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Lymphatic Dysregulation in Patients with Heart Failure JACC Review Topic of the Week

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Lymphatic Dysregulation in Patients with Heart Failure JACC Review Topic of the Week JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY VOL. 78, NO. 1, 2021 ª 2021 BY THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY FOUNDATION PUBLISHED BY ELSEVIER THE PRESENT AND FUTURE JACC REVIEW TOPIC OF THE WEEK Lymphatic Dysregulation in Patients With Heart Failure JACC Review Topic of the Week a,b c d e Marat Fudim, MD, MHS, Husam M. Salah, MD, Janarthanan Sathananthan, MBCHB, MPH, Mathieu Bernier, MD, f g e,h i Waleska Pabon-Ramos, MD, MPH, Robert S. Schwartz, MD, Josep Rodés-Cabau, MD, PHD, François Côté, MD, j d a,b Abubaker Khalifa, MD, Sean A. Virani, MD, MSC, MPH, Manesh R. Patel, MD ABSTRACT The lymphatic system is an integral part of the circulatory system and plays an important role in the volume homeostasis of the human body. The complex anatomy and physiology paired with a lack of simple diagnostic tools to study the lymphatic system have led to an underappreciation of the contribution of the lymphatic system to acute and chronic heart failure (HF). Herein, we discuss the physiological role of the lymphatic system in volume management and the evidence demonstrating the dysregulation of the lymphatic system in HF. Further, we discuss the opportunity to target the lymphatic system in the management of HF and different potential approaches to accessing the lymphatic system. (J Am Coll Cardiol 2021;78:66–76) © 2021 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation. he circulatory system consists of the cardio- lead to interstitial edema with clinical manifestations T vascular system and the lymphatic system. such as extremity and tissue edema, including pulmo- The cardiovascular system is a closed, high- nary edema. The amount of filtered fluids depends on pressure circulatory system with the heart acting as a the Starling equation for fluid filtration (2): central pump, whereas the lymphatic system is an s p p Jv ¼ LpS½ðpc À piÞ ð c À iÞ open, low-pressure circulatory system with no central pump (1). The lymphatic vessels are present in almost where JV is the filtration volume per second, Lp is the all tissues except bone marrow, cartilage, and cornea hydraulic conductance of the membrane, S is surface fl fi (1). Several liters of uids are ltered via the semiper- area for filtration, pc is the capillary hydrostatic meable membrane of the capillaries into the interstitial pressure, pi is the interstitial hydrostatic pressure, s is fi fl space every day. The ltered uid has important phys- the reflection coefficient, pc is the oncotic pressure of iological functions, such as tissue nutrition and hydra- the plasma protein, and pi is the oncotic pressure of tion. An increase in the amount of the filtered fluid can the interstitial protein (Figure 1). From the aDepartment of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; bDuke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA; cDepartment of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas, USA; dCentre for Cardiovascular Innovation and Division of Cardiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; eQuebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; fDepartment of Listen to this manuscript’s Radiology, Division of Interventional Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; gMinneapolis audio summary by Heart Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; hHospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; iInterventional Radiology Editor-in-Chief Department, CHU de Quebec, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; and the jDepartment of Medicine, Joseph Brant Dr. Valentin Fuster on Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. JACC.org. Anita Deswal, MD, served as Guest Associate Editor for this paper. Christie Ballantyne, MD, served as Guest Editor-in-Chief for this paper. The authors attest they are in compliance with human studies committees and animal welfare regulations of the authors’ institutions and Food and Drug Administration guidelines, including patient consent where appropriate. For more information, visit the Author Center. Manuscript received March 30, 2021; accepted April 13, 2021. ISSN 0735-1097/$36.00 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2021.04.090 JACC VOL. 78, NO. 1, 2021 Fudim et al. 67 JULY 6, 2021:66– 76 Lymphatic Dysregulation in Patients With Heart Failure remodeling, and innate immunity (3). Be- ABBREVIATIONS HIGHLIGHTS sides its role in fluid hemostasis, lymph acts AND ACRONYMS The lymphatic system is integral to vol- as a chemical buffer system, facilitates im- CRS = cardiorenal syndrome ume hemostasis. mune cell trafficking, and transports pro- CVP = central venous pressure teomes to draining lymph nodes (3). The lymphatic system is involved in many HF = heart failure Lymph is returned to the cardiovascular of the clinical manifestations of HF. PCWP system through 2 major lymphatic ducts that = pulmonary capillary wedge pressure In patients with HF, therapeutic targeting empty into the venous system (ie, the right SMC = smooth muscle cells of the lymphatic system could reduce lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct) (4). The congestive symptoms. right lymphatic duct drains lymph from the right side of thorax, right upper extremity, and right side of One of the main functions of the lymphatic head and neck, and empties into the junction of the vascular system is to collect filtered fluid that accu- right internal jugular vein and right subclavian vein mulates in the interstitial space (mainly water, salts, (Figure 2)(4). The thoracic duct runs superiorly from and plasma proteins) and return it to the central the superior aspect of the cisterna chyli to the lower venous system. To prevent interstitial edema, the cervical spine, drains lymph from all the body except return of filtered lymph fluid occurs at a rate similar parts that are drained by the right lymphatic duct, to the rate of fluid production/accumulation in the and empties into the junction of the left internal ju- interstitial space (2). After fluid enters the lymphatic gular vein and the left subclavian vein (5). The vascular system, it becomes lymph and passes thoracic duct terminates as a single duct in the ma- through lymph nodes, where foreign matter is filtered jorityofcases(72%),orlessfrequentlyasdouble and neutralized by the immune system cells (eg, (8.5%), triple (1.8%), or quadruple (2.2%) ducts (6). dendritic cells, macrophages, and lymphocytes) (2). The thoracic duct typically returns approximately Although lymph composition was thought to be 1.38 mL/kg/h of lymph to the central venous circula- similar to that of the plasma, proteomic mapping tion (5). An increase in the filtration volume (arterial/ has shown unique composition of the tissue- venous congestion) is counteracted with an increase derived proteins in the lymph (3). Lymph contains in the amount of filtered lymph fluid and a decrease high concentrations of proteins that are involved in in interstitial protein, thus decreasing the oncotic cell catabolism and apoptosis, extracellular matrix pressure of the interstitium (7). FIGURE 1 Basic Principles of Fluid Shifts Between Individual Compartments and Lymph Production Alveolus Palv PH Lymphatic drainage P Onc Capillary P H Net outward fluid filtration POnc Interstitium Lymph σ Net outward fluid filtration = K H(P capillary − PH interstitium) − K (Ponc capillary − Ponc interstitium) The amount of filtered fluids depends on the Starling equation. Fluid extravasation depends on the balance of hydrostatic pressure, and oncotic pressure in the capillaries and the interstitium. K ¼ constant; Palv ¼ alveolar pressure; Ph ¼ hydrostatic pressure; Ponc ¼ oncotic pressure. 68 Fudim et al. JACC VOL. 78, NO. 1, 2021 Lymphatic Dysregulation in Patients With Heart Failure JULY 6, 2021:66– 76 FIGURE 2 Anatomy of the Lymphatic System Right lymphatic Right internal Left internal duct jugular vein jugular vein Thoracic duct drains into subclavian vein Right subclavian vein Left subclavian vein Thoracic duct Cisterna chyli of Drained by right thoracic duct lymphatic duct Drained by thoracic duct Lymph is returned to the cardiovascular system through 2 major lymphatic ducts that empty into the venous system. Lymphatic vasculature consists of capillaries, pre- DYSREGULATION OF THE LYMPHATIC collectors, and collecting lymphatic vessels. Micro- SYSTEM IN HEART FAILURE scopically, lymphatic vasculature is distinct from that of blood vasculature (8). For example, blood capillaries The lymphatic system is commonly ignored when are lined with blood vascular endothelial cells, which considering the pathophysiology of heart failure (HF) are supported by basement membranes, and covered (11), yet its contributions to the observed clinical by smooth muscle-like pericytes, whereas lymphatic manifestations of HF are important (11). HF is marked capillaries are composed of a single layer of partly by venous congestion (12). Increased central venous overlapping lymphatic endothelial cells with no base- pressure (CVP) is a major determinant of adverse ment membrane or pericytes (8). Pre-collectors are clinical outcomes (eg, impaired renal function) and is covered by scant smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and drain an independent predictor of mortality in patients into the collecting lymphatic vessels, which are more with HF (13). Additionally, most HF hospitalizations extensively covered by SMCs (9). Within the lymphatic are related to manifestations of venous congestion vasculature, there are molecular differences in the rather than low cardiac output (14). Vascular endo- profiles of contractile
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