TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies, 8(2) April 2017

Published every April and October ISSN 2085-0980

ASPENSI

International Journal for Historical Studies

ALFINI BAHARUDDIN Hollandia Haven – Hollandia Binnen: Two Historic Towns in City

ABSTRACT: The history of the city seems to be beneficial in urban studies. Thematically, the discussion of the city is not only to look the city from the structural aspects, but also look at the historical reconstruction. The most important aspect of historical reconstruction is the time-bound development. Therefore, the thematic discussion of the city is essential to incorporate the discussion structurally with regard to the chronological aspect. This study relates to Jayapura City in Province, that is located at the eastern end of and directly borders with neighboring countries, PNG (Papua ). The geographical conditions of Jayapura City are very diverse and dominated by hills that lead to the formation of separated urban areas. Currently, there are two major parts of the urban areas well-known as Jayapura and Abepura. Historically, Jayapura and Abepura were two old urban towns, namely “Hollandia Haven” and “Hollandia Binnen”. The existence of two parts of the urban areas in Jayapura City is one of the interesting things to be studied to determine its relevance to historical factors of Jayapura City. The division of developmental stages into some phases was carried out to understand how the pattern of historical development of Jayapura City is. Results of the study showed that the two urban towns have existed since the established of Jayapura City and survived to date. The presence of both old towns form the characteristics of ‘‘two cities within a city”. KEY WORDS: Historic Towns; Two Cities; Hollandia Haven; Hollandia Binnen; Jayapura City.

INTRODUCTION as the next direction of development of Province, located at the eastern end of the consists of rural areas and is being prepared Jayapura City is the capital of Papua Jayapura City, i.e. to the east of Jayapura City Republic of Indonesia and has direct borders until the border with PNG (Jones & Suhartini, (withKecamatan neighboring countries, PNG (Papua New 2014; and Pakasi, 2016). Guinea). This city consists of five Districts The diverse geographical conditions of ). At present, the development Jayapura City resulted in the formation of of urban areas has occurred in four Districts, separated urban areas. Nowadays, local namely: North Jayapura, South Jayapura, people know Jayapura City as Jayapura city Abepura, and Heram (Jones & Suhartini, area and Abepura city area, even though both 2014). Meanwhile, Muara Tami District still cities are located within the administrative About the Author: Alfini Baharuddin is a Doctoral Student at the Department of Architecture and Planning, Faculty of Engineering

UGM (Gadjah Mada University), Jalan Grafika, Yogyakarta; and a Lecturer at the Department of Architecture USTJ (Jayapura University of ScienceHow to and cite Technology), this article? Jalan Raya Sentani, Padang Bulan,Hollandia Abepura, Haven Jayapura, – Hollandia Papua, Binnen: Indonesia. For academic interests, the author TAWARIKH:is able to be Internationalcontacted via Journale-mail at:for [email protected] Historical Studies Baharuddin, Alfini. (2017). “ Two Historic Towns in Jayapura City” in Chronicle of the article: , Vol.8(2) April, pp.143-152. Bandung, Indonesia: Minda Masagi Press and UIN SGD Bandung, ISSN 2085-0980. Accepted (October 25, 2016); Revised (January 15, 2017); and Published (April 28, 2017). © 2017 by Minda Masagi Press and UIN SGD Bandung, West Java, Indonesia 143 ISSN 2085-0980 and www.mindamas-journals.com/index.php/tawarikh ALFINI BAHARUDDIN, Hollandia Haven – Hollandia Binnen

area of Jayapura​​ City (King, Elmslie & Gannon eds., 2011). The center of Jayapura city area is around Taman Imbi, while the center of Abepura city area is around Lingkaran Abepura. Both cities are separated by a hilly area known as Skyline. The well- known two urban areas in Jayapura City, i.e. Jayapura and Abepura cities, are not areasseparable are formerly from the thehistory centers of Jayapura City. Both urban the Dutch government and of old towns established by the Allies at the beginning of Jayapura City (King, Elmslie & Gannon eds., 2011; and Jones & Suhartini, 2014). Hollandia HavenThe area known as Jayapura was formerly called Hollandia, and Binnen the area known as HollandiaAbepura was Haven formerly called Hollandia. The area) of (which was later known as was located on Bay, with a narrow strip of Figure 1: Hollandia Haven and Hollandia Binnen land and being dominated by Jayapurahills. The andarea South is at present Jayapura an “ in 1956” administrative region of North 1 (Source: http://www.vanderheijden.org, 19/12/2016) government center into Hollandia Haven in districts (Jones & Suhartini, 2014). 1946. The Dutch government then moved its In this areas, for the first time, Captain Sasche built a government post in the form 1958 (Finney, 1970; and Pouwer, 1999). See of military bivouac and proclaimed the Jayapurafigure 1. (formerly Hollandia Haven) and establishmentHollandia of Hollandia Binnen on 9 March The existence of Hollandiaboth old cities, Binnen i.e.), 1910 (King, Elmslie & Gannon eds., 2011). Meanwhile, was located in Abepura (formerly the hinterland with widerHollandia plains. Binnen The area is resulted in two urban areas in Jayapura City. formerlycurrently the the administrative administrative center areas ofof Abepurathe The geographical conditions in the two cities and Heram Districts. was show unique characteristics, where almost Dutch government after the latter returned to partsall areas of the of the administrative urban areas areaare separated of Jayapura occupyAllies, which at the then end ofbecame the Second the center World of War the in geographically, but are similarly linked as

1 City. Considering the unique geographical [accessed in See, for example, “Jayapura Regency”. Available online at: phenomena in Jayapura City, the researcher https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayapura_Regency was interested in studying how the historical Yogyakarta, Indonesia: January 25, 2017]. development of Jayapura City. 144 © 2017 by Minda Masagi Press and UIN SGD Bandung, West Java, Indonesia ISSN 2085-0980 and www.mindamas-journals.com/index.php/tawarikh TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies, 8(2) April 2017

PicturePicture 1: 1:

“Bivak Hollandia in 1910” (Source: K.W. Galis & H.J. Doornik,“Bivak 1960; Hollandia and http://www.papuaerfgoed.org in 1910” , 6/5/2016) METHOD(Source: K.W. Galis & H.J. Doornik, 1960; and http://www.papuaerfgoed.org, 6/5/2016)

thematicbound development discussion of(Colantonio the city is &essential Dixon, to (2012)The historysuggested of the that city to furtherseems to simplify be 2009; and Basundoro, 2012). Therefore, the thebeneficial discussion in urban of the studies. history P. of Basundoro the city, the incorporate the discussion structurally with namely a chronological discussion and a stagesregard intoto the several chronological thematic aspect. development scope can be simplified into just a few parts, In this study, the division of developmental chronological discussion is to discuss the city fromthematic period discussion to the period (Basundoro, through 2012). the staging The phases with regard chronological aspect was done to understand how the pattern of FINDINGShistorical development AND DISCUSSION of Jayapura City is. of urban development to be studied; while Hollandia Bivouac in , the thematic discussion of the city requires 1909-1944. an understanding of problems that develop sciencein urban ( cfareas with a structural model, with Jayapura City has grown and borrowing concepts and theories of social formerlydeveloped a onsago land forest around and gardensHumbolt of Bay and StupariuKartodirdjo, et al 1982 and 1992; (currently Yos Sudarso Bay), which was Colantonio & Dixon, 2009; Basundoro, 2012; ., 2015). belonging to indigenous peoples, namely Thematically, the discussion of the city is Tobati, Enggros, Kayu Batu, Kayu Pulo, and not only to look the city from the structural Nafri tribes. Meanwhile, the settlement aspects, but also look at the historical of indigenous people was located on the reconstruction. The most important aspect water that lies scattered around Humbolt of historical reconstruction is the time-© 2017 by Minda MasagiBay Press in a and form UIN SGDof stilt Bandung, houses. West Java, The Indonesia initial ISSN 2085-0980 and www.mindamas-journals.com/index.php/tawarikh 145 ALFINI BAHARUDDIN, Hollandia Haven – Hollandia Binnen

Hollandia establishment of Jayapura City began with Binnenmilitary bases was located in Humboldt Bay. the establishment of Hollandia Bivouac by The location of headquarters in the Dutch government in 1909. On 7 March was precisely located in the middle 1910, or on exactly six months later Captain of air force base and navy base (Godschalk, of Infantry F.J.P. Sachse proclaimed Numbayet al 1993; and Taaffe, 1998). Plain with a new designation, i.e. Hollandia The headquarters of General McArthur (Galis & Doornik, 1960; and Kambu ., was originallyHollandia built in Binnen Sentani, near the air 2009). See picture 1. force base, but was later moved to the area Until 1942, the development of urban known as (Taaffe, 1998). areas in Jayapura City has practically only suchIn this as region, hospitals the for residences American of troops, General ice occurred along the valley. At that time, the factory,MacArthur, and themalaria officers and various facilities, Dutch government did not quickly develop regions in Hollandia and throughout Papua. control unit were built. DutchPapua governmentremained under considered the rule that of Tidore direct rule Meanwhile, in Humbolt Bay area, which was residency (Bone, 1958; and Ploeg, 1999). The used as a military base, the Allied forces built governments in various war facilities, such Destroyer Repair2 cost too much. Similarly, the Dutch central Base, 11 Shipyards, APO (Army Post Office), Den Haag and in Batavia military camps, and warehouse supplies. argued that the development in Papua was To connect the various far distant not profitable, because nature was too hard locations, the Allied troops built a highway to occupy and local people were too primitive andwith later a length changed of 70 again km and to thea width name of Polimac 10 m. (Koentjaraningrat & Bachtiar, 1963). The highway was named Queens High Road Hollandia then developed as a permanent representative of the Dutch-Indies Road. Thanks to the heavy equipment th Zeni colonialgovernment system and in missionaries indigenous communitieswho spread mechanics, the road infrastructure could be Christianity. At that time, the role of the finished quickly by members of the 350 et al Regimentet and al audied partly by members of in HollandiaTwin Towns was of more Hollandia directed Haven to build and CB (Construction Battalion) of the Fleet VII Hollandiacivilization Binnen, (Koentjaraningrat 1944-1958 . When., 1994). it (Kambu ., 2009). On 25 January 1946, the Allied forces under the American control handed back was under the power of Americanas one of thesoldiers, very the Hollandia town, even the entire region Hollandia developed very fast. American of Papua, to the Netherlands East Indies soldiers made Hollandia government (Penders, 2002). When the strategic security bases to control using Dutch governmentreturned, they then were used glad the to Allied occupy forces’ the a “jumping frog” war strategy (Lijphart, 1966; buildings left behind by the Americans. The Taaffe, 1998; and Culpepper, 2008). Under the inAmerican Finchhaven soldiers’ or war strategy, Hollandia Hollandiaheritage of Binnen buildings to run the government. was made as Base G, while Base F was located currentlyThe administrative located in capital Hollandia remained Binnen at PNG () .Ambtswoning The headquarters that andWhen Base theH was American located forcesin the capturedPhilippines was (Taaffe, 1998). used as Resident , which was at Hollandia Binnen then used as the Governor’s Palace (Markin, Hollandia, their headquarter were established Terence, 1996; and Monbiot, 2003). had a distinctive face (Roscoe, as the American 1959). As soldiers a city Meanwhile, the residencesthe residential of the areas officers of that was built for military purposes, Hollandia of the Allied forces were made as government severe hotels.2 In the area, built war facilities in distance to minimize See “Bases in the Southwest Pacific”. Available online at: damages due to enemy attacks (NGIR, https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/Building_Bases/ 1958). The location of the American air force bases-26.html [accessed in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: December bases was located in Sentani, while that of the 19, 2016]. © 2017 by Minda Masagi Press and UIN SGD Bandung, West Java, Indonesia ISSN 2085-0980 and www.mindamas-journals.com/index.php/tawarikh 146 TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies, 8(2) April 2017 appeared named in accordance new coming people have also with the ethnic name of people there, i.e. China Village, Ambon Village, and Kei Village. Since then, building construction has gone Hollandiaahead steadily, Haven and a fine town has grown up around the harbor, i.e. (Roscoe, 1959; and Galis & Doornik,Hollandia 1960). See Havenpictures 2 and 3. HollandiaThe existence Binnen ofas government as a military base and center (headquarters) can be seen as a form of the twin city. Picture 2: Hollandia Binnen thatAccording are connected to S. Kostof parallel, (1992), for twin city is a couple parts in a city Governor’s Residence in (Source: K.W. Galis & H.J. Doornik, 1960) example between administrative capital and a military base main(Kostof, road 1992). of military Liaison camp between to the the pair part of the city See was also the administrativeMonocentric capital. Hollandia into Jayapura,picture 4. 1958-1993. the capital of Hollandia Binnen In 1958, Hollandia Haven was moved to the beach of the AHumbolt consideration Bay or of the capital (Kostof, 1992; and Visser, 2012). facilitiestransfer toas the the bay heritage area wasof the that Americanat the area, soldiers there were that morecould Picture 3: this phase, Hollandia Haven Hollandia Binnen be used for urban activities.Hollandia In in 1948 was (Source: K.W. Galis & H.J. Doornik, 1960) established as the only Hollandia Binnenin the future. and then This concentrated was a part of all people in Hollandiathe first step Haven in the3 plan to leave in 1953, which covered the areaet al along to Hollandia the waterfront of Humbolt Bay (Galis & Haven, the Dutch. government made the Doornik, 1960; and Kambu ., 2009). developmentBefore moving plan theof Hollandia old capital Haven city The development plan showed that the center of the city for trading and official 3 The Pacific War Online theactivities Hollandia was Bivouaclocated along the valley and the Encyclopedia surrounding bay. This area was an area where See also “Hollandia” in . Available online also at: http://pwencycl. et al was established as an kgbudge.com/H/o/Hollandia.htm [accessed in Yogyakarta, embryo of the birth of Jayapura City (Flassy, Indonesia: January 25, 2017]. 1997; and Kambu ., 2009). In addition, © 2017 by Minda Masagi Press and UIN SGD Bandung, West Java, Indonesia 147 ISSN 2085-0980 and www.mindamas-journals.com/index.php/tawarikh ALFINI BAHARUDDIN, Hollandia Haven – Hollandia Binnen the recreation areas, settlements with the facilities, and small industriesHollandia were planned.at the timeSee picture 5. Dutch people town exodus from other became a place to accommodate government recognized the cities in Indonesia after the Dutch

Indonesian independence in 1949 highest(Lagerberg, echelons 1979; of Soedharto, government, 1997; and Suroto, 2010). The including the mission, were held by the Dutch only; while the middle and low levels were Picture 4: populated by the Malay-speaking Hollandia Haven Asians. In the 1930s, there were “Destroyer Repair Base in , 1948” only about 200 Europeans in (Source: https://www.flickr.com, 20/4/2016) Papua. But towards the end of 1949, both the Indo-European and the Netherland people moved in large number and many Indonesian people alsoless left than Papua. a In a year the European population that was previously thousand was more than 8,500 people (Bone, 1958; Lijphart,Hollandia 1966; and Lagerberg,Burger-Staad 1979)., so that Since the beginning, civiltown servants was a or employees the population was averagely such as contracting, commercial, working in various businesses, plantation projects, and so on. Picture 5: Hollandia Haven People who entered this town capacitywere filtered of meeting tightly theas it needs must forbe “ , 1955, Humboldt Bay” regulated in accordance with the (Source: https://www.flickr.com, 20/4/2016) stringent conditions, immigrants from other infrastructures and facilities available. In such the definitive separation between the Netherland and Indonesian people within the parts of West Irian were for particularly good same urban areas (Mansoben, 1997). reasons (Flassy, 1997).Hollandia See picture’s population 6. P. Basundoro (2012) argued that one of With the fulfillment of basic needs, there the characteristics of a colonial town in the was the difference in Indonesia is that the designer and builder thein liberal European capitalist employees society between the interests,of the town needs, were and Dutch tastes people, of the so Dutch that the toIndonesian reside Noordwijk middle employees inHemelsport Polimak and physical forms were also tailored to the , who had the right (Dok V) or people from Europe (Basundoro, 2012). In (Angkasapura). Such status actually confirms addition, the colonial cities also became the 148 © 2017 by Minda Masagi Press and UIN SGD Bandung, West Java, Indonesia ISSN 2085-0980 and www.mindamas-journals.com/index.php/tawarikh TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies, 8(2) April 2017 center of colonial rule at central that distinguishes the colonial cityand andlocal non levels. One characteristic concentration of social, economic, and political-colonial forces in citythe handswas the of colonists, which usually was in a race-based group (Furnivall, 1948; Vlekke, 1960; and Basundoro, 2012). See picture 7. On 31 December 1963, for the first time, the First President renamedof the Republic Kota Baru of Indonesia, asIr. Soekarno,Soekarnopura visited and Papua Humbolt and Bay as Yos Sudarso Bay (New Town)

. Based on the Picture 6: as outlined in the Decree of Governor’s Palace in Hollandia Haven Presidential Edict No.22/1963, , 1960 the Deputy Minister of Irian (Source: K.W. Galis & H.J. Doornik, 1960; and “Album Hollandia 50 Jaar” at: https://www.google.co.id, 15/1/2017) (formerlyBarat No.97/PM/1965, Afdelings with the elimination of the Residency name ) was changed to be Administrative Sukarnopura Regency; and, in October 1968, be Administrative Jayapura Regency, while Sukarnopura becomes Jayapura Districtcovering (Flassy, the area 1997). of ​​ HollandiaJayapura District Haven was a capital of IrianTwin Jaya, Cities of Jayapura and Abepura, 1993. – Present. status from administrative city toIn Jayapura1993, a change Municipality occurred (Flassy, in

et al 1997; Mansoben, 1997; Hedman ed., 2007; and Kambu ., Picture 7: territorial2009). This change in status was also followed by administrative “Noordwijk Dock V in Hollandia Haven, 1960” expansion with the (Source: https://www.flickr.com, 20/4/2016) inclusion of Abepura District, includedwhich had into previously Jayapura been Municipality, part the of Jayapura Regency. With Abepura District as Hollandia Binnen joined to the territory of Bay established by the Dutch government and historic town area that was formerly known the historical town center located in Abepura established by the Allies forces, and followed Jayapura Municipality. by the Dutch government when it returned to This led to the presence of two historical occupy in Hollandiaet al (Penders, 2002; Monbiot, town centers in Jayapura City, i.e. the 2003; King, Elmslie & Gannon eds., 2011; and historical town center located on Yos Sudarso Baharuddin ., 2016). See picture 8. © 2017 by Minda Masagi Press and UIN SGD Bandung, West Java, Indonesia ISSN 2085-0980 and www.mindamas-journals.com/index.php/tawarikh 149

ALFINI BAHARUDDIN, Hollandia Haven – Hollandia Binnen

Picture 8: Two Centers of Urban AreasPicture (Jayapura 8: dan Abepura) in Jayapura City (Source: Alfini Baharuddin et al., 2016:154) et al Two Centers of Urban Areas (Jayapura dan Abepura) in Jayapura City (Source: Alfini Baharuddin ., 2016:154) CONCLUSION

of the American air force bases was located Two urban areas in Jayapura City have in Sentani, while that of the military bases actually existed since the establishmentHollandia of (Unitedwas located States in ofHumboldt America) Bay. forces Selection in Hollandia of HavenJayapura and City. Hollandia Both urban Binnen areasHollandia were formerly Haven Binnenthe location for the headquarters of USA two separate old towns knownHollandia as determination of distant locations for military Binnen . was based on consideration of the was located on the bay, while Hollandia Binnen Althoughwas in locatedsome development in the hinterland. phases Both of purposes. The location of headquarters in towns were formerly administrative centers. was precisely located in the middle of the air base and sea base. Jayapura City, each of the historic towns In its development, the existence of both was an administrative center indicated old towns, Jayapura and Abepura, showet the al by the existence of Governor’s Palace, at persistent characteristics of “two cities within present both historic towns have joined the persistencea city”. In this of context, land cover I. Pǎtru and transferringStupariu . administrative area of Jayapura Municipality. this(2015) information argued that to theidentifying analysis the of cultural historical People in Jayapura City have a strong image Hollandiafor the existence Haven and of both Hollandia the historic Binnen towns. Initially, the formation of two towns, i.e. futurelandscape (Stupariu continuity et al can be an important tool Hollandia Haven , was bothAs in a continuationassessing the of past this andstudy, projecting it is necessary the also the influence of power (regime)Hollandia at the ., 2015:96). Binnentime. was a town established by the Dutch government, while to conduct a more in-depth study of the factors 4 was a town established by the influencing the survival of both the historic American army. Historically, Jayapura town towns,4Statement: especially in view of spatial perspective. built as a military town shaped the typical face I, hereby, declare that this article is my original of town where parts of the town were located academic work, it is not product of plagiarism, due to all sources used and cited in the analysis are showed clearly and available in far apart, which were intended to minimize the References. This article is also not submitted, reviewed, and devastation due to enemy attacks. The location published yet in other scholarly journals. © 2017 by Minda Masagi Press and UIN SGD Bandung, West Java, Indonesia ISSN 2085-0980 and www.mindamas-journals.com/index.php/tawarikh 150 TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies, 8(2) April 2017

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