Richard Strauss

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Richard Strauss Il ’900 R. Strauss: Josephslegende Elisabetta Pirolo “Essa lo afferrò per la veste, dicendo: musica l’azione coreografica si ricava inequivocabilmente ‘Unisciti a me!’ Ma egli le lasciò tra le non solo dai suoi scritti, in cui puntualizza con sicurezza mani la veste, fuggì e uscì” l’importanza espressiva e drammatica della danza “ma- Genesi, 39, II dre delle arti”, ma anche, o soprattutto, dalla fondamen- “Ora bramò di giacere con lui quella nella tale focalizzazione protagonistica, nell’ambito ampio casa di cui egli si trovava; chiuse quindi delle strutture drammatiche, delle scene danzate: valga- le porte e disse: ‘vieni qui!’ ma egli disse: ‘Dio me ne guardi!’ no quali esempi pagine tanto significative da divenire Corano, XII sûra, 23 quasi l’emblema della sua mastodontica produzione, come la danza dei sette veli in Salome o il grande valzer All’apice ormai del successo, sull’orlo di un baratro del Rosenkavalier; nel secondo caso è tutt’altro che che evitò con una svolta repentina, l’impresario Diaghilev, trascurabile osservare come la cellula ternaria divenga la che già vantava nel prestigioso catalogo dei propri cifra ritmica distintiva dell’intera partitura. collaboratori musicali i contemporanei più grandi, prese Tuttavia — e giungiamo col pensiero all’ultima opera in considerazione, per la stagione parigina del 1914, una su libretto di Hofmannsthal, la tarda Arabella con la sua possibile commissione a Richard Strauss; non fu certo, travolgente scena del ballo — Strauss fu grandissimo in questo caso, il consueto guizzo di genialità intuitiva compositore di episodi danzati all’interno della più vasta — il musicista monacense non era un giovane alle prime struttura operistica, mentre il suo rapporto con il balletto armi, né, men che mai, un soggetto facilmente plasma- come forma autonoma sarebbe rimasto per sempre bile, semmai un colosso che ormai ripetutamente aveva irrisolto: privo del tramite verbale, semplificante, il dichiarato scelte poetiche e sensibilità estetica assoluta- maestro avrebbe ceduto alle tentazioni più vischiose mente lontane dalle idee che sembravano condurre la fino a scivolare nel kitsch più smaccato: si veda, a questo programmazione dei Ballets Russes — ma una valutazio- proposito, Schlagobers, condensato di costose e insulse ne a freddo, opportunistica. Strauss, cinquantenne al- futilità. l’epoca della rappresentazione, già poteva vantare un Per la commissione di Diaghilev Strauss si appoggiò bilancio ampiamente attivo — partiture felicissime — e ancora una volta a Hugo von Hofmannsthal, letterato prometteva ancor più per il futuro: l’impresario, attento insigne e suo massimo librettista, che propose un com’era alla fama e al successo dei musicisti con cui soggetto a tinte forti ispirato all’episodio di Giuseppe e lavorava, osservava ingolosito una situazione tanto la moglie di Potifar, narrato come fonte originaria nel rosea, che sperava, in piccola parte almeno, di poter libro della Genesi e riportato anche nel Corano, con condividere; le premesse non mancavano, essendo diversità di particolari ma analogo quanto alle linee oltrettutto il musicista ammiratore del miglior cavallo essenziali; il tratto che, nelle intenzioni del letterato, della sua scuderia, Nijinsky. L’approccio fu piuttosto doveva apparire con evidenza, è il contrasto tra il agevole, complice la solidissima amicizia che legava carattere del giovane ebreo, risoluto in una scelta di Diaghilev a Misia Sert, spettatrice appassionata e, cosa lealtà, e la lussuria della donna. Contribuì alla stesura del al momento assai più utile, moglie innamoratissima del soggetto anche lo storico della cultura conte Harry pittore spagnolo José Maria Sert, a sua volta buon Kessler. conoscente dell’editore di Richard Strauss, Fürstner: Nel libro della Genesi è narrata la storia del giovane Misia, com’era prevedibile, fu ben felice di facilitare i Giuseppe, venduto dai fratelli per vendicare la predile- rapporti tra i due uomini e sembra anche che abbia zione riservatagli dal padre: acquistato da Potifar, con- sostanziosamente aiutato dal punto di vista finanziario sigliere del faraone, riesce con le proprie ottime qualità il nuovo allestimento; Diaghilev, naturalmente, ricam- umane a guadagnarne la stima. Respinge per lealtà le biò il favore dell’amica con grande (ma, ahimè, assai profferte amorose della moglie del padrone, e così la rischiosa) signorilità, affidando la scenografia della donna, per vendicare l’orgoglio ferito, dichiara al marito Leggenda di Giuseppe a Sert. di essere oggetto della brama lussuriosa del ragazzo, Strauss, dal canto suo, fu ben felice della commissio- che, innocente, viene rinchiuso nella cisterna. Ma Giu- ne poiché vagheggiava ormai da diversi anni di compor- seppe, dal carcere, rivela grande abilità nell’interpretare re musica per danza astratta da un contesto operistico, i sogni, riacquista con ciò la stima del suo padrone, e si aveva esaminato diversi soggetti per un balletto e aveva riabilita. appuntato anche alcuni schizzi musicali senza giungere Il soggetto elaborato da Hofmannsthal (e però alla composizione organica di una partitura; quan- Kessler) per ragioni certamente drammatiche, to comunque lo interessasse l’idea di associare alla di economia temporale, e per la necessità di concludere teatralmente la storia che — ELISABETTA PIROLO, Josephslegende — 49 Il ’900 nella Bibbia continua con un ampio sviluppo, segue dell’ambiente cortigiano. Dal punto di vista ritmico la fedelmente la fonte solo fino alla carcerazione: nel partitura è molto varia, poggiando anche su unità di balletto il figlio di Giacobbe è salvato miracolosamente misura insolite come 5/4 e 7/4. da un arcangelo, e la seduttrice sfortunata, in uno sfogo Il primo Giuseppe avrebbe dovuto essere Vaslav deluso di rabbia, si strangola con una collana di perle. Nijinsky e fu pensando a lui, che descriveva entusiasti- Inoltre l’azione, nel nome sottinteso di un’estetica deca- camente come il massimo danzatore in assoluto, che dente, è trasportata a Venezia, nella dimensione tempo- Strauss modellò la figura del suo protagonista; fu rale di un’incerto Rinascimento assai prossimo al Baroc- dunque molto amara la delusione quando lo vide co: il punto di riferimento dell’ambientazione sono i sostituire in extremis dall’esordiente Leonid Massine quadri del Veronese, sovrabbondano inoltre languidi che senza mezzi termini, e forse non proprio in buona elementi orientaleggianti, le pietre preziose, polvere fede, definì pessimo. Nijinsky, che già aveva cominciato d’oro, tasselli di raffinato estetismo di un mosaico a prepararsi per il nuovo balletto, proprio a quell’epoca decadente. con il suo folle matrimonio aveva edificato un muro tra Così confezionato, il soggetto era pronto già nel sé e la compagnia dei Balletti Russi. Dovendo provve- giugno 1912; in un primo tempo parve abbastanza dere di necessità e piuttosto in fretta un nuovo protago- gradito al compositore: abbastanza perché fin dal primo nista per la Leggenda di Giuseppe, Diaghilev, insuperabile momento Strauss non si dichiarò convinto dello svilup- scopritore di talenti, scovò alla scuola di ballo di Mosca po letterario del tema antico, ma non poteva intervenire il danzatore diciottenne che, non ancora del tutto su un testo ineluttabilmente definitivo. Cominciò già nel esperto, affidò alla guida sicura del maestro Cecchetti. La ’12, nondimeno, ad appuntare alcune melodie per il particolare bellezza di Massine sembrava adattissima balletto. Nel giro di pochi mesi, però, come ricaviamo all’ambientazione raffinatamente decadente del ballet- dall’epistolario, il suo debole entusiasmo era completa- to; lo affiancava, nel ruolo della seduttrice, Maria mente svanito: scrisse a Hofmannsthal una lettera irritata Kusnetzova. in cui avvertiva che non riusciva a procedere nella La prima rappresentazione, parigina, venne allestita scrittura con la rapidità prevista, poiché non provava il 14 maggio 1914 e fu l’ultimo spettacolo prima dello simpatia alcuna per il casto Giuseppe; si sarebbe co- scoppio della prima guerra mondiale; riscosse un note- munque impegnato a trovare per lui una melodia nel vole successo, per quanto sia stata segnalata, comples- profondo delle sue viscere. Il poeta rispose severamente sivamente, una certa mancanza di equilibrio: il coreo- che non nell’intestino ma nella parte migliore del suo grafo Fokine si era mosso sulla scia dei precedenti cervello, la più pura, avrebbe dovuto cercare la musica, successi, senza nuove, brillanti intuizioni. Risultarono ponendo in risalto la limpidezza morale del fanciullo infelici, per eccesso di decorativismo, le scene di Josè contro la depravazione della donna. Passarono altri Maria Sert, mentre splendidi erano i costumi disegnati da dieci lunghi mesi poi il compositore scrisse all’amico di Léon Baskt. Strauss, a detta dello stesso difficile Stravinskij, aver abbozzato, con molto fastidio, la danza di Giusep- diresse l’orchestra in modo insuperabile. pe, e di poter prevedere a quel punto un lavoro più rapido, così da terminare la partitura nella primavera del Fascinosa oltre misura, la lunga storia di Giuseppe, 1914. estrapolati dai sacri testi i nuclei essenziali, colpì a L’organico orchestrale della Josephslegende, coeren- distanza i massimi ingegni, da Goethe a Mann. Tra loro temente alla pratica straussiana, è vastissimo: la massa (in senso temporale) colpì Hofmannsthal, cui servì per degli archi, ampliata, prevede i violini a tre parti e le una dichiarazione estetica in realtà non troppo timida viole a due; ai legni, quadruplicati, è aggiunto
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