Report N9 37
REPORTN9 37
Plblishod by the Dir€.ior ol tish€ri€5 and Wildllla, Porth, under the autho.ity ol the H.n. Minister for rish€ries and Wildlitc
An Inventoryof the MarineResources of the BunburyMarine Area and GeographeBay
BY MICHAELH. WALKER
1979 6L6I
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ABSTMCT 5
I I NTRODUCTION 6 II THEMARIt'|E RESOURCE AS CAPTURED BYCONVENTIONAL FISHINGIVIETHODS 6
I. INTRODUCTION 6 2. METHODS
3. THE RESOURCECAPTURED BY 9 A. SET LINING 9
B. TRAPPING L2
C. SET NETTING L2
D. EAND LINING 13
E. TROLLING t-3
F. BEACH SEINING 14
G. RING NETTING L4
H. TRAWT-,ING t_f,
r. LIGHT ATTRACTION AT NIGIIT I6
III ANINVENTORY OFTHE FISH RESOURCE I7 T. INTRODUCTION L7 2. SUI"IMARYoF SoMEAsPEcTs oF THEBIoLoGY oF GEoGRAPHEsly/sut'tsuRy MARINE FIsHEs 18 3. cHEcKLIsroF FISHESoF THE eeoenepHegny/ BUNBURYMRINE AREAWITH COMMENTS ON THEIRECOLOGICAL STATUS t9 IV SUIvlIvlARYANDCONCLUSIONS 2L V ACKNOI^|LTDGEIIENTS 23 VI REFERENCES 23 ' 9t ITEIUVtrNrtrvn rUngNng ,/IVS Sg'Tgu9OS9 SIT.IJNIII'IIII4 SVSTTE9NIT'IWVS .T
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The study described in this report was one of several undertaken by the Fisheries Research Branch of the W.A. Department of Fisheries and wildlife as part of a progranme to evaluate and predict the consequences of the ocean discharge of effluent waste from the Laporte titanium dioxide factory at Bunbury' western Australia. The rnultidiscipl inary progranune, which was sp'rnsored and supervised by the Laporte Effluent Con[nittee., was designed to examine the various options for disposal of the waste. A report on the utilization of the resource by professional and amateur fishermen has already been prepared (Walker, in press) . The present report provides an evaluation and inventory of the marine resources of the Bunbury/Geographe Bay marine area.
Resource inforrnation was collected during three cruises with the Department I s research vessef "Flinilers" using a variety of fishing gear including set 1ines, nets, fish traps, hand lines, trawJ-s. trolling lines' light attraction at night etc. Some professional fishermen collected specimens and other data for the survey using gear such as ring nets and beach seines. Results of other surveys, including museum records were also incorporated into resource information results.
A11 species caught $/ere categorj.zed where possible as to their breeding state. food habits, etc. in an attempt to evaluate their status in Geographe Bay. The fishing gear used caught only fish and squid and since different gear would be required to catch shell-fish no cotunent is made on the resource of rock lobsters, crabs, abalone or scallops. The conrnercial value of these species to the area was considered in a previous report on the utilization of the marine resource of the area (Walker, in press).
This report is divided into two parts. Firstly a description is given of the fish resource as captured by conventional fishing methods and secondly all species are drawn together as an inventory of the fish species of the area includ.ing information on the status and biology of individual fish species. II THEIVIARIIIE RESOURCE AS CAPTURED BY CONVENTIONAL FISHINGIVIETHODS 1. I I.ITRODUCTI ON In the orj-ginal planning of the Laporte study it was apparent to the Department of Fisheries and Wildlife
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E. Trolling fines: Trolling lines used were made of 8 nun cord. Lures were 18 cm pink or white Hafco tuna lures or rigged evil eye feathered jigs as available in fishing tackle shops.
F. Beach sei-nes: Beach seines used were conventional herring or whitebait seines along with tr"/o small- experimental nets used for collecting juvenile fish.
G. Ring nets: Ring nets used were of three mesh sizes and as used by professional fishermen in Geographe Bay to catch Australian salmon, Australian herrinq and pil chard.
H. Trawls: The trawl net used was an 1g metre headrope ffat trawl with 51 mm mesh wings and 45 mm mesh cod end. In addition a 5 metre headrope try net of the same mesh dimensions was used .
I. Lj-ght attraction at night: Fish were attracted at nj-ght _with quartz lodide 2 x 1000 watt lights with the aid of a berley mix of pollard and whale 6i1. Fish were scooped from the surface with lonq handled hand nets of a variety of mesh sizes or angied with hand lines and small- hooks.
Catches nad.e were documented as to location, in most cases quarter statistical blocks (Figure 1) i.e. 5 mile squares. Species were identified and recorded. as to length, weight, sex and where possible breeding state and stomach contents. fdenti ficati.ons in mosi. cases were checked by the W.A. Museum. Conunon names used in this report were the most conmonly used and accepted conmon names as determined by the author. Wher6 no conrmon name v/as available the scientific narne was used. Common names can be reconciled with scientific names in the checklist incorporated in this report.
The survey nature of this study involved the usage of srnall quantities of a variety of fishinq sear and constant movement from area to area. ihus results are qualitative rather than quantitative and in most cases on1y. identj-fy the presence of individual fish species which may or may not have a commercial value. irofessional operations would involve a smallea v4rjg+rz ^r r.;-I.i-^ glar in largei q"";titi"= e.g. 1 ooo rr""r.'=;'";i-iil: against 180 used in this study, t?re selection of the better areas in which to fish and movement from area to area onl_y when catches decl-ined. On some occasions catches were made which if taken by professionals may have had conunercial value. Such catches were, however, oc-casionaf . F
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'(T aTqef,') sauTT 1as or\1 ro auo Jo osn aq1 qlTA eaJe auT-reu z\-rnqung/zleg eqder6oag oq1 uT ?r{6nec aJaA qsrJ-r€f s pue prnbs 'sarceds qsr; on1 .[lua^r1 3:o pasoduroc sarcads aur-reu luaJaJJTp .fnof ..f?uort11 6urur1 1ag .v -: A8 03unrdv33lunos:u 3Hl_ .e A l I .)f har qnc.'icq .'arr.rhf /'l'^h] a 1\ r^rora :ec6cc6/i ra having no commercial value. Over all areas and cruises a total value of $699 of commercial species were caught on the set l-ines at a value of 50.11 a hook. Catch values per hook varied according to area and cruise from zero to $0.59 a hook (Table 1).
Catch rates for all areas for the three cruises were : - I fish per 10 hooks in Nov/Dec L975, I fish per 11 hooks in April 1976 and I fish per 25 hooks in November 1976 (Table l) . Catches of individual species varied according to cruise (Table l-) . Variations when tested with a chi square test were of statistical signifj-cance for Port Jackson shark, whiskery shark, gummy shark, bronze whaler, southern fiddler shark, black stingray, :nA a-^] ^ --., c,,^h variatiOnS fOr ![gscurtsrE rt,serEpcnoni a< uvrt^ not appear to be attributable to time of year i.e. Oct/ Nov or April . The third cruise i.e. November 1976 was conducted in poorer weather conditions which affected the catch rate than the other cruises, and the number of hooks set was doubled between the first and the second cruise giving a better coverage of the area.
These factors are suggested as inffuencing the catches of the above species rather than seasonal variations in thei-r abund.ance.
The best catches according to area and cruise (Table 1) were for :- bJ.ock 2820/ 3 (Figure 1) in April 1976 - the area 5 to 10 mile out to sea from Bunbury, where a catch of $0.59 a hook was made; bLock 2720/2 in April 1976 - the Bj-nningup area - $0.40 a hook; 2720/4 the Binningup area in Oct,/Nov 1975 - $0.26 a hook; 2920/1 in Nov L976 - southwest of Bunbury - $0.1.8 a hook and in OctlNov 1975 - $0.I7 a hook; 2820/I in OctlNov L975 - 90.12 a hook; 2820/4 in Oct,/Nov 1975 - $0.11 a hook; 3019/3 in April 1976 - $0.11 a hook; and 2820/I in April 1976 - $0.09 a hook (Figure 1) .
Batt costs per hook were $0.02, the hook rig excluding the rope, floats and anchors cost approximately 90.50 a hook and the rope, anchors and ffoats added another $0.50 a hook approximately. Thus consj_dering bait costs al-one $0.02 a hook many sets were not economic propositions especially as each set usually involved the foss of one or two hook rigs and. damage of some hooks so that they had to be replaced. This added usually another $0.03 to the cost of setting the line making it about 90.05 a hook an terms of outlay excluding cost fuel and labour. Some sets, however, were better than 90.09 a hook and as qood as $0.59 a hook and thus had some commer:cial interesi. A commercj-al operation today would involve setting about l_ 000 hooks and woul.t l-ra I i lrat \, +^ hrr,6 greater success
10
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'dpn4s sTql u-! pa+Jnpuoc se asrc.raxe qc-rEasa.r € 01 peJpduoc uorlef,ado g:o .dcuercrg:g:e :a1ea:6 pue 'uorlpbTlsa^ur s-Fq+ ur alqrssod ?ou sElr\ qcTq !-fos ar{+ Jo ee.re ,peire^oc atFl Jo uorlcaTas .ro++aq eare aq+ Jo esnecaq sharks and eagle rays to build up in numbers so that they are today the dominant bottom feeding carnivorous animals of the area. As these species hive no commercial value there has been no red.uction in their numbers by fishing activities to date.
The failure to catch grey nurse and tiger sharks during this study was probably also due to past fishing activj-ties reducing the numbers of these specj-es which were probably never very abundant.
B. TRAPPING
48 different marine species composed of 44 fish species, squid, octopus, cuttle fish and starfish, were caught in the ceographe Bay/Bunbury marine area with fish traps (Table 4) .
A total of fI57 marine animals were cauqht for I47 trap hauls at a rate of 7.9 fish per trip. The most cofifnon fishes caught vrere (totaI nurnber in brackets):- slender bullseye Pat'apri acanthus eLongatus (337'); roach Paz,equuLameLbournenstjs (188) ; roush leatheriacket ScobL.nic-h,thys.granulatus (Il.4); coimott bul1s6ye penphez,is nultiradlata (I44) ; toothbrush leather-iacket penicibeLta r:ittiger (72); skippy Caz,anr geoz,gianui (45); *ooniighter Vinculum serfasciatun (2t.); silver whitinq SiLLaao bassensis (20) i and six spined leatherja6ket aeLschenia fyegclneti (I8) . Of these fish speciei only adult leatherjacket, sk j-ppy*, silver whitinq and moonliqhter are of commerciaf value. Adu1ts of these speciei were only trapped occasionally. No trap haul yielded a catch of conrnercial value. However, traps d.emonstrated. the presence of fish in the area, particularly juveniles, the adults of some of which are of commerciaf value. C. SET NETTING
37 fish species were caught in the Geographe Bay,/Bunbury marine area with set nets of mesh size 54 cm - I7g cm set at depths of 0 - 5 metres (Table 5) .
The total of 37I fish were caught in 19 settings. The most cortrnon fish caught by this method were (totaI number in brackets):- Australj.an herring Anz,ipis geor.gi.anus pelsartia _(140); sea trumpeter humera1.is (62j; lougi., leatherjacket Scobini.chthys granuLatus (29) ; tailor- Pomat,omussaLtatoz, (20) ; toothbrush leatheriacket penicipeLta port u.i,tttiger, (I5l ; Jackson shark Hete'odonius pot,tus j aclis- o ni (L2) '(II) " t slender flying fish Cypseluz,us ersiLiens i
Skippy = skipjack = treva11y.
I2 TT
.lueserd +p pelroTdxa 6u1eq ,{1p:eq pue ee.rp eq1 uT acuel:odurr feTcJeuruoc poo6 6u1aeq se passesse seA seTcads sTqJ, . (00Ts lnoqe) enTe^ TeTs.reururoc poo6 qc+ec e sEA sTqtrr . l:o se?nuTu gt uT peTlo.rl o.raA o?Tuoq 0t Jo ssecxe uT Ea.re srq? uT 9L6T .requaAoN uI . d.rnqung uo.rJ eas 01 +no saTTur 91 oq dn (T arn6rg) 0Z8Z {coTq uT aceJ.rns oq:} uo pe^f,asqo e.ra^\ sTooqcs suorspcco Te.ra^es uO .,{pn1s srr{1 Jo sasrnf,c ee.rql eq+ 6ur:np Ea.re eq1 1noq6no.zq1 saurl Arrr-rnrr rra a rRr JJur l_r\rr+ r.r.w-pqr.rflEc atal{ s?'IDlua1.ro DpaDS o+Tuoq Te+ueT.rO 'E 9NITTOUI 'Terlualod Tprc.rauuoc l:o pue sauuol IuEur Jo ssacxe ur pecs --s- ^r^--- a *.,- , Irefll(Jl LUl\ pue auuo? E fTeq Jo ssecxa uT aq o+ peleuT+sa .eole af,all! Tef,a{3eu enTq Jo saTlTlueno aql uT ace].rns aql uo pe^:asqo a:e.a,r sarcads aseql Jo saT+-Ffuenb a6re1 '+ql]u.r/ir, ^"A- -^ ^-^.^ d-rd..vr peCS TTeIAOTTaI UeqA 1IOTSeOCO AUO UO pue TaJa)Iceu anTq uaqn suorsecco aa:q1 aq? uo ,^aA.rns sTq+ !q4,,- L*r.g-n - eJuepunqe Terc-rauluoc 4ou pa-rp aq1 uT sercads . asaql J:o acuasa.rd pa+ecTpur ser4cleO ecueldacce la:1f,eu p a^eq T-F^ep anTq pue ?eTTnu peJ .rol: ldecxe salcads 1TV 'ds s.tq4nalo.tdag pr-nbs pue snolsp.LDa+snD aaqaocs Te.re)Iceu anTq :s.L.LD+uaa,roDpaDS o?lruoq Teluar.ro :sn+D7oau11 s Vsda7 owln4qtldg t toeyl !sn7ta.nd snnqDTopnasd qslg: 1o:.red tblpsn+qo nuaoafr'4dg alrd eas padTrls : aD1puD77o4a Daou Dzznloaqsny a>11d f sn+Dau.LZsftqq4atauadl leTTnut pa-r .'s,t suaudno q7aa nTnnbaard qcpoJ isnuptbaoab sVdtaay 6urr.raq upTTe.rlsnv !?4co71nooa sn.rnqoDa; pecs 1re4rrro11a,( {snuD.Lbaoab ruDaDC .dddT)ts istaboalaw sdotsaldo,tod TTAep anTq !,rlqoouDlaa sndwo4,todftg qslg::e6 pes u.Taq+nos -: ea.re auTJEru ,{:nqung/xpg aqde:6oag eqf uT luo?+oq eq? e^oqe ,t11q611s to uo sazrs Iooq Jo .,{1at:ea e qlTA pue suTe.r?s 6u1>1ea.rq 3o z{1ar:ezr e Jo saurT pu€q uo lqbnec af,aA serceds 6ur/doTTo] eqJ,
9NINIT CIN]rH ' q '.roTrel pue dddr>1s ]o saqc+Ec .roJ pres aq osTe ,{1q-gssod .Keuraures eql . aurf aq1 1e saTlTluenb 1er c:eu-n:roc uT serceds sTql g:o ecuase:d e luesa.rdar deu: 6u1.r:eq uerTe.rlsnv l:o apeur seqclec /.ra'tt'eAog ' trpn1s sTql uT uer{1 sseccns :e1ea.r6 qcnur e a^er{ pTnoA snql pue satcads pepue+uT ar{:i Jo s+Tnpe .ro] ezrs qsaur eTqelTns Jo s+au Jo 6uT11as eq1 el1'To.I\ur pTnox\ uoTle:edo lerc:auuroc v .azTs qsau urplJec p Jo sfau uT qseu ^Tuo TTTA sercads auos s+TRpe 'eele Jo .ro] ar{4 uT saTcads Jo acuese.rd aql a?ecTpuT 61uo utic (9 €Tq€J) epeur seqc?Ec er{J ,sazrs qseru Jo-^ n+arrena-^---^ E Jo a.raA Apn?s sTql uT 1es slou etFl sv 'enTP.{\ Tercrauuoc Jo eJe s1a>1ce[:eqleaT lTnpe pue (ser{srJ cr6elad TTe) 1{ddTlts ,.roTTe? ,6ur.r:ar4 uetle:qsnrg tr1uo seTcads eser{1 JO ' (O]L) snuD?baoaq rurtan, ^ddT:is pue
,L Tbro juvenile soutllern blue fin (1+ fish) were caught on trol1 lines in block 2820/4 (Figure l) out frorn Bunbury in November 1977.
F. BEACH SEINING
Table 6 shows beach seine catches made for three locations within Geoqraphe Bay on six different occasions during the survey. Catches were taken with small mesh beach seines with and without berley to attract fish species as part of a research investigation into juvenile fish species present in the area. The most abundant fish species caught \47ere (total nurnber in brackets) :- elongate hardyhead (L2 645); rnarine hardyhead (4 347); yelloweye mullet (825); yellow-finned whiting (548); blue sprat (464t i King ceorge V whiting (367) ; Australian herring [16?) r northern gobblequts (150); and prickly toad fish (135) . Of these species mullet, whiting, sprat and herring have conunercial value.
In addition a professional fisherman who beach seined in the marine area out from Bunbury in block 2820/2 and 2820/4 retained one fish of each species caught in his nets for this study. These species $/ere:- rusky catshark ParascgLLium ferrugineum; Wood.ward's reef eel Gymnothorar ttooduardi; large scalecl grinner Saurida undosquamis; beaked salmon Gonor.hynehus greyi; marine hardyhead Pz,anesus ogiLbyi; sand flathe ad,PLatycephalus Longi.spinis; rock flathead. PlatycephaLus Laeoigatus ; striped trumpeter EeLotes serLineal;usj sea trunpeter Pelsartia hunez'aLie; silver whiting SdLLago bassens'is; trumpeter whiting SiT.Lago macuLata; King ceorge \/ whiting SiT,Lago punctata; yellow finned whiting SiLLago schomburgkii; skippy Caranx geongianus; Australian herring Arripi,s georgianus ; roac?r ParequuLa neLbournensis ; tarwhine Rhabdosargus saz,bal mulloway Argyrosomus hoLolepidotus; small toothed flounder Pseudorhombus jenynsi,ij and elongate flounder Ammotretis elongatus. Of these species only the flathead, whiting, skippy, Austrafian herring, tarwhine, rnulloway ancl flounder have a connnercial j-mportance.
G. RING MTTING
The following species were collected by professional fishermen during routine fishing operations in Geographe Bay:- Woodward's reef eel Gymnothoran uooduardi; serpent eeJ- )phisur:us serpens; pilcharcl Sardinops neopi.Lcttardus ; blue sprat SprateLLoides r'obus tus,. beaked salmon GonorTLynchus greyi; southern sea garfish Eyporthanphus melanoch'Ln; marine hardyhead Pz,anesus ogiLbyi; Swan River hardyhead Atherinosoma pnesbytenoides 1 elongate hardyhead Atherinosoma eLongatus,' short snouted se.ahorse Ei.ppoeampus brersiceps ; spotted pipefish
I4
\_ 9T
!aaJVauo7 snsx,6ado4qurry q4ou eas :DssauDa n7).tayo.to4 _p:eu.rn6 ^TJ-ralfnq : Daon+dwns ouaodaoag poc >1jo:-:snpiod pei !sdaautqnos sa+sDqasoaNqs-g3 uold:ocs a1qJ11 sa+sDqasoaNqc:ed p:eu:n6 isnsoT.lLdDd snua7oot7a11r4ctad ueaco :?d?7l.t4d sn4qn6ufig qslyadrd dt11rq4 1ro4 :sn6ap o,zot4do4nubtTgqsrladld pallods :sn+D?pD,r?+lnu aaJlTaoo4aq -urJTTa^ ; snwo.uto16 sndop?aqc qs1; 1q61u1 :s?.LDa7snD- sfi4qt4c74ontJ dr{6no.r f tfr.q1V6o snsauDad peaq.dp.req au1:eur ! sn+Dq,rDq s nT,noVs ftt[d poc 1co.r uraqlnos ! snTo4daa oacoa s'tuo16optu2 taTqqoc !tftaa) snqcuht4aouot uouTes pe1paq _-:sn+snqo.r sapaolTa+D.zdgqe:ds anlq :snTD4+?a snqdoT"radfip lerds dpues : snacD+sa+ sn4do7o"z2 aa:e6u11s u oruruorr :'Luas4o72r:sn+aodsn+uopoaa+aH {.rpqs uos)tc€ft +Iod - : sJeu d:1 pue sTllrp.r1 4e1g: 6u1sn ( sa.r?au ilco: . 97 ?auueg Jo f,. N aTTur I ) .(eg aqde.r6oaD pue (eroqs uo.rJ saTTur t=rrfatA cz.t : r!f,rrqungrn uotJ soTTlu 9 ) paf,e aur.reru .{:nqung aq? uT z(pn1s srql 6ur.rnp 4q6nec a.raA seroeds 6uT/,roTTol: aq;
ONITM]rd& 'H 'anTel Terc-reruuoc e aleq sarcads 1a1ce[:aqleaT ra6.reT er{1 puE f,apunoTJ a1e6uo1a ,leTTnur eas pup a.f,eno11a,{ 'purrraq, atr- - T^r, uerIEJlsnV,pecs TTelAoTTad r,{ddT>{s rppaq+e1J pafnous Tassel ,qs1g::e6 eas u.raq4nos ,?erds anTq 'p.rpqcTrd dluo portrlaursTq? xq +q6nec satcads /? aq+ JO 'D'LL1anD uo,r4+oav qsrl:peo? h3A,ri r . -,,*- r,tunab sfr44t7o.tuVqoag1a:1ce[:ar11ee1 q6no: !iaB?+1?o o4Tadtozua4 1e1ce[:aq4eaT qsn.rqqlool !V4au.1,okaaJ Dauaqcsnary 1a1ce[:eq1ea1 peurds-xrs f snuDluosloD C sana+nlDLlop..rg le1ceC:eq1ea1 zturEld { snanuoTaaoTtds sana+nTDLlluoay 1a>1cef.raq1eaT peTpTf,q t 1+san4pDo&q snsso7bouft3 alos en6uo1 u.rer{4nos !snqobuoTa sV4aaqoawy .repunoT] ale6uoTe !aaaDl Daolso+a4+Dy :aze6:e1s f snTt4doacn snaDcsora4a,? qsTf l4oqurp.r flpTa.L|uaoaq sadao4oaTDH sercads asse.rA e ts.L&DTnclanD slaoC esse.r/r 6uTx :snlDTncDa sn.rqDloa+sny r{sTf +o.rred pallods-1ce1q : snlDLldac 7.tqry,trqa11nw ees tTaaqsa.ot D++a4c?,tpZV laTTnu adanolla.d ! snup-t6,zoab s.tda.oog daeAs popueq : ennb.Llqo sndfiqnaxl .raTTecFlooJ ! snunftaupks snsorydftv urea.:q oleg:jnq tD+D?_pDl?+.Lnwsuzaqdua4 e,{as11nq uounuoc I t aaButzuny4 sVaaqdaa4 adesllnq q6no.r : ap.rlnpoon Da++anqos aa:rlurSa s r pJeApooM :sLsuauanoqTaw nTnnbaaDd rqlJeol isn+DlosDJqng saatat ITTeq -ra^TTs : snuD.L6,toab szdtaty 6ur.r.raq ueTTe.r+snv : ?LIoaTLncoa sn.rnl4oDnJ pe)s TTelAoTTa.d !snuptbtoab ruDaDC dddrls !'ds oDn77lg sercads 6urlrqn paqrJcsapun ue !t17addana. uo6ody s1n6a1qqo6 uJaql-rou :snqDaulZras sa+oZaH :e1adun.r1 padt.rls !staboaTaw sdozsaydnaod TT^ap anTq l.ds ozpqb4aaTjg qc:ed eas pallods fuuqaoabtu sapoa.Toaldodfrg qctad eos papueq-{oeTq ! snsDuo,talo s fr.aqdouasfr.r4J peaq?eTJ palnous Tass€4 ! nwn4 s frt1qt4cauop aTaxlt p:eu:n6 pa: : sn4D.row,rDasaqs.tdouafrg qsTJ uord-rocs aTlfrT !tdt77Vqd. sn4qo6ufrS qsr3:ad1d dr11rq4 1-ro6 { snbap o,tot4doqowbV4g sand flathead P7,atgcep[LaLus Longispinis; rock flathead Platycephalus Laeuigatus ; northern gobbleguts Apogon nueppeLLii; silver whiting SiLLago bassensts; skippy Caranr georg'ianus; yellowEail scad ?rachurus mccuLlochi,; roach Paz,equula melbournensis ; red mullet apenei'ehthys Li-neatus ; conmon bullseye Pempheris multiradiata; slender bullseye Par.apr,iac anthus eLongatus; rough bullseye Pempheri.s kLunzingeri; dusky mcrwong DactyTophona nigri.cans,' \,./rasseEupetrichthys angustipes ; wrasse Halichoeres brounfieldij parrot fi-sil. PseudoLabrus bostocki.i; brown-spotted. parrot flsh PseudoLabt,us pariLus; blue rock whiting Neoodar sem'Lfasci,atus; tubemouth Siphonognathus argyropltanes ; rainbow fish Heteroscarus acz:opti.l,us ; black-throated threefin HeLcogrammadecurrens ; spotted stinkfish CaLLionymus caLcar,atus; stinkfish CaLLdongmusgrossi; elongate flounder Ammotretis elongatus; southern tongue sole Cynog7,ossusbt'oadhutsti.j pigrny leatherjacket- BrachaLuteres jacksonianus; deep bodied leatherjacket EubaLichthgs mosaicusl toothbrush leatherjackeE Penicipelta uittiger'; rough leatherjacket Scobinichthys granuLatus ; smooth boxfish AnopLocapr,os Lenticulaz,i.s ; robust boxfish Strophiu:r,i chthy s t'obustus; boxf ish Strophiuni,chthy s inermis; Shaw's cowfish ATacana auri.ta; globefish Diodon nicthemey,us; ringed toadfish At,othy'on arni.LLa,
Of the 53 species collected in trawl nets only the followinq 16 species have cormnercial value:- blue sprat, sandy sprat, cobbler, southern rock cod, ocean percfr, gurnard perch, butterfly gllrnard, sand and rock flathead, silver whiting, skippy, yellowtail scad, brown-spotted. parrot fish, elongate flounder, toothbrush and rough leatherjacket. During the course of this study no shots were made which were judged as having commercial- value. In general the roughness of the bottom influenced trawling operations and caused considerable net damage. To date bottom roughness has acted. as a deterrent to cormnercial trawling operatj-ons in the Bunbury,/ Geographe Bay area .
I. LIGHT ATTRACTION AT NIGHT
Light attraction at night with the aid of a whale oil and pollard berley, hand lines and long handl-ed scoop nets yielded the fol]owing marine species: - recl mullet Cjuveniles) tJpeneichthys Lineatus; veilf j-n ( juveni-les) IletaueLifer mulLiradiafzsj butterfly gurnard (iuveniLe) paratrigla uanessa; marine hardyhead (juvenifes) Pranesus ogiLbyi; eloirgate hardyhead [juveniles) Atherinosoma elongatus,. beaked salnon (juveniles) Ganorhynchus greyi; sandy sprat (juveniles and larvae) I{yperlophus oi.ttatus; blue sprat (juvenifes and larvae) SprateL1.oides z,obustus; Australian herring [juveniles) Arripis georgianus; yellowtail scad (juveniles) Tt,achuy'us mccuLlochi; skippy (adufts and juveniles) Cat:ann geoz'gianus; blue mackeret (juveniles) Scombez' austraLasicus I southern sea garfish Hypoz'hamphus meLanochi.r; and squid Sepioteuthis sp.
16 F
LI
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N0Il3fl00UIN I '1 lluilusluHsH rHl l0 AuUlNlANIiiv III
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A,11 fishes caught during the three survey cruises of October/November 1975 and April and November 1976, were biologically sampled to determine length, weight, sex and breeding state, and food habits. This infonnation according to species is surmnarized in Table 7.
In terms of length and weight, individuals representative of aII size classes fron juveniles to adults were encountered of the following species (Tab1e 7):- port Jackson shark; southern fiddter shark; conmon stingaree; sandy sprat; b1ue sprat; beaked salmon; southern sea garfj-sh; marine hardyhead; spotted pipefish; little scorpion fish; butterfly gurnard; sand flathead; long- headed flathead; rock flathead; bl_ue devil; striped trumpeter i sil-ver whiting; skippy; yellowtail scld; Austrafian herring; roach; red mullet; slender bullseye; rough bullseye; buffalo bream; yelloweye mu1let; wraise (Halichoeres broanfield'i) ; brown-spotted parrot fish; long-rayed rock whiting; rainbow fish; spotted stinkfish; oriental bonito; blue mackerel; small toothed f lound.er; mosaic leatherjacket; deep bodied leatherjacket; gales leatherjacket; toothbrush leatherjacket; rough leither- jacket; Shaw's cowfish;boxfi.sln (Stz,ophiu:t ichtiys inernis); and ringed toadfish. This v/ould appear to ind-icate that these fish species spend their entire life cycle in the area. Some of these species which are migratory e.g. Australian herri-ng, yelloweye mullet, oriental bonito, etc. may migrate out of or i,nto the area from other areas. However, the presence of indivicluats of these species of af1 sizes indicates that alI Iife r.wnlc in the areaat "o*" :l:;."j*u'ili"E"E*: ::::':.i5i"5'::'"' equally as important to them as it is to a demersal (rcsident" non migratory) species.
Ji:ivenile specimens were collected of the follor"/ins species: _ angel sharki southern rock cod; King ceorge V wtriting; Lailor; yellowtail kingfish; tarwhine; mulloway; "f.r- 77;"i"t::"""i:"xi31z"1:"1"XL,,'":ff;i:;.;?:i:"'i:il:" of these species, except for angel shark and southern blue fin tuna do occur in.the area and thus potentiatly could spend their entire life cycle within the Geographi nay/ Bunbury marine area. Adults of southern bluefin tuna' and angel shark are to be found offshore and the area could be said to act as a nursery for these species.-al:ove, lndeed ccinsiderirrg all the species mentioned the rmporLance of the entire area as a nursery for most of these species canhot tre overlooked. Spe-ies gj.ven in TabLe 7 and not mentioned above were only encountered as adult.s " In most cases cotlection methods, time of year,
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ecpJJns uTr.llTA 6ur,r:ncco lZ pwe.[:oae.r6rur 6utaq asaql 'crbpTad fo 9Z qlTA aq oA pa.raprsuoc afa/"t sarceds 79 'tPcrdorl puP eleJadua? qloq salcads LT puE (ea-re aqA ur sacuoJ.rncco a.reJ snqf) 'uorlnqTf,?sTp 1ec1do:1 lZ u-r a1€f,edua1 dllensn 6u1aq s€ paf,aprsuoc araA selcads 197 'ea-re aurJeu tr:nqung /-deg aqde:6oa9 .roJ spf,oca.r unosnu ur pap.roJoJ -ro spoqlau FutqsrJ snorrp^ aq1 z{q palcaTToc erel't sarcads qsTf LtZ (g aTq€J|) ueu of esn pue '+€+-Fqeq 5+!ys{ t:.vvr rnor^Eqaq 6urlooqcs pa::a3a.rd 'uor:lnqTJ?sTp o1 6utp:occp parJTsseTc af,a/"t sar{srd 's+soaTaa foJ (996T) s:eda61 pue uEruz+ToM'uesoU 'poo.0ruoa.rg pu€ sqcuprqorusETa rol (nL6I) ?+ocq+nos pue f,aAoT9 '+fors Jo uorfeoTJTSSeTC Aql ]O STSeq ArI4 uO SaTTTUIeJ alet-rdo:dde JTaql olur pedno.r6 a.raA saqsrd '(8 aTqp;,) ?srT{caqo e o4ur pa6uer:e e-ran unesn6 uerlerlsng urelsag - erFt fo ra+srDaf-^^ --c.^ r{sTf er{f uT pap.roce-r +nq pa.ro+unocua 'Ipn+s 1or.r sarcads Jo sp.rocaf, snTd stql Eurrnp pedoldura spoq+eur 6uTr-lsrI snor.r€A eq+ ^q pa+caTToc salceds 11rg snlvts lvll9o"loJl UIIHI N0 SlNlWt{oSHllM VIUV INIUVW AUnANflS/AV83HdVU9039 3HI l0 SIHSII l0 lSl-l)l3Hl "E
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In terms of sociaf behaviour 188 fish species were considered to be usually solitary in the rnarine habitat, although they may school in estuaries e.g. tarwhine, and for spawni,ng and.59 species were considered to be schooling fishes.
Fishes were assigned to one of 6 feeding categories on the basis of what their most cortrnon food preference might be. In some cases food habits of a particular species may also include other categorj-es e.g. parrot fish may feed on crustaceans, molluscs and small fishes and thus coul-d be considered. to be omnivorous and a lower carnivore. Tt was considered that it was better to assign a fish to one category only, in thj-s case omnivorous .
8 fishes were considered to be herbivorous (plant eaters) in food habits; 20 species planktivorous (eating plankton); 1 species illophagic (eating detritus) ; 93 species omnivorous (eating molluscs and crustaceans); 101 species to be l-ower carnivores (eating smaller fishes) and 24 species to be higher carnivores (eating larger fishes) .
98 fish specieF were considered usually to have interest to the angler and 87 specj-es to the professional-. 70 species were considered to have conrnercial interest in other States as wefl as in W.A.
The fish fauna of Geographe Bay/Bunbury marine area was regarded to be composed of around 2I1 fish species. T}re 27 tropical and 9 oceanic species were deducted from the 247 recorded species for the area, as they were regarded as rare occurrences and nor tarrrr'ler components of the fauna of the area.
Three fj-rst recordings of fishes for W.A. waters were obtained during this study:- a spotted stingaree IJz,olophus
20
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'eTTe.r+snv q+nos seA pap.roce-r uaaq peq .f,aq1 s:eqel,r UETTeJ?snV uT lsoa,r +seq+JeJ: eq1 sarcods aoJql esoql ' . , JO a.rn+d.ec aq1 01 -roTJd (9t6T qed TAe.rl ,{coU eT?seJ) .T98T (dnpy1 ,zaJzcuo7 snso6adoq+uDcVq1cl.)r eas e pue ! (9L6I . qad ,TAer+ ,deg eT6eg) .6tgT (uosp-rer{crU) DssauDa n76ta4oao4 preu:n6 .f,1g:.za]4nqe 'AoN ,Tllref,1 ,ea.re . (Et6T ,K.rnqung) tE6T /f?ocg sn,Vb Fish traps caught sma11 numbers of mainly juvenile fishes including some species which were of conrnerciaf interest in the area (conunercial species) e.9. skippy, whiting and larger leatherjacket species.
Fish nets indicated the presence of cormnercial species of Australian herring, skippy and tailor and hancl lining of skippy, pike, parrot fish, oriental bonito, and squid. Iland lining also showeil on occasions the presence of large quantities of blue mackerel and yellowtai] scad in the area. Trotlinq showed oriental bonito to be present throughout the ar6a in reasonabl-e numbers at all times and that juvenile southern bluefin tuna (1+ fish) were present in the area in Novenber.
Beach seining, ring netting and trawling operations yielded juveniles of rnany species including the conrnercial species: - pilchard, blue and sandy sprat, ffathead, whiting, Australian herring, mu1loway, flounder, southern sea garfish, yellowtail scad, tailor, mullet and leatherjacket. tight attractj.on at night yielded many larval and juvenile fishes, in particular the consnercial species:- skippy, yellowtail scad, blue and sandy sprat, and southern sea garfj.sh. Good catches, which on occasions may have been of corunercial valuerof squid, blue mackerel and yellowtail scad were made by this technique.
247 fj.s}r species were record.ed for ceoqraphe Bav and the Bunbury marine area including three n-ew rec6rds for W.A. 237 species were considered as being temperate in distribution, 26 tropical (and thus rare in temperate waters) and 17 species both temperate and tropical. 51 species were considered to be pelagic with 26 of these being migratory and 23 occurringr within surface r.raters. The remaining 196 species were regarded as demersal and occurring over sand anil mud (101), weed (202) or rock and reef (f25). 220 fishes were consid.ered to occur vrithin j-nshore waters 0-15m, 195 in waters 15-tOOm, and 46 in waters deeper than 100 metres. 9 of these deeper r,rater species were regarded as oceanic and very rare occurrences withi-n the area.
If tropical and oceanic species are considered to be rarities and not regular occurrences within the area, the fish faund of Geographe Bay,,/Bunbury marine area can be regarded as cornposed of around. 2Il_ fish species.
98 of these species were considered to be of angler interest, and 87 to be of professional interest within Weltern Austral ia .
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