a noun in an nom nal m ean j iv , y i ing not instinctively understood from their

se rate use as cold-chis el rea t-aunt dr pa ; , , g , y oods led ca tain g , p .

2. A noun and an ad ecti e whe the ad ect e j v , n j iv has no primary relation to the nou n with

wh ch it is used as wa ter roo ironcla d . i ; , p f, All such pairs are properly solid words as nouns thou h as ad ect es the should each , g j iv y ha h h h ve t e yphen. See t e list of m erged — orms . 1 1 21 . f , pp 8 7

- 3 . A noun and an ad erb as ttin ou t holder v ; , fi g ,

orth knocker-down touch-down f , ,

- 4. A erb and a noun as oster brother know v ; , f ,

nothin master-ke dra w-net ba lance- ther g, y, ,

- 5. An ad erb a n a oun as ba ck return ba ck v d n ; , ,

- ressure down stroke. p ,

- 6. A re os t on and a n oun as between decks p p i i ; , ,

- n after co sidera tion .

- - Two ad ect es as hi h low wide a wa ke. j iv ; , g ,

- Two erbs as ma ke believe. v ; , A erb and an ad erb or a re os tion as v v p p i ; ,

- - - - brea k u make u ta ke i a come o between . p, p, , g A re os t on and a erb as to-do p p i i v ; , . 152 WHEN TWO WO RDS BECOME ONE .

All of these combinations Show their elem ents in urel arb trar uses some of them be n of p y i y , i g rare occurrence but others u te re uent. S ome , q i f q of them are of words wh ch are used se aratel i p y, in re ular constru t on w th m ean n s of a difi er g c i , i i g ent nature wh le others are of words not u sable , i together as being in regular construction for any m ean n i g. The occasion for compoun ding an adj ective and a noun nam r n re uent and m uch as a e is ve y i f q , m ore of such j oining is done than there is any n e f ld—chisel i a r r om ound because e d o . Co s p ope c p cold does not u al chisel but re ers to what the q ify , f chisel cuts ; a cold-chi sel is not a chisel which is cold but on u sed on cold meta ls nd th s act , e , a i f almost makes cold stand as a noun l ke the ood , i g ,

m ean n the ood eo le for nstance . Grand and i g g p p , i rea t are used in a similar wa in rand a ther g y g f ,

- rea t randson etc . the do not note randeur g g , ; y g ” ” and reatness but a rand or reat- rand g , g g g de ree of relat onshi and the com ounds are g i p, p used of people who stani two or more removes awa rom h se con noted in h y f t o t e names. Fract onal names are o ten com ounded as on i f p , e

- ha l three tenths etc . bu t the are al so o ten f, , y f written as two word s one ha l three tenths ( f, , a nd the latter seems the m ore reasonable form for them since the are of the re ul d e i , y g ar a j ct ve -n om and oun construction . C pounding suchwords is de ens ble on the round h he f i , g t at t y are mostly

H N 154 W E Two WO RDS BECOME ONE.

entered and ill-will as evil will u bo h ood ), b t t g and ill are defined as adj ectives for separate use in us su h hr e j t c p as s. If any one of these terms is correct as a com ound e er one is he ar ll u o on p , v y . T y e a sed ccasi ally with the same su ggestion of concreteness

hich h m ill-will and ood -will so comm on w as ade g , and these two Show no more reason for -compound in than evil will or in act an other term of the g , , f , y Th im i u kind . e S plest way is the best way n s ch a case there ore since there can he no bi uit ; f , am g y in an of these ter no matter wha its wr tten y ms, t i orm ma be it is m uch better o wr er one f y , t ite ev y

of the m as two words. All of the other combina tions above mentioned may be said to Show a palpable reason for com oundin in the nature of heir elements S nce p g t , i each one has two parts of speech in absolutely arb trar assoc ation or two words of the same i y i , nature wh ch of cours ca n ha e no re ul r rela , i e v g a tion to each other (except in the case of two adverbs) ; and this might be enou gh to say about them were it not for the fact that there are dif ferences of Opinion as to the classification of some

of the words. ” A holder- orth is one who holds orth and he f f , t reason for compounding is the sam e that would account for forth holder if this had happened to be ” orm us d i i a n h r - the f e t s s if o e w o fo th holds. ” A ittin -outis an act of ttin out or the a re f g fi g , gg WHEN TWO WORDS BECOME ONE . 155

” gate c ollection of thin gs gathered for fitting out ; the anal ogy between fitting-out in this nominal use and holder- orth seems e dent and et man f vi , y y terms just like this fitting-out are often printed as wo words and there is l ttle dan er of misunder t , i g

- rm A reason stan din g them in the two word fo . able distinction might be made between technical rm s such as bitin -in in etch n for nstance te g ( i g), i , “ and coming in (as in his comin gs in and goings out the latter being considered as m erely an f Touch down idiomatic use o the separate words. an d others of its m ake Show a really arbitrary associat on of u related el ements th the bare i n , wi substantive instead of the verbal noun or no un of a ent but w th the sam e kind of meanin thus a g , i g ; ,

- touch down is an act of touching down . oul m know f r n e N0 one c d istake o a adj ectiv , et oster be ore a noun is o ten SO mistaken and y f f f , master actually is an adj ective in som e uses ; but a foster- brother is simply one who is fostered by the same erso s who oster the ersons connoted p n f p , ” as if the were his arents and a ma ster-ke is a y p , y ” ke whi ch masters a n u mber of different l ocks y , and in such m eaning the first element of any su ch

term is urel erbal n ot ad ect e. Com ound p y v , j iv p ing is right for any such name with exactly the kin f m n n h r ho n d o ea i g e e S w . After as used in after-considera tion is called an ad ect e b m an eo le et the do not ues j iv y y p p , y y q on he ro r et of h om ound Fr ti t p p i y t e c p . om a N 156 WHE TWO WO RDS BECO ME ONE .

rammatical oint of ew howe er the com ound g p vi , v , p ing can be defended only on the ground that after is a re osition not an ad ecti e . The nam e m eans p p , j v ” cons deration a ter an e ent and this shows that i f v , n d after is a preposition governin g a n oun u derstoo . the remainin combinations onl that Of g , y classed as adverb and n oun seems to suggest any

doubt. Down as in down train is defined in the

entur D ct onar ” as an ad ect e but it is not C y i i y j iv , i n ri Throu h is so defined in the other dict o a es. g defined as an adj ective in the Imperial Diction ” r with throu h assen er and throu h ourne as a y, g p g g j y exa m les of its use et a number of ust such term s p , y j are defined as com ou nd s as throu h- tr ic and p , g ag

- throu h ticket for instan ce. See the ull er con i g , ( f s d eration of these term s on pages 52 to Prob ably this is a case where the accent m ay be taken as a uide thu s it mi ht be well to com n g ; , g pou d when the ad erb is accented and to wr te two v , i or hen the ad erb is no n A l w ds w v t acce ted . se ec tion on this basis is exemplified by the nam es of h s make in the recedin li f hr e t i p g st o p as s.

. Com ounds ther than oun II p O N s.

Occasion frequently arises for writing compound words which are not n ou n s but the m a all be , y y ncluded under one rule s nce the reason for com i , i oundin is reall th same so far as ramm r is p g y e , g a

153 WHEN TWO WO RDS BECOME ONE .

- - 3. Noun a nd ad ect e as anc ree ire new j iv ; , f yf , f ,

- - li e wea r t e hi h. f y, yp g 4 N un n i le or simulat on as abo e . o a d partic p ( i v ) ;

- - - as hand sewed mischie ma kin needle ointed . , , f g, p rb an ct e or a n oun as ill 5. Adve d adj e ive (b f e ) ; ,

- - bred lon extended well known . , g ,

6 . Two nouns be ore another noun as cotton ( f ) ; ,

- - - seed oil shoe sewin Sunda school. , g, y Ad c e and n oun e ore a n oun as civil 7. j e tiv (b f ) ; ,

- - service ree trade dee sea . , f , p

- - 8 . Verb and noun as lack linen la ck lustre. ; , ,

Four different combinations are used as verbs w th the oined orm wh ch is the o l sense the i j f , i n y word compound has in this treatise

- - 1 . Noun and erb as case ha rden ha lter brea k v ; , , ,

- hammer harden.

- - 2 . Ad ective a nd erb as dr iron ne still j v ; , y , fi ,

- re hot p ss.

- Ad erb and erb as cross examine downbear. v v ; , ,

- Two erbs as ba lance ree drawbore. v ; , f,

At least seven combinations are used as com pound adverbs :

1 . Two ad erbs as downri ht hence orward v ; , g , f , n th the cefor .

- 2 . Noun an d ad erb as brain sickl . v ; , y TW WHEN O WORDS BECOME ONE. 159

Ad t ve and ad erb or m un ad ect 3. jec i v ( co po d j ive w th suflix s mulat n an ad erb as aint i , i i g v ) ; , f r l - hea ted ood na turedl . y, g y

Ad ect ve nd erb as broadca t. j i a v ; , s

- Two nouns as ha l mast inchmea l iecemea l. ; , f , , p

- Nou n and ad ecti e as cost ree ointblank. j v ; , f , p re os tion and noun as down-sta irs a bove P p i ; , ,

board ha nd u -town , off , p .

Every combination men tioned has the com oun d orm u on occas on becau se its elements p f , p i , used as two words would not properly represent the ntended dea in deed a l ure to reco n ze i i ; , f i g i the unification of idea throu gh j oini ng in form n r l in lu r r n of m eanin ofte esu ts abso te pe ve sio g. A case in o nt is the ollowin uoted in a New p i f g, q York paper as bein g an ac tu al London advertise m n r Sm thers h l t ofi cloth n of e t M s. i as ef i g ” e er descri t on and n tes ns ection . v y p i , i vi i p Of ” ur h n n on r t-o l h n co se t e i te ti he e was lef f c ot i g. The most urgent occasion for m aking one word out of two arises when there is a real difference of meaning shown as between the unified form and the separated one ; an d this is most frequently seen in he rm s which i l T o or t te are used adject ve y . w more ad ect es for nstance ma be used to ether j iv , i , y g without o n n be ore a noun and when so u sed j i i g f , the first ad ect e does not ual the second but j iv q ify , it qual ifies the phrasal n ame comprising an adjec

ti e and a noun . hus beaut ul a bro n v T , if w vy w 160 WHEN TWO WORDS BECOME ONE.

hair is correct w thout an com ound n and i y p i g, ” mean s brown hair which is wavy and beautiful n o two of the words could have j oint form with out givin g an appearance of som e abn orm al m ean “ ” in . In beauti ul dark brown hair howe er g f , v , there is an erroneous separation of two words which in such expression s m ust be understood as only an extension of the idea conveyed by on e of them arallel with such a chan e as mi h be , p g g t “ given by a mere prefix ; the idea intended is dark ” brown ha r hich is beau ti u or beaut ul h r i w f l, if ai ” hi h is dark-brown an d dark here reall l w c , y oses its character as an actual word and stands as if a

r p efix . Man y person s write dark-brown and other com

ounds be ore a nou n but da rk brown etc . a ter p f , , , f un The m e n i r n in h o i a no . sa u ity s p ese t bot p s

tion s. An ad ecti e can n ot u ali an ad ecti e j v q fy j v , accordin to resent rul es of ramm ar and brown g p g , is an ad ecti e when it ollows the erb w th the j v f v , i sam e relation to the nou n as in the other osit on p i , except that the construction is predicative instead “ ” ri H i r of att butive . air s b ow n shows brown as unquestionably an adj ective ; but hair is da rk brown es to brown the constru ct on of a n oun giv i , as if the hair was something which is also called “ ” a brown an d of dark ualit . This is n ot a , q y case in which the m eanin can be mistaken but it g , is one in which the correct application of an es bli hed rule of ramm ar as nd cated w ll ser e ta s g , i i , i v

HE TW 162 W N O WORDS BECOME O NE .

by compou nding an adverb and a participle is “ ” seen by comparing the earliest known vestiges with the ea rliest-known vestiges the first m eans ” the known esti es of earliest date and the v g , “ second m eans the vestiges whi ch were known ” earliest (without regard to the earliest date of he r x t i e istence). In strict accordance with the onl y rule which Seem s possible for compounding two nouns in oint l teral use as a name the ro er oin orm j i , p p j t f of cotton and seed would be cotton-seed bu t the

orm cottonseed is not un amiliar and it is as ood f f , g as s d W h on a h a flax ee . it cott seed est blis ed s a correct sol d word the rule would i e cottonseed - oil as a i , g v correct form for O il of cottonseed and even a writer who rej ected this form as a n oun would F r h find it convenient for attributive use . o t e n ame of a m ll in wh ch the oil is e ressed i i xp , eed l mill coul no e m sread but it is cotton s oi d t b i , m erely four separate nouns representin g no actual relationship accordin g to rule ; cotton-seed oil mill is three n oun s on the same footing ; cotton-seed oil ha the emblance of an ad ect e and a n oun mill s s j iv , “ bu t represents an idea like an oil -mill m ade of ” - ot n seed which of course will not do. here c to , T n e other orm ossible cottonseed-oil mill is but o f p , ; and this form is one which will be instantly ac e for u st what is intended w th n o chance c ept d j , i l i m a r asonabl be taken as a of quibb e. Th s y e y f r al sim lar cases but som e c aution seems m odel o l i , N T WHE WO WO RDS BECO ME O NE . 163 necessary to counteract a ten dency toward errone ous a l cation of such ar u m ent e em li ed in pp i g , x p fi the occasional j oining as an attributive adj ective of a two-word be ore a n m title f a e . District a ttorne is ro erl two words althou h y p p y , g it is onl one nam e one title of com le nature y p x , no f m n r la in h i l t o co pou d natu e . P c g t e t t e before a ersonal n ame does not m ake it attribut e p iv , which it probably m ust be considered by those ho n r h h n in u u f i w i se t a yp e s ch se o t. District Attorney Davi s m eans the district attorney nam ed ” Da vis n ot Da is ha in a d strict- attorn e u al , v v g i y q ity or characteristic thu s the title an d the proper n am e are in a o ition There -is n o ac al misr pp s . tu ep resentation in the com oundin but there is abso p g, lutel no ain in it es ec all as two ca ital let r y g , p i y p te s are generally used in the title ; and this practically puts such titles on the sam e footing as that of

- lace n am es like N ew York E ast I ndia etc . Goold p , , Brown argu ed that New - York should be the form “ of this n am e in at ributi e u se as in a New -Y rk t v , o ” “ d rector to re ent it rom bein taken a a i y, p v f g s ” n ew directory of York ; but n o on e coul d possibly so mistake it becau se of its ca italization and , p , one arb trar Si n is sufficient in an such ca i y g y se. S u ch compou ndi n g m u st stand on som e different i it i be de ended at al l bas s, if s to f . It has been said by various writers that there “ is not enough compounding like a Washington r house ” Thus we find this in a book en st eet . , 164 WHEN Two WO RDS BECOME ONE .

’ i ed n n T m le-street lace t tl Pe s a d Types e p p , ‘ ’ emberton -s u are School are u te cor P q , q i rect : the hyphen is too frequently omitted in ” such cases. ohn Wilson sa s in his book on J y , ’ unctuat on ust a ter a ci on of ool Brown s p i , j f tati G d non sense abou t New York So also the word , , street when ormin art of a com ound e ithet , f g p p p , is connected by a hyphen with the word precedin g ” i - l e tu d t as a Washin ton street omnibus. C os s ; , g y confirms the opinion that the hyphen is too fre uentl u sed in such cases an d hat it is better q y , t om to it it. What has been said here about compoun d adj ectives applies equ ally well to other kinds of com ound words with m erel the substitution of p , y another classifyin g name suitable to the case in n Wi h he aid o h d i n ar es and hat o t. t t f e ct o t p i t i i , of comm on sense the m o els here resented m a , d p y be considered a sufficien t guide to approxim ate consistency ; but it m ay n ot be amiss to repeat the reminder that the dictionaries also provide for m any compound words in a way which is prob abl seldom disco ered or su ffi cientl reco n zed y v y g i , nam el b settin orth a nu mber of e em lif y, y g f x p y ing m odels in a concludin g paragraph after a

definition .

I nterru t d m oun . III . p e Co p ds

A m ethod of elliptical or interrupted compound in wh ch German writers ha e alwa s u sed but g i v y ,

N TW W E NE 166 WHE O ORDS B CO ME O . phrasin g coxo and basipodite this nudoubt hould h i n i ” edly s ave been coxopod te a d bas podite. W th the e ce t on m ent oned that solid En i x p i i , g l sh words shoul d n ot be s li in th s wa this i p t i y , use of the h hen seem s to be a er ood one yp v y g , and in m any cases indispensable to Clearness of m nin ea g. CHAPTER ".

r COMPO UNDS o SO LID FORM.

IN any case where it is necessary to j oin two words e en w th a h hen the words o ned , v i yp , j i should be considered as being in the particular use but one word since h hen m eans l terall , yp i y “ noth n m o n n ” h h ned com i g re than i to o e . A yp e ound word i s ut on or i effec and the Si n p b e w d n t, g is u sed principally as a recognition of literalness

in the elemen of he com ound . As a rul e the ts t p , solid form is given to a word composed of two r m aril ind ual word s where these enter the p i y ivid , com ound w th he r l er l m ean n onl when p i t i it a i g, y the n ew u n t is a short one or when the ele i y , m en ts coalesce very intim ately in pronunciation This is probably the first tim e that such a distinc tion has been ubl cl ormul ated but the distinc p i y f , tion is based entirel on usa e and the effect of y g , systematic application of the principle would be ' n l in i l om ove ts system onl y. A list of so id c poun d words containin g onl y those which are al ways so written by everybody would give very few in which the literal m eaning of the primary ords is reser ed and a ain such a list m ust w p v ; g ,

167 168 CO MPO UNDS or SOLID FO RM.

in evitably Show a real difference of principle by which to distinguish between properly inseparable compou nds and those which should have the h h n yp e . Almost every combination mentioned under the preceding rules is exemplified in thoroughly es tablished solid com ound mos of wh ch hi bi p s, t i ex t as unities some phase of significance n ot attaching to the r elem ents either nd duall or o ntl i , i ivi y j i y, save by instinctively recognized allu siveness or by ac u r mili r f u n ll n li q i ed fa a ity o sa ge. I te ige t app cation of the current ru les which provide for hyphening compounds with two accents and so lidifying those which have but one acc ent is im oss ble and also of he onl o h r i p i , t y t e rules wh ch a ear to ha e been orm ulated n a mel that er pp v f , y, p ma nent compoun d s should be solid and others h h n an mili r l yp e ed . M y fa a so id compou nds have exactly the sam e accentu ation that is considered by the m akers of the ru les as prescribing the hy hen in other cases and the d fferent f orms r p , i a e used in every book wherein the rules based on ac cen t are i en with n o ro sion for such infr g v , p vi ac tions as being exception al or anything else but m ere contradiction s. For instance rassho er , g pp , enn ro a l and sa leswoma n are und u ed soli p y y , o bt d words and rass-cu tter enn - a -liner and a le , g , p y , pp woma n certainly are n ot solid vet all six have the same accents ; and compound s of two Single-syl lable words indubitably abou nd which are not and

D F LI F RM 170 COMPOUN S O SO D O .

brown-wort ever-wort ea -wort rost-wort knot , f , fl , f ,

wort miih-wort sa lt-wort and s ur e-wort while , , , p g , ” the m er al has brow nwort ever wort leawort I p i , f , f , rostwort knotwort milkweri sa ltwort and s ur e f , , , , p g wort con ersel Webster has burstwort coolwort ; v y, , ,

i wort masterwort su l hurwort and a few others j g , , p , as sol d words and the m er al has burst wort i , I p i ,

- cool wort and these others with the h hen . The , yp “ Imperial has twel ve solid words with wort whi ch are n ot ound in Webster in an orm an d thi s f y f , may be taken as conclu sive evidence that the dis crimination is not based u pon any principle of row h in mi i r h re se ent - o of g t fa l a ity. T e are v y tw these words in Worcester ele en of wh ch are , v i

h hen ed the others bein solid . Cora lwort cross yp , g , wort meadowwort earlwort sa wwort s arrowwort , , p , , p and swa llowwort are Worcester form s in all of which the hyphen is given in both of the other dict onar es and ourteen su ch words are sol d in i i , f i ” Worcester and the m er al but h hened in I p i , yp Web r here n r h or ste . T is o eason why t ese w ds Shoul d not be all one wa or the other an d these y , differences seem to e em li sheer ca reles n x p fy s ess. The followin g lists of words from the three dictionaries tell their own story

I mperia l.

black-bonn et bl ack-c ap bla c k-c oat COMPOUNDS O F SO LID

redhead redshank red-skin redstre ak

red-throat red-top redwing red -wood white-bait white -beard whi te -bott1e white -c ap white-fish whitestone white -tail white-throat white-weed white-wood

blackberry blackbird black-board bla ck-bonn et bla ckc ap blac k-c oat bla ckfish bl ackl eg bla c k-m ail bla c kt ail blu eberry bl uebird blu e -bonnet blue -bottle blue-bre ast 172 COMPOUNDS O F SO LID FO RM .

It is hard to fin d a reason why blackbird and blue-bird Should both be ri ht or blue-coa t an d g , redcoa t or blue- sh an d reen sh or redhead and , fi g fi , red -throa t or for an other of the d fferences , y i “ ” shown in the Im perial ; and it is n o easier to imagine any reason but extreme carelessn ess for he difi erences in the ot er dic narie he t h tio s. T y

F 1 74 CO MPOUNDS O SO LID FO RM. sign ific a nc e othe r tha n by m e re a ll u sion of the kin d e x r sse d in the o int t e rm sh ould p e j ,

be m a de a sol id w o rd .

—A a ir of o rd s w hic h a re w hen RULE II . p w u se d in l it e ra l m e a n in g a hyphe n e d c o m po u n d o r tw o sepa rat e w o rd s sho u ld be m ad e a n in sepa ra bl e c om po un d w he n u se d w ith a r i pu ely a rb tra ry m e a n in g.

—T he solid o n e - w ord form sho ul d RULE III . be giv e n t o e v e ry j oin t u se o f a lit e ra l w o rd a n d a n ele m e n t w hic h ha s c e a se d t o be or n e ver ha s be e n u se d a s a se pa ra t e E n glish w ord ; a l so t o e v ery j o in in g o f a w ord in it s l it e ra l sen se w ith a foll ow in g w ord w hic h ha s in thi a rt i l m s p c u a r u se a e re ly ge n e ra l se n se .

hese r ul es o erla som ewhat but the second T v p , applies to words n ot fully provided for by the first and the th rd oes a ste urther than either , i g p f r cours ther re e ion of the othe s. Of e e a xcept s to ch rule but not man of the terms for whi ch ea , y the first or the third is m ade Shou ld confli ct with it and most of the ro er e ce tion s to the second , p p x p rule form a distinct category of hyphene d com ounds an one of which howe er m a at an p , y , v , y y om oli r Th ca e or men tim e bec e a s d wo d . e t g y ’ ioned is of orms like bull s-e e ossessi e hrases t f y , p v p used as nam es of thin gs resembling or considered as resembling that which the phrase lite rally D COMPO UNDS O F SO LI FO RM. 175

r m i nam es. Daisy is the m ost familia n a e of th s ’ kind bein sim l da s e e coalesced and dis , g p y y y ’ uised ust as bedsid e is rom bed s side and in g , j f ’ the sa me wa bull s e e which is used in the orm y y , f ’ bull s-eye for a Spot on a target and for some other roun d thin s mi ht w th e ual ro riet becom e g , g i q p p y bullse e or e en b ulls if eo le were so minded. y v y, p p Many of these na mes are already established in solid orm as colts oot shee shead and ra tsbane f , f , p , , for instance thou h b far the lar er number st ll , g y g i h r h nd h h n retain t e apost op e a yp e . S om e very familiar words comin g under the firs rule are ba ck a mmon ba ndbox dea thlike crest t g , , , a llen dandelion odson hitherto overthrow rin f , , g , , , g

lea der rareri e sk li ht and snowdro . , p , y g , p “ B a ckgammon is said to m ean literally a tray ” am e a am e la ed on a tra the name is m ade g , g p y y ; ” b oinin a Danish word ba kke a tra in the y j g , y, En glish form ba ck (u sed in English for a flat bottomed err boat a tub an d as Scotch for a f y , ,

c al -scuttle but n ot literall in its Danish sen se o , y ), “ with old n lish a mmon a ame also com n E g g , g ( i g h l n ua e Th r is n o hin i from the Danis a g g ) . e e t g n the n ame even allu sively su ggestive of the gam e

n amed and ne er has been . , v Ba ndbox could m ean literally only a box for ” nd but it is real l u sed as the n ame of a box ba s, y

hold bonnets or hats and not band s. to , Dea thlike su ests a n idea of d eath but onl a gg , y remote one and deathlike stillness is a st ll , i D F F 176 CO MP O UN S O SO LID O RM.

ness such as might be when n o living being is ” present. rest a llen is u sed in s eakin of hum an bein s C f p g g , who never have a crest (except as an imitation of he one allu ded to in he com ound t t p ) . Da ndelion is merely a corru ption of the F rench ’ ” dent-de-lion which m eans lion s-tooth a lant , , p , ” and which in the literal sense tooth of a lion

would be three words e en in Fren ch dent de lion . v , A odson is n ot an actual son and is n ot neces g , sarily even treated like a son ; hitherto is simply “ ” “ be ore n ow or l terall in the t me lead in f , i y i g ” hither to the time n ow here a sen se actuall , , y inherent in the compoun d only by courtesy as it “ ” were ; to overthrow is n ot to thr ow over in the “ literal sense ; a skylight is something which lets ” in sky-light (or light as if from the sky) ; and a “ snowdro is not a dro of sn ow ndeed there p p (i , ” is no dro of snow but a lant or flower in p ), p , a sha e su estin a dro as of a l u d an d so p gg g p, iq i , h te as to su est now w i gg s . The second rule prescribes the solid form for a set class of combinations widely exemplifyin g that orm in actuall established u sa e but in comm f y g , , on h the other rules contem lates he a li a wit , p t pp c tion erm an ent rinc le rather han the con nu of a p p ip , t ti ance of existing caprice and confusion engendered b considerin ind idual terms without re ard to y g iv , g A ternoon bla ckberr bluecoa t ironcla d analogy . f , y, , noun ick ocket and redbreast are amiliar (the ), p p , f

C N F LI F 178 OMPOU DS O SO D ORM. back-bone is the proper form when the word names the actual b ne of a back but backbone shoul d o , be written for any other use (the figurative u ses of th s word ha in alwa s or nearl alwa s some i v g y , y y , thing m ore arbitrary than the m ere allusion ) ; for a un -l ock the orm int- lock is r ht but for g f fl ig , the gun itself flintlock is the established form ; “ ” i ron-cla d m eans clad in iron and ironcla d is h , t e form for an iron-clad Vessel ; blue coa t becomes

bluecoa t for a wearer of a blue coat. Goldenrod , maidenhair cottonwood lea therwood southernwood , , , , arrowhea d and all other str ctl analo ous words , i y g should have the solid form as n ames of a nything

but a rod ha r wood etc . and e er such name , i , , v y ound in the ti nar es is so en in he l f di c o i giv t ist. As mean n a rod olden rod should be written i g , g ;

h nam e f he head of an arrow arrow- hea d as t e o t , and the literal use of a ny of the terms should be r orm m arked by its prope literal f . SOme word -u ses which are m et in a gen eral way by the first rule have a special arbitrary phase i hir r Wort for in s n wh ch es the t d ule. ta ce i g v , , was orm erl a eneral na e for an herb but is f y g m y , n ot n ow u sed as a separate word ; and some words which are i n current use separately have the same kind of generalization in compoun ds that wor t has

a a m ere elem ent or art of a nam e. here is s p T , u on the whole no c rcum stance attachin to p , i g any nam e with wort on account of which it shoul d d ffer in orm rom an other and the solid orm i f f y , f COMPOUNDS O F SO LID FO RM. 179 is indicated for all of them by thoroughly estab n f hem he lished u sa ge in regard to m a y o t . T y ’ are all i en here as solid words e ce t kni ht s g v , x p g w n few like i which Show a reason for the ort a d a t, r n i orm diffe e ce n f . Som e of the curren t words which are u sed in compounds with a gen eral arbitrary sense similar in k n d to that of wor t are iece stick stand ware i p , , , , d in com wa weed and work. Piece is often u se y, , bination with a distinctive word so as to have no ” m ore s ecific m ean n han m erel a thin or p i g t y g, “ ” a ece of work as in ma ntel iece chimne iece pi , p , yp ,

an d master iece. tick a s in candlestick stand as in p S , inkstand ware as in ea rthenwa re wa as in doorwa , , y y and railwa weed as in chickweed an d work as in y, , clockwork and brasswor k all of these and some others have each a significan ce in such n am es which is suited onl to a art of a word since it is y p , n ot sufficientl dist ncti e for a com lete n ame y i v p . h r i r r t in li I i n au i e e s a wo d o oo h t s t cal . T f ef t e st. “ In the sen se of a front foot the term should be o r s anal o sh ul b li in tw wo d . Thi s gy o d e app ed all l r simi a cases. While it is not unl ikely that som e points of detail m ay have been overlooked in considerin g the m akin of solid com ou nd s the are all g p , y un doubtedl analo ous to those m ention ed an y g , d what has been said m ay be sufli cient in connection li i n with the st g ve . There are m any other n am es which should be F LI F 180 COMPOUNDS O SO D ORM.

en the l st ur orted to be reall e hau st giv , if i p p y x ive ; bu t it is almost impossible to m ake an absolutely ll l st fu i . In re ard to such words as bookbindin it has g g, been assumed that the n oun endin g in -er is suf ficient to indicate that the one with -ing has the

m orm n nl those w th -er re e a e a d a n . s f , o y i giv

N 182 I SEPARABLE CO MPO UNDS . ashweed ba llanwrasse a sshea d ballfl ower bayberry a westruck bal sam weed be ac hm an awlwort bandbox bea chm a ster axeman bandfish bead sm an axl etree han dyman be ad swoman ayegreen baneberry beadwork azureston e banewort be a khead backa che ban ksman beam bird bac kbite barebac k bearba ne ba ckboard barebon es bearberry backbone barefaced bearbind bac kcap barefoot bearbine bac kd own barfish bearherd ba ckfall bargeman bearskin backgamm on bargem aste r be dbug bac kground barke eper be d chamber bac khand barkstone be dclothes backhe ad barl eybrake bedfell ow bac khouse barm a id bed maker bac kl ash barm a ster be dm a te backlog Barnburner bedpiece bac kset barn stormer bed quilt ba ckslide barnyard bedridden ba c kstand barrenwort bedroom bac kwater barroom bedside bac kwoods barrowm an bedspread ba ckwoodsman bartender bed stead badg em an Ba rtholome wtide bedstock bagman barwood bedston e bagpipe ba silwe ed bedstra w ba ilpiece ba sketwood bedtic k bail sm an ba sketwork bedtim e baldhe ad ba sswood bed way baldm oney batfish beechn ut baldpate bathroom be efeater IN E AB S PAR LE COMP OUNDS . 183

Blackfoot blackguard blackhead blackheart blacklead ( verb) birthla nd blackleg birthm ark blacklist (verb) birthnight blackmail birthpl a ce blac kmouth birthright bl ackroot birthroot blac kseed birthwort blacksize (verb) bishopweed blacksmith bitterblain bl ac ksnake bell bird bitterbum p bla cktail bellm an bitterhe ad blackthorn bellm outh (verb) bitterroot bl ackwood bellwort bittersgall blac kwork bellyac he bitterswe et blac kwort benchma ster bitterwe ed bladdernut betelnut bitterwood bladderwort bige ye blackba ck bladefish bigfoot blac kball ( verb) blaeberry bighead blackban d bla meworthy blackbelly bleareye bigroot bla ckberry blendc orn bl ackbird blindfish bilestone blackboard blindfold bil geways bl ackbonnet blin dstitc h ( verb) bill etm a ster blackboy blin dworm billfish bl ackc ap bl ockhead billhead blac kc oat blockhouse billingsga te blackc ock bloodhound billm an blackfellow bl oodlet bindweb blackfish bloodletter bindweed blackfoot bloodroot 134 INSEPARABLE CO MPO UNDS . bl ood shed blu etail bloodshedder blu etangle blood shot blu e throat bloodstain (verb) blu eweed bloodston e bluewi ng bloodsu cker bl uewood bloodthirsty blun derhead bloodwood blunthead bloodworm blushwort bloodwort boarfish blowfly boatbill bl owhole boatfly blowout boatm an blowpipe boatswain bl O Wpoint boattail bl uebell boatwri ght blu eberry bobstay blu ebill bobtail blu ebird bogbe rry bluebonnet bogbull bluebottle bogsu cker bluebre a st bogwood blu ebuc k bogwort bluebush boldfac e bl uebuttons bonbon blue c ap bon dfolk blu ec oat bon dm a id blu ecurls bondm a n bl uefin bond sm an blu efish bon dswom an blu eleg bonebl ac k bluen ose bon e dust bluesid es bone fish bluestart bone set bluestocking bonfire blu eston e bookbinde r

186 INSEPARABLE CO MPO UNDS .

c am wood

c an c erroot

c anc erwe ed

c an cerwort c an dle berry butterman c andl efish bumblebe e bu ttermilk c an dl e nut bumbleberry bu ttermunk c an dle stick bumblefoot butternut c an dlewood bumblekite buttersc otch c an dym an bumblepuppy butterweed c andyt uft bum boat butter wife c an ebrake bumwood bu tterwoman c ankerroot bun c hberry butte rwort c anoem an bunte ar buttonba ll c a noewood bun ghol e buttonhole c anva sbac k bun tlin e buttonweed c apst one bum stickle buttonwood c ard board burntstone butyl a min e c aretaker bum wood c areworn burrstone bypath c arm an burstwort byplay c a rpe tbag burweed byroad c arpe tbagger bushbuc k bystander c arpetweed bushcat byway c arriagewa y hushehat byword c arryall bu shelm an c a bbagewood c artm an bushm an c abin etm aker c artwa y bu shm a ster c abinm ate c art wright bushran ger c abm an c aseweed bushwhacker c alfkill c asta way bushwom an c alfl ick c astl estead busin esslike c alfski n c a tbill busybody c alfsn out c atbird butterball c alic oba ck c atboat butterbird c alicowood c atbrain INSEPARABLE CO MPO UNDS . 187

catbrier chain wale chic kweed catc all c hainwork ca tc hall chairm aker c atc hpenn y chairm a n c hildbed catc hpoll c halkston e childbirth c atc hwater c hamberfellow childlike c at c hwe ed c hamberm aid chim n eypiece l n m n c atchweight ( ad v. ) cha nne bill Chi a a c atc hwork chapelm a ster chin aware caterwaul cha pfallen chinpiece catfish chapm an c hipbird cha pwoman c hitc hat charc oal c hockablock charwom an c hokeberry cha rwork c hokebore c hatterbox chokeweed c haukdaw chokewort chawba con c hopnut c atspa w che c kerberry chopstick c atstan e c heckerwork Christm a stide cattail C heckm ate chu ckfa rthing c auldrife che ekpie c e chucklehead cavem an chee sebowl c hurc hgoe r c ell arman c hee sec ake c hurchlike c ellarway c hee sec loth c hurchman c entreboard c heesehopper churchm anlike c en trepiec e cheese monger churc hstafi c ere cloth chessm an churc hway c esspit c he stnut c hurchwoman c esspool c he vronwork churchyard chafewax chewstic k c igarm aker chafe we ed chickabiddy c la ckpiec e c hamu ch c hi ckc ha ck cl ambake chafiwe ed chicken he art c lansman c hainm an c hicken weed clapboard chainstitc h (verb) chi ckstone c lapmatch INSEPA 188 RABLE COMPOUNDS . cl apperbil l c lustercups codfish clappercl a w clutchtail cofl erwork c laptrap coac hbell cogglestone classfellow coachfell ow c ogwood classm an c oachm aker colan ut classm ate c oachm an colerape cl assroom c oachmaster c olese ed cla wback coac hwhip c ol ewort clawha mmer c oa c hwood c olicroot cl earstarch c oalfish c ollarbags cl earweed c oalm a ster c olorm an clearwing c oalstone c oltlike clergyman coastland er c oltsfoot clergywoman cobble ston e c omm onplace clerklike c obn ut c omm on sensible c linc herwork c obweb comm onweal clin gstone c obworm c omm onwe alth clinkstone c ockbill companionway clockwork c ockc hafer Congressman clodhopper c ockeye c ookmaid cl odpate cockhe ad c ool we ed clodpoll c ockhoop c oolwort cloghe ad coc khorse c ootfoot cl ogweed coc kmaste r c ope stone closehug (verb) c oc km a te c ophouse cl oudberry c oc kroach c opl and clou dburst c ockscomb c0pperbell cl oven bu ry cocksfoot c0pperbelly clovewort c oc kshead c opperhea d clownheal c ockspur c oppernose Clubfoot c ockstone c opperplate clubhaul c oc kswain c oppersmith clubm an cocktail c opperwork clubm a ste r c oc lm p c opperworm clubroot c ockweed copplestone cl ueline coc oanut c opyhold

190 INSEPARABLE COMPOUNDS . cutthroat d ooryard cuttl efish dou ble tree cutwate r d ou ghfac e cutwork dou ghnut cutworm d ovelike dabchic k dovetail dairym aid d own bear dairym an downca st d al esm an d own com e dan efl ower d ownfall danesblood d own haul dane weed downhe arted da newort downlooked d angl eberry d ownlying daredevil down pour dashboard downright d awfi sh d owntake dayberry d ownthrow d aybre ak down trodden d ayfi ower down weed d aylight downweigh daymare dra ggletail daype ep d ragonwort dayspring dragm an daytim e d ragsm an d ead eye draughtsman deadfall d ra wback d e adhead d rawbore d eadlight dra wbridge de a dl ock draym an dealfish dreadnaught deathlike dreaml and d eathsman d redgeman deckhead d re ssm aker deerbe rry d riftway de erfold driftweed INSEPARABLE CO MP O UNDS . 191

eardr op earmark earpiec e e arring earthe nware earthfall e arthnut e arthqu ake e arthwolf e arthwork e arthworm earwig earworm

earwort

Eastertide e a ve sdrop ea ve sdropper edge bone eelfare d umbcane eelpou t eelskin eightfoil eightfold eightsc ore elderberry elknut elkwood ell wan d else where endl ong en gin em an Englishm an E nglishwom an e ntra nc eway ere whil e e ve nfall 192 INSEPARABLE COMPOUN DS .

feverweed

feve rwort

fidd lehead fatback fiddlestick fathead fiddlewood fatherland fieldfare fatherlasher field sman faultfinder fie n dl ike fire worm fig urehead fishbac k featherbone figurestone fishberry feathe rbrain figwort fisherm an featherhead fil efish fisherwom an featherfoil fin back fishlike featherstitch (verb) fin edraw fishm onger fea thertop fin estill fishm oth featherweight finetOp fishpl ate featherwing finfish fishtail fe atherwork finfoot fishway fellowcraft fingerbreadth fellowlike fin like felonwood fin we ed fel onwort firearm feltm aker fireback feltwork fireball fenberry fireboard fem ga le firebody fernl eaf firebrand ferryboat firebrick ferryman fire bug ferrym a ster firecracker fetterbush firefly feverbu sh firelight feverfew fireloc k fevernut firem an feverroot firem aster fevertwig fireplace

194 INSEPARABLE COMPO UNDS . foresumme r freebooter foretac kl e freedman forethought freed wom an foretop freehold foretopgallant fre em an foretopgallantm ast fre em artin foretopman free m a son foretopma st freeston e forewoman Fren chm an foreyard Frenchwoman forgem an fre shman forgem aster fretwork forkbeard friarlike forktail friendlike forthc oming frie zelike forthgoing frillbac k forthright fringelike forthwith frin gepod fortnight frogbit fountainhea d frogfish fourfold frogfoot gaslight fourpence froghopper gatekeeper fourpenny frogm outh ga tem an fourscore frogstool gateway fourwin gs frogworm gavelkind foxban e frontiersman gavelman foxbe rry frostbird gaybine foxfire frostfish ge n tl efolk foxfish frostroot gentl em an foxglove frostweed gentl ema nlike foxhound frostwork ge ntl e woman foxtail frostwort ge wgaw foxtongue frothworm gibstafi foxwood fullm outh giddyhead fram ework fundholder giffgaff franki nc e nse furzechat gigm an INSEPARABLE COMPOUNDS . 195

goldbre ast goosetongue goldcrest goose wing goldcup gopherroot gingerbread goldd ust gorebill gingern ut goldenback gourdmouth gingerwort gold en bough gourdworm gipsywort goldenbug goutweed gla ssware goldenchain goutwort golden club gown sm an glassworm goldenear grain staif glasswort gold en eye gran dau nt globefish gold enfl ower grandchild globeflower golden hair gra nddaughter glowworm goldenhoad grandfather glutman gold enm aid grandmother gnatc atc her gold en pert gra ndnephew gnatfiower goldenrod grandniec e goad sman gold en seal gran dparent goalkeeper goldfin ch gra ndsire goatbeard goldfinn y grand son goa tc hafer goldfish gran d un cle goatfish goldhamm er gra sschat goa tfold goldsinn y gra ssfinch goatherd gold smith gra sshoppe r goatroot gold spink gra ssnu t goatston e goldstone grassplot goatsucker goldthrea d grasspoly goatwee d gold wasp grassqui t godchild gold worm gra sswrack goddaughtfi goldyloc ks grave digger godfather goodm a n gra vel root godlike goodwife gra ve stone godmother goosebeak grave yard godsend gooseberry gra yba ck godson goosefoot graybeard goldbasket goosen e ck g raybird IN P 96 SE ARABLE COMPOUNDS .

gritston e hairyhead groom sman halfbeak grossbe ak halfhill groundberry halfpenny grou ndhog hamm erhead grou ndnut hamm erwort groundpig ham string ground sill handbook groun dswell han dbreadth groundwork handc nfi grubworm handfish guardsm an han dkerchief guesswork han drail guitguit handshoe gulfw eed handworm gumboil hand writi ng gum wood han gbird gunboat hangdog gun c otton han gman gunpowder hangn ail gu nshot hapha zard gun smith hardbake gun wale hardbe am gutwort hackberry hagberry hagfish hailston e hairbreadth hairc loth hairpin hairstreak hairtail hairworm hairybait ha irycrown

IN EPARABLE MP 198 S CO OUNDS . highhole hogweed hopbine highland hogwort Highlan dman hoistway highm allow holdba ck highroad holdfa st highway hol ewort highwaym an holl owhead hillberry holl owroot hillfoot hollowwort hillside holystone hilltop hom esick hillw ort home spun himself hom estall hindberry hom e stead hin dhand hone stone hi n dhead hon e wort hipbrier hon eyberry hipwort hon eybloom hitherto hon eybread hoarhound hon eycomb hoa rston e honeydew hobbl ed ehoy honeyeate r hobble show hon eyflower hobn ail hon eymoon hobn ob hon eystone hodgepodge hon eysimker hogbac k hon eysu ckle hogbe an hon eysweet hon eyware hon eywort hoodwink hoodwort hoofpick hookheal hookwe ed hO O psn ake INSEPARABLE COMPOUNDS . 199 horseshoe humpbac k horseta il hum strum horse tongue hun c hbac k horse way hun dred eye s horseweed hundredl egs horsewhip hu ndre dm an horsewoman hun dre dweight horse wood hun tsman hosem an hu rdle man hotbed hurlbone hotchpot hurtl eberry hotchpotch hurtsickle hothe ad hu sba ndman hothouse hushaby hotspur ic eberg hou ndfish icebird hou se breaker ic eleaf house hold ic em an householder ic emaster hou sekeeper icequ ake hou seleek in a sm uch hou sem aid housem ate housewarm house wife housewright howbe it however howsoever hoym an hu ckleberry hum ankind hum blebee humbug humbu zz humdrum INSEPARABLE C MP UN O O DS .

B M 202 INSEPARA LE CO PO UNDS .

l ockstitch (verb) lumpfish lockup lu m psu cker logfish l ungfish l oggerhe ad lu ngflower logroll lungwort logwood l ute string longbeak lyreta il l on gbe ard m adbrain longbill m a dc ap longboat madderwort l ongbow m adhouse longhan d ma dm an l ongl egs m ad nep longn eck m adston e l ongn ose m ad weed lon gsha nks ma dwort ’ longshorem an magpie l ongspur m aid enhair longtail m aidenlike l ongtongue mainlan d longw orm m ain m a st l ookd own m ain royal lookout m ainroyalm ast Ioophol e m ainsail loopwork m ain spring l oosestrife m ain stay l ordlike m ain staysail lou se wort m a intop l ovem on ger m a in topgallan tma st love sic k m aintopma st loveworthy m ain topsail lowbe ll ma kebate l owl and m akepeace lugma rk makeshift lugworm m ake weight lukewarm mallowwort IN EPA L S RAB E COMP O UNDS . 203 m altma n m asterwort midbody maltmaster masthead mid brain m an dl e ston e m astm an midday manhandl e matchl ock middlem an ma nhole m atronlike m iddle weight mankind m atwe ed midl and m a nlike m a twork midlayer manroot ma wseed m an slaughter m awski n midn ight ma ntelboard m aybe midn oon mantelpiec e m ayc ock midrib m anteltree m ead owsweet midriif manway m ea dowwort midship man worthy mealman mi dshipman Manxman m ealm onger midships Manxwom an me alym outh m idstrea m m arblehead m e an tim e mid summ e r m arble wood m eanwhile midway marchl and melonthick midwicket marchm an m ercha ntlike midwife marestail m erchan tm an m idwinter m arketman m ere stead mileston e m arksm an m ereston e m ilkfish marksmanl ike m errymake milkm aid m arkworthy m errym a king mi lkm an m arlberry m errythought milksop m arlin espike m errywing milkstone m arl ston e m eseem s milkweed m eshwork milkwood m arrowfat m essmaking milkwort m arshm allow m essm ate mill board m arshwort m ete stic k millm an m artext m e thinks m ill st on e m asterpiec e m e thought m ill wright m asterstroke mid air miltwa ste m asterwork mida ngle mintmaster 204 INSEPARABLE CO MPOUNDS .

m orepork n eckwear mossbac k n ec kweed m ossberry n e edlem an m ossbu nker ne edlestone m osshead needletail m otherwort n e edl ewoman

m ountainside n ee dle work

m ouseear n ettl e wort m ousefish ne twork m ou setail neverm ore m outhpiec e n evertheless m ou throot newc omer muddybreast n e wfangled mudfish newsboy m ud sill newsma n mud weed n e wspaper mu dwort n e wsroom m ufl ejaw niggerhair m ugweed n ightc ap mugwort nightchurr mul ewort ni ghtcl othes m uskmallow nightdress mu skm el on nightfall muskrat n ightflower muskroot nightgown m uskse ed nightj ar mu skwood nightm are muttonhead nightshade myself nightshirt n ailwort ni n efold naked wood ni nepen ce n am esa ke ninnyhammer n a velwort nipcheese n eatherd ni ppl ewort n eckl ac e noblem an n ecktie n oblewoman

B INSEPARA LE COMPOUNDS .

pac kwax penstoc k packway penwoman paddlecoc k pe pperc orn paddlewood peppergrass padlock pepperwort painstaker pewfell ow pain sworthy pewholder pal sywort pickaback pancake pic kanin ny panelwork pickapac k passageway pic kaxe past eboard pickbac k patc hwork pic kl ock pathway pic kmaw pa wnbroker pic kpoc ket paxwax pickpurse paymaster pickthank peac emaker picktooth peachwood piebald peac ock piecemeal peafowl pie man pe ahen pigeonberry pea rlash pigeonhol e pearlston e pigeonwood pearlwort pignut pearm ain pigskin pease wee p pigsty pea stone pigtail peephole pigweed peltmonger pikem an penfi sh pil e work pe nfold pile worm penholder pilewort pe nman pil lworm pennyroyal pillwort pennyweight pinafore INSEPARABLE MP CO O UNDS . 207

playwright potston e ploughboy powwow ploughsans praiseworthy ploughgate pressma n ploughm an pric kl eback ploughshare prickwood ploughwright priestcraft pocketbook prie stlike poc km ark priestridden pockwood prim wort pointblank prongbuck poin tsm an pronghorn pokeberry puckball poke weed puddingstone poleaxe pufi ball pol ec at pufi bird pol e wig putlog policem an puttyroot pond weed quacksal ver poorhouse quaketail popcorn qu arryman POPS"m quarterm an portc ull is quartermaster portem onnaie que enlike portfolio queenwood portla st quicklim e portmanteau quic ksand portm antle quickset postboy qui cksil ver postman qui tclaim postm ark rackwork postm aster raftsm an postscript ragman pota sh ragpicker potboy ragstone potsherd ragweed IN EPARAB P 08 S LE COM OUNDS.

roadwe ed rocka way rockfish rockwood rockwork roebu ck roestone rolleyway rooftree

roomridden rootstoc k rosefish

roseroot

rosewood

rosewort

rottenstone roun dabout roun dfi sh

roun dhand roundhead roundhouse

roun dworm

roustabout rowboa t rubbl ework ruddl em an

runaroun d ru n away runway rupturewort ru shn ut sac kcloth saddlebac k saddletree

sadiron safeguard

210 INSEPARABLE COMPOUNDS .

sm allpox sm artweed

sm eardab smithcraft sm oothbore sna ilfish snake head snakenut sn akeroot sna kestone snakeweed sn ake wood sn ake wort sna pdragon sn e ezeweed

sneeze wood

sn eezewort snippersnappet snipsna p shorth and sn owball shorthead snowberry shorthorn skipjac k snowbird shotgun Skullca p snowdrop shoveboard skullfish snowlike shovelboard Skylark soapberry showbill skylight soapston e showc ase slangwhanger soapsuds showm a n sla pjack soapwort showroom sla ughterman soe ver shuifl eboard sl aveholder som ebody sla velike som e how sli rwort m tim e d ppe so e ( a j .) slipshod sometimes slipstring somewhat sl owworm somewhen sluice way some where INSEPAR ABLE COMPOUNDS . 211 som ewhile spitpoison starlight som ewhither Splatterd ash starlike songcraft spleenwort starshine sore head spoilsport sta rstone spoonbill starwort spoonworm statecraft spoonwort statem onger sportsm an stateroom spoutfish statesm an state sm anlike stateswoman

sta vesa cre

sta vewood sta ym aker staysail steadfast

steam boat spatterdash stea mship Spearm an ste elyard S pe armint steepleyard spearwort steerageway speechmaker steersman speedwell stepbrother spellbound stepc hild S penda ll stepdame spendthrift stepda ughter spic ebush stepfather stepmother spicewood stepparent spid erlike stepsister spiderwort stepson spiken ard stem fa st Spindlelegs stern way spindlesha nks stic kleback spindleworm stic klebag Spindrift stingfish R BLE 212 INSEPA A COMPOUNDS . stingwinkle sugarl oaf sweetbrier stinkball sui thold sweetflag stinkhom sul phurwort sweetgum stinkstone su nbe am swe etheart stinkweed sunbird swe etmeat stinkwood sunbonnet sweetroot stitchwort sunburn swe etsop stoc kholder sunburst swe etwood stockman sund ew swee twort stomachache sun down swinebre ad ston ebreak sundryman swineherd ston ebuck sunfish swinestone ston echat sunflower swin gletree stonechatter su nlight swingtree stonecrop sunlit switc hm an stonegrig sunrise swordfish stoneroot su nse t sword sman stoneseed sun shade tablecl oth stoneware sunshi ne tableman ston ework sun stone tabl espoon stone wort sunstroke ta blespoonful storehouse sun struck ta cksman storekeeper sunup tagsore storeroom swagbelly t agtail stowaway swall owstone tal ebe arer straightforward swall owtail talesman straightway swall owwort taleteller strapwork swa nherd tapeworm strapwort swa nhOpping tea cup strawberry swa nlike t eakettle stream wort swan skin teapot streetway swartback teaspoon stringpie ce swashbuckler tea spoonful stronghold swa shway telltal e studdingsail swe epstakes tend erloin studwork sweetbread tenfold

INSEPARAB LE CO MP N 214 OU DS .

townsfolk turnover underc harge townsm an turn pike u nd erc lay town spe ople turnpikem an u nderc l othe s townswoman turn scre w undercl othi ng trackway tu rn sick un d erc oat tradesfolk turnsol e undercroft trad esman turnspit undercurre nt tra despe opl e tum stile underditc h tra deswoman t urn ston e und erdo tra mroad turntable underdoer tramway turtl eback u n de rdose treadmill turtle stone un derdrain trelliswork t walpe nn ies u nd erdressed trencherman twayblade und ere stim ate trestlework twelvem onth underfe ed trewsm an twel vepence u nderfill ing tripem an twelvepenny und erfoot tripestone twel vesc ore underfurnish truckm an twentyfold underfurrow truepenny twibill undergarmen t trufliewom an twifal low undergo trumpetwee d twilight undergown trumpetwood twofold un dergraduate trundle tail twopen ce u ndergroun d trustworthy twopenn y und ergrowth trysail twosc ore und erhand t ubfish u n d e ract underhe a ve tubm an u ndera ction u nderhew tufthu nter u nd eraid und erhung tugboat un de rbearer underlaid tumbleb ug underbid und erl ay tumbledown un derbind underle af tunhoof underbrac e underl et turban top u n derbre d u nd erlie turnkey underbrush underline t urn out un derbuy un derlying N EP I S ARABLE CO MPO UNDS . 15

un dermost u nderneath u nderpay underpin u nderpinning underpl ay underplot underpraise underprize upthrow un derprop upturn underrate urgewonder u nderreckon velvetleaf underrun ventpie ce u ndersc ore vestrym an undersell vic egerent underset viceregal undershoot vic eroy un dershot vin eyard undershrub visem a n u nd ersign vou c hsafe undersoil wabronle af u ndersong wad se t u nderspen d wagon wright understand wagtail understate wainm an understatem en t wainsc ot understrapper wainwright understroke waistba nd u ndersuit waistc oat u nd ertake walepiece u ndert on e walkover und ervalu ation wa llfiowe r underval ue wallwort underwe ar wanhorn underwitted warcraft 216 INSEPARABLE COMPOUNDS . wardholding we akfish wherewithal ward sman wea pon smith wherrym an warehouse weathercock Whetstone wareroom we lla da y whic hever warfa re Welshm an whi chsoever wartweed whalebird whifll etree wartwort whale bone whimwham washboard whalem an whin chat washerman wha te ver whin stone washerwoman whatsoever Whi ppletree washstand whe alworm whippoorwill wa shtub whe atear whi psnake watc hm aker wheelbarrow watchman whee lbird watc hword wheelm an watercourse whe elwork whitebeard waterfall wheelwright whitebonnet waterm an whe n ce soever white bottle waterm elon whene ver Whiteboy wa ternut when soever whitecap waterscape where about white ear watershed where a bouts White fish waterside white smith waterspou t where at whereby wherefore where in whereinto where of where on wheresoe ver wherethrough Whitsun day whereto Whitsuntide whereupon whoe ver where ver wholesale where with whomsoe ver

" INDE .

o l er William Chaunce 5 Above all 1 . F w , 7 , y, ,

Adjective, confused treatment 123. f n di ctionari 19 loose 1 o i es, ; Harrison , Re v. Matthew, 1 8,

te aching about, 23, 57, 126 ; dif 119.

ference of o inion about 21 od rell ML 1 18. p , . J , , 7, i v rb 128 ; different ation of ad e Latham , Dr. R . G., 57, 58. re si ion and, 45; ad verb and p po t Marsh, G . P . , 120. — used as 47 54 noun used Mill ohn Stuart 16. , ; , J ,

Morris, Re v. Richa rd , 133 .

noun 56 Dr. Latham on bee Murra Dr. . A. H . 24 41 50. , ; f y, J , , ,

as 57 co m on fallac about Sonic and Wheeler 131 . , ; m y , , — osition of noun does Wilson ohn 6 164. 68 72 ; p , J , , 130 i not change it to, 129, ; ts

- - u e in com ound s 151 152 154 Back bone back stroke etc . 76 . s p . , , , , ,

Back door . 157, 176 . , etc., 75

‘ e of o inion Back fron e Ad verb , diil erenc p , t, middl e , tc 63.

common but B ar iron 105 . about, 21 , 128 ; , etc ., 76,

B l 6. needl ess j oini ng of with ad arre curb , drai n, pen, 7 ective 45 161 used as a ec Ba ttle arra ba onet clutch j , , ; dj y, y ,

- tive, 47 54, 75 (note) ; nea rest etc . , 65. n ext a un s B nd o a nd s, 48 ; no used a , ay wi w, 77.

1 ll b ll . 125 , 27, 128 ; as part of com Be gl ass, e j ar, 77 d o B u fe n o poun w rd, 151 , 154, 158 , 159, ias, ed cated , de re ce t

161 . necessar 142. y,

- After . cl a ssification of, 49 Bl ack fore st, 20. oo d B o G l r wn on, 50. Bl ack l e ad , 78.

- - Afte r consid eration 51 . Bl ack lea d an unnecessar com , y oun 6 After end , after part, 74. p d , 9. k book 8 All iga tor forceps, 75. Bl an , 7 .

A le brand etc . 75. Blue bl ood 79. pp y, , ,

Authors cited : Box car, box drain , etc 80.

Bo fri nd 82 . Brown, Gool d , 50, 60, 83, 133 . y e ,

Brain coral fan co ral 80. Browne , Sir Thom as, 22. , ,

Cl ark 8 . W. 59. Brevit tend enc to 67. , , y, y ,

E arl e R ev. Johu 39 125. British tel e ra h char es 8. , , , g p g , 220 INDE".

h n Brot er germa , 80. Crown land , crownl and , 84.

Browne Sir Thomas an O inion C lind er ress 85 . , , p y p ,

by , 22. Bro n G o ld o ini on about De d n w , o , p a i compounds, 85 . Di m o r various word s by , 50; on in a nd bo er and drill , 85. vention and discover 60 on Di cti onaries not mad e as a bso y, ;

com ound nouns 83 eneral l ute uid es 22 . p , ; g g , rul Dic i e by , 133 . t onary mod els, 9. u Bullion sil ver, 105 . Do bl e bar, etc ., 86 . Busin ffi n s er re Doubl - h ess o ce, ew pap e c arge , verb, 86 .

Down - , up.then , above , etc . , 52 54. Dwa r f as an adjec tive, 105 .

Cannot , can not, 81 . ’ Canon-l aw er criminal -law er E arl e s Philolo of the E n y , y , gy g ” - ett offic er 81 . lish Ton ue 39 125. p y , g , ,

Cat kind m add er famil etc Ea rl m arshal 87 . , y, , - 64 Ea s cha ir eas c hair 87. . y , y ,

Chief riest 97. Effect of osition u on cl assifi p , p p

Child wi fe , boy friend , 82 . cati on , 129 . W on ad ec i 59 Enc clo edic Dic iona r ” 19 Cl ark 8 . . t ves . t . , , j , y p y, lassifi c ation con ictin 21 En lish word s anal o icall C , fl g, g g y

i of classifi d 23 . signifi cance the m ain bas s , e ,

- co mon fal l ac as to E te nsion table 87. 47 49 ; m y , x , ‘ 68 efl ect of osition u on ; p p , F u m 129. ace val e , arket val ue , 88 .

ombination l ock 87. Fall ac comm on as to cl assifi C , y , ,

- c ation 68. Coming in, biting in, 83. ,

m sition ower of in E n Fal se k eel etc 78 . Co po , p g , mil n me fam - 120. Fa a il nam e 88 . lish, y , y ,

d 8. Feather bed Compositors m ay be benefite , , etc 96 . ul r illustra Fellow bein citiz Compoun din g, sing a g, en , etc . , 96 . out ol d rul s Ficti ti on of, 1 18 ; ab e on , gramm ati cal , 66 . — d Fl for , 130 132 ; sc ientific an pop at cap, fiatca p , 89 .

ular 143 a lic ation of anal F l in arm buttress etc . 90. , ; pp y g y, , , n r 13 145 Forbidd en fruit forbidd en-fruit ogy i , 144 ; rul es fo , 7, , , ,

1 1 4 90. 147, 149, 150, 157, 73, 7 .

Com oun ds common tri licate Fore as an a ective 90. p , p , dj ,

121 . Fore, differe nt uses of, 63. l h or t Compound words in te egrap F es call ed an ad verb , 128. Fo r William Chaunc o in 8. wle e n g, , y,

unt al atine 80 84. investi ation 5 resul t of his Co y p , , g , ;

Court m artial , 80, 96. investiga tion , 123 ; on perfec t

iminal l aw er 81 . com osition 124 Cr y , p , .

222 INDE".

no - 4 uns, 138 1 1 , 145, 147, 149, 151 Position, effect of upon classifi

of other h hened com ounds cation 129 . yp p , ,

157, 158, 159, 165 ; of solid com P ound covert, 106. Power of d erivation and com

osition in En li sh 120. M oist star, 102. p g ,

Preposition , use of in phrases, — d as a ectiv —4 sitions, 134. 39 44 ; use dj e, 47 5 ;

- h etc 103. mi s ak n Mountain as , t e as adjective , 50 52 ” Murra Dr. ame s A. H di c com ound substantivs 134 y, J p , ; o i b 24 on vari in com u nd 1 ti nary ed ted y , ; po s, 49, 151, 159.

us u of a ter 50. Mini o ses f , Prime ster, 106 . r P inciple, general , 127 . Names misa lied are not el uci Proof- readers ad pp , vantage of a '

d ated b h h ni n 71. y y p e g, record to, 7. Ne w En lish Dictionar g y,

50° "uart bottl e, 106 .

N ews a er re orter etc . 66 . p p p , , l f Noun , m od e s or compound , 10, Record beneficial to com si - 41 4 m 61, 137, 133 1 , 1 5, 147, 149, 151 ; ’ - tors, 8. used as adiective, 55 66 ; d iner

Revenue cutter 107. c nt iated from a 56 a s , djec tive , ;

R ock alum salt etc 108. a ecti e h , . dj v t rough fiction , 65,

R ose wind ow 77 . 66 ; needl ess j oinings of adjec , Rules for com oundin in ads — p g, tive a nd , 67 72 : rules for com uac of ol d 130- 132 ; ne w ound 1 q y , , p . 37, 145, 147, 149, 150. 137 145 147 149 150 157 173 Nuttal , , , , , , , l on componmd s, 10. 174.

O pinions use ful even to di ssent

ers, l l . Scarlet fever, 109. riel i 1 O wind ow, 77. Se cond cousin , s ght, etc ., 1 0. s Sid e cut, branch tore, etc 111 .

- Pa er box a er box 56 143 . Si nificance the m ain basis of p , p p , , g - Pett offic er 81 ification 47 49. y , . class , Ph tom n an ations, phanto mu a Soul e and Wheel er, rul es by ,

tion 18 . nfusion in vocabul ar , 131 ; co y Phil olo on the En lish Lan b 132 Gool d Brown cited gy g y, ; ua e ” 18 g g , . by , 133. “ Phil ol ogy of the E nglish Specification not always a rea ” Ton ue 39 125 son for com oundi n 68. g , , . p g, - ’ P hrase n m 4 S eech difl rentia io in 142 . a e , phrase nam e, 5. p , e t n , n r r m Pig iron , 76, 105 . Spe cer, He be t , odd co 46 Pint pot , 106 . pounds by , .

Spring bal ance , 112 . INDE". 223

Sa lt as an a ective 109. erb in com ounds 151 155 158 dj , V p , , , ,

State as an adjective, 112 . 159. ” - Stroke of art, a so c alled, 125. ' 126 . Webster s dic tionar ro er ad y , p p - ectiv in om oun 9 Sweet otato sweet otato 70. es c ds in , 1 p , p , j p

high and low in , 21 ; ha lf as

Te tre a ted in 95. legraphing, compound s in, 8. ,

Terminolo Grammati cal 126 . gy, , T h u W o o se etc . 101 . ilson ohn on com oundin y , , , J , p g,

Trad e name. 88 . 6 , 164. Worcester’ s diction ar ro er y, p p U r n housan 11 ppe te t d , 5. adjectives in compounds