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$OÀQL%DKDUXGGLQ1,2,*, B. Hari Wibisono2, Budi Prayitno2, and M. Sani Roychansyah2 1)Department of Architecture and Planning Universitas Sains dan Teknologi Jayapura 2)Department of Architecture and Planning Universitas Gadjah Mada *)&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU HPDLODOÀQLEDKDUXGGLQ#\DKRRFRP

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1. Introduction of Minnesota (USA), while Minneapolis is the capital of Hennepin County and the largest Jayapura City is the provincial capital of city in Minnesota. Minneapolis and St. Paul Papua which is situated on the eastern tip of has a distinctive cultural landscape of ‘Twin Republic of Indonesia and borders the nation City district’, in which those cities are almost of Papua New Guinea (PNG) to the east. It completely separated, not merely politically covers an area of 940 km2 comprising of 5 but geographically, and yet in close contact districts, namely North Jayapura of 5.43%; with each other along one common zone. 6RXWK -D\DSXUD RI  $EHSXUD RI  The centers of those cities are interdependent +HUDP RI  DQG 0XDUD 7DPL RI  despite several differences in cultural traits Those districts comprise of 25 villages and of each city. Hartshorne argues that the 14 hamlets. Out of total area, around 53% stability of twin city model is likely due to the is inhabited as it consists of rough terrains, geographical situation. The structure of the swamps, and protected forests (Bappeda Kota highway is a powerful factor of the stability and Jayapura, 2014). The diverse geographical two commercial cores with rapid investment conditions of Jayapura City form separated strengthened by psychological factors will tend urban areas. Currently, the community of WRUHWDLQLWVXQLTXHJHRJUDSKLFDOIRUPRIWZR Jayapura recognizes the cities of Jayapura and cores in different areas. Abepura, even though those two cities are Budapest, the capital of Hungary, is an located in the administrative region of Jayapura example of the city previously consisted of City. The center of Jayapura City is situated two separate cities of Buda and Pest, each lie at Yos Sudarso Bay, while Abepura City is at on both sides of the Danube. Buda was a hilly Abepura Circle. Those two cities are detached area located in the west of Danube, while Pest by hills named Skyline. was a plain area situated in the east of Danube. The well-known two cities within Buda was the royal palace on the hill serving as Jayapura City, namely Jayapura and Abepura, the capital of Hungary. Later, Buda joined Pest are inevitably related to the history of Jayapura which was dominant as the commercial and City. The area of Jayapura and Abepura was an cultural center. The boundary between those old town center established during the reign of two cities was replaced with bridges connecting the Netherlands and the Allies at the beginning them (Morris, 1971 in Hartshorn, 1992). Kostof of the founding of Jayapura City. The area  DOVRFRQÀUP7ZLQ&LW\DVWKHFLW\SDLU recently known as Jayapura was previously section which is connected in parallel, for named after Hollandia Haven, while Abepura example between the administrative capital was called Hollandia Binnen. Hollandia Haven with the military base. The link between the or ‘Hollandia’ was precisely in Yos Sudarso city pair section is the main road of military Bay, a narrow strip of land dominated by hills. camp to the administrative capital. Now, this area is the administrative region of In Indonesia, Bandar Lampung as the North Jayapura and South Jayapura. It was provincial capital of Lampung is one of the WKH ÀUVW DUHD ZKHUH &DSWDLQ 6DVFKH EXLOW WKH cities whose the formation process is almost post of a military bivouac and proclaimed similar with Budapest. It is the fusion of two the establishment of Hollandia on March 9, cities of Teluk Betung and Tanjung Karang 1910. In the meantime, Hollandia Binnen was or well-known as Teluk Betung-Tanjung situated in the hinterland of broader plain. It is Karang before named after Bandar Lampung. currently the administrative region of Abepura Both cities were merged into one city, namely District and Heram District. It was also the Bandar Lampung City, by omitting the administrative center of Allied soldiers and indistinct boundaries of those two cities. Teluk later became the central Dutch government after Betung is located in adjacent to the Lampung WKH6HFRQG:RUOG:DULQ+RZHYHU7KH Gulf and Tanjung Karang is situated in higher Dutch government moved the administrative land in the northern part of Betung Gulf, with center to Hollandia Haven in 1958 (Roscoe, approximately 5 km in distance. The absence of 1959; Kambu, dkk., 2009). a natural boundary between those cities makes Harshorne (1938) mentions the there is a framework of the steady city line phenomenon of two cities which he calls (Ministry of Internal Affairs, 2013). as the model of Twin City District of Despite the fact that Jayapura City is Minneapolis–St. Paul, each lies on both sides historically formed from two old cities, the of the Mississippi. St. Paul is the state capital

)RUXP*HRJUD¿9RO  'HFHPEHU ,661(,661 ,QÀXHQFHRI*HRJUDSKLFDO&RQGLWLRQVRQ7KH6SDWLDO %DKDUXGGLQet.al) 152 development of Jayapura City is distinguished with the spatial structure of Jayapura City. The from Budapest or Bandar Lampung. respondents were the residents of Jayapura Nevertheless, both of Buda-Pest and Teluk City who selected randomly. The amount of %HWXQJ²7DQMXQJ .DUDQJ ZHUH XQLÀHG LQWR D respondent can be determined using Slovin city by omitting the boundaries, while Jayapura formula (in Sugiyono, 2011): City seems to maintain the dualism of the areas although Jayapura and Abepura have become an administrative area of Jayapura City. The (1) presence of two geographically separated cities within Jayapura City presents the extraordinary Where: character of Jayapura spatial structure attached n = total sample to most of the visual impression. This study N = population H[DPLQHV KRZ WKH LQÁXHQFH RI JHRJUDSKLFDO e = margin of error, e = 0,1 conditions on the spatial structure of Jayapura City. This formula is used because in this 7KH VSDWLDO VWUXFWXUH VKRZV WKH VSHFLÀHG study population size is measured, i.e. the distinctive compositions of a space (Yunus, population of Jayapura and Abepura in 2013,  'H&KLDUDDQG.RSSHOPDQ  VXJJHVW where the population of Jayapura is 140.277 that the spatial structure is expressed as the inhabitants, and a population of Abepura is physical planning and design of an open space 130.298 inhabitants (BPS Jayapura City, 2014). at a site. Spatial structure is generally the result Base on Slovin formula (in Sugiyono, 2011), the of distinctive topography as natural properties. total minimum of Jayapura respondent must While one of the non-natural properties is land- be taken is 110 respondents, and Abepura use. The characteristics of spatial landscape respondent is 110 respondents. commonly rely on three points, namely, the area, the visual degree of enclosure visual, and 3. Results And Discussion the visual properties. D 7KH,QÀXHQFHRI*HRJUDSKLFDO&RQGLWLRQ 2. Research Methods on Spatial Physical Development To assess the spatial structure of Jayapura Geographically, Jayapura City is City, the investigation on the natural and non- dominated by hills that cause the majority of the natural properties that formed the city including land cannot be developed as cultivation area, topography and land-use as well as the visual while the land for cultivation area should be impression of the people was carried out (De the dominant area. Land suitability of Jayapura &KLDUDDQG.RSSHOPDQ 7KHFROOHFWLRQ City can be examined from the physical aspects, of data was derived from direct observation, the spatial policy, and the carrying capacity of secondary data collection, and structured LQIUDVWUXFWXUHV7KHDUHDPHHWVWKHUHTXLUHPHQW inteview. Direct observation was performed to be developed as cultivation area is 40,492 ha to obtain the data on land-use shaping the or 43% of the total area, while the non-suitable constructed land pattern in Jayapura City. area is approximately 53,508 ha or 57%. Suitable Secondary data was retrieved by collecting area for cultivation is located in Muara Tami supporting data related to the spatial of Jayapura District, which is 87% of the total suitable area City. In addition, structured interview primary for cultivation. North Jayapura District has the GDWDZDVFRQGXFWHGWKURXJKDTXHVWLRQQDLUHWR VPDOOHVWIRUFXOWLYDWLRQLHKDZKHUHLV6RXWK ÀQGRXWWKHLPDJHRI-D\DSXUD&LW\UHJDUGLQJ Jayapura District has 378 ha (Table 1).

Table 1./DQG6XLWDELOLW\$UHDLQ'LVWULFWVRI-D\DSXUD&LW\ Suitable Non Suitable No. District Total (ha) Area (ha) % Area (ha) % 1. North Jayapura  1.18 5,040 98.82 5,100 2. South Jayapura 378 8.71  91.29 4,340 3. Abepura 3,274 21.03  78.97 15,570 4. Heram 1,505 23.81 4,815  

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Suitable `Non Suitable No. District Total (ha) Area (ha) % Area (ha) % 5. Muara Tami 35,274   43.71  Total (ha) 40,492 43.08 53,508  94,000 6RXUFH%DSSHGD.RWD-D\DSXUD 'DWDDQDO\VLV

From the land positioning based on the District, South Jayapura District, Abepura assessment of the productive area in Jayapura District and Heram District. Nevertheless, the City, the optimal land has been utilized for the suitable area mostly located in Muara Tami urban productive area is at the northern part of District has not been optimized as urban area Jayapura City. The areas developed as urban as it is dominated by agricultural land (Figure areas of Jayapura City include North Jayapura 1).

Source: Bappeda Kota Jayapura, 2014 Figure 1. Land Suitability Map of Jayapura City

The geographical conditions of Jayapura Jayapura region is the northern part of the City lead to the development of the built-up Jayapura City in adjacent to Yos Sudarso Bay area in fragmentary. From the assessment of the with the domination of hilly geographical urban built-up area, there are two urban areas conditions. While Abepura region is the situated in the north and the south part (Figure southern part of Jayapura City with broader 2). The urban areas in the northern part of the plains than Jayapura region. Between Jayapura Jayapura City are North Jayapura and South and Abepura, there are Skyline hills at a Jayapura District, while the urban areas in the latitude of 200 m above sea level. Skyline hills southern part of Jayapura City are Abepura are non-built-up area and it also covers Yotefa District and Heram District. Nowadays, the Park protected the forest. These conditions residents of Jayapura City recognize Jayapura resulted in the built up areas of Jayapura and and Abepura within the city. Jayapura region Abepura are separated by the non-built-up area covers North Jayapura and South Jayapura of Skyline hills. However, they are connected District, while Abepura region includes Heram by a primary arterial highway crossing Skyline District and Abepura District. Geographically, hills of 3 km in length.

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Source: Google Earth, 2013 (Data analysis) Figure 2. The urban areas of Jayapura City

Jayapura area serves as the central E 7KH ,QÀXHQFH RI *HRJUDSKLFDO government and the economy. Jayapura Conditions on Residents’ Visual Image is situated on Yos Sudarso Bay has a port The geographical conditions of Jayapura that serves as a major transportation node City prevailed by the hills/mountain in which nationwide. As the center of economic activity, the urban areas are constructed on each side of Jayapura is strongly supported by the activity WKH KLOOVPRXQWDLQ EURXJKW D FRQVHTXHQFH RI at the Port of Jayapura with an important role the designation of the strong spatial structure in receiving various economic commodities with the hill as urban spatial landscape (Figure from other regions and also distributes goods 3). It is the particular characteristic of the to destinations around Jayapura. Various spatial image which is able to affect person’s facilities economy is growing rapidly in this interpretation or impression on a space in area. Currently, developments in Jayapura accordance with the attached visual image. tend to have saturated because the availability The existence of two urban areas in of suitable land is very limited because its Jayapura City assessed from geography topography is dominated by hills. perspective was further analyzed by a survey Abepura is located in hinterland area on the image of Jayapura City regarding with which serves as a center of growth and the the existence of those two urban areas by economy. Abepura has a major role to the GLVWULEXWLQJDTXHVWLRQQDLUHWRWKHUHVLGHQWVRI growth of the region around Jayapura City. Jayapura City. It was carried out to eliminate Abepura also a transport node as a transit the subjectivity of the observations. Survey area on the main route leading to the buffer was performed with 220 respondents as the zones around Jayapura City which is the participant consisting of 110 respondents from center of agricultural production. As a growth Jayapura and 110 respondents from Abepura. center, Abepura experiencing rapid economic The result showed that 72,73% respondents from development in terms of providing economic Jayapura assume that Jayapura and Abepura facilities are supported by the availability of are two separate cities, meanwhile 27,27% VXLWDEOHODQGLVTXLWHVSDFLRXVFRPSDUHGWRWKH respondents have a contradictory opinion. In Jayapura area.

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addition, as many as 74,55% respondents from ZLWKLQ-D\DSXUD&LW\DQGUHVSRQGHQWV Abepura consider that Jayapura and Abepura think that Jayapura and Abepura are non- are two separate cities and 25,54% respondents separated cities. It indicated that most of think Jayapura and Abepura is one single the residents of Jayapura City assume that FLW\  (QWLUHO\  UHVSRQGHQWV SHUFHLYH Jayapura and Abepura are two separated cities Jayapura and Abepura are two different cities within Jayapura City (Table 2).

Figure 3. The hills shape a determined spatial structure as landscape element in urban areas of Jayapura City Source: Research survey, 2014

Table 2.7KHUHVSRQVHVRIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVRQWKHH[LVWHQFHRI-D\DSXUDDQG$EHSXUD Image on the existence of two cities Total Yes % No % Respondents of Jayapura 80 72,73 30 27,27 110 Respondents of Abepura 82 74,55 28 25,45 110 Total   58  220  6RXUFH5HVHDUFKVXUYH\

)URP WKH UHVXOW RI  UHVSRQGHQWV of hilly Jayapura and relatively plain Abepura; assuming that Jayapura and Abepura are two DQGUHVSRQGHQWVRSWXSWKHKLVWRU\RI VHSDUDWHGFLWLHVWKHUHZDVDIROORZXSLQTXLU\ those areas as old cities of Hollandia Haven and on the image of Jayapura and Abepura as +ROODQGLD%LQQHQ)URPWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUHWKH WZRVHSDUDWHFLWLHV7KHTXHVWLRQQDLUHRQWKH geographical element which is the Skyline hills image why Jayapura and Abepura seem to be as the “boundary” is the most attached image two separated cities instead of one single city perceived by the residents of Jayapura City. demonstrated that 47,53% respondents opt up The opinions demonstrated the respondents’ Skyline hills as the reason; 22.22% respondents image on the distinctive visual characteristic opt up the distance between those areas; 9.88% of a space. Nevertheless, it is evidenced that respondents opt up the availability of only one JHRJUDSKLFDOFRQGLWLRQVDUHWKHPRVWVLJQLÀFDQW arterial highway between those areas; 7.41% factor regarding with the spatial image of respondents consider the different topography distinctive visual characteristic (Table 3).

Table 3.7KHUHVSRQVHVRIUHVSRQGHQWVRQZK\-D\DSXUDDQG$EHSXUDVHHPWREHWZRVHSDUDWHGFLWLHV Why Jayapura and Abepura seem to be two Respondents Respondents of separated cities instead of a single Jayapura Total % of Jayapura Abepura City Separated by Skyline hills 42 35 77 47.53

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Why Jayapura and Abepura seem to be two Respondents Respondents of separated cities instead of a single Jayapura Total % of Jayapura Abepura City Distance 14 22  22.22 Only one main access road available, in 12 4  9.88 addition to alternative roads Topography, Jayapura is hilly while Abepu- 8 4 12 7.41 ra is plains History of the two old cities 4 17 21  Total 80 82  100.00 6RXUFH5HVHDUFKVXUYH\

The result of a survey on the image of the topography and land-use indicated the presence range of Jayapura and Abepura showed that of two primary urban areas, namely, Jayapura the image is affected by geographical factors in and Abepura. This situation has caused the addition to the historical image of those cities. It disconnection of those two by non-building demonstrated by the option of “other answers” area, thus, it seems to be unfeasible to fuse the explicated by the respondents, that generally, boundaries between those areas. Historically, they provided answers showing their strong Jayapura and Abepura were two old cities impression on the spots where Jayapura and established in the early of Jayapura City. Both $EHSXUD ZHUH HVWDEOLVKHG IRU WKH ÀUVW WLPH of them had their own town centers constructed Those spots are currently the centers of the simultaneously during the establishment of the cities, Jayapura at Imbi Park and Abepura at city. The center of Jayapura is located at Imbi Abepura Circle. Park (Taman ,PEL) and Abepura is located at Triangulation of data obtained from Abepura Circle (/LQJNDUDQ $EHSXUD). observations on the geographical conditions The results showed that the geographical DQGWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUHLQGLFDWHGWKHPDLQUHDVRQ FRQGLWLRQV RI -D\DSXUD &LW\ LQÁXHQFH RQ for the formation of Jayapura and Abepura was the formation of two separate urban areas, the geographic conditions of Jayapura City. Jayapura and Abepura. The presence of two They are separated by Skyline hills. It is also a geographically separate urban areas in Jayapura FUXFLDOHOHPHQWRIVSDWLDOVWUXFWXUHDVDXQLTXH City is also reinforced by the image perceived visual characteristic perceived by most of the by the residents regarding with the powerful residents of Jayapura. visual image of those cities. It, however, forms XQLTXHDQGGLVWLQFWLYHSURSHUWLHVLQWKHVSDWLDO 4. Conclusion structure of Jayapura City. In its development, the existence of two urban areas show the The spatial structure of a city is assessed persistent characteristics of ‘two cities within from the physical and geographical conditions, a city’. As a continuation of this study, it is as well as the visual image perceived by the necessary to conduct an in-depth study on the residents. Geographical conditions lead to the functional linkages formed between Jayapura formation of two parts of Jayapura City that and Abepura in the overall system of Jayapura are separated by Skyline Hills. Analysis of City.

5. References Bappeda Kota Jayapura (2014). 7DWD5XDQJ:LOD\DK.RWD-D\DSXUD. Jayapura: Bappeda Kota Jayapura. BPS Kota Jayapura (2014). -D\DSXUD&LW\LQ)LJXUHV. Jayapura: BPS Kota Jayapura. 'H&KLDUD-DQG/HH(.RSSHOPDQ  6WDQGDU3HUHQFDQDDQ7DSDN. Jakarta: Erlangga Hartshorn, T. A. (1992). ,QWHUSUHWLQJ7KH&LW\$Q8UEDQ*HRJUDSK\ Toronto: John Wiley & Sons. Hartshorne, R. (1932). 7KH 7ZLQ &LW\ 'LVWULFW $ 8QLTXH )RUP RI 8UEDQ /DQGVFDSH. Geography Review, 431-442.

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Kambu, M.R, dkk. (2009). 6DWX$EDG.RWD-D\DSXUD0HPEDQJXQ   Jakarta: Indomedia Global. Kemendagri (Ministry of Home Affairs) (2013). KWWSZZZNHPHQGDJULJRLGSDJHVSURÀO daerah/kabupaten/id/18/name/lampung/detail/1871/kota-bandar-lampung#profil Accessed on April 20, 2013. Kostof, S. (1992). 7KH&LW\$VVHPEOHG7KH(OHPHQWVRI8UEDQ)RUP7KURXJK+LVWRU\ London: Thames & Hudson. Roscoe G.T. (1959). 2XU1HLJKERXUVLQ1HWKHUODQGV1HZ*XLQHD. Brisbane: The Jacaranda Press. Sugiyono. (2011). 0HWRGH3HQHOLWLDQ.XDQWLWDWLI.XDOLWDWLIGDQ5 '. Bandung: Alfabeta. Yunus, H. S. (2010). 0HWRGH3HQHOLWLDQ:LOD\DK.RQWHPSRUHU Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.

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