DOCSLIB.ORG

The Pene-Exclave of Ceuta, Spain

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Pene-Exclave of Ceuta, Spain Tourism Geographies An International Journal of Tourism Space, Place and Environment ISSN: 1461-6688 (Print) 1470-1340 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rtxg20 Exclave accessibility and cross-border travel: the pene-exclave of Ceuta, Spain Ioulia Poulaki, Andreas Papatheodorou, Alexandros Panagiotopoulos & Sotiroula Liasidou To cite this article: Ioulia Poulaki, Andreas Papatheodorou, Alexandros Panagiotopoulos & Sotiroula Liasidou (2020): Exclave accessibility and cross-border travel: the pene-exclave of Ceuta, Spain, Tourism Geographies To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1786153 Published online: 07 Jul 2020. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rtxg20 TOURISM GEOGRAPHIES https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1786153 Exclave accessibility and cross-border travel: the pene-exclave of Ceuta, Spain a† aà b Ioulia Poulaki , Andreas Papatheodorou , Alexandros Panagiotopoulos and Sotiroula Liasidouc aDepartment of Business Administration, University of the Aegean, Chios, Greece; bTransport & Railway Engineer, Athens, Greece; cDepartment of Hotel & Tourism Management, Cyprus University of Technology, Lemesos, Cyprus ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Exclaves are characterized by several advantages and disadvan- Received 28 January 2019 tages related to physical, economic, historical, social and cultural Accepted 2 June 2020 attributes; these depend on the owner- and the host-state as well as on relationship between the two. Using the case of Ceuta, a KEYWORDS Spanish pene-exclave located in north-western Africa bordering Exclaves; accessibility; airport choice; cross-border Morocco, air travel mobility and accessibility issues faced by resi- tourism; tourism for peace; dents are identified and discussed primarily in the context of out- discrete choice analysis bound tourism. The empirical research uses a mixed method approach of data collection based on questionnaires distributed 关键词 to Ceuta residents and participant observation of the local com- 飞地; 可达性; 机场选择; munity. Findings suggest that while enhancing accessibility is 跨境旅游; 和平旅游; 离散 generally considered to be positive for travel, the reality is more 选择分析 complex in the case of exclaves and pene-exclaves, where geo- graphical discontinuity and lack of land transport connections with the mainland and hinterland of the owner state may co-exist with geo-political conflicts between the owner and the host coun- tries, i.e. Spain and Morocco respectively in the present context. Based on the concept of tourism for peace and its implications for border tourism and the scaling-up of spatial interaction between neighboring regions belonging to different countries, simpler border-crossing procedures along with innovative destin- ation management policies at local level are proposed to improve exclave accessibility and travel mobility in practice to the benefit of both local residents and inbound tourists. 摘要 飞地依据其物理、经济、历史、社会和文化属性有其优缺点。这 些优缺点取决于飞地所属国和东道国以及两者之间的关系。本文 以休达(一个位于非洲西北部与摩洛哥接壤的西班牙飞地)为例, 在 出境游的背景下确定和讨论了居民面临的航空旅行流动性和可达 性问题。实证研究采用以向休达居民发放问卷和对当地社区参与 观察为基础的混合数据收集方法。研究结果表明,尽管可达性提升 通常被认为对旅行来说是积极方面,就飞地和全飞地（pene- exclaves）来说, 现实情况更为复杂, 那里地理不连续, 与飞地所有 国缺乏陆地交通连接大陆和腹地, 可能与飞地所属国和东道国之 间的地缘政治冲突共同存在,例如西班牙和摩洛哥目前冲突。基于 CONTACT Andreas Papatheodorou [email protected] à University of New South Wales, Australia †Department of Tourism Management, University of Patras, Greece ß 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group 2 I. POULAKI ET AL. 旅游和平的概念及其对边境旅游、分属不同国家的临近地区空间 互动的按比例增加的启示, 本文提出在地方层面简化过境手续以 及创新目的地管理政策, 以改善飞地的可达性和旅游流动性, 从实 务上惠及入境游客和当地居民。 Introduction Regional development, trade and tourism are largely dependent on accessibility often in non-linear ways (Koo & Papatheodorou, 2017; Fujita & Krugman, 2003) characterized by two-way causality (Brugnoli et al., 2018). In the presence of severe discontinuity and isolation because of either physical (e.g. islands) and/or political (e.g. border regions) geography, securing and improving accessibility may prove important for eco- nomic prosperity and social welfare. Exclaves and pene-exclaves are a good example of such areas. An exclave is a small piece of a country (i.e. the owner), fully sur- rounded by the territory of another one, i.e. the host. Moreover, it cannot share a fron- tier with any other country or be an independent entity; and it will most probably never be self-governed (Gelbman & Timothy, 2011; Vinokurov, 2007; Suzuki & Inohara, 2015). A pene-exclave refers to an outlier slightly connected to its homeland or not fully surrounded by the other country, but accessible by surface transport, only through the territory of the latter (Gelbman & Timothy, 2011; Vinokurov, 2007). This is different from a quasi-exclave which may no longer serve as an exclave (Robinson, 1959). Exclave societies try to balance their existence between the owner state and the host one often facing physical and political barriers. The host country’s network and transport infrastructure may prove significant for the exclave’s society daily rou- tine facilitation, but political and administrative issues provoked by the occasional con- flicts between the two states (owner and host) often lead societies to seek alternatives. In fact, Catudal (1972) discussed the 1971 exchange of West Berlin exclaves with East German enclaves as a unique case of peaceful resolution of such a contested territorial matter. Tourism may have an important economic and social impact on exclaves (Timothy, 1995, 1996, 2000). In Europe, most exclaves relate to owner and host states both belonging to European Union (e.g. Baarle-Hertog/Nassau a Belgian exclave in the Netherlands) and thus, physical, political and social boundaries are easy to overcome to the benefit of tourism mobility and development. Nevertheless, there are exclaves with EU member as owner state and non-EU member as host such as the Spanish autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla surrounded by Morocco in North Africa, where, unresolved political and administrative issues may hinder cross-border travel as well as inbound and outbound tourism (Eckert, 2011; Lagiewski & Revelas, 2004); although, cross-border travel restrictions are evident globally (e.g. North and South Korea – see Prideaux & Kim, 2018; Republic of Cyprus and the north of the island – see Stergiou, 2016), the impact of such issues is exacerbated in exclaves due to their small size and territorial dependency on their host. Not surprisingly, mobility in tourism has been studied extensively in the literature (Chen & Chang, 2015; Cohen & Cohen, 2015; Coles, Hall & Duval, 2006; Eckert, 2011; TOURISM GEOGRAPHIES 3 Hall, 2015). Mobility refers first to the ability to move, overcoming physical and polit- ical/legal impediments, and second to the direction of moving per se (Gelbman & Timothy, 2019). Leaving political/legal barriers aside, an improvement in accessibility thanks to new transport infrastructure is a necessary but not a sufficient condition to increase tourism mobility, i.e. spatial interaction explicitly depends on travel demand, which may not be easy to generate and/or to sustain in peripheral regions with low levels of perceived tourism potential (Fageda et al., 2018; Hazledine & Collins, 2011; Prokkola, 2007). As infrastructure relates to sunk (i.e. non-recoupable) costs, it may, therefore, prove commercially sensible to improve accessibility of remoter regions by relying initially on air transport, which requires lower levels of infrastructure vis-a-vis surface transport. In addition, the latter is not applicable in islands located too far from the mainland to connect by bridges. Sea transport may offer a much better alter- native to air scale-wise, but ships are much slower than airplanes and cannot be used in land-locked peripheral areas. Therefore, prioritizing air transport is strategically important to address accessibility problems of remoter regions and facilitate trade and tourism (Liasidou, 2013; Poulaki & Papatheodorou, 2016; Spasojevic et al., 2018). Indicatively, Abreu et al. (2018) while referring to the Canary Islands, characterize air transport as essential to overcome insularity and assist supply-chain operations, mobil- ity of inhabitants, and the prosperity of the local tourism sector. Intermodal solutions may also prove effective to extend an airport catchment’s area in remoter regions located in its vicinity (Poulaki et al., 2017). The above may be interestingly applied in the context of Ceuta, a pene-exclave and Spanish autonomous city with a population of 82,000 citizens bordering the Moroccan region of Tangier-Tetouan-Al Hoceima, close to the Straits of Gibraltar and half-surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea. Two main reasons justify the study: the first relates to the remoteness of Ceuta given the spatial discontinuity and lack of seamless transport connections between Ceuta and the Spanish mainland (Poulaki & Papatheodorou, 2016). The second concerns its relative tourism potential mainly due to the fruitful blend of the European and Arab worlds. In 2017, Ceuta recorded 75,800 tourist arrivals (i.e. almost equal to its population) with 63% originating from Spain and 37% from other countries (Procesa, 2016). Official hotel accommodation in Ceuta includes 13 units and a total of 782 beds with 2.3 overnights on average (Regional Government of Alicante, 2018). Accessing Ceuta may prove cumbersome, since traveling
Load more

Recommended publications
  • New Air Travel Opportunities for Ceuta, a Spanish Remoter Region in Northern Africa, Generated by Air Transport Liberalisation in Neighbouring Morocco
    Disciplines Andreas Papathedorou | University of West London, UK Ioulia Poulaki | University of West London, UK OPEN SKIES New air travel opportunities for Ceuta, a Spanish remoter region in Northern Africa, generated by air transport liberalisation in neighbouring Morocco. Spatial discontinuity and lack of seamless transport connections between Ceuta and the Spanish mainland pose significant accessibility challenges for the Spanish exclave 16 New Vistas • Volume 2 Issue 1 • www.uwl.ac.uk • © University of West London Article Open Skies | Author Andreas Papathedorou and Ioulia Poulaki An integrated intermodal transport system, with seamless connections of different public transport modes, may positively affect an airport enhancement of its catchment area ransport in remote regions of the world Remoter regions around the world are usually denied sufficient T surface transport services to metropolitan centres. This may be the result of a fragmented pattern in physical geography (e.g. islands separated from the mainland by sea), which renders surface transport impossible; and/ or the outcome of socio-political geography friction (e.g. disputed areas close to the frontier of neighbouring countries) which makes investment in expensive surface transport infrastructure very unappealing. For these reasons, remoter regions and their local societies depend heavily on air transport to ensure accessibility and economic and cultural connectivity to the wider world. Local airports provide the necessary means for airlines to operate their services; in certain cases, however, such airports may be located in a neighbouring country thus raising the levels of complexity in the transport system. Studying, therefore, the range of an airport’s catchment area becomes of great significance.
    [Show full text]
  • This Document Has Been Downloaded from Tampub – the Institutional Repository of University of Tampere
    This document has been downloaded from Tampub – The Institutional Repository of University of Tampere Post-print Authors: Häkli Jouni Manufacturing provinces : theorizing the encounters between Name of article: governmental and popular 'geographs' in Finland Name of work: Rethinking geopolitics Editors of work: Dalby Simon, ÓTuathail Gearóid Year of 1998 publication: Publisher: Routledge Pages: 131-151 Discipline: Social sciences / Social and economic geography Language: en URN: http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:uta-3-957 All material supplied via TamPub is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, and duplication or sale of all part of any of the repository collections is not permitted, except that material may be duplicated by you for your research use or educational purposes in electronic or print form. You must obtain permission for any other use. Electronic or print copies may not be offered, whether for sale or otherwise to anyone who is not an authorized user. Author’s copy. Originally published in In S. Dalby & G. Ò Tuathail (eds.). Rethinking geopolitics. London: Routledge (1998), 131-151. Manufacturing provinces: Theorizing the encounters between governmental and popular <geographs= in Finland Jouni Häkli Introduction One of the uniting factors in the heterogeneous >critical geopolitics= approach has been the aspiration to analyze the taken-for-granted constructions on which conventional politics is based. These include, for instance, the imagination of the world as cultural, geo-economic or geopolitical regions, and the conception of global politics as a strategic game played out on a patchwork of distinct territorial units. In seeking alternatives to reality as presented by the dominant players of the global and national politics, the practitioners of critical geopolitics have called into question the very foundation on which relations between states and social groups are forged, political decisions made, hostilities commenced, and treaties negotiated (Dalby 1991: 264-269, Dalby and Ó Tuathail 1996: 452).
    [Show full text]
  • The Localization of the Global Agendas How Local Action Is Transforming Territories and Communities
    2019 The Localization of the Global Agendas How local action is transforming territories and communities Fifth Global Report on Decentralization and Local Democracy 2 GOLD V REPORT GOLD V REPORT —— XXXXXX 3 © 2019 UCLG The right of UCLG to be identified as author of the editorial material, and of the individual authors as authors of their contributions, has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. United Cities and Local Governments Cités et Gouvernements Locaux Unis Ciudades y Gobiernos Locales Unidos Avinyó 15 08002 Barcelona www.uclg.org DISCLAIMERS The terms used concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or regarding its economic system or degree of development do not necessarily reflect the opinion of United Cities and Local Governments. The analysis, conclusions and recommendations of this report do not necessarily reflect the views of all the members of United Cities and Local Governments. This publication was produced with the financial support of the European Union. Its contents are the sole responsibility of UCLG and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union. This document has been financed by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Sida.
    [Show full text]
  • Folleto Algeciras
    Autoridad Portuaria de la Bahía de Algeciras PUERTO BAHÍA DE ALGECIRAS DESTINO DE CRUCEROS / CRUISE DESTINATION CONSEJERÍA DE TURISMO Y DEPORTE Índice / Index Introducción y créditos Introduction and credits 2-3 Puerto Bahía de Algeciras, servicios e instalaciones Port of Algeciras Bay - services and facilities 4-11 · Bienvenidos a la Bahía de Algeciras / Welcome to Algeciras Bay 4-5 Si quieres más información de los puertos de cruceros de Andalucía · El Puerto de Algeciras / The Port of Algeciras 8 descarga los dosieres en tu dispositivo móvil escaneando estos QR. If you require further information regarding the Andalusian cruise ports, · Instalaciones portuarias de La Línea / La Línea port facilities 10 download the dossiers onto your mobile device by scanning these QR. · Información técnica / Technical information 11 Cómo llegar y cómo moverse por la Bahía de Algeciras How to get to Algeciras Bay and how to get about 12-17 · Accesos a Algeciras Access to Algeciras 14-15 ALMERÍA BAHÍA DE CÁDIZ HUELVA MÁLAGA · Accesos a La Línea Access to La Línea 17 Excursiones de interés / Excursions of interest 18-27 MOTRIL-GRANADA SEVILLA · Principales atracciones turísticas de Algeciras Algeciras main tourist attractions 18-19 · Principales atracciones turísticas de Tarifa Para visitar la web de los puertos de cruceros de Puedes ver el vídeo promocional Tarifa main tourist attractions 20 Andalucía escanea este QR con tu dispositivo móvil. escaneando con tu dispositivo móvil este QR. To visit the Andalusian cruise ports web, scan You can see the promotional video by · Principales atracciones turísticas de La Línea this QR with your mobile device.
    [Show full text]
  • Request for Proposals 2020 AIMS Annual Conference in Tangier, Morocco
    Request for proposals 2020 AIMS Annual Conference in Tangier, Morocco The American Institute for Maghrib Studies is seeking proposals for its 2020 annual conference. The annual AIMS conference is a signature event that brings together delegations of scholars from the US, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and occasionally individual scholars from other countries, as appropriate. The 2020 AIMS conference will be held in Tangier in late summer 2020. AIMS members who are interested in proposing a theme with resonance across North Africa are encouraged to submit a formal proposal no later than January 31, 2020. The selection committee will look favorably on applications that envision an interdisciplinary conference that incorporates both historical and contemporary perspectives. Up to USD20,000 will be made available to support the annual conference. Additional details about the conference, as well as the proposal requirements, can be found here: http://aimsnorthafrica.org/annual-conference/ Questions? Please contact Michael Toler at [email protected] Conference details The 2020 AIMS Conference will be held in Tangier, Morocco. Logistical support for the conference will be provided by the staff of the Tangier American Institute for Moroccan Studies (TALIM) and AIMS Program Manager located in Tangier. Proposals on any theme of relevance to North African Studies are welcome. Conferences typically take place over two days and include 15-20 participants. The 2020 conference will take place in late July. Conference budget Conference organizers will have
    [Show full text]
  • “Fuerte Santiago” Residence
    ecir “Fuerte Santiago” Residence LOCATIONSITUACIÓN Avd/ Capitán Ontañón n1-3 11.202 Algeciras Cadiz 956 589 600 956 652 705 [email protected] FACILITIESINSTALACIONES BBQ swimming pool, Gym, Terrace, Cafetería, Mess hall, Parking lot , Laundry, Disco-Pub. ROOMSHABITACIONES 54 twin rooms 16 extra beds This residence, due to its features, Ferrol y alrededores location and comfrtability of its rooms, is the perfect site to go sightseeing, coastal tourism and relax in the area of Algeciras, Castellar de la Frontera, Jimena de la Frontera, Tarifa and Los Barrios; in this last town we can find the viewpoint of Puerto de Ojén, where you will admire fantastic views as well as the starting point of Ruta del Toro (Route of the Bull), running to Jerez de la Frontera. “Fuerte Santiago” residence is located in the city centre in Algeciras, 50 metres far from Plaza Alta and 15 minutes far from the train and coach stations as well as the port and maritime station linking Ceuta and Tanger, our ways to Africa. Situation of the Residence ACTIVITIESACTIVIDADES Active Tourism RMASD. FUERTE SANTIAGO Campo de Gibraltar is situated in the South, between two seas and two continents, the most Southern area in Spain. This privileged geographic situtation brought about, from its origins, the settlement and step of cultures, under which the idiosyncrasy of an area with future and developement was created. With more than 10 kms of top-level beaches, fantastic weather with about 300 sunny days a year and the Natural Parks of “Los Alcornocales” and “El Estrecho”, it is more than enough to make it the best of the destinations.
    [Show full text]
  • Cuadro Médico HNA Ceuta 2021
    CEUTA ATENCION PRIMARIA CEUTA CLINICAS, HOSPITALES Y CENTROS MEDICOS MEDICINA GENERAL HC CEUTA - CENTROS MEDICOS HC CEUTA - CENTROS MEDICOS Paseo de las Palmeras, 10 Edif. Corona Entreplanta Paseo de las Palmeras, 10 Edif. Corona Entreplanta 51001 CEUTA 51001 Tel.: 956922531 Tel.: 956922531 RUSADIR MEDIA, S.L. Avenida Marina Española, 9 SERVICIOS 51001 CEUTA Consulta de Traumatología y C.Ortopédica Tel.: 856201446 Consulta de Medicina General Clínica Septem Consulta de Cirugía General y Aparato Di Consulta de Oncología Médica Consulta de Reumatología PEDIATRIA Consulta de Obstetricia y Ginecología LOPEZ-GONZALEZ GARRIDO,CARLOS Calle Teniente Arrabal, 9 Bq.3 1º A 51001 CEUTA RUSADIR MEDIA, S.L. Tel.: 856201458 - 686658551 Avenida Marina Española, 9 51001 DE PAUL SANCHEZ,PEDRO Tel.: 856201446 Paseo del Rebellin, 25 2º B 51001 CEUTA POLICLINICAS Tel.: 956518719 HC CEUTA - CENTROS MEDICOS Paseo de las Palmeras, 10 Edif. Corona Entreplanta MEDICOS ESPECIALISTAS 51001 Tel.: 956922531 ALERGOLOGIA RUSADIR MEDIA, S.L. Avenida Marina Española, 9 SASTRE PEREZ, IVAN 51001 Calle Delgado Serrano, 1 Tel.: 856201446 51001 CEUTA Clínica Septem Tel.: 956757363 URGENCIAS-MEDICAS CARDIOLOGIA HC CEUTA - CENTROS MEDICOS GIRALDEZ VALPUESTA, ALBERTO Paseo de las Palmeras, 10 Edif. Corona Entreplanta Calle de la Marina Española, 9 51001 51001 CEUTA Tel.: 956922531 Tel.: 856201446 - 956511176 RUSADIR MEDIA, S.L. CIRUGIA GENERAL Y APARATO DIGESTIVO Avenida Marina Española, 9 51001 HC CEUTA - CENTROS MEDICOS Tel.: 856201446 Paseo de las Palmeras, 10 Edif. Corona
    [Show full text]
  • Forecasting of Short-Term Flow Freight Congestion: a Study Case of Algeciras Bay Port (Spain) Predicción a Corto Plazo De La Co
    Forecasting of short-term flow freight congestion: A study case of Algeciras Bay Port (Spain) Juan Jesús Ruiz-Aguilar a, Ignacio Turias b, José Antonio Moscoso-López c, María Jesús Jiménez-Come d & Mar Cerbán e a Intelligent Modelling of Systems Research Group, University of Cádiz, Algeciras, Spain. [email protected] b Intelligent Modelling of Systems Research Group, University of Cádiz, Algeciras, Spain. [email protected] c Intelligent Modelling of Systems Research Group, University of Cádiz, Algeciras, Spain. [email protected] d Intelligent Modelling of Systems Research Group, University of Cádiz, Algeciras, Spain. marí[email protected] e Research Group Transport and Innovation Economic, University of Cádiz, Algeciras, Spain. [email protected] Received: November 04rd, 2014. Received in revised form: June 12th, 2015. Accepted: December 10th, 2015. Abstract The prediction of freight congestion (cargo peaks) is an important tool for decision making and it is this paper’s main object of study. Forecasting freight flows can be a useful tool for the whole logistics chain. In this work, a complete methodology is presented in order to obtain the best model to predict freight congestion situations at ports. The prediction is modeled as a classification problem and different approaches are tested (k-Nearest Neighbors, Bayes classifier and Artificial Neural Networks). A panel of different experts (post–hoc methods of Friedman test) has been developed in order to select the best model. The proposed methodology is applied in the Strait of Gibraltar’s logistics hub with a study case being undertaken in Port of Algeciras Bay. The results obtained reveal the efficiency of the presented models that can be applied to improve daily operations planning.
    [Show full text]
  • Gibraltar Harbour Bernard Bonfiglio Meng Ceng MICE 1, Doug Cresswell Msc2, Dr Darren Fa Phd3, Dr Geraldine Finlayson Phd3, Christopher Tovell Ieng MICE4
    Bernard Bonfiglio, Doug Cresswell, Dr Darren Fa, Dr Geraldine Finlayson, Christopher Tovell Gibraltar Harbour Bernard Bonfiglio MEng CEng MICE 1, Doug Cresswell MSc2, Dr Darren Fa PhD3, Dr Geraldine Finlayson PhD3, Christopher Tovell IEng MICE4 1 CASE Consultants Civil and Structural Engineers, Torquay, United Kingdom, 2 HR Wallingford, Howbery Park, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BA, UK 3 Gibraltar Museum, Gibraltar 4 Ramboll (Gibraltar) Ltd, Gibraltar Presented at the ICE Coasts, Marine Structures and Breakwaters conference, Edinburgh, September 2013 Introduction The Port of Gibraltar lies on a narrow five kilometer long peninsula on Spain’s south eastern Mediterranean coast. Gibraltar became British in 1704 and is a self-governing territory of the United Kingdom which covers 6.5 square kilometers, including the port and harbour. It is believed that Gibraltar has been used as a harbour by seafarers for thousands of years with evidence dating back at least three millennia to Phoenician times; however up until the late 19th Century it provided little shelter for vessels. Refer to Figure 1 which shows the coast line along the western side of Gibraltar with the first structure known as the ‘Old Mole’ on the northern end of the town. Refer to figure 1 below. Location of the ‘Old Mole’ N The Old Mole as 1770 Figure 1 Showing the harbour with the first harbour structure, the ‘Old Mole’ and the structure in detail as in 1770. The Old Mole image has been kindly reproduced with permission from the Gibraltar Museum. HRPP577 1 Bernard Bonfiglio, Doug Cresswell, Dr Darren Fa, Dr Geraldine Finlayson, Christopher Tovell The modern Port of Gibraltar occupies a uniquely important strategic location, demonstrated by the many naval battles fought at and for the peninsula.
    [Show full text]
  • Map of La Rioja Haro Wine Festival
    TRAVEL AROUND SPAIN SPAIN Contents Introduction.................................................................6 General information......................................................7 Transports.................................................................10 Accommodation..........................................................13 Food.........................................................................15 Culture......................................................................16 Region by region and places to visit..............................18 Andalusia........................................................19 Aragon............................................................22 Asturias..........................................................25 Balearic Islands...............................................28 Basque Country................................................31 Canary Islands.................................................34 Cantabria........................................................37 Castille-La Mancha...........................................40 Castille and León.............................................43 Catalonia........................................................46 Ceuta.............................................................49 Extremadura....................................................52 Galicia............................................................55 La Rioja..........................................................58 Madrid............................................................61
    [Show full text]
  • EUROPE in the Year 300
    The Euratlas Map of EUROPE in the Year 300 This map shows the countries of Europe, North Africa and Middle East, in the year 300. For consistency reasons, the boundaries and positions of the entities have been drawn as they were on the beginning of the year 300, so far as our knowledge goes. Each entity has a unique colour, but the shade differences are not always perceptible. Map in Latin with English transla- tion. About 500 km 100 km = about 1.3 cm A euratlas Euratlas-Nüssli 2011 English Modern Names of the Cities if Different from the Old Ones Abdera Avdira Lindus Lindos Abydos Nagra Burnu, Çanakkale Lingones Langres Acragas Agrigento Lixus Larache Aduatuca Tongeren Londinium London Aegyssus Tulcea Luca Lucca Aeminium Coimbra Lucentum Alicante Aenus Enez Lucus Augusti Lugo Agathae Agde Lugdunum Lyon Alalia Aléria Lugdm. Convenarum St.-Bertrand-Comminges Albintiglium Ventimiglia Luguvalium Carlisle Altava Ouled Mimoun Lutetia Paris Amasia Amasya Malaca Málaga Amastris Amasra Manazacerta Malazgirt Amathus Ayios Tykhonas Mariana Bastia Airport Amida Diyarbakır Massilia Marseille Ancyra Ankara Mediolanum Milan Anemurion Anamur Mediol. Santonum Saintes Antakira Antequera Melitene Malatya Antiocheia Antakya, Antioch Melitta Mdina, Malta Apamea Kalat el-Mudik Melos Milos Apollonia Pojani Mesembria Nesebar Aquae Sulis Bath Meschista Mtskheta .euratlas.com Aquincum Óbuda, Budapest Miletus Balat Ara Rottweil Mina Relizane Arausio Orange Mogontiacum Mainz Arbela Arbil Mursa Osijek Archelaïs Aksaray Myra Demre Arco Arcos de la Frontera Naïssus Niš http://www Arelate Arelate Narbona Narbonne Argentaria Srebrenik Narona Vid-Metković Argentorate Strasbourg Neapolis Naples Arminium Rimini Nemauso Nîmes Arsinoe Faiyum Nicephorium Ar-Raqqah Artavil Ardabil Nicopolis Preveza-Nicopolis Artaxata Artashat Nicaea İznik Asculum Ascoli Piceno Nicomedia İzmit EMO 1 Aternum Pescara Nineve Mosul Athenae Athens Nisibis Nusaybin Attalia Antalya Numantia Soria, Garray .
    [Show full text]
  • The Portuguese Art of War in Northern Morocco During the 15 Century
    Athens Journal of History - Volume 3, Issue 4 – Pages 321-336 The Portuguese Art of War in Northern Morocco during the 15th Century By Vitor Luís Gaspar Rodrigues This paper not only reviews the motives underlying the Portuguese expansionist project in Morocco in the 15th century, but also the political, economic, and particularly the social reasons that were in the basis of the Portuguese art of war in Morocco in that period. During the Iberian Reconquest (Reconquista), warfare was usually practiced by means of cavalcades, raids (razias) and ambushes, alongside with some siege actions. We will try to demonstrate that the Portuguese were forced to adopt a model of restricted territorial occupation and repeat the same technics and tactics of combat in Morocco, chiefly based on guerrilla war (guerra guerreada), as well as on siege and privateering actions, either offshore or onshore, by means of amphibian landings (saltos). We will also approach some of the changes that occurred in the defence systems of the Portuguese strongholds in North Africa, particularly at the turn of the 15th to the 16th centuries, as a result of the need to respond to the new challenges by the Moroccan armies equipped with fire weaponry. Keywords: Guerrilla war; maritime war; Northern Morocco; strongholds; siege war; fire weaponry. Portuguese Expansion in Morocco in the 15th Century: Main Causes The expansion project to Morocco by the Christian kingdoms from Iberia goes back to late 13th century, as attested by the Treaty of Soria, of 1291, signed by the monarchs of Castile and Aragon, which defined the areas to be occupied in the future by both kingdoms in North Africa, leaving the territorial stripe in the west of Ceuta to Portugal.
    [Show full text]