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The Potential for New Donkey Farming Systems to Supply the Growing Demand for Hides

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The Potential for New Donkey Farming Systems to Supply the Growing Demand for Hides animals Article The Potential for New Donkey Farming Systems to Supply the Growing Demand for Hides Richard Bennett * and Simone Pfuderer School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AR, UK; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 18 February 2020; Accepted: 9 April 2020; Published: 20 April 2020 Simple Summary: The demand for donkey hides for gelatin used in Traditional Chinese Medicine, called ejiao, has increased greatly over recent years, resulting in high and rapidly increasing prices. This has put pressure on donkey populations globally and led to theft and illegal trade in donkeys, resulting in concerns for donkey welfare and the livelihoods of those who rely on donkeys. New donkey farming systems have been set up in China in response. We model how quickly these systems may be able to meet the demand for donkey hides. Results show that it will take at least 10–15 years or more for new donkey farming systems to be able to supply the demand for hides. This means that prices of donkeys and donkey hides will continue to increase with continued thefts and illegal trade. This will have further negative impacts on donkey welfare and on the livelihoods of those who rely on donkeys. Chinese ejiao producers will continue to try to source donkey hides from around the world, putting even greater pressure on donkey populations globally. Abstract: The demand for donkey hides for ejiao, a Traditional Chinese Medicine, has resulted in rapidly increasing prices for donkey hides and donkeys. This has put pressure on donkey populations globally and has implications for donkey welfare and the livelihoods of those who rely on donkeys as working animals. The aim of the research was to explore the feasibility of setting up new donkey farming systems to supply the rising demand for ejiao using a system dynamics model of donkey production. Results show that the size of the initial female breeding herd, reproductive performance, age of reproduction, percentage of female births and average breeding life of donkeys are key variables affecting the time to build up the donkey population to supply the demand for hides, which will be at least ten to fifteen years. The implications of this are: (i) prices for donkey hides will continue to increase, (ii) companies producing ejiao will use other ingredients, (iii) China will continue to source donkey hides from around the world, and (iv) there will be continued theft and illegal trade of donkeys and concerns for rural households reliant on donkeys for their livelihoods and adverse impacts on donkey welfare. Keywords: ejiao; donkey hides; donkey populations; systems modelling 1. Introduction Globally, donkey products, such as milk or meat, have generally been secondary to the use of donkeys for traction and transport. Nevertheless, since antiquity, donkey products have been attributed medicinal, rejuvenating and beautifying properties. In China, medicinal and rejuvenating effects have been attributed to a gelatin, called ejiao, produced from donkey hides. Today, ejiao is considered one of the most valuable products within Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and is a very popular health tonic medicine in China [1,2] and for those using TCM in other countries, with rapidly increasing demand and prices over recent years. This is primarily due to increased disposable incomes Animals 2020, 10, 718; doi:10.3390/ani10040718 www.mdpi.com/journal/animals Animals 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 22 TCM are to enrich the blood and stop bleeding (it is commonly taken by some women at/around the Animalstime of2020 menstruation),, 10, 718 improve the immune system and to treat insomnia and dizziness [3–5]. 2Ejiao of 22 is also ascribed anti-aging and rejuvenating effects [5,6]. Although there are numerous companies andproducing promotion ejiao ofproducts, TCM (and the ejiao) previously within state-owned China. Clinical Dong’e uses Ejiao of ejiao company within in TCM Shandong are to enrich Province the bloodis the andmarket stop leader bleeding and (it premium is commonly market taken brand bysome for ejiao. women This at /companyaround the only time uses of menstruation),donkey hides improvesourced in the China immune and system has set and up its to treatown insomnialarge-scale and donk dizzinessey farms [3 –to5]. facilitate Ejiao is alsothis. ascribedIt refers anti-agingto donkey andfarming rejuvenating for ejiao as eff aects new [5 source,6]. Although of wealth there of bene arefit numerous to farmers companies and to the producing health and ejiao well-being products, of theconsumers. previously state-owned Dong’e Ejiao company in Shandong Province is the market leader and premiumSome market have attributed brand for the ejiao. decline This companyin the Chinese only uses donkey donkey population hides sourced over the in last China three and decades has set upmainly its own to large-scalethe increased donkey production farms to facilitateof ejiao this.[7–9], It refersalthough to donkey increased farming industrialization for ejiao as a newand sourcemechanization of wealth have of benefit certainly to farmers played and their to part the health because and communities well-being of which consumers. previously relied on donkeySome traction have now attributed use motorized the decline vehicles in and the Chinesemachinery. donkey population over the last three decadesThe mainlymost recent to the estimate increased for the production size of the of gl ejiaoobal [7donkey–9], although population increased is 45.8 industrializationmillion donkeys and[10]. mechanizationThe main use of have donkeys certainly has playedtraditionally their part been, because and still communities largely is, for which traction previously and transport reliedon of donkeygoods and traction people. now For use this motorized reason, economic vehicles and development machinery. with the mechanization of transport and agricultureThe most has recent generally estimate had for dramatic the size ofimpacts the global on donkeydonkey population populations is 45.8[11–14]. million In donkeysEurope, [10the]. Thedonkey main population use of donkeys has declined has traditionally by more than been, 80 andpercent still since largely the is, Second for traction World and War. transport Countries of goodswith large and people.donkey Forpopulations this reason, in the economic past, such development as Greece with and theItaly, mechanization have seen the of most transport dramatic and agriculturedeclines of hasmore generally than 95 hadpercent dramatic [11]. In impacts China, on between donkey 1990 populations and 2018, [11 when–14]. Inthe Europe, Chinese the economy donkey populationgrew at an extraordinary has declined by pace, more the than donkey 80 percent populati sinceon decreased the Second by World 77 percent War. Countries from 11.1 withmillion large to donkey2.5 million populations donkeys [10,15]. in the past, Given such the as large Greece decline and Italy,in donkey have populations seen the most in dramaticother countries declines that of morehave seen than strong 95 percent economic [11]. In development, China, between it does 1990 not and seem 2018, justified when the to Chineselay the primary economy cause grew of at the an extraordinarydecline in the China pace, thedonkey donkey population population on the decreased ejiao industry. by 77 percent from 11.1 million to 2.5 million donkeysIt is [undeniable10,15]. Given though the largethat the decline strong in and donkey increasing populations demand in otherfor ejiao countries is putting that pressure have seen on strongdonkey economic populations development, worldwide it doesthrough not seemincreased justified pric toes layfor thedonkeys primary [16]. cause Prices of theof ejiao, decline donkey in the Chinahides and donkey donkeys population have increased on the ejiao significantly industry. over the last decade or so in particular. Reliable price informationIt is undeniable is lacking though but all that evidence the strong suggests and strongly increasing increasing demand prices. for ejiao Figure is putting 1 shows pressure priceson of donkey hides populations between worldwide 2000 and 2015. through increased prices for donkeys [16]. Prices of ejiao, donkey hidesAnecdotal and donkeys evidence have increased suggests significantlythat prices overhave thecontinued last decade to increase. or so in particular. Hancock Reliableand Xueqiao price information(2018) put the is lackingvalue of but a donkey all evidence hide suggestsin 2018 at strongly 3000 yuan increasing (USD 473) prices. [17], Figure while1 othersshows report prices ofan donkeyincreasehides from between20 yuan 2000in the and year 2015. 2000 to 3000 yuan by the end of 2017 [18]. Bloomberg News [19] report prices of donkey hides of up to 8000 yuan (USD 1160). 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 yuan 1,000 500 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Figure 1.1. TheThe priceprice ofof donkey donkey hides hides in Chinain China between between 2000 2000 and 2015and (in2015 yuan). (in yuan). (Source: (Source: http: //http://www.bestchinanews.com/Domestic/11652.html.).www.bestchinanews.com/Domestic/11652.html.). Animals 2020, 10, 718 3 of 22 Anecdotal evidence suggests that prices have continued to increase. Hancock and Xueqiao (2018) put the value of a donkey hide in 2018 at 3000 yuan (USD 473) [17], while others report an increase from 20 yuan in the year 2000 to 3000 yuan by the end of 2017 [18]. Bloomberg News [19]
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