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Suitainable Adaptations for the Future

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Suitainable Adaptations for the Future Victorian House Sustainable adaptations for the future Rui Miguel Romão Raposo Thesis to obtain the Master's Degree in Architecture Supervisors Prof. Patrícia Isabel Mendes Lourenço Architect Michelle Xuereb Examination Committee Chairperson: Prof. Ana Paula Filipe Tomé Supervisor: Prof. Patrícia Isabel Mendes Lourenço Member of the Committee: Prof. Manuel de Arriaga Brito Correia Guedes May of 2018 I declare that this document is an original work of my own authorship and that it fulfills all the requirements of the Code of Conduct and Good Practices of the Universidade de Lisboa. This dissertation was written in English, which is one of the official languages of Canada. Because of its many variations, the English used was the Canadian English, which differs from British or American English, for instance. The units used follow the Metric system, official system used in Canada, with possible references to Imperial system, normally used to define construction materials. The relation between existing buildings and energy efficiency has become a priority when pursuing strategies to reduce the environmental footprint of construction. While cities around the world are density constructed, these existing buildings now have the opportunity to be improved by introducing new technologies and construction methods in response to the changing climate realities. The alternative is demolition to make room for more energy efficient buildings. Toronto is one such city that has experienced changes in density thanks to a hot real estate market. Pursuing the intent of maintaining the historical roots of the city, this document aims to define strategies on renovating existing buildings to make them more energy efficient, through the use of passive systems, and therefore preserving their original style and cultural sustainability for the future. The study focuses on Victorian houses, paying special attention to the Bay-and- Gable - a style particular to Toronto -, which is a combination of different Victorian styles originally from the United Kingdom. Initially addressing the principal problems regarding social, environmental and construction issues, the goal is to identify main areas of intervention that can substantially increase the energy efficiency without disregarding the environmental impact that the increase of the embodied energy can have on the ecological footprint. By releasing this study, I will be contributing to developing a triple bottom line concept for these existing houses. First of all, people (social capital) would benefit from new strategies to improve their livability; Secondly, the planet (natural capital) would benefit by reducing the possibilities of building new houses replacing the existing ones (less resources needed); and finally, profit (economic capital) would increase by opting to renovate rather than rebuild. I would like to express my special gratitude to my professor Patricia Lourenco who gave me the golden opportunity to do this project on the topic of the Victorian House and its sustainable adaptation for the future, who encouraged me with her expertise throughout the course of my work and motivated me to pursue a career in this area. Thank you for having faith in me at every stage of this research. I would like to thank Michelle Xuereb, for being more than a co-adviser, but a friend who I could count on for valuable insights and comprehensive advice. I also would like to thank my colleague Julia Gilbert, who helped me with revising the written portion of this project, correcting my English to get it finalized within the limited timeframe. I cannot forget to acknowledge my family for the support, in special my sister Telma Raposo, who helped me from the beginning with the Master application to the end by personally delivering this thesis to Instituto Superior Técnico. Lastly, I would like to thank my wife Clarissa Aguiar for her patience in accompanying me through this journey. 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 i. Context of the Topic ................................................................................................ 1 ii. Justification of the problem .................................................................................... 1 iii. Goals to be pursued ............................................................................................ 3 iv. Research methodology ....................................................................................... 4 2. History of the Victorian House: .................................................................................. 7 i. Appearance in Europe ............................................................................................. 7 a. Victorian Homes Age .......................................................................................... 7 ii. Arrival in Toronto and its expansion ....................................................................... 8 a. The Georgian Style .............................................................................................. 8 b. The Victorian Style .............................................................................................. 9 c. The Edwardian Style ......................................................................................... 11 d. The Modern Cosmopolis ................................................................................... 12 iii. Description of the Victorian styles currently in existence in Toronto ................ 13 a. Georgian: 1800-1876 ........................................................................................ 14 b. Neo-Classicism or Classical Revival (Greek and Roman): 1820-1852 ............... 15 c. Gothic Revival and High Victorian Gothic: 1840-1885 ...................................... 15 d. ltalianate: 1845-1885 ........................................................................................ 16 e. Toronto Bay-and-Gable: 1875-1890 ................................................................. 17 f. Renaissance Revival: 1845-1885 ....................................................................... 17 g. Second Empire: 1866-1890 ............................................................................... 18 h. Romanesque Revival: 1870-1910 ..................................................................... 19 i. Queen Anne: 1880-1900 ................................................................................... 19 j. Richardsonian Romanesque: 1886-1900 .......................................................... 19 k. The Annex House: 1888-1899 ........................................................................... 20 3. Context ...................................................................................................................... 23 i. Framework of the Victorian typologies in the neighbourhoods of Toronto .......... 23 ii. Description of the neighbourhood chosen to use as a case study ........................ 25 a. Trinity-Bellwoods History .................................................................................. 25 4. Sampling ................................................................................................................... 33 i. Framework of the Sample ..................................................................................... 33 ii. Inventory Analysis ................................................................................................. 35 a. General Questions ............................................................................................ 35 b. Social Pathologies ............................................................................................. 36 c. Environmental Pathologies ............................................................................... 38 d. Construction Pathologies .................................................................................. 41 5. Case of Study ............................................................................................................. 45 i. Bay-and-Gable House and its emergence in Toronto ........................................... 45 ii. Description of the Problems in the Bay-and-Gable house .................................... 49 a. Cold Roof / Attic ................................................................................................ 49 b. Difficulty Cooling Down Rooms during Summer (i.e. Living room, Master Bedroom, upper floors, etc.) ..................................................................................... 50 c. Insufficient Natural in Interior Rooms .............................................................. 50 d. Leaked windows and doors ............................................................................... 51 e. Defective Mortar and Flacked or Eroded Brick on Exterior Walls .................... 52 f. Leaking Roof and Water Penetration ................................................................ 52 iii. Original Victorian House Construction .............................................................. 53 a. Foundations ...................................................................................................... 54 b. Exterior Walls .................................................................................................... 54 c. Roofs ................................................................................................................. 55 d. Windows ..........................................................................................................
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