A Ribeira De Alcácer Ceguer the Ribeira of Ksar Seghir

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A Ribeira De Alcácer Ceguer the Ribeira of Ksar Seghir THE IBERIAN PENINSULA AND NORTH AFRICA (15th to 17th centuries). History and Heritage A RIBEIRA DE THE RIBEIRA ALCÁCER CEGUER OF KSAR SEGHIR ESTRUTURAS MILITARES MILITARY STRUCTURES E VIDA MARÍTIMA AND MARITIME LIFE IN THE NOS SÉCULOS XIV-XVI 14TH TO 16TH CENTURIES ANDRÉ TEIXEIRA Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa / CHAM, FCSH, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Universidade dos Açores ABDELATIF EL-BOUDJAY Conservateur du Site Archéologique de Ksar Seghir GONÇALO C. LOPES, JOANA BENTO TORRES, CRISTÓVÃO FONSECA CHAM, FCSH, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Universidade dos Açores Situado na margem Sul bordejando o Estreito de Situated on the south bank of the Strait of Gibraltar, at Gibraltar, no local onde desagua o pequeno rio Laksar, the mouth of the small Laksar River, the archaeolog- o sítio arqueológico de Alcácer Ceguer encontra-se ical site of Ksar Seghir is clearly located in an aquatic bem adentro do meio aquático. Crê-se que em épo- environment. It is believed that in ancient times these cas recuadas essas características fossem ainda mais characteristics were even more clear-cut, as the settle- nítidas, fcando o povoado quase que como uma ilha. ment was almost like an island. The fnal stretch of the Se o troço fnal do rio se abre numa várzea com cer- river opens onto a foodplain some 3 km in length, but ca de 3 km de extensão, para montante registam-se there are pronounced reliefs upstream, in the foothills relevos acentuados, na continuidade do maciço do of the Rif massif, hindering communications with the Rif, difcultando as comunicações com o interior do interior of the territory. The site is surrounded by im- território. Mais proximamente, o sítio está circundan- portant reliefs, with the abrupt mount Seinal standing do por relevos importantes, destacando-se a Oeste o out to the west (fgure 1). abrupto monte do Seinal (fgura 1). Ksar Seghir was probably occupied during the Al- Alcácer Ceguer terá sido ocupado durante a dinastia moravid dynasty. The frst written reference to the site almorávida, datando do século XI a primeira referência dates back to the 11th century, and refers to this location escrita, que denomina este local como um porto de mar. as a seaport. The site underwent a clear expansion 1. Alcácer Ceguer e o Estreito de Gibraltar em 2014, vistos de Sul. Ksar Seghir and the Strait of Gibraltar in 2014, seen from the south. 9 A PENÍNSULA IBÉRICA E O NORTE DE ÁFRICA (séculos XV a XVII). História e Património Sob os almóadas o local conheceu claro incremento, under the Almohads, with the establishment of a fxando-se aqui um estaleiro de construção naval e shipyard, taking on a prominent role in the maritime assumindo um destacado papel nas ligações marí- connections between North Africa and the Iberian timas entre o Norte de África e a Península Ibérica, Peninsula, namely during the military actions of this nomeadamente nas acções militares da dinastia; as dynasty. The 12th century sources mention the presence fontes do século XII referem a presença de uma forti- of a riverine fortifcation (Moujoud, 2012, p. 38-44). The fcação ribeirinha (Moujoud, 2012, p. 38-44). Os mais oldest archaeological fnds, of numismatic nature, also antigos achados arqueológicos, de natureza numis- indicate this chronology (Redman, 1986, p. 129-130). In mática, apontam também para estas centúrias (Red- the following centuries, the site continued to have an man, 1986, p. 129-130). Nos séculos seguintes o sítio important maritime function as a gateway to al-Andalus. continuou a ter esta importante função marítima de Chronicler Ibn Abi Zar' states, in the 14th century, that travessia para o al-Andalus, registando o cronista Ibn the walls and gates of the town had been erected Abi Zar’ no século XIV que as muralhas e portas da in 1287, during the reign of Yousouf Ibn Abd Al-Haq vila haviam sido erguidas no reinado de Yousouf Ibn (Moujoud, 2012, p. 45-47). In fact, most of the military Abd Al-Haq em 1287 (Moujoud, 2012, p. 45-47). Com and civilian archaeological structures discovered at efeito, atribui-se aos séculos XIII e XIV boa parte das this site can be ascribed to the 13th and 14th centuries estruturas arqueológicas militares e civis descobertas (Redman, 1986, p. 95). During the decline of the Marinid neste sítio (Redman, 1986, p. 95). No ocaso da dinas- dynasty and the rise of the Wattasids, Ksar Seghir had tia merínida e ascensão dos oatácidas, o sítio deteve signifcant political autonomy, as demonstrated by the signifcativa autonomia política, como demonstra a recent reading of an epigraph discovered at the site, recente leitura de uma epígrafe descoberta no local; which also reveals that, a few years before the Por- esta revela também que, escassos anos antes da con- tuguese conquest, a reform of the military structures quista portuguesa, se operou uma reforma do dispo- took place, indicating that the attack was somehow sitivo militar, indicando que aquela era, de alguma expected (Martínez, 2016). forma, esperada (Martínez, 2016). The urban settlement was conquered by the Portuguese O aglomerado urbano foi conquistado pelos portu- in 1458. This was the second location to be occupied in gueses em 1458, sendo a segunda posição ocupada no North Africa, after Ceuta in 1415, marking the resump- Norte de África, depois de Ceuta em 1415, marcando tion of the ofensive in the Maghreb, after the debacle o retomar da ofensiva no Magrebe depois do fracasso of Tangier in 1437 and the subsequent captivity of Dom de Tânger em 1437 e do subsequente cativeiro do In- Fernando, one of the Portuguese king’s sons (Farinha, fante D. Fernando (Farinha, 1990, p. 157). A posição só 1990, p. 157). This stronghold was only abandoned in foi abandonada em 1550, no quadro da redefnição da 1550, in the scope of the redefnition of the Portuguese política marroquina portuguesa durante o governo de political strategy in Morocco during the government of D. João III (Cruz, 1997). Os 92 anos de ocupação portugue- King João III (Cruz, 1997). The 92 years of Portuguese sa implicaram transformações na morfologia do espaço occupation entailed changes in the morphology of ur- urbano, não apenas ao nível dos elementos arquitectó- ban space, not only in terms of the most signifcant ar- nicos mais signifcativos, como fortifcações ou edifícios chitectural elements, such as fortifcations or religious religiosos, mas também dos arruamentos, habitações, buildings, but also regarding thoroughfares, dwellings, espaços comerciais ou artesanais (Redman, 1986, p. 138- commercial or manufacturing facilities (Redman, 1986, 216; Correia, 2008, p. 150-169; Teixeira, 2016). p. 138-216; Correia, 2008, p. 150-169; Teixeira, 2016). O local fcou abandonado após a partida dos portu- The site was abandoned after the departure of the gueses em meados do século XVI, chegando aos nos- Portuguese in the middle of the 16th century, reach- sos dias como uma ruína, que guarda no seu subsolo ing our days as a ruin, which holds very important relevantíssima informação arqueológica. O projecto archaeological information in its subsoil. The project dirigido por Charles L. Redman desenvolveu aqui im- led by Charles L. Redman carried out signifcant work portantes trabalhos entre 1974 e 1981, calculando-se here between 1974 and 1981, with an estimated 18% que tenham sido escavados 18% do sítio. As inter- of the site having been excavated. The interventions venções permitiram, não apenas revelar parcelas do allowed not only to reveal parts of the existing settle- aglomerado existente à chegada dos portugueses, ment at the time of the arrival of the Portuguese, but como identifcar extensivamente a ocupação cristã also to extensively identify the Christian occupation (vide a síntese monográfca Redman, 1986). As pu- (see the monographic synthesis in Redman, 1986). blicações desta equipa constituem, pois, uma fonte The publications of Redman's team are, therefore, de conhecimento inestimável sobre a presença por- an invaluable source of knowledge about the Portu- tuguesa no local, não esgotando contudo o potencial guese presence at the site, but they do not exhaust de informação que foi colectado naqueles anos, nem the information potential that was gathered in those a pluralidade de interpretações que hoje, com novos years, nor the plurality of interpretations that we can ângulos de visão, podemos avançar relativamente a put forward in relation to these contexts nowadays, estes contextos. with new angles of vision. 10 THE IBERIAN PENINSULA AND NORTH AFRICA (15th to 17th centuries). History and Heritage Assim, desde 2011 retomámos os trabalhos arqueoló- Thus, since 2011 we have resumed the archaeological gicos no sítio, entretanto objecto de operação de va- works at the site, which in the meantime has been the lorização (El-Boudjay, 2012), primeiro através de dois subject of an enhancement undertaking (El-Boudjay, projectos fnanciados pela Fundação para a Ciência a 2012), frst through two projects funded by the Fundação Tecnologia e pelo Centre National pour la Recherche para a Ciência a Tecnologia and the Centre National pour Scientifque et Technique1, depois com apoio da Fun- la Recherche Scientifque et Technique1, afterwards dação Calouste Gulbenkian2, mais recentemente com with support from the Calouste Gulbenkian Founda- fnanciamento da Fundação para a Ciência a Tecno- tion2, and more recently again with funding from the logia3, benefciando também do apoio da Embaixada Fundação para a Ciência a Tecnologia3, as well as the de Portugal em Marrocos e do Camões – Instituto da support of the Portuguese Embassy in Morocco and Cooperação e da Língua (Teixeira e Correia, 2017). Os the Camões – Instituto da Cooperação e da Língua trabalhos inscrevem-se num protocolo entre a Direc- (Teixeira and Correia, 2017). These works are part of a ção do Património Cultural, do Ministério da Cultura de protocol between the Direction du Patrimoine Culturel Marrocos, e a Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Huma- of the Ministry of Culture of Morocco and the NOVA nas, da Universidade Nova de Lisboa.
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